Environmental Impact Assessment Study Report
For
Proposed 2x660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Project near Chausa, Buxar District, Bihar State
October 2016
Project Proponent
SJVN Thermal Private Limited (STPL)
(Wholly Owned Subsidiary of SJVN Ltd.-A Mini Ratna and Schedule A PSU under Govt. of
India)
Study Conducted by
Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited
Accredited EIA Consulting Organization Certificate No: NABET/EIA/1316/RA009
Parry House, 4th Floor, No. 2, N.S.C Bose Road Chennai 60001
Final Report
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Declaration
2
DECLARATION BY PROJECT PROPONENT
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Declaration
3
This EIA report has been prepared by Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited
(CMSRSL), in line with EIA Notification, dated 14th September 2006, seeking prior
Environmental Clearance from the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change,
New Delhi.
This work has been undertaken in accordance with ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management
System with all reasonable skill, care and diligence within the terms of the contract with
the client, incorporating our General Terms & Conditions of Business and taking account of
the resources devoted to it by agreement with the client.
We disclaim any responsibility to the client and others in respect of any matters outside the
scope of the above.
Further, this report is confidential to the client and the use of this report by unauthorized
third parties without written authorization from CMSRSL shall be at their own risk.
For and on behalf of Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited
Approved by : N V Subba Rao
Sign :
Designation : Chief Executive
DECLARATION BY EIA CONSULTANT
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Declaration
4
I, hereby, certify that I was part of the EIA team in the following capacity that developed
the above EIA.
Sector as per NABET Scheme 4 Thermal Power Plant
Sector as per EIA Notification 1(d)
(A- Category) Thermal Power Plant
EIA Coordinator:
Name: Mr. V. S.Bhaskar
Signature:
Date: October, 2016
Period of Involvement: March 2016 to till date
Contact Information: M/s. Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited
“PARRY” House 3rd Floor,
No. 2 NSC Bose Road, Chennai – 600 001
+91-044- 3044 5620
Functional Area Experts:
S.No. Functional
Areas Name of the
Expert/s Involvement
(Period and Task) Signature
1 AP- Air Pollution Prevention, Monitoring & Control
Mr. Ravishankar D June 2016 to Ongoing Task: Site visit, design of Ambient air quality monitoring network, evaluation of result of ambient air quality monitoring, inferring baseline data collected, identification of potential impact to air quality during construction and operation phase, suggesting relevant pollution control systems as per regulations, developing and finalizing EMP to minimize impact to air quality and monthly monitoring needed.
2 WP- Water Pollution Monitoring Prevention & Control
Mr. V S Bhaskar June 2016 to Ongoing Task: Site visit, Finalization of sampling locations, finalizing water balance for the project, suggesting relevant waste water treatment systems, inference of baseline
PROJECT DECLARATION BY EIA CONSULTANT ORGANIZATION
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Declaration
5
S.No. Functional
Areas Name of the
Expert/s Involvement
(Period and Task) Signature
data collected identification of impacts and preparation of mitigation plan.
3 SHW Solid and Hazardous Waste Management
Mr. Ravishankar D June 2016 to Ongoing Task: Identification of solid waste to be generated from the process and suggesting mitigation plan.
4 SE Socio-Economic Aspects
Dr. Mangalam Balasubramanian
June 2016 to Ongoing Task: Undertaking primary socio-economic survey, identification of social impact due to proposed project, preparation of mitigation plan, development of CSR plan.
5 SE Socio-Economic Aspects
Mr. Karthick C S
June 2016 to Ongoing Task: Undertaking primary socio-economic survey, identification of social impact due to proposed project, preparation of mitigation plan, development of CSR plan.
6 EB Ecology and Biodiversity
Mr. I. Siva Ram Krishna and Dr. T. Balakrishna
June 2016 to Ongoing Task: Field survey. Impact prediction and suggesting mitigation measures. Preparation of ecology management plan.
7 AQ Meteorology, Air Quality Modeling & Prediction
Mr. V S Bhaskar June 2016 to Ongoing Task: Supervision of air quality modeling and identification of impacts due to proposed expansion. Finalization of mitigation measures with client.
8 NV Noise & Vibration
Mr. V S Bhaskar June 2016 to Ongoing Task: Inference from noise modelling, identification of potential impacts due to proposed project and developing mitigation measures.
9 LU Land Use
Mr. Rajendra Prasad
June 2016 to Ongoing Task: Preparation of land use land cover maps for the study area using GIS/ related tools followed by ground truth verification.
10 RH Risk & Hazard Management
Mr. V S Bhaskar June 2016 to Ongoing Task: Identification of risk due to storage of fuel and raw materials, interpreting consequence contours, suggesting risk mitigation measures.
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Declaration
6
S.No. Functional
Areas Name of the
Expert/s Involvement
(Period and Task) Signature
11 MSW and Team Member
Ms. Sathya.S June 2016 to Ongoing Task: Identification of solid waste to be generated from the process and suggesting mitigation plan and coordination with EIA coordinator & functional area expert in report writing
Associate Functional Area Experts involved:
1. Mr. Pudi Rama Satya Kamesh – AFAE – AP & AP
2. Mr.Ganta Srikanth- AFAE- WP & AP
Team Member:
1. Mr.Mahendra.B
2. Ms.Saumya
Declaration by the Head of the Accredited Consultant Organization/ Authorized
Person
I, N V Subbarao, hereby, confirm that the above mentioned experts prepared the EIA
Report as per the project inputs prepared by SJVN Thermal Private Limited after
incorporating the public hearing aspects for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal
Power project near Chausa, Buxar District .
I also confirm that the consultant organization shall be fully accountable for any
misleading information mentioned in this statement.
Signature:
Name: N V Subbarao
Name of the EIA Consultant Organization: M/s. Cholamandalam MS Risk Services
Limited
NABET Certificate No.: NABET/EIA/1316/RA009
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Executive Summary
7
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
About SJVN Thermal Private Limited
In order to meet the growing electricity demand in the State of Bihar and neighboring
States, Government of Bihar, in 2008, has taken the initiative for developing Thermal
Power Projects in the state through Bihar Power Infrastructure Company (BPIC), a joint
venture between Bihar State Power Holding Company Limited (BSPHCL) with IL&FS
Energy Development Company Limited (IEDCL). BPIC and BSEB had identified a site
near village Chausa in District Buxar for the development of 2x660 MW Coal based
Thermal Power Project. The Project was housed in the Company named “Buxar Bijlee
Company Private Limited” In the year 2013, Govt. of Bihar decided to award the
implementation of the Project to M/s. SJVN Ltd (SJVN), a Central Public Sector Utility,
and the MoU for transfer of the Project to SJVN was signed after the approval of the
State Cabinet. SJVNL, after taking over the Project Company has renamed the company
as “SJVN Thermal Private Limited (STPL)”
Need and Benefits of the Proposed Thermal Power Plant
The proposed Power Project by STPL will be able to bridge the demand and supply gap
of electrical power in the state of Bihar and also will improve the overall quality of the
power in this region. The proposed power project can propel both economic and social
growth in the region through direct benefits of power supply and indirect benefits
through various induced economic development in the region. In addition to the above
factors, STPL proposes to take up comprehensive community development plans under
the Corporate Social Responsibility programs of the company.
The proposed power project will provide the following overall benefits to the country:
Adequate compensation was already paid to more than 1100 beneficiaries as per
the latest applicable regulations and guidelines and land acquisition is already
completed. Since there are no settlements and permanent structures located at
the project site, no displacement of people and material are envisaged under this
project.
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Executive Summary
8
The proposed power plant will be designed and operated on modern and
environmental friendly technologies which will help to reduce the carbon
footprint (carbon dioxide emissions) when compared with conventional thermal
power plants.
The proposed power plant adopts highest level of pollution control management
measures such as electrostatic precipitators (ESP), flue gas desulfurization (FGD)
and technologies to reduce the NOx emissions from the boiler.
The proposed power plant will adopt zero liquid discharge program and the
entire treated wastewater will be reused for the project.
STPL has budgeted to spend about Rs. 61 Cr for various community development
activities under Corporate Social Responsibility Program (CSR) over a period of
10 to 15 years.
The proposed power plant will provide direct and indirect employment to many
people based on their qualification, skill sets and experience.
Project Location
The proposed power plant site is located in the Western side of Bihar state and located
about 10 kms south west of Buxar City near Chausa village in the Chausa Gola region in
Buxar District of Bihar. Uttar Pradesh State Boundary is about 0.8 km from the project
site and the River Karmanasa is dividing the two states. The study area (10 km radius)
lies in between North Latitudes of 25° 23' and 25°34' and East Longitude of 83° 48' and
83°58" and forms part of the Survey of India Top sheet Nos. 63 O-14 & 15with an aerial
extent is around 363.42 Sq.Km. The Project site is located in SOI Topo sheet of 63 O-15.
Location of the project is shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2. The nearest village is located
at about 0.7 Km from the proposed project site boundary and there are no major
industries located within 10Km radius of the project. As per the revenue records and
also Indian Topo sheet data, there are no forest land parcels at the project site and also
10Km radius study area. There are no notified ecologically sensitive areas in the study
area.
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Executive Summary
9
Figure ES-1-10Km Radius of the Project Site (Land Use and Land Cover Map)
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Executive Summary
10
Figure ES-2-The Project Area represented on a Toposheet
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Executive Summary
11
Project Chronology
The project was initially appraised in MoEF&CC EAC meeting 11th July 2008 and the
project was accorded terms of reference as per the EIA Notification 2006. Subsequently
the then project proponent (M/s. BPIC) has undertaken the EIA study during April –
June 2008. The EIA report was presented in public hearing held on 30th July 2010 at the
Town hall, Buxar. After obtaining the necessary coal linkage from the concerned
authorities, the current project proponent (STPL) has approached MoEF&CC for
environmental clearance along with a revised baseline studies conducted in 2015 and
an addendum EIA Report with updated studies. The project was further appraised in the
55th Meeting of the Re-Constituted Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) of Thermal
Power & Coal Mining Projects, Ministry of Environment and Forests & Climate Change
and was issued revised terms of reference for EIA study of the project. Although there
are no significant changes in the background environmental setting since the earlier EIA
study period 2008 and the revised baseline conducted in 2015 by the Project
Proponent, the EAC has recommended to undertake a revised EIA study based on a one
month air quality monitoring data, prepare EIA report and carryout a public
consultation. As per the revised TOR issued by MoEF&CC, (ToR) Letter No.J-
13012/69/2008-IA.I (T) dated 7th June, 2016, M/s. Cholamandalam MS Risk Services
(CMSRSL), a NABET accredited EIA consulting organization was appointed along with
M/s. AES Laboratories Pvt Limited for undertaking the EIA study and baseline
environmental studies respectively. CMSRSL has undertaken detailed EIA study during
the period March – June 2016 and submitted this EIA report based on the following
data: (1). Baseline data of 2008, (2) Revised baseline studies undertaken during March –
June 2015, (3) Current baseline environmental monitoring data for the period May –
June 2016. Draft report was submitted to PCB for conducting Public Hearing and the the
public hearing was held on 4th October 2016 at The Town Hall, Buxar Town.
OVERVIEW OF THE PROPOSED POWER PROJECT
Process description - The proposed 2x660 MW thermal power plant will be developed
in an area of 1064 acres of the land with a total Project cost of Rs. 10,520 Cr. The
proposed power plant will be designed and operated based on super critical boiler
technology which is most environment friendly technology that can provide lowest
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Executive Summary
12
possible specific fuel consumption. The proposed power plant consists of the main
power block unit consisting of two identical units. Each unit will be capable of
generating about 660MW of electrical energy. Each unit consist of a coal processing unit,
coal fired steam generating boiler, electrostatic precipitator, flue gas desulfurization
unit and a tall stack of 275m height. The steam generated from the boilers will be sent
to a dedicated condensing steam turbine. The power thus generated will be uploaded to
the grid. The cooling demands in the power plant will be met through two sets of forced
draft type cooling towers. Other facilities such as coal storage area, water storage area,
ash pond (dyke) and railway siding will be developed at the proposed project as per the
project requirement.
Fuel requirement – Coal from theDeocha-Pachami Coal Block will be the primary fuel
for the project. About 6.7 Million Tons per of Indian coal will be used every year. The
necessary coal linkage from the Ministry of Coal was obtained for the project. As per the
geological reports available the maximum ash and sulphur content in the coal will be in
the order of 41% and 0.6%. For the purpose of the operating the power plant until the
coal from the Deocha-Pachami block is made available, imported coal sourced from
MMTC Ltd. will be utilized during the first 4 years of operation of the power plant. The
peak demand of the imported coal (when operated on standalone basis) will be in the
order of 3.9 Million Tons per year. The peak ash and sulphur content in the imported
coal will be limited 12% and 0.8%. Coal will be received by railway wagons at the
project site and will be stored at the site for the project needed.
BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
Site elevation: The project area (10 km radius) exhibits plain terrain and relatively
elevated terrain in the southern side of the project site. There is no reserved forest
within 10 km radius from the project site boundary. The majority of the land in the
study area falls under agriculture land (double/single or fallow). The average elevation
of the proposed power plant project site falls between 56.5 m to 66.5 m (MSL) as
against the 100 years flood level of 62.8m. The project site falls under single and double
crop land area with highly undulating terrain. The project site is sloping from south -east
to North west side. Ganga River is located at about 3.5km from the project site boundary
on the northwest side.
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Executive Summary
13
Meteorological data: The area experiences a maximum and minimum temperature of
46.6 Deg C in summer and 3.3 Deg C in winter respectively. The mean wind speed in the
area during the pre-monsoon period (May – June 2016) is in the order of 3.2 m/sec.
Winds generally are blowing from East to West during the summer period with a
maximum occurrence of about 40% of the total time.
Ambient Air Quality– There is no major industries in the study area, except few brick
kilns. The measured ambient air quality in the study area during May to June 2016
shows that the PM10 concentration varies from 36.32 to 47.26 μg/m3 as against the
stipulated limit of 100 μg/m3. PM2.5 concentration varies from 18.35 to 27.01 μg/m3as
against the stipulated level of 60 μg/m3. Average SO2and NOx concentration in the study
area was reported to be in the range of 11.13 μg/m3 to 16.68 μg/m3 and 13.22 μg/m3 to
18.70 μg/m3 respectively. It is inferred from the measured baseline data that all the
stipulated pollutants are well within the limits suggested under National Ambient Air
Quality Norms (NAAQs).
Noise Levels in the study area - Average day time and night time noise levels at
residential areas in the study area was found to be varying from 44.93 to 68.94 dB (A)
and 41.59 dB(A) to 60.08 dB(A) respectively. Significant interference from local
community activities and also vehicular traffic was observed.
Water Environment - The water sample was collected in the Ganga River (Upstream &
downstream) which is the major source of water for the project and River Karmanasa
which is near to the project site. The pH of surface water sample is found to bein the
range of 7.14 to 7.23 along the river stretch. TDS varies in the range of 324 mg/l to 364
mg/l. The Heavy metals concentrations are found to be below non-detectable levels. By
adopting certain level of pre-treatment, the river water can be utilized for portable use.
Ecological Environment- The phytosociological study of the core zone (terrestrial
habitat) beyond the riparian habitat comprises of manmade ecosystem. Tree plantation
in form of landscaping was noticed at nearby residential area, government offices,
hospitals, schools, temples and market places. Good number of wild mammals exists in
the study area, even though anthropogenic activity and urbanized habitat present in the
region.
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Executive Summary
14
Socioeconomic conditions -Cumulative population in the study area is about 2.5 Lakhs
with a population density of about 900 persons/Sq.km. According to the census records
of 2011, about 40% population in the study area falls under Below Poverty Line (BPL)
category. The higher rate of Agriculture with respect to study area shows the majority
of the people are depended on agriculture for their livelihood.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
The proposed project is an environmental friendly facility with a reduced carbon foot
print and water footprint when compared with conventional power plants that are in
operation in the current day of operation. The following environmental management
plan will be adopted at design and operational phases of the proposed project. About Rs.
1300 Cr has been allocated for implementing various pollution control systems and also
other management programs.
Air Pollution control programs – In order to meet the new power plant standards,
STPL proposed to install higher efficiency electrostatic precipitators to meet the
emission level below 30 mg/Nm3. The envisaged uncontrolled SO2 emissions from each
boiler will be in the order of 5000 Kg/hr. In order to meet the new power plant
standards, a flue gas desulfurization unit (FGD) will be installed to remove about 95% of
the SO2 emissions from the power plant.. The peak predicted ground level concentration
of SO2, NOx and Particulate Matter due to release of controlled emissions was reported
to be in the order of 1.4 µg/m3, 1.4 µg/m3and 0.55µg/m3 respectively. The cumulative
resultant post project baseline scenario will be far below the stipulated NAAQ
standards. These predicted concentrations will be 8 to 10 folds lower than that of the
uncontrolled emission scenario.
Water and wastewater management plan-the facility will be operated on dry fly ash
handling system and hence the overall water consumption will be limited to 2.5
m3/MWHR against 4 m3/KWHR in the case of conventional power plants in tropical
regions. Total fresh water demand in the facility will be in the order of 3265 m3/hr
(~78,400 m3/day). Necessary water allocation was granted by Government of Bihar
vide MOU dated 29th August 2016. Majority of the water will be used as make up for the
cooling tower. The following environmental management plans will be adopted: (1).
Adopting good water quality for cooling water make up there by reducing the blow-
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Executive Summary
15
down losses, (2). Reuse of cooling tower blow down for bottom ash handling, fly ash
conditioning, make up to the evaporation losses in the ash pond area etc. In order to
achieve complete reuse of treated wastewater in the plant, suitably designed Reverse
Osmosis plant will be installed to treat the cooling tower blow down, (3) other stream
wastewater if any will be collected in a collection pit and will be subjected to
neutralization and will be reused for ash conditioning and bottom ash handling
operations, (4). Any excess utilized wastewater will be collected in a lined polishing
pond and will be reused in the plant based on the main plant demand, (5). Online
pollutant monitoring system will be installed on the treated wastewater line of the
polishing pond as per the CPCB guidelines, (6). About 70 m3/hr (~1700 m3/day)
sewage generated from the domestic needs (canteen, colony, toilets etc) will be treated
in a dedicated sewage treatment plant and reused for greenbelt development, gardening
and horticulture applications within the project site.
Fly ash utilization plan - Estimated quantity of ash produced from the proposed
2x660MW plant with 90 % PLF will be in the order of 2.7 Million tons per annum. For
ash disposal from Buxar TPP (2X660MW) plant, about 282 acres of land is identified
within the project area. As per MoEF&CC latest notification, 100 percent fly ash
utilization is to be achieved progressively within 4 years starting with 50% in 1st year
and 70% & 90% in 2nd & 3rd year respectively of plant commissioning. STPL has already
received EOI’s from cement plants, state road and building works departments and
others to utilize about 3 Million tons of fly ash per year. Hence the STPL will be able to
achieve 100% fly ash utilization from third year onwards. Since fly ash can act as
impervious liner, therefore no liner is required for storing the utilized fly ash during
the first four years. Only bottom ash lagoon shall be lined with impervious liner. To
avoid fugitive ash dust emission and for promoting vegetation cover, the final ash
surface will be covered with 300 mm thick earth cover.
Afforestation and Green Belt – About 178 acres of land (33% of the main plant area)
will be developed under afforestation and greenbelt. A green belt of 50-100m width has
been planned all around the main plant area except the switchyard side. In addition,
extensive afforestation and plantation activities shall be undertaken in all available
spaces within the main plant and township areas. Further, avenue plantation
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Executive Summary
16
will be undertaken along roadside in Plant and Township areas. About 80,000
samplings will be planned in the greenbelt area with native species of plants.
Community development activities – STPL is committed for implementing various
community development activities as a part of their corporate social responsibility
programs. STPL has already spent about Rs. 175 Lakhs towards various CSR programs
such as Mobile Medical Services, health camps, primary health centre consumables,
SJVN Silver Jubliee Merit Scholarship, Training and Agricultural Equipment to Farmers,
Skill Development Training for Unemployed Youth through CIDC, Faridabad, PCC of
Road construction, Installation of Hand Pumps in the nearby villages and contribution
to CM Relief Fund for the victims of Earthquake etc. In continuation to the above CSR
programs, STPL has budgeted to spend about Rs. 61 Cr on various community
development plans in the nearby villages programs over a period of 10 to 15 years.
CONCLUSION
This project will have beneficial effects in terms of growth and development of the
regional economy.
The project will result in industrialization in around the project site which will
further increase the indirect employment generation rate.
The proposed project is structured to be in line with the requirements of
MoEF&CC/CPCB.
The proposed facility will completely reuse and recycle the waste water
generated and treated wastewater will be used for plant operations and
greenbelt development purpose. No wastewater will be discharged into natural
water bodies.
This project will also generate direct and indirect employment to a considerable
number of families, who will render their services for the employees of the
project.
The project will also pave way for increase in ancillary industries in the region,
which will not only increase the employment potential but also further
strengthen the economic base of the region.
Thus, it can be concluded that with the judicious and proper implementation of the
pollution control and mitigation measures, the proposed project will have less
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Executive Summary
17
significant negative impact on the environment, whereas due to the possible direct and
indirect benefits, there will be a positive impact on the society and regional economic
scenario.
