Evaluating the Use of Accelerators in
Phenalkamines for Improving the Low
Temperature Cure PropertiesDr. Frank Cheng
Royce International
HOW LOW CAN WE GO?
ROYCE INTERNATIONAL
Phenols: Accelerator for Epoxy – Amine SystemMechanism:
ROYCE INTERNATIONAL
Tertiary Amine: Accelerator for Epoxy – Amine System Mechanism:
ROYCE INTERNATIONALROYCE INTERNATIONAL
Tertiary Amines: Reactivity with DGEBA**Barusch & Payne, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 65:2196 (1943)
Amine Ionization Constant, Kb
Geltime, hrs25°C
Triethylamine 6.4 X 10(-4) 11.2
Tripropylamine 5.5 x 10(-4) 29
Benzyldiethylamine
3.6 x 10(-5) >300
Benzyldimethylamine
(BDMA)
8.5 x 10(-6) 5.3
Pyridine 2.3 x 10(-9) 54
ROYCE INTERNATIONAL
DMP: (Dimethylaminomethyl)phenolas AcceleratorBDMA, DMP-10 and DMP-30
BDMA DMP - 10 DMP - 30
ROYCE INTERNATIONAL
Mannich Reaction and Mannich BaseMannich Reaction: (amino-alkylation of acidic proton named after chemist Carl Mannich )
Mannich Bases: ( for Example: I & II )
ROYCE INTERNATIONAL
Phenalkamines
Phenalkamines: Based on CNSL
Mannich Base based on Phenols: Phenol, Cresol, tButylphenol, Nonylphenol etc….
Drawback: Solid at RT (liquid product may contain more than 30% of free phenol).
ROYCE INTERNATIONAL
( R = C15H27 )
MW = 300
Fast Curing: Especially at low temperature (i.e. 5°C & 0°C) 25°C: Full Cure: ~ 9 - 12 hrs 5°C: Full Cure: ~17 - 22 hrs 0°C: Full Cure: ~30 - 40 hrs
Excellent Cure under Damp Conditions Good for Marine and Maintainence Coatings.
Low Blushing
Low Color / Low Viscosity products are available Good for Flooring Applications
Advantage of Phenalkamines as Hardeners for Epoxy
ROYCE INTERNATIONAL
Reactivity Study - GelationTechne Gelation Timer” 100gram scale 1) Epoxy Resin: DGEBA (BLR: Basic Liquid Resin based on BisphenolA) WPE: 190 (RoyOxy RA-928)
2)Phenalkamines: RoyOxy RA-951, RoyOxy RA-950 RoyOxy RA-593)Accelerators: a) Nonylphenol : M.W. : 220 (RoyOxy RA-444) b) DMP-30: : M.W. : 265 (RoyOxy RA-3054) c) OTBP:2-tert-butylphenol: M.W. : 150 d) CNSL: Cashew Nut Shell Liquid: M.W. : 300
ROYCE INTERNATIONAL
Phenalkamines selected in this Study
I) EDA Phenalkamine: i.e. RoyOxy™ RA-951 Fast Cure, Low Blushing, Excellent
Corrosion Resistance, High ViscosityII) DETA Phenalkamine: i.e. RoyOxy™ RA-950 Fast Cure, Low Viscosity, Some
BlushingIII) Mixed (EDA/DETA) Phenalkamine: i.e. RoyOxy™ RA-59, RoyOxy™ RA-59
LC Low Viscosity, Low Blushing,
Excellent for Flooring Application ROYCE INTERNATIONAL
Geltime Study @ 25°C
EDA Phenalkamine A.N. : 316 mgKOH/g(RoyOxy™ RA-951) AHEW : 130 Vis. @25°C : 27,200 cP Geltime : (45g/55g BLR) 71 min.
NonylphenolMW: 220
DMP-30MW: 265
2.0% (0.9 g)65.1 min.
2.4% (1.08 g)69.0 min
4.0% (1.8 g)57.5 min.
4.8% (2.16 g)63.6 min.
8.0% (3.6 g)46.5 min.
9.6% (4.32 g)57.1 min.
