SKIN
FUNCTIONS / DISORDERS AND BURNS
THE NAILNails- produced by epidermal cells over terminal ends of fingers and toes
Nail Body- visible part
Root- lies in a groove and hidden by a cuticle
Lunula- Crescent-shaped area nearest the root
Nail color may change color with change in blood flow.
Label the following structures: Bone, Nail root, Free Edge, Cuticle, Nail Body, Lunula
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN
Protection
• Against microbes• Against ultraviolet sun rays• Against harmful chemicals• Against cuts and tears
Temperature Regulation
• **** ON A HOT DAY SKIN CAN REALEASE UP TO 3000 CALORIES OF BODY HEAT A DAY.
• Regulation of sweat secretion• Regulation of blood flow close to the body surface (losing
heat by radiation) We have much more blood flow to the skin than needed, which helps regulate temperature
SKIN FUNCTIONSSense organ
• Receptors keep us informed of
• Light touch• Pressure• Hot • Cold• Pain
DISORDERS OF THE SKIN
Skin Lesions• Elevated lesions- cast a shadow outside their edges
• Papule- small firm raised lesion (warts)
• Plaque-large raised lesion Psoriasis
• Vesicle- blister filled with fluid (second degree burn)
• Pustule-pus filled lesion (Acne)
• Crust-scab (abrasion or scrape)
• Wheal- raised firm lesion with a light center (hives)
LESIONS CONTINUED
Flat lesions• Macule- Flat, discolored area (freckle)
Depressed Lesions • Excoriation- missing epidermis (a scratch)
• Ulcer- Craterlike lesion (bed sore)
• Fissure- deep crack or break ( athletes foot)
BURNS
**** Treatment and recovery depend on the total area involved and severity or depth of the burn
Estimating body surface• Use the rule of nines in adults
• Body divided into 11 areas of 9% each• Additional 1 % of body surface area around
the genitals
“RULE OF NINES”
CLASSIFICATION OF BURNS1st degree- partial thickness, only surface layers of epidermis
2nd degree- partial thickness, involve the deep epidermal layers into the upper layers of the dermis
3rd degree- complete destruction of epidermis and dermis
• May involve muscle and bone• Insensitive to pain at first because nerve endings
are destroyed. Intense pain soon follows
SKIN INFECTIONS
Impetigo- Staphylococci infection, highly contagious, usually occurs in young children
• Reddish lesion (erythema) develops a yellowish crust• Can become systemic
Tinea- fungal infection• Ring worm• Jock itch• Athletes foot
• Antifungal treatments usually help.
SKIN INFECTIONSWarts- benign neoplasm caused by papillomavirus, some can become malignant
• Usually from direct contact• Can be removed by chemicals, freezing, laser
Boils or furuncles- staph infection of the hair follicle.
• A group of untreated boils may turn into carbuncles
VASCULAR OR INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISORDERS
Decubitus ulcer- develops when pressure slows down blood flow to local areas of the skin
Uticaria or hives- red lesions called wheals caused by fluid loss from blood vessels
• Associated with severe itching• Associated with allergic reactions
Scleroderma- disorders of vessels and connective tissue. Characterized by hardening
• Localized • systemic
VASCULAR OR INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISORDERS
Psoriasis- chronic inflammatory disorder • Thought to be genetic• Inflammation accompanied by scaly plaques• Scaly plaques develop at an excessive rate
Eczema-• Most common inflammatory disorder• Inflammation often associated with papules, vesicles and
crusts• Not a distinct disease but a symptom of an underlying
condition• (Example , Contact dermatitis from poison ivy is an allergic
reaction.)
SKIN CANCER
SKIN CANCER
SKIN CANCER (3 MAIN TYPES)1. Squamous Cell Carcinoma
• Most common • Slow Growing• Hard raised nodules • If not treated it will
metastasize
2. BASAL CELL CARCINOMA
• Usually occurring on the face
• Much less likely to metastasize
• Characterized by papules with a central crater
3. MELANOMAMalignancy in a mole
Most serious type
25% chance of death
Use the ABCD method
A- Benign moles are symmetrical
B- Borders should be distinct
C- Usually evenly colored
D- Should be ¼ inch
**** most common cause of all skin cancer is UV exposure
UV damage changes DNA causing changes in mitosis
KAPOSI’S SARCOMA• Characterized by purple
lesions
• Quickly spreads to lymph nodes and internal organs
• Often associated with AIDS a other immune system disorders
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