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Table of Content
18
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 7
About SJVN Thermal Private Limited ...................................................................................... 7
Need and Benefits of the Proposed Thermal Power Plant ......................................................... 7 Project Location ......................................................................................................................... 8
Project Chronology .................................................................................................................. 11
OVERVIEW OF THE PROPOSED POWER PROJECT ....................................................... 11
BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ................................................................. 12
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN...................................................................... 14
CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................ 16
1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................... 27
1.1. Preamble .................................................................................................................... 27 1.2. Overview of the Project............................................................................................. 27
1.3. Environmental Setting of the Proposed Project ........................................................ 31 1.4. Need for the Project................................................................................................... 32
1.5. The Project Chronology ............................................................................................ 32 1.5.1. Environmental Impact Assessment Studies Undertaken .................................................. 33
1.6. Revised EIA Report .................................................................................................. 36 1.7. About the Consultant and Accreditation ................................................................... 37 1.7.1. Introduction................................................................................................................. 37 1.7.2. Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited – EIA Consultant ........................................ 37 1.7.3. Details of Experts Engaged for this Study...................................................................... 37
1.8. Regulatory Context ................................................................................................... 38 1.8.1. Ambient Air Quality Standards ..................................................................................... 38 1.8.2. Air Emission Discharge Standards for Thermal Power Plants.......................................... 39 1.8.3. Minimum Stack Height Standards ................................................................................. 40 1.8.4. Work-zone Noise Standards.......................................................................................... 40 1.8.5. Thermal Power Plant – Specific Wastewater Standards .................................................. 40 1.8.6. Fly ash Utilization........................................................................................................ 41
1.9. Structure of the EIA Report ...................................................................................... 42
2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ....................................................................................... 44
2.1. Overview ................................................................................................................... 44 2.2. Land for the Project ................................................................................................... 46 2.3. Vision of the Project.................................................................................................. 48 2.3.1. Introduction................................................................................................................. 48 2.3.2. Long Term Vision for the Project.................................................................................. 49
2.4. Process Description and Technology ........................................................................ 51 2.4.1. Technology & Layout .................................................................................................. 51 2.4.2. Design Parameters ....................................................................................................... 53 2.4.3. Steam Generating Unit and Auxiliaries.......................................................................... 55 2.4.4. Turbine Generator Unit and its Auxiliaries .................................................................... 61 2.4.5. Power Evacuation System ............................................................................................ 62
2.5. Requirement of Major Inputs for Manufacture ......................................................... 63 2.5.1. Coal ............................................................................................................................ 63
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Table of Content
19
2.5.2. Coal Transportation and Handling System ..................................................................... 63 2.5.3. Fuel Oil Handling Plant................................................................................................ 64 2.5.4. Water Resources and Water Requirement for the Project ................................................ 65 2.5.5. Water Treatment Systems ............................................................................................. 68 2.5.6. Wastewater Treatment Systems .................................................................................... 70
2.6. Solid Waste Generation............................................................................................. 71 2.6.1. Fly Ash Generation ...................................................................................................... 71 2.6.2. Ash Disposal Area ....................................................................................................... 72 2.7. Reduction in Carbon Footprint.................................................................................. 72
2.8. Project Cost Estimates and Schedule ........................................................................ 73
3. BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS............................................................ 74
3.1. Preamble .................................................................................................................... 74 3.2. Study area .................................................................................................................. 74 3.3. Scope and Methodology of Conducting Baseline Study........................................... 75
3.4. Administration Setup of the Study Area District ...................................................... 80 3.5. Land Environment ..................................................................................................... 81 3.5.1. Physiography and Drainage .......................................................................................... 81 3.5.2. Land Use Pattern based on Remote Sensing Data ........................................................... 89
3.6. Geology and Soil Quality .......................................................................................... 97 3.6.1. Geology of the Region ................................................................................................. 97 3.6.2. Geology of the Study Area ........................................................................................... 98 3.6.3. Geomorphology ........................................................................................................... 99 3.6.4. Soil Environment ....................................................................................................... 101
3.7. Meteorological Conditions ...................................................................................... 107 3.7.1. Climatological Data – IMD Chapra (Bihar) Observatory .............................................. 107 3.7.2. Site Specific Meteorological Data for the Study Period ................................................ 110 3.7.3. Rainfall ..................................................................................................................... 111
3.8. Air Environment...................................................................................................... 112 3.8.1. Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations .................................................................... 112 3.9. Noise Environment.................................................................................................. 116
3.10. Water Environment ................................................................................................. 118 3.10.1. Surface Water Resources in the Study Area ................................................................. 118 3.10.2. Surface Water Quality ................................................................................................ 119 3.10.3. Ground Water Resources ............................................................................................ 120 3.10.4. Ground Water Quality ................................................................................................ 129
3.11. Ecological Environment .......................................................................................... 131 3.11.1. Introduction............................................................................................................... 131 3.11.2. Scope of Study .......................................................................................................... 133 3.11.3. Objectives and purpose of the study ............................................................................ 134 3.11.4. Review of the Literature ............................................................................................. 135 3.11.5. Methodology ............................................................................................................. 138 3.11.6. Results ...................................................................................................................... 145 3.11.7. Ecosystem wise Study ................................................................................................ 147 3.11.8. Flora of the Study Area .............................................................................................. 150 3.11.9. Fauna of the Study Area ............................................................................................. 151 3.11.10. Statistical Analysis ................................................................................................. 152 3.11.11. Aquatic Ecosystem ................................................................................................. 157
3.12. Socio Economic Environment................................................................................. 159 3.12.1. Socioeconomic Environment based on Census 2011..................................................... 159
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Table of Content
20
4 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES .......................................................................................................................... 174
4.1 General .................................................................................................................... 174 4.2 Identification of Likely Impacts .............................................................................. 174
4.3 Impacts and Mitigation Measures during Construction Phase ................................ 179 4.3.1 Land Use................................................................................................................... 179 4.3.2 Soil Quality ............................................................................................................... 179 4.3.3 Air Quality ................................................................................................................ 180 4.3.4 Noise Levels.............................................................................................................. 180 4.3.5 Predicted Impacts on Water Quality ............................................................................ 181 4.3.6 Solid and Hazardous Waste ........................................................................................ 182 4.3.7 Ecology and Biodiversity ........................................................................................... 183 4.3.8 Socio-Economic Impacts ............................................................................................ 183
4.4. Impacts during operational phase............................................................................ 183 4.4.1. Land Use................................................................................................................... 184 4.4.2. Air Quality ................................................................................................................ 184 4.4.3. Fugitive Coal Dust Emissions and Associated Environmental Impacts .......................... 197 4.4.4. Fugitive Dust Control Management............................................................................. 200 4.4.5. Traffic related Impacts ............................................................................................... 201
4.5. Noise Levels and Impacts ....................................................................................... 202 4.5.1. Impact Assessment .................................................................................................... 202 4.5.2. Mitigation Measures for Noise.................................................................................... 204
4.6. Water Environment ................................................................................................. 205 4.6.1. Impact....................................................................................................................... 205 4.6.2. Wastewater Treatment................................................................................................ 208
4.7. Flood Risk Impact ................................................................................................... 208 4.7.1. Flood Scenario at the Project Site and Risk Mitigation Measures .................................. 208
4.8. Solid Waste Management (Fly Ash Disposal) ........................................................ 210 4.8.2. Ash Disposal Area ..................................................................................................... 213
4.9. Ecological Environment .......................................................................................... 214 4.9.1. Impact on flora .......................................................................................................... 214 4.9.2. Impacts on fauna........................................................................................................ 214 4.9.3. Impact –Mitigation matrix .......................................................................................... 215
4.10. Socio economic Aspects.......................................................................................... 216 4.10.1. Impacts ..................................................................................................................... 216 4.10.2. Mitigation Measures .................................................................................................. 217
5. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ........................................................................ 218
5.1. Site Identification and Selection ............................................................................. 218
6. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM............................................... 220
6.1. Preamble .................................................................................................................. 220 6.2. Objectives of Environmental Monitoring Plan ....................................................... 220 6.3. Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Procedure ............................................. 221 6.3.1. Monitoring Schedule .................................................................................................. 221 6.3.2. Monitoring Schedule during Constructional Phase ....................................................... 221 6.3.3. Monitoring Schedule during Operational Phase............................................................ 222 6.4. Data Analysis .......................................................................................................... 223 6.4.1. Reporting Schedule .................................................................................................... 223
7. ADDITIONAL STUDIES....................................................................................... 224
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Table of Content
21
7.1. Public Consultation ................................................................................................. 224 7.2. Risk Assessment and Risk Mitigation Measures .................................................... 228 7.2.1. Methodology ............................................................................................................. 228
7.3. Construction Phase Safety Management Plan......................................................... 229 7.3.1. General Safety Aspects .............................................................................................. 229 7.3.2. Occupational Health Risks and Risk Mitigation Plan – Construction Phase.................... 230
7.4 Safety Hazards during Operational Phase ............................................................... 231 7.4.1 Hazardous Operations ................................................................................................ 231 7.4.2 Safety Aspects of Storage of Furnace Oil..................................................................... 232 7.4.3 Risk Mitigation Measures for the Storage and Handling of Coal ................................... 234 7.4.4 Risk Mitigation Measures for Storage of Chlorine Tonners ........................................... 235 7.4.5 Occupational Safety Management and Surveillance Program ........................................ 240 7.5 Fire Protection and Fire Fighting Systems .............................................................. 243
7.6 Rehabilitation and Resettlement Plan ..................................................................... 244 7.6.1 Introduction............................................................................................................... 244 7.6.2 Existing Laws and Policies related to R&R.................................................................. 245 7.6.3 Project Site and Land Acquisition ............................................................................... 247 7.6.4 Displacement of People & Public Amenities and R&R applicability.............................. 247 7.6.5 Compensation Entitlement Plan for Land Acquisition................................................... 248
7.7 Disaster Management Plan ...................................................................................... 250 7.7.1 Preamble ................................................................................................................... 250 7.7.2 Objectives of Disaster Management Plan [DMP] ......................................................... 251 7.7.3 Actuation of the plan .................................................................................................. 252 7.7.4 Emergency Equipment ............................................................................................... 253 7.7.5 Emergency response .................................................................................................. 253 7.7.6 Emergency control center ........................................................................................... 254 7.7.7 Response Evaluation, Testing and Updating of the Plan................................................ 254 7.7.8 Reporting to Authorities ............................................................................................. 255
8. PROJECT BENEFITS ............................................................................................ 256
8.1. Improvement in the Physical Infrastructure ............................................................ 256
8.2. Improvement in Social Infrastructure ..................................................................... 256 8.2.1. Induced Development ................................................................................................ 256 8.2.2. Power supply ............................................................................................................. 256
8.3. Direct and Indirect Benefit for Public ..................................................................... 256 8.3.1. Employment .............................................................................................................. 256 8.3.2. Improved socio-economic conditions .......................................................................... 257 8.3.3. Health ....................................................................................................................... 257 8.3.4. Training for developing skills for locals ...................................................................... 257
9. ENVIRONMNENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN .................................................. 258
9.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 258 9.2. Summary of Proposed Pollution Control Measures ................................................ 258
9.3. Administrative Aspects ........................................................................................... 260 9.3.1. Commitment & Policy ............................................................................................... 260 9.3.2. Planning .................................................................................................................... 260 9.3.3. Implementation.......................................................................................................... 260 9.3.4. Environmental Management System ........................................................................... 260 9.3.5. Environmental Management Records .......................................................................... 261 9.3.6. Environmental Management System Audits ................................................................. 261 9.3.7. Environmental Management Cell ................................................................................ 262
9.4. Fly Ash Utilization Program ................................................................................... 268
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Table of Content
22
9.5. Ecological Environment .......................................................................................... 271 9.5.1. Proposed Monitoring Mechanism for Conservation Activities ....................................... 272
9.6. Green belt Development.......................................................................................... 274 9.6.1. Criteria for Selection of Species (Selection of species done as per Green Belt Development Plan given by CPCB manual, MoEF&CC) ................................................................................. 275
9.7. Rain Water Harvesting Programs............................................................................ 278 9.7.1. Rainfall Runoff Estimations........................................................................................ 278 9.7.2. Rain Water Harvesting – Rooftop runoff collection and recharge .................................. 280 9.7.3. Storage cum Percolation Pond .................................................................................... 281
9.8. Renewable Energy and Reduction in Carbon Footprint.......................................... 281
9.9. Occupational Health Facility................................................................................... 282 9.10. Corporate Social Responsibility.............................................................................. 285 9.10.1. CSR Programs carried out by STPL ............................................................................ 285 9.10.2. Proposed Need Based CSR Programs .......................................................................... 287 9.10.3. Eligible Development Programs under Companies Act 2013 ........................................ 289 9.10.4. CSR Budget .............................................................................................................. 290
9.11. Budgetary Cost Estimates for Environmental Management ................................... 296
10. CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................... 297
11. DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS ..................................................................... 298
11.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 298
11.2. Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited – EIA Consultant .............................. 298 11.2.1. Details of Experts/Consultants Engaged for this EIA Study .......................................... 298 11.2.2. Other Technical Team Members ................................................................................. 299 11.2.3. External Labs/Agencies involved in EIA Study............................................................ 299
List of Tables
Table 1-1 Salient Features of the site and Its Environs ........................................................................ 31 Table 1-2 Project Chronology ............................................................................................................................... 32
Table 1-3 National Ambient Air Quality Standards................................................................................. 38
Table 1-4 General Ambient Noise Standards .............................................................................................. 40
Table 1-5 Liquid Effluent Standards for Thermal Power Plant ....................................................... 41 Table 2-1 Overview of the proposed project requirements .............................................................. 44
Table 2-2 Land use break-up of the Proposed Plant .............................................................................. 47
Table 2-3 Water Balance.......................................................................................................................................... 68
Table 2-4 Envisaged Fly Ash Generation ....................................................................................................... 71 Table 3-1 Various Environmental Attributes.............................................................................................. 76
Table 3-2 Frequency and Monitoring Methodology ............................................................................... 77
Table 3-3 Land use classes around 10 km radius..................................................................................... 94
Table 3-4 General Geological Succession....................................................................................................... 98 Table 3-5Details of Soil Sampling Locations ............................................................................................ 104
Table 3-6 Physico-Chemical characteristics of soil samples collected within the study area..................................................................................................................................................................................... 106
Table 3-7 Climatological Normals (30 Years Met Data: 1971-2001) Station: Chapra (Bihar) .............................................................................................................................................................................. 108
Table 3-8 Details of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations .................................................. 113
Table 3-9 Summary of the Average Baseline Concentrations of Pollutants ........................ 115
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Table of Content
23
Table 3-10 Summary of the Average Baseline Concentrations of Pollutants (April to June 2008 VS March to June 2015)................................................................................................................. 115 Table 3-11 Noise Sampling Locations .......................................................................................................... 116
Table 3-12 Recorded Noise Levels (May 2016)...................................................................................... 117
Table 3-13 Surface Water sampling............................................................................................................... 119
Table 3-14 Ground Water Resources & Development Potential of Buxar District (in Ham) .................................................................................................................................................................................. 122
Table 3-15 Ground water level and depth (10 m radius)................................................................. 124
Table 3-16: Details of Water Sampling Locations ................................................................................. 129
Table 3-17 GPS coordinates of the sampling points ............................................................................ 137 Table 3-18 Population Distribution ............................................................................................................... 159
Table 3-19 BPL Households and Rate of BPL Households in Blocks......................................... 164
Table 3-20 Workers Group Distribution in the Study Area ............................................................ 164
Table 3-21 Literacy pattern in the Study Area ........................................................................................ 168
Table 3-22 Summary Socioeconomic Indicators of the Study Area ........................................... 172 Table 4-1 Activity-Impact Identification Matrix for Construction Phase of the Proposed Project .............................................................................................................................................................................. 175
Table 4-2 Activity – Impact Identification Matrix for Operation Phase of the Proposed Project .............................................................................................................................................................................. 178 Table 4-3 Air Quality Modeling Inputs ......................................................................................................... 185
Table 4-4 Estimated Post Project Scenario of Resultant Sulphur Dioxide Concentration (Study period: 17th May to 15th June 2016)............................................................................................... 187
Table 4-5 Estimated Post Project Scenario of Resultant Sulphur Dioxide Concentration (As per IMD 30 Yrs data)....................................................................................................................................... 188
Table 4-6 Estimated Post Project Scenario of Resultant Nitrogen Dioxide Concentration (Study period: 17th May to 15th June 2016)............................................................................................... 189
Table 4-7 Estimated Post Project Scenario of Resultant Nitrogen Dioxide Concentration (As per IMD 30 Yrs data)....................................................................................................................................... 190
Table 4-8 Estimated Post Project Scenario of Resultant Particulate Matter Concentration (Study period: 17th May to 15th June 2016)............................................................................................... 191
Table 4-9 Estimated Post Project Scenario of Resultant Particulate Matter Concentration (As per IMD 30 Yrs data)....................................................................................................................................... 192
Table 4-10 Summary of the predicted GLCs and Post Project Scenario .................................. 192
Table 4-11 Envisaged Peak Fly Ash Load on the ESPs ....................................................................... 193
Table 4-12 Proposed Vehicular Movement in Terms of PCU’s per Day................................... 201 Table 4-13 Envisaged Equipment Noise Levels (Sound Pressure Levels) ............................. 202
Table 4-14 Elevation at the Project Site ......................................................................................................... 210
Table 4-15 Fly ash Utilization Plan Based on Indian coal ................................................................ 211
Table 4-16 Fly ash Utilization Plan Based on Imported Coal ......................................................... 212 Table 4-17 Impact Vs Mitigation Matrix...................................................................................................... 215
Table 5-1: Alternative Sites Evaluated ......................................................................................................... 219
Table 6-1 Environmental Monitoring during Project Construction Phase ............................ 221
Table 6-2 Environmental Monitoring Programs during Operation Phase ............................ 222
Table 6-3 Recommended Environmental Monitoring Plan............................................................. 223 Table 7-1 Environmental Social Management Plan for the Points Raised in Public Hearing ............................................................................................................................................................................ 225
Table 7-2 Estimated Heat Radiation Levels due to Fire from Furnace Oil Tank Rupture............................................................................................................................................................................................... 233
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Table of Content
24
Table 7-3 Effect of Chlorine at Various Concentrations .................................................................... 237
Table 7-4 Suggested Frequency of Medical Examination under Occupational Health Surveillance Program.............................................................................................................................................. 242
Table 7-5 Suggested Medical Tests under Occupational Health Surveillance Program 242
Table 7-6 Village Wise Land Acquisition Details ................................................................................... 248
Table 7-7 Budget Estimated by Govt. of Bihar for the Land Acquisition as per the Applicable Regulations and Guidelines ....................................................................................................... 248
Table 9-1 – Environmental Management Plan for the Proposed Project- Construction Phase ................................................................................................................................................................................. 264
Table 9-2 – Environmental Management Plan for the Proposed Project- Operation Phase............................................................................................................................................................................................... 265
Table 9-3 Fly Ash Generation and Utilization Plan............................................................................... 268
Table 9-4:Various Tie-ups for Fly Ash Utilization ................................................................................. 269
Table 9-5 List of plants identified for greenbelt and plantations within the Power plant area (Three tier model along the fencing wall) ...................................................................................... 276 Table 9-6 Proposed financial Budget for the Green belt development (Rs in Lakhs)..... 277
Table 9-7 Proposed financial Budget for the habitat conservation (Rs in Lakhs) ............ 277
Table 9-8 Pre project Runoff Estimations .................................................................................................. 279
Table 9-9 Predicted Post Project Run-Off from the Project Area ................................................ 279 Table 9-10 Calculation of Rainwater Harvesting................................................................................... 280
Table 9-11 Suggested Frequency of Medical Examination under Occupational Health Surveillance Program.............................................................................................................................................. 284
Table 9-12 Suggested Medical Tests under Occupational Health Surveillance Program............................................................................................................................................................................................... 284
Table 9-13 Expenditure on CSR Activities Carried out ...................................................................... 286
Table 9-14 CSR Budget........................................................................................................................................... 291
Table 9-15 Proposed Budget for Environmental Management Plan......................................... 296
List of Figures
Figure 1-1 Project site location............................................................................................................................ 28
Figure 1-2 Topo map within 10Km radius from the Project boundary...................................... 29
Figure 1-3 Google Map showing 10 Km Radius ......................................................................................... 30
Figure 1-4 Google Map showing Project area with Co-Ordinates .................................................. 30 Figure 2-1 Proposed Project Layout................................................................................................................. 47
Figure 2-2 Photographs showing typical view of the proposed Project Site........................... 48
Figure 2-3Location of the Proposed River Water Intake Point ....................................................... 66
Figure 2-4 River Water Intake.............................................................................................................................. 67 Figure 3-1High Resolution Satellite image showing project site and its Latitude and Longitude........................................................................................................................................................................... 75
Figure 3-2 Topo Map (10 Km radius) of the Study area....................................................................... 79
Figure 3-3 Administrative Map of Buxar District ..................................................................................... 80 Figure 3-4 Physiographic map of the study area ...................................................................................... 82
Figure 3-5 Phyisiography of the Study Area................................................................................................ 83
Figure 3-6 Drainage Map of Bihar ...................................................................................................................... 84
Figure 3-7 Drainage & Water Bodies Map of the Project Site ........................................................... 85 Figure 3-8 Flow Chart showing Methodology of Land use mapping............................................ 91
Figure 3-9 Bar Chart showing the Land use classes around 10 km radius............................... 95
Figure 3-10 IRS Resourcesat-2 L4FMX Image of the Buffer Zone (10km)................................ 95
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Table of Content
25
Figure 3-11 Land Use/Cover Map of 10 Km Radius Area.................................................................... 96
Figure 3-12 Geological Map of Bihar ................................................................................................................ 97 Figure 3-13 Geology of the Study area ............................................................................................................ 99
Figure 3-14 Geomorphology of the Study area ....................................................................................... 101
Figure 3-15 Soil classification of Study area............................................................................................. 103
Figure 3-16 Soil Quality Monitoring Location of the Study area.................................................. 105 Figure 3-17 Annual Windrose as per IMD Chapra Observatory Data....................................... 109
Figure 3-18 Windrose Diagram for Various Seasons as per IMD Chapra Observatory Data .................................................................................................................................................................................... 109
Figure 3-19 Site Specific Wind Rose for the Study Period (17th May 2016 to 15th June 2016)................................................................................................................................................................................. 110
Figure 3-20 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Location of the Study area .............................. 113
Figure 3-21 Noise Sampling Locations ........................................................................................................ 117
Figure 3-22 Surface water Resources in the Study area ................................................................... 119
Figure 3-23 Hydrogeology Map of Buxar District ................................................................................. 121 Figure 3-24 The season wise ground water level.................................................................................. 123
Figure 3-25 Ground water level zone of the Study area.................................................................... 125
Figure 3-26 Ground water Table of the Study area (Pre monsoon) .......................................... 127
Figure 3-27 Ground water Table of the Study area (Post monsoon) ........................................ 128 Figure 3-28 Water Sampling locations......................................................................................................... 130
Figure 3-29 Map from Google earth depecting the GPS coordinates ........................................ 138
Figure 4-1 Isopleths of SO2 .................................................................................................................................. 187
Figure 4-2 Isopleths of NO2 ................................................................................................................................. 189 Figure 4-3 Isopleths of PM................................................................................................................................... 191
Figure 4-4 Layout of the ESPs in the proposed 2x660MW Power Plant ................................. 193
Figure 4-5 Typical View of a FGD System .................................................................................................. 195
Figure 4-6 Typical Process Flow Diagram of FGD System ................................................................. 195 Figure 4-7 Predicted 24-Hrs GLC’S of PM10 due to Controlled Fugitive Dust Emissions from Coal Stock Yard (Google Image – 5KM radius)............................................................................ 199
Figure 4-8 Predicted 24-Hrs GLC’S of PM10 due to Controlled Fugitive Dust Emissions from Coal Stock Yard (Plant Layout) ............................................................................................................. 199 Figure 4-9 Coal Dust Suppression Sprinklers Arrangements ........................................................ 200
Figure 4-10 Typical View of Dust Suppression Sprinklers .............................................................. 201
Figure 4-11 Predicted Noise Levels due to the Proposed Power Plant Operation ........... 204
Figure 4-12 Flood Map of Bihar State (ref) .................................................................................................. 209 Figure 7-1 Consequence Distance – Heat Radiation Levels ............................................................ 233
Figure 7-2: Dispersion Model of Chlorine Release from 900 Kg Tonner ................................ 237
Figure 7-3 Google Map Showing the Project layout and Site Photographs ........................... 249
Figure 9-1 Location of some of the Major Brick Manufacturing Units in the Region ...... 270 Figure 9-2 Fly Ash Brick Manufacturing Units ........................................................................................ 270
Figure 9-3 Use of Fly ash for Underground Mine Reclamation (ref) ......................................... 271
Figure 9-4 Greenbelt Development Map..................................................................................................... 273
Figure 9-5 CSR Programs Carried by STPL................................................................................................ 286
Figure 9-6 Proposed Village Specific CSR Program.............................................................................. 289
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Table of Content
26
List of Abbreviation’s
AAQM Ambient Air Quality Monitoring ASI Archaeological Survey of India BDL Below Detection able Limit BPIC Bihar Power Infrastructure Company BSEB Bihar State Electricity Board CBD Conventional Biological Diversity
CGWB Central Ground Water Board CMS Conventional Migratory Species
CMSRSL Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Ltd. CSR Corporate Social Responsibility
EIA Environment Impact Assessment EPTRI Environment Protection Training and Research Institute
IAIA International Association of Impact Assessment IL&FS Infrastructure Leasing and Financial Services LULC Land Use and Land Cover
NABET National Accreditation Board of Education and Training PCU Passenger Car Unit
SOI Survey of India STPL SJVN Thermal Private Limited TDS Total Dissolved Solids TOR Terms of Reference
List of Annexure
1. TOR Letter dated 10th September 2008
2. Approved ToR_7th June 2016 and
3. Compliance to the ToR
4. NABET Certificate
5. Coal Linkage for Indian Coal and MoU for imported coal
5.1 Aproval for coal transportation from Indian Railways
6. Water Allocation Letter
6.1 Water Allocation MOU
7. Water Balance
8. EOI and MoU for Fly Ash Disposal
9. Baseline Monitoring Report 2016
10. List of Flora and Fauna in the study area
11. Air quality Modeling Output file
12. Public Hearing Proceedings
13. Application for NOC of diversion of Budhanala
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 1-Introduction
Page C1-27
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Preamble
In order to meet the growing electricity demand in the State of Bihar and neighboring
States, Government of Bihar, in 2008, has taken the initiative for developing Thermal
Power Projects in the state through Bihar Power Infrastructure Company (BPIC), a joint
venture between Bihar State Power Holding Company Limited (BSPHCL) with IL&FS
Energy Development Company Limited. BPIC and BSEB had identified a site near village
Chausa in District Buxar for the development of 2x660 MW Coal based Thermal Power
Project. The Project was housed in the Company named “Buxar Bijlee Company Private
Limited” In the year 2013, Govt of Bihar decided to award the implementation of the
Project to M/s. SJVN Ltd (SJVNL), a Central Public Sector Utility, and the MoU for
transfer of the Project to SJVNL was signed after the approval of the State Cabinet.