ROYCE INTERNATIONAL
Geltime Study @ 25°C
EDA Phenalkamine A.N. : 316 mgKOH/g(RoyOxy™ RA-951) AHEW : 130 Vis. @25°C : 27,200 cP Geltime : (45g/55g BLR) 71 min.NonylphenolMW: 220
DMP-30MW: 265
OTBPMW: 150
CNSLMW: 300
2.0% (0.9 g)65.1 min.
2.4% (1.08 g)
69.0 min.
1.36% (0.61 g)
62.1 min.
2.72% (1.22 g)
66.3 min.
4.0% (1.8 g)57.5 min.
4.8% (2.16 g)
63.6 min.
2.72% (1.22 g)
56.2 min.
5.44% (2.44 g)
55.2 min.
8.0% (3.6 g)46.5 min.
9.6% (4.32 g)
57.1 min.
5.44% (2.44 g)
45.6 min.
10.9% (4.88 g)
46.8 min.
ROYCE INTERNATIONAL
Geltime Study @ 5°C
EDA Phenalkamine A.N. : 316 mgKOH/g(RoyOxy™ RA-951) AHEW : 130 Vis. @25°C : 27,200 cP Geltime : (45g/55g BLR) 77.9 min.NonylphenolMW: 220
DMP-30MW: 265
OTBPMW: 150
CNSLMW: 300
2.0% (0.9 g)71.9 min.
2.4% (1.08 g)
75.5 min.
1.36% (0.61 g)
69.3 min.
2.72% (1.22 g)
72.4 min.
4.0% (1.8 g)66.6 min.
4.8% (2.16 g)
75.9 min.
2.72% (1.22 g)
67.1 min.
5.44% (2.44 g)
71.2 min.
8.0% (3.6 g)57.8 min.
9.6% (4.32 g)
73.2 min.
5.44% (2.44 g)
61.5 min.
10.9% (4.88 g)
65.6 min.
ROYCE INTERNATIONAL
Geltime Study @ 25°C
DETA Phenalkamine: A.N. : 518 mgKOH/g(RoyOxy™ RA-950) AHEW : 81 Vis.@25°C : 1280 cP Geltime : (30g/70g BLR) 37.8 min.
NonylphenolMW: 220
DMP-30MW: 265
OTBPMW: 150
CNSL:MW: 300
2.0% (0.60 g)
37.0 min.
2.4% (0.72 g)
40.7 min.
1.36% (0.41 g)
35.2 min.
2.72% (0.82 g)
36.4 min.
4.0% (1.2 g)33.7 min.
4.8% (1.44 g)
40.5 min.
2.72% (0.82 g)
31.8 min.
5.44% (1.64 g)
34.5 min.
8.0% (2.4 g)30.6 min.
9.6% (2.88 g)
39.6 min.
5.44% (1.64 g)
27.2 min.
10.88% (3.27 g)
29.3 min.
ROYCE INTERNATIONAL
Geltime Study @ 5°C
DETA Phenalkamine: A.N. : 518 mgKOH/g(RoyOxy™ RA-950) AHEW : 81 Vis.@25°C : 1280 cP Geltime : (30g/70g BLR) 114.7 min.
NonylphenolMW: 220
DMP-30MW: 265
OTBPMW: 150
CNSL:MW: 300
2.0% (0.60 g)
90.7 min.
2.4% (0.72 g)
108.1 min.
1.36% (0.41 g)
84.2 min.
2.72% (0.82 g)
88.1 min.
4.0% (1.2 g)60.5 min.
4.8% (1.44 g)
112.1 min.
2.72% (0.82 g)
55.2 min.
5.44% (1.64 g)
56.5 min.
8.0% (2.4 g)46.4 min.
9.6% (2.88 g)
107.1 min.
5.44% (1.64 g)
36.4 min.
10.88% (3.27 g)
41.6 min.
ROYCE INTERNATIONAL
Geltime Study @ 25°C
Mixed Phenalkamine: (RoyOxy RA-59 & A.N. : 343mgKOH/g RoyOxy RA-59LC) AHEW : 95 Vis. @25°C : 1317 cP Geltime : (34g/66g BLR) 38.3 minNonylphenolMW: 220
DMP-30MW: 265
OTBPMW: 150
CNSL:MW: 300
2.0% (0.68 g)
37.2 min.