SJVNL, after taking over the Project Company has renamed the company as “SJVNL
Thermal Private Limited”
1.2. Overview of the Project
The proposed site is located in the Western side of Bihar state and located about 10 kms
south west of Buxar City near Chausa village in the Chausa Gola region in Buxar District
of Bihar. Uttar Pradesh State Boundary is about 0.8 km from the project site and the
River Karmanasa is dividing the two states. The nearest railway station Chausa is about
5 - 6 km from the project site, which is connected to Howrah – New Delhi main line
railway track of East Central Railway Zone. Nearest airport is Patna, which is
approximately 120 kms. The nearest major seaport to the site is Haldia, West Bengal.
The study area (10 km radius) lies in between North Latitudes of 25° 23' and 25°34' and
East Longitude of 83° 48' and 83°58" and forms part of the Survey of India Top sheet
Nos. 63O-14 & 15. The Project site is located in Survey of India Topo sheet of 63O/15.
The project site location is given in Figure 1.1 and Toposheet showing 10 km radius
and the Google map showing the 10 Km radius is given in Figure 1.2 & 1.3. Google Map
showing Project area with Co-ordinates is given in Figure 1.4
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 1-Introduction
Page C1-28
Figure 1-1 Project site location
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 1-Introduction
Page C1-29
Figure 1-2 Topo map within 10Km radius from the Project boundary
(Survey of India Top sheet Nos. 63O-14 & 15)
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 1-Introduction
Page C1-30
Figure 1-3 Google Map showing 10 Km Radius
Figure 1-4 Google Map showing Project area with Co-Ordinates
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 1-Introduction
Page C1-31
1.3. Environmental Setting of the Proposed Project
The details of environmental setting around the proposed site are given in the following
Table 1.1.
Table 1-1 Salient Features of the site and Its Environs
S.No. Particulars Details
1
Location:
Village Chausa District Buxar
State Bihar
2 Elevation above mean sea level (MSL)
56.5m to 66.5m
3 Present land use at the proposed site
Barren Land
4 State Boundary Uttar Pradesh State Boundary- 0.8 Km River Karmanasa is dividing the two states
5 Nearest Highway/Road State Highway-13 State Highway-17
6 Defence Installations None within 10 Km radius 7 Nearest Railway Station Chausa - ~5 to 6 km 8 Nearest airport/air strip Patna Airport-122Km
9 Nearest village Banarpur Village- 0.47 Km 10 Nearest town Buxar- 19 Km
11 Nearest river River Karmanasa- 0.8 Km River Ganga- 3.5 km
12 Hills/valleys None within 10 Km radius
13 Archaeologically important places
None within 10 Km radius as per Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). Buxar Fort is located at 13 km from the project site which is not declared Archaeologically important places as per ASI.
14 Nearest place of Tourist/Religious importance
None within 10 Km radius. Buxar Fort is located at 13 km.
15
Ecologically sensitive areas (National Parks/Wildlife sanctuaries/bio-sphere reserves)
None within 10 Km radius.
16 Reserved/Protected forests within 10 km radius
None within 10 Km radius
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 1-Introduction
Page C1-32
1.4. Need for the Project
The installed power generation capacity of India as on 30th September 2016 is 3,06,358
MW and out of this the installed generation capacity in Bihar is 3,030 MW including the
allocated shares from central generating stations. As per the 18th EPS published by
Central Electricity Authority (CEA), the estimated peak load demand in Bihar at the end of
12th 5-year plan (2016-17) is 5,018 MW and at the end of 13th 5-year plan (FY 2021-22) is
9,306 MW. The actual peak demand for the financial year 2015-16 in Bihar was 3735 MW
and the peak demand met was 3484 MW leaving a peak deficit of 6.7%. It may be noted
that the actual power scenarios is less than the projections as per the 18 th EPS and also
the per capita power consumption in Bihar is lowest at 265 units per annum, against the
national average of 1,060 units per annum.
To meet up with this overall national objective and to enable Bihar access to additional
power required to sustain the high growth rate being witnessed, Govt. of Bihar with the
support of Bihar Power Infrastructure Company Pvt. Ltd. (BPIC) has been keen on
development of power projects in the state in a fast-track mode and the proposed project
at Chausa village at Buxar was one of them.
The Project Company has executed a Power Purchase Agreement with the erstwhile Bihar
State Electricity Board, to supply 85% of power generated from the Project to the discoms
in Bihar and the balance power would be available for supply elsewhere. Due to the
location advantage of the Project in terms of availability of coal, water and evacuation
facilities the cost of power is expected to be competitive.
1.5. The Project Chronology
The detailed project chronology is given below in Table 1.2
Table 1-2 Project Chronology
Event Period Reference
Submission of Form I & PFR 22 May 2008 EAC meeting on 11th July 2008 for ToR approval
Approval of ToR Aug 2008 EAC meeting held on 12th-13th August, 2008
ToR Letter Sep 2008 No.J-13012/69/2008/IA.II (T) dated, 10th September 2008
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 1-Introduction
Page C1-33
Event Period Reference
Baseline Study Period Apr – Jun
2008 Conducted by Environment Protection Training & Research Institute (EPTRI)
Public Hearing : Date & Venue
July 2010 30th July 2010 at Town hall, Buxar
Public Hearing Minutes to MoEF&CC
Nov 2010 19th November 2010
MoU for Project Take-over by SJVN Ltd
Jan 2013 17th Jan 2013
Coal Block allocation Sep 2013 6th September 2013
Fresh baseline monitoring by accredited laboratory
Mar – Jun 2015
March 2015 to June 2015 by AES Laboratories Private Limited
MoU signed for Imported Coal supply
Feb 2016 24th February 2016
Studies for addendum EIA Report (ecology, socioeconomic, hydrogeology, meteorological data, air quality modeling etc)
Mar – Apr 2016
Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited, Chennai
Revised Form 1 and updated PFR submitted to MoEF&CC
May 2016 MoEF&CC online acceptance confirmation – 2nd May 2016
ToR Presentation 5th & 6th May
2016
55th Meeting of the Re-Constituted Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) on EIA) of Thermal Power & Coal Mining Projects
Obtaining Terms of Reference
07.06.2016 No.J-13012/69/2008-IA.I(T) dated, 07.06.2016
Submission of Draft EIA Report for Public Hearing
08.08.2016 Bihar State Pollution Control Board
Date and Venue of Public Hearing
4th October 2016
The Town Hall, Buxar Town
1.5.1. Environmental Impact Assessment Studies Undertaken
According to the Environmental Impact Assessment Notification issued by Ministry of
Environment, Forests & climate Change ( MoEF & CC) under Environment Protection Act
2006, the proposed power project falls under item 1(d) in the schedule of EIA
Notification issued on September 14th 2006. Based on the capacity 2x660MW), the power
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 1-Introduction
Page C1-34
plant is classified as Category “A” and therefore requires prior Environmental Clearance
from Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change (MoEF & CC).
M/s. BPIC had earlier retained M/s. Environment Protection Training & Research
Institute (EPTRI) for carrying out the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study and
preparation of an EIA report. The EIA study was undertaken by EPTRI during April – June
2008 as per the approved Terms of Reference (ToR) issued by MoEF &CC vide letter
No.10-74/2007-IA.III dated 10th September 2008 (Annexure-1). Public hearing for the
project was undertaken on 30-07-2010 at Buxar town hall, Chausa Village, Buxar District,
Bihar. Due to change in the policy on consideration of Thermal Power Projects by
MoEF&CC after the Office Memorandum dated 1st November 2010, the project could not
be taken-up for appraisal due to the absence of firm coal linkage / Coal block allocated for
the Project. Subsequently, the project was allocated Deocha Pachami Coal block by
Ministry of Coal on 6th September 2013. Considering the timelines required for
development of the mine and also for the extraction of coal, SJVN Thermal Private Limited
(STPL), has tied-up for imported coal for the intermediate period of up to 4 years.
Having tied-up coal for the proposed Thermal Power Project, STPL has approached
Ministry of Environment and Forests & Climate Change for necessary environmental
clearances.
As per the ToR issued by MoEF&CC the following special studies has been carried out.
A repetition of baseline air quality monitoring and meteorological monitoring
studies were carried out by MoEF&CC/NABL approved environment testing lab
(M/s AES Laboratories, Delhi) during the period March – June 2015. All the 12
criteria pollutants were measured under the repeat ambient air quality monitoring
program. The measured air quality data of 2015 and 2016 are compared with that
of the data collected during 2008
Although there are no new settlements and industrial activities have come up in
the vicinity of the proposed project site, an upgraded land use and land cover map
(Level 2) has been developed using the latest satellite imagery data. The study area
elevation map with elevation contours has been developed to assess the storm
water drainage system in the region.
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EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 1-Introduction
Page C1-35
Detailed hydro-geological studies were undertaken in the area to map the seasonal
variations of water tables, typical watershed map, hydro-geology of the region and
flood related aspects, if applicable.
Detailed ecological survey was undertaken at the site during March 2016 to assess
the current ecological status at the project site and its vicinity and also study area.
To establish the current status of socio-economic scenario. The study team also
visited the project site and also the study area to review the current land use
pattern at the proposed project site and to assess the presence of any new
settlements after the last EIA study conducted during the year 2008.
A review of the Rehabilitation and Resettlement aspects and land acquisition
status were carried out.
Based on a socio-economic and amenities survey in the area, a need based
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) plan has been developed with an action for
CSR spending for the first 10 years of operation of the project has also been
prepared.
Although the air quality modeling data was presented in the earlier EIA report
(Year 2008) for typical India coals with a average sulfur content of 0.45%, the
prediction of Ground Level Concentrations (GLCs) of stipulated pollutants were
carried out with the results of repeat baseline studies. (Particulate matter SO2 and
NOx are once again estimated for worst case coal which may be expected from the
coal bock (3500 Kcal/Kg, 41%w/w ash content, 0.6% Sulphur content).
While the total projected water demand in the facility will remain unchanged from
the earlier EIA Report 2008, a revised water balance, wastewater quantities,
treatment schemes and disposal methods have also been developed with
discussions.
The possible vehicle traffic at the power plant (post project scenario) due to
transportation of coal (partial quantities) and also disposal of fly ash to various
end users as per the identified flyash utilization scheme have been estimated.
The details on the fly ash generation, fly ash disposal and ash pond management
etc have been worked out and presented in the report.
Along with the earlier EIA report, 2008 the addendum report was submitted to MoEF&CC
on 11th April 2016 and the Proposed project was appraised by Expert Appraisal
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EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 1-Introduction
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Committee (Thermal Power), Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF&CC) during the
55th Meeting of the Re-Constituted Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) on
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of Thermal Power & Coal Mining Projects
meeting held on 6th May 2016.
1.6. Revised EIA Report
The project was appraised during the 55th EAC meeting and after detailed deliberations,
the Committee recommended the standard ToRs (as applicable) for undertaking detailed
EIA study and preparation of EMP along with public hearing requirement.
The Revised EIA study was undertaken in conformity of Reference (ToR) vide Letter No.J-
13012/69/2008-IA.I (T) dated 07.06.2016, and with the guidelines of Ministry of
Environment and Forests (MoEF&CC), covering all the aspects of the specific conditions
mentioned in the terms of reference issued by MoEF&CC and the copy of the ToR is
enclosed as Annexure 2. The ToR compliance is also enclosed in Annexure 3.
This EIA study was undertaken by M/s Cholamandalam MS Risk Services, a NABET
accredited EIA consulting organization, with specific project related inputs required for
undertaking the EIA studies obtained from the project proponent.
M/s. Cholamandalam MS Risk Services is authorized to undertake EIA studies for thermal
power plants as per the NABET accreditation scheme. A copy of the accreditation status is
presented in Annexure 4.
EAC committee, MoEF&CC has permitted STPL to use the baseline data of March –
June, 2015 in the preparation of EIA/EMP report and specified to carry out a fresh
baseline monitoring for one month period to confirm the environmental settings of the
study area. The fresh baseline monitoring was undertaken by MOEF&CC/NABL approved
environment testing laboratory, M/s AES Laboratories, Delhi during the Month of 15th
May 2016 to 15th June 2016.
The public hearing was held on 4th October 2016 at The Town Hall, Buxar Town which was
accessible to all the concerned people and stake holders of the project. All persons including
bonafide residents, Environmental Groups and others located at the project site/sites of
displacement/sites likely to be affected were requested to participate in the public hearing and
to make oral/written suggestions to Environmental Engineer, Bihar State Pollution Control
Board, Patna.
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EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 1-Introduction
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1.7. About the Consultant and Accreditation
1.7.1. Introduction
The EIA report has been prepared by carrying out various scientific studies. The studies
have been carried out by M/s. Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited, Chennai,
India, based on the technical inputs provided in the detailed project report prepared by
M/s NTPC Limited on behalf of STPL.
The profiles of the Consultants are given below
1.7.2. Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited – EIA Consultant
Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Ltd (CMSRSL) is a joint venture between the
Murugappa group, India and Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Group, Japan. CMSRSL is an ISO
9001:2008 certified company. CMSRSL offers safety and environmental consulting
services across Indian, Middle East and East Asian countries. CMSRL consists of six
consulting domains such as environmental engineering and management, process safety,
fire safety, electrical safety, construction safety and logistics risk assessment. CMSRS is a
NABET accredited EIA consulting organization for undertaking EIA studies in the
following sectors: paper and pulp, thermal power plants, petroleum refineries,
petrochemical complex, chemical fertilizers, synthetic organic chemical industries, ports
and harbours and area development projects. CMSRSL has offered environmental and
safety related consulting services for more than 5000 clients during last decade.
1.7.3. Details of Experts Engaged for this Study
Details of Experts/Consultants Engaged for this EIA Study
S.No. Name Role in the EIA Study
1 Mr.V S Bhaskar
EIA Coordinator – Thermal Power Plant Functional Area Expert (FAE) – Meteorology, Air Quality Modeling and Prediction Functional Area Expert (FAE) – Water Pollution Prevention, Control & Prediction of Impacts Functional Area Expert (FAE) – Noise / Vibration Functional Area Expert (FAE) – Risk & Hazards Management
2 Mr.Ravi Shankar Functional Area Expert (FAE) – Air Pollution Control, Solid and Hazardous Waste Management.
3 Mr.T.P.Natesan Functional Area Expert (FAE) – Land Use, Hydrology, Ground Water & Water Conservation
4 Dr. Mangalam Balasubramaniam Functional Area Expert (FAE) – Socio-Economics
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EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 1-Introduction
Page C1-38
S.No. Name Role in the EIA Study 5 Mr. C.S.Karthick Functional Area Expert (FAE) – Socio-Economics
6 Mr. I. Sivaramakrishnan Functional Area Expert (FAE) – Ecology and Biodiversity
7 Dr. T. Balakrishnan Functional Area Expert (FAE) – Ecology and Biodiversity
8 Ms. Sathya.S Functional Area Expert (FAE) – MSW and Team Member
8 Mr.Pudi Rama Satya kamesh Associate Functional Area Expert (AFAE)- Meteorology, Air Quality Modelling and Prediction & team member.
1.8. Regulatory Context
The following environmental laws are applicable to the proposed project: Environment
Protection Act 1986, Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974, Air
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981, Manufacture, Storage and Import of
Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989 as amended in 2000, Hazardous Wastes (Management,
Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules 2008.
The following guidelines and regulations are applicable for the proposed project: EIA
Notification and its amendments, Emission and wastewater discharge standards
stipulated by Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF&CC) and Bihar State Pollution
Control Board (BSPCB), Noise level standards, National Ambient Air Quality Standards,
minimum stack height requirements specified by Central Pollution Control Board, fly ash
utilization notifications etc.
1.8.1. Ambient Air Quality Standards
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, with its latest amendment, to
prevent and control air pollution, in line with the general standards prescribed in the Act.
The general standards for National Ambient Air Quality follow Schedule VII prescribed in
Environment (Protection) Rules 1986 and Schedule I of Environment (Protection) Rules
1986. The National ambient air quality standard is given in Table 1.3
Table 1-3 National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Pollutant Time
Weighted Average
Concentration in Ambient Air (µg/m3)
Industrial Residential, Rural &
Other Areas
Ecologically Sensitive Areas (notified by
Central Government)
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) (µg/m3)
Annual Average*
50 20
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Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 1-Introduction
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Pollutant Time Weighted Average
Concentration in Ambient Air (µg/m3) 24 hrs** 80 80
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (µg/m3)
Annual Average*
40 30
24 hrs ** 80 80 Particulate Matter (Size less than 10 µg) (PM10) (µg/m3)
Annual Average*
60 60
24 hrs ** 100 100
Particulate Matter (Size less than 2.5 µg) (PM2.5) (µg/m3)
Annual Average*
40 40
24 hrs ** 60 60
Ozone (O3) (µg/m3) 8 hrs ** 100 100
1 hrs ** 180 180
Lead (Pb) (µg/m3) Annual
Average* 0.5 0.5
24 hrs ** 1.5 1.0
Carbon monoxide (CO) (µg/m3)
8 hrs ** 2000 2000
1 hrs ** 4000 4000
Ammonia (NH3) (µg/m3)
Annual Average*
100 100
24 hrs ** 400 400
Benzene (C6H6) Annual* 5 5 Benzo(a) Pyrene (BaP)- Particulate phase only (µg/m3)
Annual* 0.001 0.001
Arsenic (As) (µg/m3) Annual* 0.006 0.006 Nickel (Ni) (µg/m3) Annual* 0.020 0.020
* Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week 24 hourly at
uniform interval.
** 24 hourly/8 hourly values should be met 98% of the time in a year. However, 2% of the time, it
may exceed but not on two consecutive days.
1.8.2. Air Emission Discharge Standards for Thermal Power Plants
According to the revised standards emission discharge standards (MoEF&CC Notification
dated 7th December, 2015) stipulated by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Thermal
Power Plant which is to be installed after 1st January 2017 including those have been
accorded environmental clearance and are under construction shall follow the below
emission standards.
S.No Industry Parameter Standards, mg/NM3
1 Thermal Power
Plant
Particulate Matter (PM) 30
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 100 Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX) 100
Mercury (Hg) 0.03
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 1-Introduction
Page C1-40
1.8.3. Minimum Stack Height Standards
According to the environmental protection rules, a minimum stack height of the thermal
power plant will be defined based on the total sulphur dioxide (SO2) emission released
from the stack and this can be achieved through dispersion. Minimum stack height limit is
prescribed accordingly
Less than 200/210 MW unit capacity
H=14(Q)0.3 H= Stack Height Q=Emission rate of SO 2 in kg/hr
200/210 MW and above but less than 500 MW
220 m
500 MW unit capacity and above
275 m (Applicable for Current Project)
1.8.4. Work-zone Noise Standards
Noise levels in the work-zone area should not exceed 85 dBA for a cumulative exposure
time of eight (8) hrs. The CPCB has since finalised the Ambient Air Quality standards in
respect of Noise under Section 16 (2) (h) of the Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution)
Act, 1981 as amended in 1987. General noise standards are given in Table 1.4.
Table 1-4 General Ambient Noise Standards
Area Code Category Area Limits in dB (A) Leq
Day Time Night Time A Industrial area 75 70
B Commercial area 65 55 C Residential area 55 45
D Silence zone 50 40 Definition Day ti me: Between 6 AM and 10 PM, Night ti me: Between 10 PM and 6 AM
Silence Zone: Areas up to 100 metres around such premises as hospitals, educational
institutions and courts. The silence zones are to be declared by the Competent Authority.
Use of vehicular horns, loudspeakers and bursting of crackers shall be banned in these
zones.
1.8.5. Thermal Power Plant – Specific Wastewater Standards
In addition to the general standards, certain specific standards have been developed for
effluent discharges from industries such as thermal power plants. Liquid effluent
standards for thermal power plant are presented in Table 1.5.
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
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Chapter 1-Introduction
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Table 1-5 Liquid Effluent Standards for Thermal Power Plant
Source Parameter Concentration not to exceed, mg/l (except for pH & Temp.)
Condenser Cooling Water (once through higher cooling system)
pH Temperature
6.5 to 8.5 Not more than 5oC than the higher intake
Boiler Blow Down Free available Chlorine Suspended solids Oil & grease Copper (Total) Iron (Total)
0.5 100 20 1.0 1.0
Cooling Tower Blow down
Free available Chlorine Zinc Chromium (Total) Phosphate Other corrosion inhibiting material
1.0 0.2 5.0 Limit to be established on case by case basis by Central Board in case of Union Territories and State Boards in case of States
Ash pond effluent pH Suspended solids Oil & grease
6.5 to 8.5 100 20
1.8.5.1. Guidelines for Wastewater Discharge Point1
The discharge point shall preferably located at the bottom of the water body at
midstream for proper dispersion of thermal discharge.
In case of discharge of cooling water into sea, proper marine outfall shall be
designed to achieve the prescribed standards. This aspect is not applicable in the
current scenario as the project does not belongs to Coastal based power plant and
the treated waste water will be recycled back for ash conditioning, bottom ash
handling, dust suppression and green belt development
No cooling water discharge shall be permitted in estuaries or near ecologically
sensitive areas such as mangroves, coral reefs/spanning and breeding grounds of
aquatic flora and fauna. This aspect is not applicable in the current scenario of this
specific project.
1.8.6. Fly ash Utilization
As per Fly ash Notification by Ministry of Environment and Forests dated, 3rd November
2009, all coal or lignite based thermal power plants shall utilise the ash generated in the
1 EPA Notification [GSR 7, dated Dec. 22, 1998]
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EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
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Chapter 1-Introduction
Page C1-42
power plants. Every coal or lignite based thermal power plant shall make available ash,
for at least ten years from the date of publication of this notification, without any payment
or any other consideration, for the purpose of manufacturing ash-based products such as
cement, concrete blocks, bricks, panels or any other material or for construction of roads,
embankments, dams, dykes or for any other construction activity. The unutilized ash will
be transported to the ash pond as high concentrate slurry using high concentrate slurry
pumps. For this purpose, an area of about 282 acres is identified.
As per the Fly ash Amendment Notification issued by MoEF&CC on 3rd November 2009, all
coal and, or lignite based thermal power stations and, or expansion u nits in
operation before the date of this notification are to achieve the target of fly ash utilization
as per the table given below:
S.No Percentage Utilization of Fly Ash Target Date 1 At least 50% of fly ash generation One year from the date of commissioning
2 At least 70% of fly ash generation Second year from the date of commissioning
3 At least 90% of fly ash generation Third year from the date of commissioning
4 100% fly ash generation Fourth year from the date of commissioning
1.9. Structure of the EIA Report
This EIA report is structured into nine chapters as below.
Chapter 1 – Introduction
Chapter 2 –Project Description presents details of the proposed project, process and
material balance, raw-materials and details of various supporting facilities required for
the project, and an outline of the project cost and project implementation schedules.
Chapter 3 – Baseline Environmental Status presents a comprehensive description of
the baseline environmental conditions of the study area. This includes the data obtained
from primary surveys and also secondary published data from various authentic sources.
All the specified environmental components such as meteorological data, air quality, noise
levels, surface and ground water resources, surface and ground water quality, geological
and mineralogical features, soil quality, land use and land cover in the study area,
cropping pattern, ecological and biological environmental conditions and socioeconomic
and cultural aspects of the proposed. All the relevant aspects as mentioned in the Terms
of Reference (ToR) were thoroughly addressed.
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Chapter 1-Introduction
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Chapter 4 – Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures presents
the environmental aspects associated with the proposed project, envisaged emissions and
discharges from the facility, an overview of various pollution control systems proposed
under project planning activities in the detailed project report and construction and
operational phase environmental impacts.
Chapter 5 – Analysis of Alternatives gives the description of each alternative studied
and the selected alternatives are given.
Chapter 6 – Environmental Monitoring Program presents monitoring plan which
include measurement methodologies, frequency, location, data analysis, reporting
schedules, emergency procedures, & detailed budget.
Chapter 7 – Additional Studies this chapter describes various additional studies carried
out for the project such as risk assessment study, rehabilitation and resettlements
aspects, occupational health related aspects etc. Public Consultation/ Public Hearing was
carried out and the views and comments of the public on the proposed project also be
included in this final EIA report to MoEF&CC.
Chapter 8 – Project Benefits presents the benefits of the project.
Chapter 9– Environmental Management Plan presents the administrative aspects of
ensuring that mitigation measures are implemented and their effectiveness monitored,
after approval of the EIA.
Chapter 10–Summary and Conclusion presents the summary and Conclusion of EIA
Study.
Chapter 11–Disclosure of Consultant presents the declaration by the EIA consultant
organisation as per the NABET requirements .
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Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 2- Project Description
Page C2-44
2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1. Overview
This section describes about the salient features such as plant layout and design, details of
the process to be adopted, raw material requirement, utilities and services, infrastructure
facilities and sources of waste generation, their quantity, treatment and safe disposal of
the waste.
STPL proposed to setup Thermal power plant with two Units of 660 MW each with gross
installed capacity of 1320 MW. Overview of the proposed project requirements are
presented in Table 2.1.
Table 2-1 Overview of the proposed project requirements
Parameter As per 2008 EIA
study Current Submission as on August 2016
Status
Project Cost Rs.6,791 Cr. Rs.10, 520 Cr. Project Cost increased
Budget for environmental management plan
Rs. 236.5 Cr.. Rs. 1311.32 Cr.
Significant increase due to inclusion of FGD and other pollution control systems to meet the new thermal power plant emission norms.
Power Plant Area (except corridors)
1167 Acres 1064.69 Acres Efforts are made to reduce the land requirement
Configuration 1320 Mw
(2x660MW) 1320 Mw (2x660MW) No change
Fuel Linkage
Based on the envisaged fuel linkage from
Jharkhand mines.
Deocha-pachami Coal Block
Allocated by MoC through letter dated 6th September 2013
Coal requirement
6.25 MTPA 6.7 MTPA (Indian Coal) or 3.9 MTPA (Imported
Coal)
Imported coal will be used during the initial 4 year period and thereafter Indian coal will be used for the project.
Water Allocation
55 Cusec ( 5600 m3/hr)
55 Cusec ( 5600 m3/hr)
Water allocation was already granted for the
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Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 2- Project Description
Page C2-45
Parameter As per 2008 EIA
study Current Submission as on August 2016
Status
project.
Water Requirement
5494 m3/hr 3265 m3/hr
Due to adoption of treated wastewater recycling program, the fresh water consumption will be limited to about 2.5 m3/MWhr.
BPIC has been looking at sites in and around Chausa village, District Buxar for locating the
Project. The important criterion for site selection being adopted by BPIC is as follows:
i. Total land required for setting up the project facility shall be around 1,000 to 1,500
acres at a stretch including the green belt and water bodies.
ii. The project site shall be close to the water source and near the source of fuel i.e.
coal.
iii. The project site requires minimum displacement of habitation and away from the
habitation area.
iv. The project site is closer to highway with hindrance free approach for
transportation of heavy equipment. Project site is well connected by roads.
v. The project site is close to railway lines to enable efficient transportation of coal.
Initially for 4 years Coal will be imported and used, subsequently coal supply will
be from the coal block allocated to the project in West Bengal and the
transportation for the proposed site will be by Railway wagons.
vi. The project site shall be free from forest growth.
The site comprising 1,064.69 acres of land area is located approximately 10 kms from
Buxar city on Ghazipur road. The site offers mostly barren land owned by the local
villagers. Hindrance free approach for the transportation of heavy equipment & coal is
provided through the main road which is 1 km from site and Eastern railway main line, 3
km from site. The site is approximately 3.5 kms from River Ganga, which is the source of
water for the Power project. The water requirement for the project is estimate d at 55
cusecs on continuous basis. Nearest airfield at Patna is more than 122 km from site and
hence the chimney would not fall within the approach funnel of the airport runway. The
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 2- Project Description
Page C2-46
project site is free from reserve forestlands, sanctuaries and monuments and meets the
environment requirements and guidelines.
2.2. Land for the Project
The Central Electricity Authority (CEA) has prescribed the land requirement for different
configurations of thermal power plants. Accordingly 2x660 MW plant would require a
land of about 1480 acres. As land is precious and keeping in view of large requirement of
land for the proposed project, asadvised by MoEF&CC Expert Committee the project
proponent has made extensive efforts to optimize the land requirement for the proposed
project.
As an output of the exercise the project proponent could optimize the land requirement
for the proposed thermal power plant of 1320 MW (i.e. 2x660MW) from approximately
1480 acres to 1064 acres. Considering the CEA norms and domestic usage of the thermal
power plant the project proponent has optimized the land requirement for the proposed
power plant. Even though the proponent has optimized the overall land requirement,
considering the environmental aspects the land requirements for the green belt and ash
dyke are within the prescribed CEA norms.
The Government of Bihar is carrying out land acquisition and compensation is paid as per
the provisions of “The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition,
Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013”
The entire private land of 1048.69 acres has been acquired andthe compensation to 95%
beneficiaries has been disbursed by the District Administration, Buxar. For the 16 acres
of Government land, notification from Government of Bihar for transfer of land to the
Project has already been issued.
1,064.69 acres of land is required for the proposed project as per the broad break-up
given in the Table 2.2. The overall project Layout showing the proposed project is given
in Figure 2.1 and the photographs of the area for proposed facilities is given in Figure
2.2.
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 2- Project Description
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Table 2-2 Land use break-up of the Proposed Plant
S.No Description Area in Acres 1 Main Plant, BOP & CHP & Misc. Facilities 450 2 Ash disposal area 282
3 Green Belt for total plant 178 4 Township 95 5 Land for miscellaneous facilities like roads, etc. 60
6 Total 1065 7 Railway Siding and water pipeline corridor 225
Figure 2-1 Proposed Project Layout
Ash dyke Area
Main Plant Area
Proposed Railway Line
Buda Nallah
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 2- Project Description
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Figure 2-2 Photographs showing typical view of the proposed Project Site
2.3. Vision of the Project
2.3.1. Introduction
The installed power generation capacity of India as on 30th September 2016 is 3,06,358
MW and out of this the installed generation capacity in Bihar is 3,030 MW including the
allocated shares from central generating stations. As per the 18 th EPS published by
Central Electricity Authority (CEA), the estimated peak load demand in Bihar at the end of
13th 5-year plan (FY 2021-22) is 9,306 MW. The actual peak demand for the financial year
2015-16 in Bihar was 3735 MW and the peak demand met was 3484 MW leaving a peak
deficit of 6.7%. It may be noted that the actual power scenarios is less than the
projections as per the 18th EPS and also the per capita power consumption in Bihar is
lowest at 265 units per annum, against the national average of 1,060 units per annum.
The Bihar state government is taking steps to provide access to electricity all households
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 2- Project Description
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and also agriculture needs in rural areas. To meet up with overall national objective and
to enable Bihar access to additional power required to sustain the high growth rate being
witnessed, Govt. of Bihar had taken the initiative for developing Thermal Power Projects
in the state through Bihar Power Infrastructure Company (BPIC), a joint venture between
Bihar State Power Holding Company Limited (BSPHCL) with IL&FS Energy Development
Company Limited (IEDCL). BPIC and BSEB had identified a site near village Chausa in
District Buxar for the development of 2x660 MW Coal based Thermal Power Project.
The proposed 2x660MW power project was conceived to meet the energy deficit of Bihar
state. As per the power purchase agreement 85% of the power generated at the proposed
project will be made available to Bihar state for various uses. Due to the location
advantage of the Project in terms of availability of water, power evacuation facilities and
coal, the cost of power is expected to be competitive.
The proposed project would cater to the ever increasing demand of electricity in the state
of Bihar. It will also increase the availability of electricity in rural areas for agricultural
purposes, small scale industries and subsequently helps in improving overall
development in agricultural, industrial and infrastructural facilities.
2.3.2. Long Term Vision for the Project
The long term vision of the proposed power project is sustainable power generation
maintaining high standards of efficiency and financial strength, over the design life (25
years) and extended life of the project through suitable Renovation and Modernization
Programmes from Time to Time and stated hereunder
2.3.2.1. Vision for Project Site
To provide uninterrupted and quality power to the Bihar state grid to bridge
the demand and supply gap
Optimal utilization of land by maximizing electrical generation per unit area
of the plant. Optimizing specific water consumption requirement for the
plant processes to meet the norms for the thermal power projects
prescribed by Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change
(MoEF&CC). Continual improvement in efficiency and PLF through efficient
operation and maintenance and Renovation and Modernization Programmes
from Time to Time gaining extended life of the project
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 2- Project Description
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Certification of Project with ISO: 9001, ISO 14001, OSHAS-18001, SA-8000
2.3.2.2. Vision towards Technology Selection
The proposed 2x660 MW power plant based on super critical technology which is the
best available technology for the operation of the proposed project. The main advantages
of the technology are:
High Thermal Efficiency, PLF;
Lower fuel consumption;
Reduced ash generation;
Faster load-changes;
Faster start up time;
High part load efficiency and higher adaptability for sliding pressure operation
2.3.2.3. Vision Towards the Environmental Protection & Pollution Control
To achieve better performance of the 2x660 MW proposed power plant, the following
pollution control and abatement measures are envisaged.
Recycle and Reuse of wastewater
Adopting the good environmental management practices as per the applicable
guidelines and achieving 100% compliance with regulations,
275 m multi-flue stack with ESP of more than 99.99 % efficiency which will be
provided to control suspended particulate matter to less than 30 mg/Nm3,
Providing quality fly ash (low carbon content and desired grain size) to enhance
the fly ash utilization opportunities in the region, 20% of the fly ash will be
provided to local brick manufacturers with no cost to encourage alternative brick
manufacturing practices to conserve the natural clay soil that is being widely used
by the local brick manufacturers,
Dry fly ash handling system and achieving 100% fly ash utilization as per the
MOEF&CC fly ash utilization notification
Greenbelt will be developed in and around the plant site. Plantation of trees will
also be encouraged in the nearby villages. Greenbelt will be developed with locally
available plant species.
Surveillance of all important environmental parameters on a continuous basis and
application of corrective measures
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 2- Project Description
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2.3.2.4. Vision towards CSR
To become an integral part of the local communities and encouraging social,
economic and cultural aspects in the region through a sustained and need
based Corporate Social Responsibility programs
CSR activities will be taken up to fulfill the basic requirements of the people
in the area. The basic requirements of the community needs will be
strengthened by extending health care; educational facilities will be
improved.
To participate in various CSR activities like infrastructure development,
education, medical facilities, self-employment, community development and
awareness programmes, vocational training in and around the project site.
The proposed power plant will provide direct and indirect employment to
many people based on their qualification, skill sets and experience
2.4. Process Description and Technology
2.4.1. Technology & Layout
The project proposes to use conventional coal fired boilers, which is a proven technology
for power generation. Around 450 acres of land would suffice to accommodate the main
Power plant, which would include besides the main power block, the Electrostatic
Precipitator, the chimney, coal handling plant, space for FGD transmission switchyard,
Water systems (including cooling towers), etc.
The layout shall include railway tracks proposed to be used for transporting fuel – either
by Indian Railways using the main line or a merry-go-round system, depending on where
the site is located with reference to the coalmines. The coal storage of 30 days
requirement of crushed coal is proposed to be provided at the power plant.
A common multi-flue concrete chimney for the two units has been proposed for this
project. A chimney height of about 275 mtrs has been considered in accordance with the
guidelines given by the Central Pollution Control Board. The plant is proposed to have a
50-meter wide green belt around perimeter as well as plantation in the other dust prone
areas like coal and ash areas.
While finalizing the plant layout the general principles under consideration are as under:
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 2- Project Description
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All facilities of the 2 x 660 MW units are in close proximity to each other to the
extent practicable so as to accommodate all facilities efficiently within the plant
boundary
One(1) no. of multi-flue chimney (Two flues in one Chimney)
Sufficient area in the turbine hall allowing the laydown of all turbine components
during overhauls.
Location of Water source and method of drawl.
Space for coal storage for thirty (30) days.
Space for ash disposal.
Facility for dry ash disposal road tankers/ trucks starting with 25% utilization in
the first year and 100 % utilization during the 4th year
Space for fuel oil receiving, storage and handling etc.,
To facilitate movement of men and materials between the various facilities both
during initial construction and also during subsequent operation and maintenance.
Major external functional system are so oriented that any maintenance work as
well as subsequent construction work can be carried out without any interference
and/or hindrance to the operational units.
Steel storage yard and pre-assembly yard required for storing and assembling of
plant equipments during construction phase and later this space will converted
into green belt during the operational phase.
33KVA substation will be installed
Power evacuation corridor for connection to grid.
Approach road to power plant from the National Highways.
Unit system concept will be adopted for following systems with no interconnection
with other units of the plant:
a. Steam water cycle except with the interconnection on the Auxiliary steam
system.
b. Circulating water system.
c. Auxiliary cooling water system.
d. Closed circuit cooling water system.
Coal Handling system, Ash disposal, Fuel oil receiving & storage, River water
intake, DM plant, Waste water treatment plant, Fire protection, Labs, Workshop,
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 2- Project Description
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Hydrogen Generation plant etc. will be common for all the units. However the
phasing of equipment, supply & erection will be detailed under project
implementation.
2.4.2. Design Parameters
The coal based Thermal Power Station is designed as a Two-unit station of 660 MW (at
Maximum Continuous Rating) capacity each. To achieve efficiency without sacrificing
availability, it has been decided to operate the steam parameters in the super-critical
range. 6.7 MMTPA of coal is required for the 1320 MW Power Plant. Coal for the proposed
thermal power station is expected to be made available from Deocha Pachmi coal block in
West Bengal. The coal with average gross calorific value of about 3500 Kcal/Kg is
considered for design and estimation purposes.