2.4% (0.82 g)
38.0 min.
1.36% (0.46 g)
37.3 min.
2.72% (0.93 g)
37.5 min.
4.0% (1.36 g)
34.0 min.
4.8% (1.63 g)
35.2 min.
2.72% (0.93g)
35.1 min.
5.44% (1.85 g)
35.0 min.
8.0% (2.72 g)
32.5 min.
9.6% (3.26 g)
33.9 min.
5.44% (1.85 g)
32.3 min.
10.88% (3.70g)
31.1 min.
ROYCE INTERNATIONAL
Geltime Study @ 5°C
Mixed Phenalkamine: (RoyOxy™ RA-59 & A.N. : 343mgKOH/g RoyOxy™ RA-59LC) AHEW : 95 Vis.@25°C : 1317 cP Geltime : (34g/66g BLR) 105.3 min.
NonylphenolMW: 220
DMP-30MW: 265
OTBPMW: 150
CNSL:MW: 300
2.0% (0.68 g)
82.8 min.
2.4% (0.82 g)
88.1 min.
1.36% (0.46 g)
95.1 min.
2.72% (0.93 g)
100.3 min.
4.0% (1.36 g)
76.3 min.
4.8% (1.63 g)
89.0 min.
2.72% (0.93g)
85.5 min.
5.44% (1.85 g)
86.2 min.
8.0% (2.72 g)
69.1 min.
9.6% (3.26 g)
87.5 min.
5.44% (1.85 g)
78.5 min.
10.88% (3.70g)
81.8 min.
ROYCE INTERNATIONAL
DGEBA / EDA Phenalkamine (RoyOxy™ RA-951) Water Intake DataThickness of Cured Bar: 10mmCured @ 25°C for 24 hrs. , then immersed in 20°C Water for 10 days
Catalyst
Level
None(Nea
t)
Nonyl-Phenol4.0%
1.80 phr
Nonyl-Phenol8.0%
3.60 phr
DMP-30
4.8%2.16 phr
DMP-30
9.6%4.32 phr
% of WaterIntake
0.291%
0.291% 0.295% 0.417%
0.601%
ExtraWaterIntake
N/A None ( 0 )
0.04% 0.126%
0.310%
ROYCE INTERNATIONAL
Gelation with DGEBA - Geltime @25°C
NonylphenolMW: 220
DMP-30MW: 265
4.0% (w/w)Stable
4.0%(w/w)Geltime: 119 min
10.0% (w/w)Stable
10.0% (w/w)Geltime: 48 min.
ROYCE INTERNATIONAL
CONCLUSION - I
I) I) In Phenalkamine / Epoxy System: “Phenol Moiety” Alone is better than
DMP-30 (Combination of “Phenol” and “BDMA-Tertiary Amine”)
II) At 25 °C: Similar Acceleration Effect for all phenols disregard whether it is
a) Ortho / Para / Meta- substitutions b) Linear Alkyl/Bulky Alkyl/ Linear
Alkenyl c) Molecular Weight ROYCE INTERNATIONAL
CONCLUSION - II
III) At 5 °C: Nonylphenol performs best may contribute from:
a) Lower Molecular Weight (vs. CNSL) b) Linear alkyl substitution at “Para” position versus Bulky alkyl at “Ortho” position (vs. OTBP) IV) Nonylphenol will not cause extra water intake up to 3.6 phr level, however, DMP-30 causes significant water intake even at 2.16 phr (40% more) and at 4.32 phr (100% more). It might due to the presence of “BDMA Tertiary amine moiety”.
ROYCE INTERNATIONAL
CONCLUSION - III
V) DMP-30 shows no accelerating effect for DETA Phenalkamine (i.e. RoyOxy RA-950) both at 25 and 5°C. This is also true for mixed Phenalkamine (i.e. RoyOxy RA-59) at 5⁰C.
VI) In the mixed Phenalkamine / Epoxy System:For All Phenols: The Accelerators behave more closer to EDA Phenalkamine / Epoxy System at both 25 and 5⁰C.
ROYCE INTERNATIONAL
ROYCE INTERNATIONAL3400 South Tamiami TrailSarasota, FL 34239
ROYCE INTERNATIONAL
Top Related