The steam parameters have been fixed at approximately about 250 kg/cm2 and 565°
C/595°C in line with the established practice of most of the international manufacturers
of 660 MW capacity machines. Single reheat is envisaged in the turbine cycle in
conformity with prevailing practice. The condenser vacuum i.e. heat sink level is
considered to be 76mm Hg absolute on consideration of circulating water inlet
temperature of 33 Degree Celsius (max).
The design of the system and system components for the proposed station would
consider the following basic design parameters:
Maximum ambient temperature 50 Degree Celsius Seismic Zone Zone IV as per IS:1893 (Part-I) 2002 Maximum wind velocity 39 m/sec
Power supply to drives (3-Ph, 50 Hz, DOL-start)
Up to 160 KW rating at 415 V Between 160 KW to 2000 KW rating at 6.6kVAbove 2000 KW rating at 11 KV
Control voltage for electrical equipment
At 220 V DC (unearthed)
Power supply for instrumentation and control
At 240 V AC (UPS)
Adequate provisions have been made for spare capacities in various systems and system
components both in size and number in accordance with good engineering practice for
high availability of the plant.
The plant will be designed to operate as a base load station. However, continuous
operation under two shift and cyclic modes during certain periods will also be envisaged:
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 2- Project Description
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Examples of Possible operation modes:
Base load operation
Peak load operation
Island operation
Frequency support
2.4.2.1. Thermodynamic Cycle
A super-critical pressure reheat steam cycle with regenerative feed heating arrangement
is proposed.
The main steam from the boiler, after expansion through the HP turbine, would be sent
back to the boiler for reheating. The reheated steam, after expansion through double flow
IP and LP turbines respectively would be exhausted into the main condenser, where the
exhaust steam from the LP turbine would be cooled and condensed by circulation of
cooling water and its vacuum would be maintained by two (2) (1 working + 1 standby)
100% capacity vacuum pumps. The condensate from the hot well would be extracted by 3
x 50% capacity condensate extraction pumps (2 working + 1 standby) and pumped to the
de-aerator through condensate polishing unit (when in use), gland steam condenser and
the LP heaters. The feed water after being de-aerated in the de-aerator would be drawn
by the boiler feed pumps and pumped to the respective boiler through the high-pressure
heaters. Four (4) 50% capacity boiler feed pumps have been envisaged for each unit. The
boiler feed pumps will be provided with variable speed hydraulic coupling, lube oil
system, automatic leak off and minimum flow bypass valves. Feed water will be heated up
in the feed water heaters progressively by bled steam drawn from cold reheat line and
extraction points of the IP Turbine and Condensate water would be heated in the LP
Heaters by steam extracted from the extractions from LP Turbine.
Condensate drain from the HP heaters would be cascaded to the de-aerator feed storage
tank and drain from the LP heaters would be cascaded to the condenser through the drain
cooler.
Auxiliary steam for the station will be drawn from a suitable point in the boiler and after
pressure reduction and de-superheating would be used for various services. Auxiliary
steam system shall supply steam to the de-aerator, turbine gland sealing system (during
light load and start-up conditions), fuel oil heating and atomization system etc. Provision
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 2- Project Description
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for steam supply to auxiliary steam system from cold reheat piping through adequately
sized pressure reducing and de-superheating station will be made. The 660 MW units will
also be provided with adequately sized HP and LP turbine bypass stations for quick hot
start and boiler stability with large load rejections.
2.4.2.2. Power-House & Ancillary Building
The superstructure of the powerhouse building is expected to be enclosed type in
fabricated structural steel work. The roof and floors will be RCC slab on steel truss/beam.
Side cladding may be of plastered brickwork supported on steel wall beams, double skin
insulated metal sheeting or PC panel.
The superstructure of the CW pump house, DM plant etc. will be of steel and enclosed
with brick walls, un-insulated metal or aluminum cladding.
All other building, viz., the workshop, store, control room buildings, pump houses,
administrative building etc. will have RCC frames with cast-in-situ roof and masonry
cladding. In case of long span roof, however, steel truss with AC/metal sheeting would be
adopted. Foundations in all cases will be of RCC spread or raft Type.
2.4.3. Steam Generating Unit and Auxiliaries
The steam generators shall be Super-Critical, once through, water tube, direct pulverized
coal fired, top supported, balanced draft furnace, single reheat, radiant, dry bottom type,
suitable for outdoor installation. The gas path arrangement shall be single pass (Tower
type) or two pass type.
Boiler design shall be suitable for variable pressure operation from 30% to 100%
BMCR with and without 20% throttle margin. The main parameters at 100% BMCR will
be as follows:
1 Main steam flow at Super Heater (SH) outlet 2120 T/Hr
2 Pressure at Super Heater outlet 256 kg/cm2 (a)
3 Temperature at SH outlet 5680 C
4 Steam flow to reheater 1708 T/Hr
5 Steam temperature at reheater outlet 5960 C
6 Feed water temperature at economizer inlet 293.70 C
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 2- Project Description
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2.4.3.1. Furnace
The furnace will be radiant, dry bottom type with tangential or opposed wall firing and
enclosed by water cooled and all welded membrane walls. The furnace bottom shall be
suitable both for installation of water impounded bottom ash system and submerged
scrapper chain conveying system. Spray type attemperator is envisaged to contro l the
superheater and reheater outlet temperature for varying loads. The superheater and
reheater tubes will be a combination of radiation and convection type. Economizer will
be non-steaming type and shall be of modular construction.
2.4.3.2. Steam Generator Circulation System
The steam generator start up system envisages boiler start up drain system with boiler
start up drain circulation pump. Separator(s) will be used during start up for separating
the steam water mixture upto a load of 40% BMCR, above which it will be running dry.
Lower part of furnace / water wall will consist of vertical plain/rifle tubes or wrap
around /helical tubes.
2.4.3.3. Air and Flue Gas System
A balanced draft system will be provided. There will be two (2) axial type FD fans and
two (2) axial type ID fans and two (2) pairs of regenerative rotary type air pre-heaters.
One pair of air pre-heater will be used for primary air system & second pair for secondary
air system. Four (4) numbers of steam coil air pre-heaters-two on primary and two on
secondary air system will be provided for start-up, low load operation or abnormal
conditions when an increased air inlet temperature is considered desirable to minimize
the cold end corrosion of regenerative air pre-heaters.
2.4.3.4. Fuel Oil Burning System
Start-up, warm up and low load (upto 30%) carrying shall be done by Light Diesel Oil
(LDO). Boiler will be so designed that oil firing for flame stabilization will not be required
beyond 30% MCR. Necessary pumps, filters and heaters will be provided. Ignition of
heavy oil shall be directly by high energy arc igniters.
2.4.3.5. Coal Burning System
The coal burning system will comprise of coal mills of vertical spindle type which include
a) Bowl Mills,
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
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Chapter 2- Project Description
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b) Roller Mills and
c) Balls & Race Mills or any approved equivalent
The number and capacities of the mills shall be so selected that while firing the worst and
design coals at BMCR/TMCR, the following spare capacities
With 90% mill loading of the working mills, no spare at 100% BMCR while firing
the worst coal.
With 90% mill loading of the working mills, at least one mill will be spare while
firing the design coal at 100% BMCR.
With 90% loading of the working mills at least one mill will be spare at 100%
TMCR load with worst coal firing. shall be ensured:
Coal from raw coal bunkers will be fed into the mills by belt driven gravimetric coal
feeders suitable for handling moist coal. There will be two axial Primary Air (PA) fans for
transporting the pulverized coal from mills to burners.
2.4.3.6. Auxiliary Steam System
Each of the unit will be provided with two auxiliary PRD stations i.e., high capacity and
low capacity PRDS taking their steam tap-offs from MS line and CRH line respectively. The
high capacity auxiliary PRDS will be designed for a minimum capacity of 150 T/hr and
steam parameters 16 ksc (g) and 3100C. Low capacity auxiliary PRDS will be sized for a
minimum capacity of 25 T/hr and steam parameters 16 ksc(g) and 210 0 C and will be
operated during the normal operation of the unit.
Auto-change over between the low and high capacity aux. PRDS stations depending on the
station auxiliary steam requirement is also envisaged. Each unit will have its own
auxiliary steam headers whereas for station services common station auxiliary steam
headers taking its tap off from the unit auxiliary PRD stations will also be provided. The
provision will also be made for interconnection with future units.
2.4.3.7. Chimney
A common multi-flue concrete chimney for the two units has been proposed for this
project. The total height of the chimney will be 275 meters above grade level as per
existing norms. External cage elevator (electric driven) will be provided for construction
and maintenance. The chimney shaft will be of RCC with slip form construction on a RCC
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 2- Project Description
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raft foundation. As per statutory requirements, aircraft warning light and lightning
electrodes etc. on the top of the chimney would be provided.
2.4.3.8. Electrostatic Precipitators
In order to achieve the new standard for Thermal Power plants given by MoEF&CC
adequately sized electrostatic precipitators will be installed. It is proposed to install high
efficiency electrostatic precipitator having an efficiency that limits the outlet emission to
30mg/Nm3 with one filed out of service in all passes while the boiler is operating at its
MCR, firing worst coal having maximum ash content.
The electrostatic precipitators will have six (6) parallel gas streams, isolated from each
other on the electrical as well as gas side and will be provided with gas tight dampers at
inlets and outlets of each stream, so as to allow maintenance to be carried out safely on
the faulty stream, while the unit is working. ESP specific collection area shall not be
less than 250 m2/m3/sec at 100% TMCR. Electrostatic precipitator will be provided with
microprocessor based programmable type rapper control system and ESP management
system to ensure safe and optimum operation of ESP.
ESP transformer rectifier sets will use high flash point oil as the cooling medium. The dust
collection hoppers at all strategic locations will have a minimum storage capacity of eight
(8) hours. The hoppers will have heating arrangements to prevent ash sticking to the
sloping sides and down pipes. Level indicators to indicate ash levels in the hoppers and
trip the ESP in case of high ash levels in the ash hoppers are also envisaged to ensure
safety of ESP.
2.4.3.9. Flue Gas De-Sulphurization (FGD)
Flue Gas Desulphurization system and its auxiliaries for two (2) number steam generators
of 660MW nominal rating shall be installed. The FGD system shall be necessarily based on
Wet Lime Stone Forced Oxidation process technology to reduce the emissions of Sulphur
di oxide in flue gas produced by coal being fired in boiler to the limits specified. The FGD
system shall have an independent absorber for each unit, common limestone milling
systems for the two units and common gypsum dewatering system for the two units. An
auxiliary absorbent tank, common for the two units, for storage of absorber slurry of two
units shall be installed. The absorbers, limestone grinding system and gypsum dewatering
system shall be installed.
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 2- Project Description
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All ducting, dampers, pumps, valves, supports, etc. as required for completeness of system
of absorbers, common limestone grinding system and common gypsum dewatering
system shall also be installed. Clean gas from the absorber shall be taken to the GGH
through two stage mist eliminators. Treated and reheated flue gas from the absorber
shall be discharged through a 275m high stack. Necessary lining in duct and chimney shall
be provided for protection of duct and chimney from low temperature acidic corrosion.
Provision shall be made for isolation of the flue gas flow through the absorber and also for
bypass of the absorber, to allow maintenance of the absorber with the unit in operation.
Limestone to the absorbers of the two (2 no) units shall be supplied by a wet limestone
grinding, common for the two units. Each wet limestone mill shall be fed from an
independent bunker through a gravimetric feeder. The classified limestone slurry from
the plant shall be stored in two (2 no) limestone slurry storage tank, from where the
slurry shall be pumped to the individual absorbers by dedicated limestone slurry pumps.
The gypsum from the two (2 no) absorbers shall be pumped by dedicated gypsum bleed
pumps to a common Gypsum Dewatering system consisting of multiple streams of
primary and secondary dewatering equipment. The water removed from the absorber
shall be recycled to the absorbers. The waste water from the system shall be collected and
neutralized using lime and neutralized effluent shall be pumped to Ash slurry sump.
Washed and dewatered gypsum from the dewatering system shall be fed to a belt
conveyor. Common gypsum dewatering system for the two units shall be installed. The
common dewatering system shall receive the gypsum slurry from each absorber through
slurry feed pipes and shall comprise of dewatering equipment. The filtrate water from
belt filter dewatering and washing system and the over flow from the secondary hydro -
cyclone shall be taken to a common filtrate water tank and further to absorber tank. For
both units SOx emission limit will be below to 100 mg/Nm3 (norm) dry.
2.4.3.10. Mercury abatement as co-benefit of reduction of NOx , SO2 and dust:
Mercury content in Indian coal ranges between 0.01 ppm to 1.1 ppm. Average mercury
content in coal found in India to be 0.272ppm as per CPCB. A typical power plant emits
90% of its mercury into air. The main reason for such high rate of emissions is that
mercury boils at operating temperatures of power plant.
Mercury exists in three forms in coal fired thermal power plants flue gas:
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
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Chapter 2- Project Description
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i. Elemental Hg (O)
ii. Oxidized Hg (2+)
iii. Particle bound Hg (P)
Hg(2+) and Hg(P) are relatively easy to remove from flue gas using typical air pollution
control devices such as ESP and wet FGD.
Mercury is present as trace element in coal. When the coal is burnt in thermal power
plants, the mercury available in coal is released. Once released, the mercury is either
evaporated in the atmosphere; some part is trapped in pollution control instruments like
electrostatic precipitator, bag etc and the rest goes with the bottom and fly ash. The small
level of mercury can be tolerated without much harmful effects. The new thermal power
plant emissions standards limit the Hg emission from coal based thermal power plants to
30 µg/Nm3, whereas the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, USA has
suggested a threshold level of 100 µg/Nm3 in the ambient air. A detailed study
undertaken by a research group indicated that the Mercury content in Indian coals was
found to vary between 0.003 and 0.34 mg/Kg with the mean value being 0.14 mg/Kg. The
average mercury concentration in the flue gas at the outlet of ESP would be in range of 5
and 15 μg/Nm3. Significant portion of mercury present in feed coal have been found to be
associated with fly ash. Speciation of mercury in flue gas shows that proportion of
elemental mercury is much higher than oxidized mercury (ref)2. Control of mercury
emissions from coal-fired boilers can be achieved via controls used to remove particulate
matter (PM) and sulfur dioxide (SO2). This includes capture of Hg (particle phase) in ESP
and soluble Hg2+ compounds in wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems.
STPL has proposed to install lime based scrubbing system for the combined control of SO2
and Mercury emissions. Hence the envisaged Mercury levels in the proposed power plant
will be less than 1 μg/Nm3. Considering a peak gas volume of 19,30,000 Nm3/hr from
each boiler, the estimated controlled Hg emissions from the proposed power plant will be
less than 4 g/hr hour which is insignificant. The predicted ground level concentration of
Hg will be in the order of 0.03 Nano Grams/m3, which is several folds lower than that of
the occupational health standard of 100,000 Nano Grams/m3.
2 Mercury Emissions from Coal Fired Power Plants of India - Case Study, Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, International Journal of Energy, Sustainability and Environmental Engineering Vol. 2 (1), September 2015, pp. 21-24,
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 2- Project Description
Page C2-61
2.4.4. Turbine Generator Unit and its Auxiliaries
The scope of each TG unit of 660 MW shall broadly cover the Steam Turbine along with
its integral systems and auxiliaries like lube oil system, control-fluid system, condensers
condenser air evacuation system, HP&LP Bypass system, complete regenerative feed
heating system, condensate pumps along with their drives, boiler feed water pumps along
with their drives, automatic turbine run-up system, instrumentation and control devices,
turbine supervisory instruments, turbine protection and interlock system, automatic
turbine testing system and turbine hall EOT cranes. Necessary protective and supervisory
system to ensure trouble-free, safe and efficient operation of the turbo-generator will be
provided.
Steam Turbine- The steam turbine shall be tandem compound, single reheat,
regenerative, condensing, multi-cylinder design with separate HP, separate IP and
separate LP casing(s) or combined HP-IP and separate LP casing(s), directly coupled with
the generator suitable for indoor installation. The plant would be designed to operate as a
base load station. However, continuous operation under two-shift and cyclic modes
during certain periods of the year is also envisaged. The turbine design shall cover
adequate provision for quick start-up and loading of the units to full load at a fast rate.
The turbine shall be capable of operating on variable pressure mode as well as constant
pressure mode during part load and start up operation. The turbine shall be provided
with suitable margins for VWO flow.
The steam turbine shall conform to the following design and duty conditions:
i.
Output under Economic Maximum Continuous Rating (EMCR) at Generator terminals with Cycle make up of 3% of throttle steam flow and design condenser pressure.
660 MW (In case of static excitation system, the EMCR output at generator terminals shall be 660 MW plus excitation power requirement at EMCR).
ii. Turbine throttle steam pressure 247 kg/cm2 (abs) iii. Turbine throttles Main steam /Reheat Steam
temperature. 565OC/593OC
iv. Variations in rated Steam temperature & pressure
As per IEC-45.
v. Pressure drop in reheat circuit i.e., between HPT Exhaust & IPT inlet.
10% of HPT exhaust pressure.
vi. Condenser pressure with CW temperature of 330 C
77 mm of Hg
vii. Turbine speed 3000 rpm
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Chapter 2- Project Description
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viii. Frequency variation range from rated frequency of 50 Hz
(+) 3% to (-5%) (47.5HZ to 51.5HZ)
ix. DM Water make up to thermal cycle under EMCR condition
3% of throttle steam flow
x. Final feed water temperature at 100 % TMCR & at EMCR condition.
287.5(+/-) 2.50 C
xi. Turbine protection against water induction. As per ASME-TDP-1(latest) xii. No. of extractions for regenerative feed water
heating As per cycle optimization by the bidder.
2.4.4.1. Condensing Equipment
Single pass or double pass condenser with stainless steel tubes of welded type as per
ASTM-A-249-TP304, shall be adopted. The condenser shall be with divided water box
construction. It shall be horizontal, surface type with integral air cooling section.
Condenser hot-well shall be sized for three (3) minutes storage capacity (between normal
and low-low level) of total design flow with the turbine operating at V.W.O condition, 3%
make-up and design back pressure. The condenser shall be adequately sized to cater to
all the conditions of turbine operation including the abnormal operating conditions such
that condenser would not be a bottleneck at any stage of operation. The exact condenser
parameters shall be optimized on the basis of site data and most economical combination
of cooling surface and circulating water quantity. The condenser shall be designed,
manufactured and tested in accordance with the latest applicable requirements of the
Heat Exchange Institute (HEI), USA. Provision of separate sponge rubber ball type
condenser on-load tube cleaning system for each half of the condenser including ball
circulation pumps, strainer, ball monitoring system etc. shall be made.
2.4.5. Power Evacuation System
The power generated in the units will be evacuated through 400kV transmission lines by
Bihar Grid Company Limited/Power Grid Corporation Limited. STPL has requested Bihar
Grid Company Limited to determine power evacuation system for the project. Unit start-
up power requirement shall be met by back charging of one of 400kV transmission line.
The above scheme as considered presently shall be reviewed based on the finalized ATS
of the project. The provision presently being kept is approximate.
2.4.5.1. Auxiliary Power Supply System
The voltages adopted for the AC auxiliary system are:
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EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
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Chapter 2- Project Description
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415 V for motors rated upto 200 kW. (Energy Efficient Motors have been
envisaged upto 160 KW.)
3.3 kV for motors above 200 kW and upto 1500 kW.
11 kV for motors rated above 1500 kW
The electrical auxiliary system proposed will derive station supply directly from 400 kV
systems via suitably rated transformers and unit supply via unit transformer connected
with the unit. These transformers will feed station and unit boards, which will have a
fault rating of 40 KVA break & 100 KVA make.
Presently, for FR provision, Station Transformer scheme has been kept considering 400
kV step up voltage. The Station supply is proposed to be derived at 400kV by providing
suitably rated 400 kV/11 kV station Transformer. The Generator Circuit Breaker scheme
shall also be evaluated based on techno economic consideration and power evacuation
voltage for the project. Interconnection between unit and station boards, between
different station boards will be provided to cater for unit or station transformer outage,
as shown in single line diagram.
2.5. Requirement of Major Inputs for Manufacture
2.5.1. Coal
Coal will be the primary fuel for the power plant. The coal required for the 2x660 MW
Thermal Power Project will be 3.9 MTPA (imported coal) or 6.7 MTPA (Domestic coal) at
90% PLF. The project is envisaged to be operated on imported coal through MMTC for 4
years and domestic coal from Deocha-Pachami coal block to Bihar State Power Generation
Company Ltd which was recommended by Ministry of Coal (MoC). Deocha-Pachami coal
block is located in south western part of Birbhum coalfield.
The coal allocation letter for Indian coal and copy of MoU for imported coal supply is
attached in Annexure 5. The calorific value of the typical Indian coal is in the order of
3500 Kcal/kg whereas the calorific value of the imported coal from Indonesia will be in
the range of 5300 to 5500 Kcal/kg.
2.5.2. Coal Transportation and Handling System
2.5.2.1. Coal Transportation
The daily coal requirement for 2X660 MW units shall be about 20400 TPD based on
washed coal with average gross calorific value of 3500 Kcal/kg, 90% plant load factor and
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Chapter 2- Project Description
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2247.97 Kcal/kWh unit heat rate. The envisaged mode of coal transportation from the
coal mines to the power plant is by Indian Railways rakes. The rakes shall be unloaded at
the wagon tippler terminal. Similarly imported coal will be transported by railway lines
from nearest port as per the MoU with MMTC Limited. Eastern central railways has
provided inprinciple approval for railway siding arrangement vide letter dated 29th
September 2015, which is enclosed as Annexure 5.1.
2.5.2.2. Coal Handing System
It is proposed to have one coal handling plant of 2200 TPH rated capacity with parallel
double stream (one working and one standby) of belt conveyors along with facilities for
receiving, unloading, crushing and conveying the crushed coal to boiler bunkers a nd
stacking/reclaiming the coal to/from crushed coal stockyards. Two (2) nos.
unidirectional, rail mounted, travelling stacker-reclaimers, bucket wheel type are
proposed for coal stockyard management. Coal handling plant shall have a dedicated coal
unloading terminal. For unloading BOX-N wagon rakes four (3 nos) Wagon Tippers shall
be provided. For unloading BOBR wagon one no. Track Hopper shall be provided.
The overall operating hours of the coal handling plant shall be 16 hours spread over two
shifts per day leaving third shift exclusively for routine inspection and maintenance. The
proposed CHP shall cater to the peak daily requirement of coal for all units in two bunker
filling cycles in 12 hrs effective operation.
Coal received in BOX-N wagons will be unloaded in underground RCC hoppers by wagon
tipplers. Coal received in BOBR wagons will be unloaded in underground RCC hoppers by
Track Hopper. Unloaded coal shall be conveyed to the crusher house for sizing of coal to
(-)20mm. From crusher house the crushed coal can either be conveyed directly to the coal
bunkers through a series of conveyors or stacked on to the crushed coal stockpiles by
means of stacker reclaimers. Motorized travelling trippers shall be provided to feed
crushed coal into the raw coal bunkers of the boilers.
Coal stockyards proposed shall have crushed coal storage capacity equivalent to about 30
days coal consumption for 2x660 MW units.
2.5.3. Fuel Oil Handling Plant
Secondary fuel would be required for the initial start up. Light Diesel Oil (LDO) will be
used as Secondary fuel. Fuel oil unloading and storage system shall be designed to handle
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EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 2- Project Description
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LDO. LDO shall be used for initial start-up, coal flame stabilization and low load operation
of the steam generator while firing coal.
Fuel oil (LDO) will be brought to the power plant by road tankers. The oil will be
unloaded from road tankers and will be pumped by unloading pumps to the storage
tanks. Fuel oil pressurizing pumps shall draw the oil from the storage tanks.
Three (3) number LDO unloading pumps, each of 100m3/hr capacity, shall be provided to
unload 5 nos. road tankers at a time. The unloading header with 80 NB x 5 nos. neoprene
rubber flexible hose connection shall be provided for unloading of light diesel oil.
Two (2) nos. of 2000m3 capacity fixed roof type LDO storage tanks shall be provided for
storage of LDO. One (1) no. of 100m3 capacity fixed roof type LDO day oil tank shall be
provided for auxiliary boiler. Two (2) nos. LDO transfer pumps, each of 25m3/hr capacity,
shall be provided for transfer of LDO from main storage tank to day oil tank. Oil-water
separator pit shall be provided. Control of FO Handling Plant shall be through DDCMIS.
2.5.4. Water Resources and Water Requirement for the Project
The total water requirement for proposed project will be around 3265 m3/hr. It is
proposed to be drawn from River Ganga.
2.5.4.1. River Water Intake System
The plant water for the project will be taken from the River Ganges, through properly
sized raw water intake system. Water will be collected by appro priate system to a
common sump at the river bed. Pump house will be located over the sump. The intake
water pump house will be provided with intake water pumps, piping, valves, fittings,
electrical, instrumentation and control systems. The raw water supply system will
provide raw water to the raw water storage reservoir in the power plant area for
subsequent use as circulating water makeup, supply to DM plant and other miscellaneous
requirements. The raw water pump structure will have three (3 x 50%) vertical raw
water pumps installed on the sump in a wet pit type pump structure.
The raw water pump shafts and column will be extended so that the motors will be
located above the maximum flood elevation. The raw water pumps will withdraw raw
water from the sump pit and discharge it to a single pipeline for conveyance to the raw
water reservoir. The raw water supply system will operate prior to plant initial operation
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 2- Project Description
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to provide water for reservoir filling to maintain adequate storage requirement and
supply to the pre-treatment plant.
Location of the Proposed River Water Intake Point is enclosed as Figure 2.3 and the
layout showing the river water intake system is given in Figure 2.4.
Figure 2-3Location of the Proposed River Water Intake Point
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 2- Project Description
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Figure 2-4 River Water Intake
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 2- Project Description
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2.5.4.2. Water Requirement
The entire plant water requirements will be met from the river water. Water allocation
quantity from the river is 55 Cusec (5600 m3/hr), the water allocation letter from the
concern department is enclosed as Annexure 6. Specific water consumption of
~2.5m3/MWhr as against the current nation’s average of 4 m3/MWhr. Cooling tower
blow down will be used as make up water for bottom ash handling. The water balance
of the power plant is given in below table 2.3 and the flow diagram of the water balance
is enclosed as Annexure 7.
Table 2-3 Water Balance
End use Fresh water
make up
Recycled water
Evaporation
Wastewater discharge into
ETP and Recyled within the plant
Wastewater used for
gardening
Line losses etc 80 80 0 0 Raw water treatment and losses in transmission
105 80 25 0
DM plant regeneration etc 10 10 0 Boiler make up, soot blowing and losses
90 60 30 0
Cooling water pre-treatment and make up 2730 30 2160 600 0
Bottom ash transport and ash pond evaporation make up
415 415 0 0
Fly ash conditioning and dust suppression in coal yards etc
100 100 0 0
HVAC and AHS and plant service water water
180 180 0 0
FGD make up water 200 180 20 0
Total of plant use 3115 745 3175 685 0 Plant and colony domestic water 70 4 66 66
Net total 3185 745 3179 751 66
2.5.5. Water Treatment Systems
The water treatment system of the project comprises of Water Pre-treatment Plant,
Water Demineralizing Plant, Chlorination Plant, Condensate Polishing Plant and CW
Treatment Plant as described below:
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EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
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Chapter 2- Project Description
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2.5.5.1. Water Pre-Treatment Plant (PT Plant)
The pretreatment plant would be designed to remove suspended/colloidal matter in the
raw water. Separate pre-treatment plant shall be provided for meeting the CW system
and Demineralization (DM) plant. A common chemical house shall be provided to store
chemicals such as chlorine, lime, alum & coagulant aid and respective lime, alum and
coagulant dosing equipments such as tanks, pumps etc for all the PT systems. The Water
PT plant for CW system shall consist of three (3) clarifiers of reactor type, of 1400
m3/hr capacity, one number of aerator and one number of stilling chambers (common
for all three clarifiers). The water PT plant for Potable water Plant shall two (2 x 100%
capacity) gravity filters each of 100 m3/hr for potable water purpose.
2.5.5.2. Water Demineralization Plant
The DM plant shall be sized to meet the make-up water requirement of the steam cycle,
make up to closed circuit auxiliary system, hydrogen generation plant, and stator water
cooling system. Considering the quality of water, it is proposed to adopt a service cycle
of 12 hrs for DM Plant. The D.M. plant shall consist of three (3) streams of 60m3/hr
capacity and each stream shall comprise of Activated carbon filter, Cation exchangers,
degasser system (comprising of degasser tower, degassed water tank, degassed water
pumps and degasser blowers etc), anion exchangers and mixed bed exchanger. The
plant shall be designed for semiautomatic operation with PLC based control. Two (2)
D.M. Water storage tanks each of 2000m3 capacity will be provided to store DM water.
One neutralization pit shall be provided for neutralizing the pH and discharging the
effluent water from the DM plant.
2.5.5.3. RO system for Zero Discharge Concept
The Reverse Osmosis (RO) plant is proposed to treat the cooling tower blow down
water to produce about 200 m3/hr of permeate. The purpose of RO system is to remove
the dissolved solids from the water to produce specified quantity of CW make up. Reject
water from RO trains will be used for dust suppression at coal handling plant.
2.5.5.4. Chlorination Plant
Separate chlorination plants will be provided for water pre-treatment (PT) plant and
Cooling Water system (at two locations). Cooling Water (CW) chlorination system
would consist of Three (3) numbers of chlorinator-evaporator sets of 100 Kg/hr
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
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Chapter 2- Project Description
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capacity at two locations. For PT system there shall be Three (3) (3 x 50% capacity)
numbers of chlorinator sets each of 20 Kg/hr capacity. Chlorine leak absorption system
as plant emergency measure shall be provided for each of the CW chlorination plants
and PT chlorination plants to neutralize chlorine leakage from the plant.
2.5.5.5. Condensate Polishing Plant
For maintaining the feed water purity condensate polishing plant shall be provided in
the feed water cycle at the downstream of condensate extraction pumps as per the
existing practice. The condensate polishing plant shall be of full flow, deep mixed resin
bed type consisting of 3x 33% capacity service vessels for each unit.
2.5.5.6. CW Treatment System
It is proposed to provide suitable chemical treatment programme of acid dosing and
scale cum corrosion inhibitor for the CW system for control of CW system water
chemistry at two locations. It is proposed to provide acid & chemical storage tanks and
respective dosing pumps shall as a part of CW treatment system. The plant shall be
provided with neutralization pits, disposal pumps with required corrosion
measurement rack, instrumentation for interlocks and controls, control panels etc. to
facilitate safe & reliable operation.
2.5.6. Wastewater Treatment Systems
Wastewater to the tune of 720 m3/hr will be generated from the cooling tower blow
down, DM plant and clarifiers will be reused within the plant for ash conditioning,
bottom ash handling, dust suppression and green belt development. And hence no
waste water will be discharged into surface water bodies.
The liquid effluents shall be collected and treated/recycled generally as per the
following design philosophy.
i. The filter backwash water of PT Plant shall be collected and recycled back to the
CW system clarifier
ii. The sludge from clarifiers of Water PT plants shall be collected and sent to ash
slurry sump for disposal to ash dyke
iii. The waste effluents from neutralization pits of DM plant and Condensate
Polishing Plant shall be collected in the respective neutralization pits and
neutralized before pumping to ash slurry sump for final disposal
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Chapter 2- Project Description
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iv. The Power cycle effluents sent to CW make up with the help of pumps
v. CW system blow down would be used for coal dust suppression system and Ash
handling Plant, FGD system. Excess CW blow down shall pass through RO system
for reuse. Water after RO system shall be sent to CW makeup.
vi. A coal settling pond shall be provided to remove coal particles from coal
handling plant waste. Decanted water shall be pumped back to the coal dust
suppression system
vii. Service water effluent drains from various areas shall be separately routed to a
sump. From the sump the service water shall be pumped up to lamella clarifier
for treatment of suspended solids. Treated service water shall be sent back to
service water tank to the extent possible for re-use.
2.6. Solid Waste Generation
2.6.1. Fly Ash Generation
Estimated quantity of ash produced from the proposed 2x660MW plant with 90% PLF
will be in the order of 2.7 MTPA and 0.48 MTPA when the plant is operated with Indian
coal and imported coal respectively. The envisaged fly ash generation from the
proposed 2x660MW plant is given in below Table 2.4. Out of the total ash generation
about 0.6 Million tons per year of bottom ash will be disposed to ash pond. 100% fly ash
utilization will be achieved from the fourth year operation as per the fly ash Notification
and its amendments. Fly Ash will be utilized for road construction and other related
works. Consent letter from Rural works Department, Government of Bihar for the
utilization of fly ash and Expression of Interest (EOI) from the Cement Manufacture and
brick manufactures is attached as Annexure 8.
Table 2-4 Envisaged Fly Ash Generation
Parameter Units Based on Indian
Coal Use Scenario Based on Imported Coal Use Scenario
Coal consumption in each 660MW unit
TPH 425 262
Total Annual coal demand in 2x660MW
MTPA 6.7 3.9
Ash content %w/w 41 12
Total ash generation TPD 8364 1506
Total ash generation MTPA 2.7 0.45
Bottom as generation @ 15% of MTPA 0.40 0.07
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Chapter 2- Project Description
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Parameter Units Based on Indian
Coal Use Scenario Based on Imported Coal Use Scenario
total ash
Fly ash generation @ 85% of the total ash
MTPA 2.30 0.38
2.6.2. Ash Disposal Area
For ash disposal from Buxar TPP (2X660MW) plant, about 282 acres of land is
identified. The proposed land is located adjacent to railway siding facility. The ground
levels on proposed land are undulating. The ash disposal area is planned in an area of
about 232 acres. Balance 50 acres of land will be occupied by Over Flow Lagoon,
Sedimentation Basin & associated dykes, ash slurry pipe line corridor, maintenance
road etc along the periphery of the dyke and recirculation system facilities.
2.7. Reduction in Carbon Footprint
Sustainable power generation has been one of the prime objectives of STPL. Towards
achieving this objective, various measures shall be introduced to ensure minimum
degradation of the environment due to the operation of the power station. There is
growing concern world over and STPL is no exception towards contribution of green
house gases released due to fossil fuel firing towards global warming. As a part of the
agreement under Kyoto Protocol the CDM has been introduced to enable trading of
Certified Emission Reduction (CER) between the developed countries and the
developing countries. Although, this issue is being exhaustively deliberated to establish
long ranging solutions, accordingly, it is proposed to have super-critical boilers at the
Buxar Thermal Power Project. In view of the increased efficiency (2.4%) of super -
critical boiler as compared to sub-critical boiler, the coal consumption per unit of
electricity generation would be lower with consequent reduction in CO2 emissions. The
reduction in CO2 emissions would be of the order of 0.26 million tons per year. For the
entire life of the plant (i.e. 25 years), it would be of the order of about 6.5 million tons.
Since the super-critical technology is still under implementation stage in India,
operation of super-critical boilers using the low grade Indian coal is challenging and
technology barriers will have to be overcome. Investment costs for plant with super -
critical boilers is higher as compared to the plant with sub-critical boilers
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
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Chapter 2- Project Description
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2.8. Project Cost Estimates and Schedule
The estimated cost of the power project is around Rs. 10,520.48 Cr as per the revised
estimates at June 2016 price level. The commercial operation (COD) of the 1st unit will
be in 52 months from the date of investment approval. 2nd unit will have a phase gap of
six months.
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
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Chapter 3- Baseline Environmental Status
Page C3-74
3. BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS
3.1. Preamble
This chapter illustrates the description of the existing environmental status of the study
area with reference to the prominent environmental attributes. The study area covers
10 km radius around the boundaries of the proposed Project site.
3.2. Study area
The site is geographically located at North Latitude 25027’51” and East Longitudes
83052’49” and falls in the Survey of India Topo sheet 63 O/15. The site is located in the
village Chausa, of Buxar District. Chausa village is located at about 122 Kms West of
Patna, in the Bihar – Uttar Pradesh Border. Topographically the study area is plain with
slight undulations. High Resolution Satellite image showing project site and its Latitude
and Longitude is given in Figure 3.1 and the topo plan of the study area is shown in
Figure 3.2.
Site coordinators
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Pl ant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 3- Baseline Environmental Status
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Figure 3-1High Resolution Satellite image showing project site and its Latitude and Longitude
3.3. Scope and Methodology of Conducting Baseline Study
The existing environmental setting is considered to adjudge the baseline environmental
conditions, which are described with respect to climate, hydro-geological aspects,
atmospheric conditions, water quality, soil quality, vegetation pattern, ecology, land use
and socio-economic profile of the people.
The baseline studies were undertaken by EPTRI during the period of April 2008 to June
2008 and again in 2015 AES Laboratories Pvt Ltd was awarded the assignment of
carrying out baseline monitoring studies for the monitoring location which selected as
for the earlier baseline study. The objective of this study is to find out environmental
settings of the study area in the current period in order to assess whether any variation
in the status of baseline environment had taken place from the earlier period.
The primary baseline data monitored by AES Laboratories Pvt Ltd covered three (3)
months i.e., from 11th March – 13th June 2015, and secondary data was collected from
Government and Semi-Government organizations.
As per the ToR No.J-13012/69/2008-IA.I (T) dated 07.06.2016, one month monitoring
is completed i.e, from 17th May 2016 to 15th June 2016, and secondary data was
collected from Government and Semi-Government organizations. The primary baseline
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Chapter 3- Baseline Environmental Status
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data has been generated by AES Laboratories Pvt Ltd, an MoEF&CC and NABL approved
Environmental Testing Laboratory.
An area, covering a 10 km radial distance from the project site is considered as the
study area for the purpose of the baseline studies. As part of Environmental and Social
Impact Assessment, this study was undertaken for a period of one month from 17th May
2016 to 15th June 2016. Primary data on Water, Air, Land, Flora, Fauna & Socio -
Economic data were collected by a team of Engineers and Scientists. Secondary data
was collected from various Departments of State/Central Government Organizations,
Semi-Government and Public Sector Organizations. Table 3.1 gives various
environmental attributes considered for formulating environmental baseline and Table
3.2 gives the frequency and monitoring methodology for various environmental
attributes.
Table 3-1 Various Environmental Attributes
S.No. Attribute Parameter Source of Data
1 Land Use Trend of land use change for different categories
Topo sheet and Satellite imagery and ground truth verification
2 Ambient Air
Quality
As per NAAQs standard parameter i.e, Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5), Sulfur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Ammonia (NH3), Ozone (O3), Lead (Pb), Benzene (C6H6), Benzo (a) Pyrene, Arsenic (As), Nickel (Ni)
Ambient air quality monitoring at eight locations
3 Water Quality Physical, Chemical and Biological parameters
Water samples are collected at two surface water location and eight ground water locations during this study period
4 Noise levels Noise levels in dB(A) Noise level monitoring at eight locations
5 Ecology
Study of Existing terrestrial flora and fauna within the 10 km radius of project influence area through Quadrate and Line transact method for trees, shrubs and herbs, Point count method for birds, Belt transect method for road side trees and butterflies. Reconnaissance survey (Near Agricultural, Human habitations and Road side), identification of ecologically
Secondary sources and Field studies and Reconnaissance survey
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S.No. Attribute Parameter Source of Data sensitive receptors based on literature survey and field investigations
6 Geology Geological history Secondary sources
7 Soil
Soil types and samples analyzed for physical and chemical parameters.
Data collected from secondary sources and soil sample analysis at eight locations
8 Socio economic
aspects
Primary Survey was undertaken at the designated villages to establish the existing socioeconomic status of the study area. Socioeconomic indicators such as demography, literacy, health and livelihood, amenities and cultural aspects were studied, Secondary Published data on population and amenities obtained from Directorate of Census Operations, GOI characteristics were collected
Based on field survey and data collected from secondary sources
Table 3-2 Frequency and Monitoring Methodology
Attributes Sampling Measurement
Method Remarks
Network Frequency
A. Air Environment
Particulate Matter (PM10) Total 8 locations
to represent both upwind, down wind and background concentrations as per the CPCB guidelines.
24 hourly, two days in a
week and 12 weeks in a
month
Gravimetric (High- Volume with Cyclone) As per
CPCB Standards under November 18th 2009 Notification for NAAQS
Particulate Matter (PM 2.5)
Gravimetric (High- Volume with PM10 Impactor)
Oxides of Sulphur (SO2)
EPA Modified West & Gaeke method
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)
Arsenite Modified Jacob & Hochheiser
B. Noise
Hourly equivalent noise levels
Requisite locations in the project influence area
Once
Instrument : Noise level meter
IS: 4954-1968
C. Water
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Attributes Sampling Measurement
Method Remarks
Network Frequency Water Quality Set of grab
samples At requisite locations for ground and surface water
Once
Samples for water quality collected and analyzed as per IS : 2488 (Part 1-5) methods for sampling and testing of Industrial effluents Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater analysis published by American Public Health Association.
D. Land Environment Parameter for soil quality: pH, texture, electrical conductivity, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphate, sodium, calcium, potassium and Magnesium.
Requisite soil samples be collected as per BIS specification within project influence area
Once
Collected and analyzed as per soil analysis reference book, M.L.Jackson
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Figure 3-2 Topo Map (10 Km radius) of the Study area
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3.4. Administration Setup of the Study Area District3
Buxar district was carved out of Bhojpur district on 17 th March 1991 having Buxar town
as district Head Quarter. Earlier it was a sub-division of Bhojpur district. The Buxar
district is situated between 25°18’ to 25045’ latitudes north & 84020’ to 84040’
longitude east. The district is included in the Survey of India topo sheets nos.72 C. Its
geographical area is 1624 Km2. The river Ganga forms a natural boundary in the north
and northwest and the river Karamnasa makes forms district boundary in the west-
southwest. Bhabua & Rohtas districts in the south, and Bhojpur district in the east forms
its district boundary. It comprises of 2 sub-division, 11 community development blocks,
and 1102 villages. The total population of district is 1707643 i.e. Rural 1543476 &
Urban (2011 census). The district boundaries, administrative divisions, major roads,
rivers, and HNS locations are presented in Figure 3.3.
Figure 3-3 Administrative Map of Buxar District
Source: Ground Water Information Booklet Buxar District, Bihar State Central Ground water Board, Ministry of Water Resources, Govt. of India-Mid-Eastern Region, Patna
3 Ground Water Information Booklet Buxar District, Bihar State Central Ground water Board, Ministry of Water Resources, Govt. of India-Mid-Eastern Region, Patna
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3.5. Land Environment
3.5.1. Physiography and Drainage
3.5.1.1. Physiography
Buxar District is a part of the southern Ganga Plain. Physiography of the district is a
alluvial plain having gentle slope towards north. The plain land is marked by presence
of several minor depressions. The elevation of the land surface in the district varies
between 55 m AMSL and 85 m AMSL. Broadly the district can be divided into two micro
physiographic units,
The low-lying northern plain - extends from the Ganga. The river Ganga, has built
a long natural levee along its course. Every year this unit gets fresh deposit of
silt. As a result of siltation the region is rich in fertile soil. The low-lying areas are
important for the cultivation of wheat, Maize and gram. The entire geographical
area of Simri and Chakki blocks and a part of Buxar and Brahampur blocks fall
under this category.
The flat region of the south – It extends southwards of the railway line, which
passes through the district in east-west direction. This geomorphic unit is
densely populated, covered by network of canal of Sone Canal System. Its
western limit follows the course of river Ganga followed by Karamnasa. This unit
covers major part of the district occupying entire geographica area of Chausa,
Rajpur, Kesath, Nawanagar, Itarhi, Dumraon blocks and parts of Buxar &
Barhampur blocks. The unit is considered to be suitable for wheat and paddy
cultivation.
The Physiographic map of the study area (10 km radius) and the project site is
presented below Figure3.4
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Figure 3-4 Physiographic map of the study area
3.5.1.2. Physiography of the Study Area
The project area (10 km radius) exhibits plain terrain in the and relatively elevated
terrain in the southern side of the project site. There is no reserved forest within 10 km
radius from the project site boundary. The minimum and maximum elevation of the
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study area (10 km radius) is 53 m and 79 m AMSL (above mean sea level) respectively.
The maximum elevation is noticed in the southern side of the study area. There are no
hillocks noticed with in 10 km radius of the project site. The minimum and maximum
elevation of the Project site is 58.5 m and 64.5 m AMSL (above mean sea level)
respectively.
The Physiographic map of the project site in Figure 3.5
Figure 3-5 Phyisiography of the Study Area
3.5.1.3. Drainage of the Region4
This district is part of the Lower Ganga sub-basin of the Upper Ganga basin. The Ganga
touches the district near Chausa. The river Ganga flows towards east parallel to the
district boundary. The other rivers flowing from south to north, through the district, are
4 Ground Water Information Booklet Buxar District, Bihar Sta te Central Ground water Board, Ministry of Water Resources, Govt. of India-Mid-Eastern Region, Patna
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the Noni and the Thora. Most of these are ephemeral. The river Karmanasa delimits the
district in the west and southwest. It debouches in the river Ganga near Chausa. The
river Karmanasa is an important for irrigation in the western part of the district. There
are many lift irrigation schemes and side channels to carry overflowing river water to
the field. The drainage map of Bihar is given in Figure 3.6
Figure 3-6 Drainage Map of Bihar
3.5.1.4. Drainage of the study area
The Study area forms part Lower Ganga sub-basin of the Upper Ganga basin. The Ganga
touches the district near Chausa. The river Ganga flows towards east parallel to the
district boundary. The other rivers flowing from south to north, through the study area,
are the Noni and the Thora. Most of these are ephemeral. The river Karmanasa delimits
the district in the west and southwest. It debouches in the river Ganga near Chausa. The
river Karmanasa is an important for irrigation in the western part of the district. There
are many lift irrigation schemes and side channels to carry overflowing river water to
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the field. The Karmanasa River located at a distance of 0.8 km from the project
boundary in the north western site. The River Ganga is located at a distance of 3.5 km in
the north of the project boundary. The drainage and water bodies map is given in
Figure 3.7.
Figure 3-7 Drainage & Water Bodies Map of the Project Site
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3.5.1.5. Regional Hydrology
The Study area forms part of Lower Ganga sub-basin of the Upper Ganga basin. Ganga is
the major river in study area. The rivers are structurally controlled.
Bihar is India’s most flood-prone State, with 76 percent of the population, in the north
Bihar living under the recurring threat of flood devastation. Out of total geographical
area of 94,160 sq Km, about 68,800 comprising 73.06 percent is flood affected.
The plains of Bihar, adjoining Nepal, are drained by a number of rivers that have their
catchments in the steep and geologically nascent Himalayas. Kosi, Gandak,Burhi Gandak,
Bagmati, Kamla Balan, Mahananda and Adhwara Group of rivers originates in Nepal,
carry high discharge and very high sediment load and drops it down in the plains of
Bihar. About 65% of catchments area of these rivers falls in Nepal/Tibet and only 35%
of catchments area lies in Bihar. A review by Kale (1997) indicated that the plains of
north Bihar have recorded the highest number of floods during the last 30years. In the
years 1978, 1987, 1998, 2004 and 2007 Bihar witnessed high magnitudes of flood. The
total area affected by floods has also increased during these years. Flood of 2004
demonstrates the severity of flood problem when a vast area of 23490 Sq Km was badly
affected by the floods of Bagmati, Kamla & Adhwara groups of rivers causing loss of
about 800 human lives, even when Ganga, the master drain was flowing low.
A brief Flood history for the last 25 years in the State is as follows
3.5.1.6. Flood during (1998-2014)
In the year 1998 maximum discharge in the first week of July in most of the rivers in
North Bihar caused excessive pressure on the embankment along the rivers resulting in
damages at several places. Embankments of Burhi Gandak, Bagmati, Adhwara and Kosi
were partially damaged.
In the year 1999 there was unexpected heavy rains in the month of October in the
catchments in Nepal and flood level suddenly touched the 1987 HFL at Jhanjharpur
Railway Bridge in Kamla Balan river and the spurs in Kosi river experienced threat
throughout the flood season.
In the year 2000 Kamla Balan and Bhutahi Balan catchments received heavy rainfall
during first and last week of July resulting in unexpected rise of water level. In first
week of August 2000 Eastern Kosi Afflux Bund was punctured.
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In the year 2001 north Bihar was badly affected by flood due to heavy rain in Nepal
portion of catchments of rivers. Western Kosi embankment, Bhutahi Balan right
embankment, Bagmati left embankment and Burhi Gandak left embankment were
partially damaged.
During year 2002 North Bihar experienced serious flood and overtopping reported in
Kamla Balan left embankment and Khiroi right embankment. Four hundred and eighty
nine persons died.
In the year 2003 HFL at Bhagalpur surpassed the 1978 record of 34.18m and at
Gandhighat, Patna the HFL surpassed the 1994 record of 50.27m in river Ganga and the
status of flood in other rivers except Ganga and Gandak remain normal.
In the year 2004 catchment area of North Bihar rivers received heavy rainfall in the first
week of July itself which not only broke last three years flood record but also surpassed
the 1987 flood. Flood level at Dubbadhar site on river Bagmati surpassed all time high
flood level by about 1.18 m. Similarly Burhi Gandak river on 15.7.04 and Kamla Balan
river on 10.7.04 touched all time high flood level. This itself speaks about the fury of
flood in the year 2004. Many places in the embankments of north Bihar were breached,
resulting in flood inundation in a vast area of North Bihar. Unprecedented flood in river
Bagmati, Burhi Gandak, Kamla Balan and Bhutahi Balan and Adhwara group of rivers
breached the embankments at many places and there was loss of life and property on a
large scale. In river Kosi, situation by and large remain normal. There were altogether
53 number of breaches during 2004 flood season.
Flood situation during 2005 and 2006 remain normal but in the year 2007 the flood
situation was serious in north Bihar due to heavy rainfall in catchments of almost all
rivers flood situation during 2007 was very serious in north Bihar. There were 28
breaches at different locations of the embankments during 2007 flood season. Heavy
spell of rainfall (average 82.70mm) was observed in the beginning of flood season. In
Burhi Gandak and in Bagmati river basins there has been regular rainfall in July and
August which kept the river water level continuously rising.
In 2008 an appreciable amount of rainfall was received on very first day of monsoon
season i.e. 15th June (160mm at Chanpatia, 141 mm at Sikanderpur and 92.2 mm at
Khagaria ). July was the wettest month having maximum rainy days followed by August-
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08. There was an unprecedented flood due to breach near 12.9km of Eastern Kosi Afflux
Embankment near Kussha village in Nepal on 18th August 2008 that took a shape of a
catastrophe leading to miseries to lakhs of people in Sunsari and Saptari districts of
Nepal and Supaul, Madhepura, Araria, Saharsa, Katihar and purnea districts of Bihar.).
In 2009 The rainfall was scanty in entire Bihar in the year 2009. The situation was so
aggravated that Disaster Management Department GoB declared 26 districts as draught
hit. The first appreciable rain fall was recorded in late June-09 and early July-09. There
were few isolated storms at few stations of some basin in September and October. Flood
situation remained normal this year except few breaches such as Tilak Tajpur on right
embankment of river Bagmati under Runnisaidpur block of Sitamarhi district,
Gobindpur site of Labha Choukia Paharpur embankment of Mahananda river and
Sallehpur Tandespur site of Gandak river.
In 2010, the flood situation this year remained quite normal with normal average
rainfall. Only a few cases of breaches were reported viz. eastern Kosi Afflux Bundh and
Saran 10 Embankment in a length of 200 m between 122.75 km and 122.95 km near
Simaria village both due to sharp change in the river course. In 2010 the flood situation
remained normal with a few exceptions such as damage of nose of spur no-9 between
Ismailpur and Bindtoli and that of revetment in 30 m length near Kazikoria of Raghopur
village u/s of Vikramshila Setu and at spur no-9 and spur no-7 in a length of 138 m and
65 m respectively in d/s of Vikramshila Setu under Gopalpur block of Bhagalpur district,
both on left embankment of river Ganga due to non-completion of anti-erosion work on
time. Damages were also reported in Pataraha Chharki and P. D. ring bund in Gopalganj
district under Chief Engineer, Siwan jurisdiction. It is worth mentioning that water level
attained by river Ganga at Bhagalpur this year was recorded as 34.17 m on 19.08.2011
against the water level of 33.26 m recorded last year on 03.09.2010. There was
unprecedented flood in river Sone also with a max discharge of 9,58,000 cusecs on
25.9.11 at Indrapuri Barrage whereas the same was 61,130 cusec last year on 14.7.10.
In 2011 Gandak remained in spate since the beginning of monsoon and kept on exerting
pressure on both its embankments. The incessant pressure on Gandak right
embankment, especially in Pipra-Piprasi reach was so enormous that round the clock
vigil and protection work had become necessary. The problem was accentuated by
eroded length of spur at Dhuniawapatti at 26.75 km of PP right embankment.
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Heavy rain in the catchment of Burhi Gandak resulted in overbank flow in smaller rivers
and rivulets causing some flash flood in West Champaran, where overtopping on
railway track was reported at Sikta railway station.
From year 1991 to 2014 monthly observation has been done during flood season. There
is no flood in the month of June during above periods. Years of flood has been shown in
the table below.
Years of Flood Month Lalbeghiaghat Sikanderpur Samastipur Rosera Khagaria
June W.L<D.L W.L<D.L W.L<D.L W.L<D.L W.L<D.L
July 1998,02,03,04 1993,1998,02, 03, 04
93,96,02,03, 04,98,99,
93,96,98, 99,02,03, 04,06
2000,01,12
August 1998,01,05, 93,98,99,01, 02,03,05
93,,95,,96,98, 99,01,02,03, 04,05
91,94,96, 98,99,01, 03,05,06
91,94,96, 98,99,01, 03,05,06
September
1994,01,05 94,98,99, 01,05,11
93,94,96,98,99, 01,03,05
93,94,98, 99,01,03,05
91,92,93, 94,95,96, 98,99,01, 03,05
October
W.L<D.L W.L<D.L 2001,11 94,01,12 2003,09,12
W.L <D.L = Water level below Danger Level.
3.5.2. Land Use Pattern based on Remote Sensing Data
Information of land use and land cover is important for many planning and
management activities concerning the surface of the earth (Agarwal and Garg, 2000).
Land use refers to man's activities on land, which are directly related to land (Anderson
et al., 1976). The land use and the land cover determine the infiltration capacity. Barren
surfaces are poor retainers of water as compared to grasslands and forests, which not
only hold water for longer periods on the surface, but at the same time allow it to
percolate down.
The terms ‘ land use’ and ‘land cover’ (LULC) are often used to describe maps that
provide information about the types of features found on the earth’s surface (land
cover) and the human activity that is associated with them (land use). Satellite remote
sensing is being used for determining different types of land use classes as it provides a
means of assessing a large area with limited time and resources. However satellite
images do not record land cover details directly and they are measured based on the
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solar energy reflected from each area on the land. The amount of multi spectral energy
in multi wavelengths depends on the type of material at the earth’s surface and the
objective is to associate particular land cover with each of these reflected energies,
which is achieved using either visual or digital interpretation. In the present study the
task is to study in detail the land use and land cover in and around the project site. The
study envisages different LULC around the proposed project area and the procedure
adopted is as below in Figure 3.8
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Figure 3-8 Flow Chart showing Methodology of Land use mapping
3.5.2.1. Scale of Mapping
Considering the user defined scale of mapping, 1:50000 IRS-P6, LISS-III data on 1:50000
scale was used for Land use / Land cover mapping of 10 km radius for proposed site.
The description of the land use categories for 10 km radius and the statistics are given
for 10 km radius.
SOI Topographical
maps
IRS-P6, LISS-II FCC Imagery Collateral Data
Landform May
Initial Rapid Reconnaissance
Interpretation
Keys Visual
Interpretation
Land use Classes
Pre-field Interpretated Map
Ground Truth
Updated & Validated Land use
Ground Photographs
Land use MAP
QAS
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3.5.2.2. Interpretation Technique
Standard on screen visual interpretation procedure was followed. The various Land use
/ Land cover classes interpreted along with the SOI topographical maps during the
initial rapid reconnaissance of the study area. The physiognomic expressions conceived
by image elements of color, tone, texture, size, shape, pattern, shadow, location and
associated features are used to interpret the FCC imagery. Image interpretation keys
were developed for each of the LU/LC classes in terms of image elements.
May 2015 FCC imagery (Digital data) of the study area was interpreted for the relevant
land use classes. On screen visual interpretation coupled with supervised image
classification techniques are used to prepare the land use classification.
Digitisation of the study area (10 km radius from the proposed site) from the topo
maps
Satellite Data Selection: In the present study the IRS –P6 satellite image and SOI
topo sheets of 63-O/14 and 66-O/15 have been procured and interpreted using
the ERDAS imaging and ARC-GIS soft ware adopting the necessary interpretation
techniques.
Satellite data interpretation and vectorisation of the resulting units
Adopting the available guidelines from manual of LULC mapping using Satellite
imagery (NRSA, 1989)
Field checking and ground truth validation
Composition of final LULC map
The LULC Classification has been done at three levels where level -1 being the broad
classification about the land covers that is Built-up land, agriculture land, waste land,
wet lands, and water bodies. These are followed by level –II where built-up land is
divided into towns/cities as well villages. The Agriculture land is divided into different
classes such as cropland, Fallow, Plantation, while wastelands are broadly divided into,
Land with scrub and without Scrub and Mining and Industrial wasteland. The wetlands
are classified into inland wetlands, coastal wetlands and islands. The water bodies are
classified further into River/stream, Canal, Tanks and bay. In the present study level II
classification has been undertaken. The Satellite imagery of 10 km radius from the
project site is presented below:
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3.5.2.3. Field Verification
Field verification involved collection, verification and record of the different surface
features that create specific spectral signatures / image expressions on FCC. In the study
area, doubtful areas identified in course of interpretation of imagery is systematically
listed and transferred on to the corresponding SOI topographical maps for ground
verification. In addition to these, traverse routes were planned with reference to SOI
topographical maps to verify interpreted LU/LC classes in such a manner that all the
different classes are covered by at least 5 sampling areas, evenly distributed in the area.
Ground truth details involving LU/LC classes and other ancillary information about crop
growth stage, exposed soils, landform, nature and type of land degradation are recorded
and the different land use classes are taken and the same is presented below:
3.5.2.4. Description of the Land Use / land cover classes
Built-up land- It is defined as an area of human settlements composed of houses,
commercial complex, transport, communication lines, utilities, services, places of
worships, recreational areas, industries etc. Depending upon the nature and type of
utilities and size of habitations, residential areas can be aggregated into villages, towns
and cities. All the man made construction covering land belongs to this category. The
built- up in 10 km radius from the proposed project site is as follows.
S.No Land use Area in Sq.km Percentage
1 Built-up (Rural, Urban and Industry) 2.36 0.65
The built up land occupies 0.65 %.
Agricultural land- This category includes the land utilized for crops, vegetables, fodder
and fruits. Existing cropland and current fallows are included in this category.
It is described as an area under agricultural tree crops, planted adopting certain
agricultural management techniques. The Agricultural land in 10 km radius from the
proposed project site is as follows.
S.No Land use Area in Sq.Km Percentage
1 Crop Land 249.39 68.62
2 Plantation 21.36 5.88
3 Fallow Land 70.06 19.28
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Of all the agricultural lands, Crop land occupies maximum of 68.62 % area within 10 km
radius.
Wasteland- Wastelands are the degraded or underutilized lands most of which could
be brought under productive use with proper soil and water management practices.
Wasteland results from various environmental and human factors.
S.No Land use Area in Sq.Km Percentage
1 Barren Land 0.12 0.03
Water bodies- The category comprises area of surface water, either impounded in the
form of ponds, reservoirs or flowing as streams, rivers and canals. River cater channel is
inland waterways used for irrigation and for flood control. The details are furnished
below
S.No Land use Area in Sq.Km Percentage
1 Water Bodies – Tank, River 20.13 5.54
The land use analyses show that the area is of predominantly Built-up Land of urban,
Rural and Industrial nature followed Crop Land in the core and buffer zones of the study
area.
Different Land use classes around 10 km radius from the project site is given in Table
3.3 and bar chart showing the land use classification is given in Figure 3.9.
Table 3-3 Land use classes around 10 km radius
S.No Land use Percentage Area in Sq.Km 1 Barren Land 0.03 0.12
2 Built-up Land (Rural, Urban and Industry) 0.65 2.36
3 Crop Land 68.62 249.39
4 Fallow Land 19.28 70.06
5 Plantation 5.88 21.36
6 Water body (Tank - River) 5.54 20.13
7 Total 100.00 363.42
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Figure 3-9 Bar Chart showing the Land use classes around 10 km radius
IRS Resourcesat-2 L4FMX multispectral satellite data of 16th December 2013 was
utilized for the buffer zone and core zone are shown in Figure 3.10 and Figure 3.11
Figure 3-10 IRS Resourcesat-2 L4FMX Image of the Buffer Zone (10km)
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Figure 3-11 Land Use/Cover Map of 10 Km Radius Area
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3.6. Geology and Soil Quality
3.6.1. Geology of the Region5
Geologically, it represents the extreme northern front of Indian sub-continent. These
include (i) the belt of Himalayan foothills in the northern fringe of Paschim Champaran
(ii) the vast Ganga Plains, (iii) the Vindhyan (Kaimur) Plateau extending into Rohtas
region, (iv) thesporadic and small Gondwana basin outliers in Banka district, (v) the
Satpura Rangextending into large part of the area North of Chotanagpur Plateau, (vi) the
parts of Bihar Mica belt in Nawada, Jamui and Banka districts and (vii) the Granite
Gneissic complex of Chotanagpur plateau. Nearly two third of Bihar is under cover of
Ganga basin composed of alluvium and masks the nature of basement rocks. The
geological map of Bihar is presented in Figure 3.12
Figure 3-12 Geological Map of Bihar
Source: State of Environment Report, Bihar- Bihar State Pollution Control Board, Patna & Department of Environment & Forest, Govt of Bihar, February 2007.
5 State of Environment Report, Bihar- Bihar State Pollution Control Board, Patna & Department of Environment & Forest, Govt of Bihar, February 2007.
Project Site
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3.6.2. Geology of the Study Area
Buxar District forms a part of the axial belt of the Indo-Gangetic plain and consists of
Newer and Older alluvium of Quaternary age. The entire study area forms part of
Alluvium of sedimentary formation. The generalized geological succession is given
below in Table 3.4
Table 3-4 General Geological Succession
System Series Formation Lithology
Quaternary
Recent to Upper Pleistocene
Newer Alluvium Sand, silt and clay , Coarse textured facies
Upper to middle pleistocene
Older Alluvium Clay, with Kankar, fine medium, coarse grained sand. Coarse textured facies.
-------------------------------------------------Unconformity--------------------------------------------------- Pre Cambrian Vindhyan formations
The geology of the study area is presented below in Figure 3.13
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Figure 3-13 Geology of the Study area
3.6.3. Geomorphology
Buxar district is a part of the southern Ganga Plain. It extends southwards of the
railway line, which passes through the district in east-west direction. This geomorphic
unit is densely populated, covered by network of canal of Sone Canal System. Its
western limit follows the course of river Ganga followed by Karmnasa. This unit covers
major part of the district occupying entire geographical area of Chausa, Rajpur, Kesath,
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Nawanagar, Itarhi, Dumraon blocks and parts of Buxar & Barhampur blocks. The unit is
considered to be suitable for wheat and paddy cultivation.
The land forms / geomorphic units and structures such as fractures, fissures and faults
have been interpreted from the recent satellite image. All the landform / geomorphic
units and structures occurring in the study area are mapped. The geomorphology and
structures of the area plays the vital role in identifying the ground water potential
zones. The geomorphic unit of the study area is as follows:
1) Fluvial Origin – Active Alluvial Plain
2) Fluvial Origin – Older Alluvial Plain
3) Fluvial Origin – Older Flood Plain
4) Fluvial Origin – Younger Alluvial Plain
All the land forms are having very good ground water potential. The Project site is
located in Younger Alluvial Plain of Fluvial Origin. Apart from the above there are
fractures occur in and around the project site. The fractures are the good ground water
conduit. High yielding bore wells expected in the intersection of fractures. In the
proposed site there are no promising fracture systems. However, there are promising
fracture aquifer within 1km from the project boundary. The Geomorphology of the
study area is presented below in Figure 3.14
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Figure 3-14 Geomorphology of the Study area
3.6.4. Soil Environment
There are mainly three types of soil found in the district.
a) Recent Alluvium Soil (Levee Soil) - It is found along the banks of the River Ganga.
It is a new alluvium calcareous soil and white to light grey in colour. It is light in
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texture and has medium to high fertility. The pH varies between 6.6 and 7.5.
Main crops are Maize, sugarcane, Wheat, Gram and other Rabi crops.
b) Tal Soil (Kewal soil) - It is found in south of the levee soil. It is light to dark grey
in colour and very fertile. Its water retention capacity is high. Its texture ranges
from medium to heavy and pH varies between 7 and 8. This soil is suitable for
Rabi crops, Wheat, Gram, Peas and Barley etc.
c) Old Alluvium Soil - It is a combination of Kewal soil and clayey soil. According to
textural analysis clay is the dominant particle of this soil. It covers the central
part of the district, which is free from floods. pH value ranges from 7 to 8.5. Its
colour is reddish yellow to grey. The fertility of this soil is low to medium in
upper layer, and medium to high in the lower layers. The content of Zinc is very
poor in this soil and hence, it requires Zinc Sulphate to maintain its fertility. The
main crops grown in this soil are paddy, wheat, gram and linseeds.
3.6.4.1. Soil Classification
Soil type and its fertility of an area are essential to plan for cropping. Soils are primarily
derived from parent rocks. The colour, texture and mineral content are normally used
to classify the soils. The soils in the study area are classified into 4 types and is
presented in the below table. The soil map of the study area is prepared based on the
National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land use Planning, Nagpur
S.No. Soil Classification 1 Deep Well Drained, Sandy Soil
2 Deep, moderately well drained, calcareous, clayey soils
3 Deep, well drained, gravelly clay soils
4 Shallow Moderately Drained, Clayey Soil
The project site lies Shallow Moderately Drained, Clayey Soil. The Soil map is presented
below in Figure 3.15
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Figure 3-15 Soil classification of Study area
3.6.4.2. Background Soil Quality in Study Area
For studying soil quality in the region, sampling locations were selected to assess the
existing soil conditions in and around the existing plant area representing various land
use conditions. The physical, chemical and heavy metal concentrations were
determined. The present study of the soils establishes the baseline characteristics and
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this will help in future in identifying the incremental concentrations if any, due to the
enhancement of capacity and allied operations.
Eight locations within the 10 km around the study area were selected for soil sampling.
At each location, soil samples were collected from three different depths viz. 30 cm, 60
cm and 90 cm below the surface and are homogenized with the help of stainless steel
soil-sampling probe. Various physical and chemical parameters were analyzed as per
Indian Standards. The soil sampling locations are given in the Table 3.5 and the same
are shown in Figure 3.16
Table 3-5Details of Soil Sampling Locations
Location Name Location Code Type of Land Chunni S1 Agriculture Land
Surkraulia S2 Agriculture Land Bhataura S3 Agriculture Land
Banarpur S4 Agriculture Land Akhoripur Gola S5 Agriculture Land
South Boundary of the project site
S6 Agriculture Land
Sarenja S7 Agriculture Land
Bara S8 Agriculture Land
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Figure 3-16 Soil Quality Monitoring Location of the Study area
Physico-Chemical characteristics of soil samples collected within the study area is given
in Table 3.6 and the soil quality test reports are presented in Annexure 9. The soil
sampling results are compared with the standard soil classification.
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Table 3-6 Physico-Chemical characteristics of soil samples collected within the study area
S.No. Parameters Units Test Method S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 1 pH USEPA-846-9045(C) 8.5 6.95 7.95 8.34 6.83 7.86 8.18 8.2 2 Electrical conductivity (us/cm) APHA 2500(B) 283 242 212 193 510 221 263 265 3 Organic carbon % IS 2720(P22):1972 0.28 0.33 0.27 0.3 0.25 0.22 0.19 0.23 4 Total nitrogen mg/kg APHA 4500 160 230 183 220 211 274 162 208 5 Total phosphorous mg/kg AES/TD/ENV/SOP 59.0 23.8 23.9 19.2 26.48 30.24 26.6 19.58 28.18 6 Potassium mg/kg EPASW-846 Method 7610:1986 50.5 23.8 16 74 106.5 146.5 112 80 7 Iron mg/kg USEPA 6010C:2007 122 140 105 98 158 110 78 86 8 Water holding capacity % IS 2720 37 38.8 51.9 37.6 46.8 38.6 40.4 42.2 9 Zinc mg/kg USEPA 6010C:2007 36.82 25.37 26.05 32.92 28.75 33.1 29.9 21.4
10
Soil Texture - Sand % IS 2720(P4) 10.15 3.92 5.77 7.82 9.27 6.5 10.63 9.78 Silt % IS 2720(P4) 79.85 82.08 81.23 81.18 80.23 82.5 80.37 80.22 Clay % IS 2720(P4) 10 14 13 11 10.5 11 9 10
11 Copper mg/kg USEPA 6010C:2007 20.63 16.8 13.76 16.58 17 22.75 19.65 19.21 12 Acidity mg/kg APHA 2310 B 20 200 100 50 20 100 50 20 13 Alkalinity mg/kg APHA 2320 B 140 400 150 360 360 150 250 200 14 Chlorides mg/kg EPASW-846 Method 9253:1986 70 30 20 20 30 150 50 50 15 Moisture Content % IS 2720 (Part2):1970 2.76 2.64 2.2 3.4 4.87 3.7 4 3.9 16 Specific Gravity IS 2720 (P3) 1.16 1.28 1.31 1.42 1.56 1.37 1.37 1.21
17 Cadmium mg/kg USEPA 6010C:2007 ND
(<2.0) ND
(<2.0) ND
(<2.0) ND
(<2.0) ND
(<2.0) ND
(<2.0) ND
(<2.0) ND
(<2.0) 18 Chromium mg/kg USEPA 6010C:2007 12.2 10.9 12.1 17.62 18.03 10.75 11.35 12.53 19 Cation Exchange Capacity meq/100gm By Calculation 2.4 1.2 1.8 2.7 3.9 1.7 1.5 2 20 Sodium Absorb Ratio By Calculation 4.15 1.23 2.91 2.72 2.47 1.51 1.61 2.2 21 Permeability cm/sec IS 2720 (P17) 8.6E-07 9.2E-07 8.9E-07 7.6E-06 7.8E-06 6.8E-07 5.8E-06 9.2E-06
22 Lead mg/kg USEPA 6010C:2007 4.4 3.32 3.36 4.05 3.48 6.26 4.05 5.48 23 Porosity % By Calculation 1.82 1.48 1.66 1.57 1.52 1.47 1.71 1.6
Note: BDL: Below Detectable Limi t
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3.6.4.3. Soil Analysis Result
The soil results are compared with soil classification as given in the Hand Book of
Agriculture, Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi. The analysis
shows that the soil in the study area is predominantly silty clay in texture. Water
holding capacity of the soil ranges from 37.0 % to 52%. pH ranges from 6.83 to 8.5,
which indicates that the soil is moderately acidic at some areas and moderately alkaline
at some area.
Nutrients: Soil quality was tested for nutrients. The total organic carbon range from
0.19% to 0.33% indicates that soil is rated as low in organic matter as per ICAR
essential nutrients rating. The same is evident from the nitrogen content in soils which
in the current scenario ranges from 162 to 274 mg/Kg. Hence the soil requires organic
fertilizers to support vegetation.
Iron content was reported to range from 78 to 158 mg/kg, which indicates that the soil
is rich in iron. Other heavy metals such as Zinc, Lead, Chromium and Manganese were
also present in appreciably high quantities. Electrical conductivity was found ranging
less than 1millimhos/cm which indicates the soil is free of salinity and salt content.
Cation exchange capacity is in the range of 1.2 to 3.9 meq /100 gm. Phosphorous one of
the macro nutrients is in the range of 19.2 to 30.2 mg/kg which indicates that
Phosphorous present in the soil is medium.
3.7. Meteorological Conditions
Micro-meteorological data forms an important component of the Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) study. As a part of the EIA study, both published long-term data and
site specific meteorological data were collected as per the ToR (Terms of Reference)
awarded for the proposed project. A meteorological station was installed at the project
site.
3.7.1. Climatological Data – IMD Chapra (Bihar) Observatory
The meteorological data from “Climatological Normals” published by Indian
Meteorological Department (IMD) Pune was referred. The data was recorded over a
period of 30 years (1971 to 2000). The nearest IMD station located at Chapra (Aerial
distance - 90 km) was referred for the current project. This data was compared with the
site specific data generated during baseline monitoring studies.
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Chapra region experiences maximum temperature to the tune of 46.6 oC in June,
whereas the lowest temperature reported during the winter season (February month)
was in the order of 3.3ºC. The maximum relative humidity is generally experienced
during months of July, August and September with a peak value of 83%. The lowest
humidity was observed during April which was only 33%. The average annual rainfall of
the Chapra region was reported to be in the order of 1164.6 mm and about 95% of
rainfall occurs during monsoon season. The predominant wind direction throughout the
year was found to be North East and South West. Seasonal as well as annual wind rose
diagrams of the Chapra meteorological station are presented in Figures 3.17 and 3.18
respectively. The summary meteorological data of Chapra station is given in Table 3.7.
Table 3-7 Climatological Normals (30 Years Met Data: 1971-2001) Station: Chapra
(Bihar)
Month
Temperature (ºC)
Humidity (%)
Rainfall (mm)
Mean Extremes Monthly
Total
No. of Rainy days
Heaviest fall in
24 Hrs
Date and
Year Highest Lowest Highest Lowest
Jan 25.8 7.3 30.2 4.4 71.5 12.2 1.1 50.4 29,1959
Feb 30.3 8.4 39.6 3.3 62 13.5 1.1 32.5 6,1949 Mar 37.3 12.7 40.8 7.7 47.5 2.7 0.4 36.8 13,1940
Apr 41.0 18.4 44.1 13.3 42 8.5 0.6 46.2 22,1909 May 42.2 20.7 45.4 17.3 53 37.4 2.2 58.6 21,1964
Jun 42.2 23.0 46.6 18.1 65.5 112.7 6.1 135.4 20,1952
Jul 37.2 23.0 41.7 20.2 79 347.3 12.5 245.4 3,1981 Aug 36.1 23.6 39.4 19.8 79.5 304.6 11.5 205.0 3,1948
Sep 35.1 22.7 37.8 19.6 79.5 255.8 9.5 307.1 15,1921
Oct 34.5 18.3 36.9 13.8 72 59.9 3.1 243.0 5,1977 Nov 31.4 12.3 35.8 8.2 65 4.5 0.3 89.4 10,1969
Dec 27.3 8.5 32.0 4.7 69 5.4 0.7 21.6 27,1988
Avg/ Annual
Total 42.0 7.2 46.6 3.3 65.5 1164.6 49.1 307.1
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Figure 3-17 Annual Windrose as per IMD Chapra Observatory Data
Winter (January-February) Summer (March-May)
Monsoon (June-September) Post Monsoon (October-December)
Figure 3-18 Windrose Diagram for Various Seasons as per IMD Chapra
Observatory Data
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3.7.2. Site Specific Meteorological Data for the Study Period
The continuous weather monitoring station was installed near the proposed project site
at a height of 5m above the ground level and hourly measurements of the following
parameters were measured at site during the study period i.e. from 17th May 2016 to
15th June 2016. Wind speed (m/s), wind direction (Degrees), Temperature (ºC), Relative
humidity (%), Cloud cover and Rainfall (mm) were monitored.
3.7.2.1. Site Specific Ambient Temperature Profile
The maximum mean ambient dry bulb temperature was observed during the study
period was 42.0°C, whereas the minimum mean ambient dry bulb temperature was
observed to be 22.0°C.
3.7.2.2. Relative Humidity
The maximum humidity of 100% and minimum humidity of 30% was observed during
the study period. However the average humidity during the study period was reported
to be 64.4%.
3.7.2.3. Wind Direction and Wind Rose
The predominant wind direction (Figure 3.19) during the study period was from East.
The average wind speed during the study period was about 3.23 m/s (11.6 Kmph).
Figure 3-19 Site Specific Wind Rose for the Study Period (17th May 2016 to 15th June 2016)
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3.7.3. Rainfall
The study area receives fairly good amount of rainfall during South west monsoon. 10
years rainfall for the Buxar district was collected from State Government Department.
The 10 years normal rainfall of the study area is about 997.8 mm. The 10 years monthly
average rainfall and 10 years average rainfall of collected for the Buxar District is
presented below. The monthly average rainfall for 10 years depicts that the Buxar
District receives rainfall during South west monsoon period.
The yearly rainfall clearly depicts that highest rainfall received during 2009. In the past
10 years, during 2008 to 2011 and 2013 the study area received highest rainfall.
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The rainfall deviation from normal indicates that out of 10 years, 6 years the study area
received above normal rainfall. About 70% of above normal rainfall received during
2009.
3.8. Air Environment
The ambient air quality with respect to the study area of 10 km radius around the
proposed project site forms the baseline information. Various sources of air pollution in
the region are rural activities, traffic and industries. This section describes the selection
of sampling locations, methodology adopted for sampling, analytical techniques and
frequency of sampling.
3.8.1. Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations
Eight (8) air quality monitoring stations were selected for a detailed monitoring as per
the CPCB guidelines. Details of the air monitoring stations are presented in Table 3.8.
Location of the ambient air quality stations are presented in Figure 3.20.
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Table 3-8 Details of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations
Location Code
Location Distance from
Boundary (Aerial Distance in km)
Direction (with reference to project
site)
AAQ1 Sonpa Jalilpur
4.0 SW
AAQ2 Banarpur 0.0 NW
AAQ3 Sikraul 2.0 W
AAQ4 Bechanpurva 5.0 E
AAQ5 Sarenja 7.0 E
AAQ6 Paliya 6.3 NNE
AAQ7 Dewasthapur 8.4 NE
AAQ8 Chausa 3.7 NE
Figure 3-20 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Location of the Study area
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Banarpur (Near proposed project site) Bechanpurva
Weather Monitoring Station Banarpur
(Near proposed project site) Cloud Cover Measurement
The following criteria parameters were monitored according to the terms of reference
and National Ambient Air Quality Standards as stated under MoEF&CC Notification
dated 16th November, 2009: (1) Particulate Matter (PM10) (2) Particulate Matter (PM2.5)
(3) Sulphur dioxide (SO2) (4) Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (5) Carbon monoxide(CO) (6)
Ozone (O3) (7) Lead (Pb) (8) Ammonia (NH3) (9) Arsenic (As) (10) Nickel (11)
Hydrogen Sulphide (12) Mercury and (13) Hydro Carbons.
The AAQM results of current baseline (May 2016 to June 2016) are compared with the
previous baseline monitoring done on March to June 2015 and April 2008 to June 2008.
The consolidated data of ambient air quality monitoring is shown in the Table 3.9. and
comparision table is given in Table 3.10. The test analysis report is enclosed as
Annexure 9.
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Table 3-9 Summary of the Average Baseline Concentrations of Pollutants
(May 2016 to June 2016) in μg/m3
Parameters AAQ1 AAQ2 AAQ3 AAQ4 AAQ5 AAQ6 AAQ7 AAQ8 NAAQs
Standard
PM10 37.1 42.15 42.1 47.26 44.47 36.32 46.27 43.41 100
PM2.5 18.80 22.92 21.13 27.01 25.40 18.35 26.36 24.78 60
SO2 11.13 14.26 12.53 16.68 15.87 11.16 16.26 15.5 80
NO2 13.23 15.95 14.8 19.15 17.48 13.22 18.70 17.35 80
O3 6.48 9.6125 8.075 15.36 11.82 6.28 14.98 11.53 100
NH3 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 400
CO, mg/m3 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 04
Pb <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 1.0
Ar, ng/m3 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 -
Ni, ng/m3 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 -
H2S <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 -
Hg <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 -
HC <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 -
Table 3-10 Summary of the Average Baseline Concentrations of Pollutants (April
to June 2008 VS March to June 2015)
Parameters
AAQ1-Sonpa Jalilpur
AAQ2-Banarpur
AAQ3-Sikraul AAQ4-
Bechanpurva AAQ5-Sarenja
April to
June 2008
Baseline
March to
June 2015
Baseline
April to
June 2008
Baseline
March to
June 2015
Baseline
April to
June 2008
Baseline
March to
June 2015
Baseline
April to
June 2008
Baseline
March to
June 2015
Baseline
April to
June 2008
Baseline
March to
June 2015
Baseline
TSPM * 91.9 - - - 74.4 - 91.6 - 110.4 -
PM10 - 35.9 - 40.8 - 40.4 - 46.4 - 44.4
RSPM 46.9 - - - 47.2 - 49.2 - 53.5 -
PM2.5 - 17.9 - 22.3 - 20.2 - 12.4 - 25.8
SO2 11.2 10.7 - 12.9 10.5 12.0 13.7 16.6 10.6 14.4
NO2 12.1 12.8 14.8 14.8 14.4 14.8 19.3 14.2 17.2
CO 1 <1 1 <1 1 <1 1 <1 1 <1
*The SPM values represent the sum of RSPM values and PM values of size more than 10 microns.
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3.8.1.1. Observation
Ambient air quality for the study area during May to June 2016 shows the PM10
concentration varies from 36.32 to 47.26 μg/m3 and the maximum PM10 concentration
of 47.26 μg/m3 was recorded at Bechanpurva. The PM2.5 concentration varies from
18.35 to 27.01 μg/m3 and the maximum PM2.5 concentration 27.01 μg/m3 is at
Bechanpurva. The SO2 concentration varies from 11.13 μg/m3 to 16.68 μg/m3 and NO2
concentration varies from 13.22 μg/m3 to 19.15 μg/m3 respectively. Similarly, the NO2
concentration varies from 13.22 to 19.15 μg/m3 and the Ozone concentration varies
from 6.28 to 15.36 μg/m3. The concentration of CO in the villages is found below
stipulated standards.
From the observed concentrations, it can be seen that at all the locations the PM10,
PM2.5, SO2 and NOX pollutants levels are well within the National Ambient Air Quality
Standards as notified on by CPCB.
3.9. Noise Environment
To evaluate the noise level in the study area, noise levels were recorded at eight
locations in the study area. The measurements were carried out using Type 1 noise level
integrated sound level meter. Monitoring was done at each location during the study
period for 24 hrs on hourly basis to obtain hourly equivalent sound pressure level. A
digital noise level meter was used to record the noise levels. From these values, day
time and night time and 24-hrs Leq values were calculated. Day time is considered from
0600 hrs to 2200 hrs and night from 2200 hrs to 0600 hrs.
Noise monitoring locations are represented in Table 3.11 and locations of the ambient
noise monitoring are presented in Figure 3.21. The measured noise levels have been
compared with the standard specified in Schedule III, Rule 3 of Environmental
Protection Rules.
Table 3-11 Noise Sampling Locations
S.No Location Location
code Type of Area
1 Sonpa Jalilpur N 1 Residential Area 2 Banarpur N 2 Residential Area
3 Sikraul N 3 Residential Area
4 Bechanpurva N 4 Residential Area
5 Sarenja N 5 Residential Area
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S.No Location Location
code Type of Area
6 Paliya N6 Residential Area 7 Chausa N7 Residential Area
8 Dewasthapur N8 Residential Area
Figure 3-21 Noise Sampling Locations
Based on the recorded noise levels, various statistical parameters have been
presented in Table 3.12 and test report is enclosed as Annexure 9.
Table 3-12 Recorded Noise Levels (May 2016)
S.No Location code Leq
Day Night
1 N 1 58.94 50.96 2 N 2 68.94 60.08
3 N 3 44.93 41.59
4 N 4 47.60 43.67
5 N 5 48.50 42.13 6 N6 62.13 54.63
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S.No Location code Leq
Day Night 7 N7 61.09 53.50 8 N8 51.86 44.53
Observations- Average day time and night time noise levels at residential areas in the
study area was found to be varying from 44.93 to 68.94 dB (A) and 41.59 dB(A) to 60.08
dB(A) respectively and the values are higher than CPCB limits for residential areas.
3.10. Water Environment
Both water resources and water quality have been studied within the 10 km radius of
the Project site under the EIA study. The source of water for the proposed project is
from River Ganga.
3.10.1. Surface Water Resources in the Study Area
The town Buxar is situated on the banks of River Ganga. The river Ganga flows from
West-South to East-North Direction. The danger level of river Ganga at Buxar is 62.85
meters. As expected, all the canals & drains in the town discharges in the River Ganga.
The project site is located at 3.5 Km from River Ganga.
The Karmanasa River is a tributary of the Ganges which is located at about 0.8 Km
from the project site. It originates in Kaimur district of Bihar and flows through the
Indian states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Along the boundary between Uttar Pradesh
and Bihar it has the districts of Sonbhadra, Chandauli, Varanasi and Ghazipur on its left
and the districts of Kaimur and Buxar on its right.
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River Ganga
Figure 3-22 Surface water Resources in the Study area
3.10.2. Surface Water Quality
Water quality parameters of surface water resources within the study area have been
considered for assessing the water environment. To assess the water quality of the
study area a surface water sampling location was selected in two locations. The water
sample was collected in the Ganga River near to the project site and which is the major
source of water for the project. The location details of the sampling is given below in
Table 3.13 and Google map showing the location is given in Figure 3.28
Table 3-13 Surface Water sampling
Sample Location Location Code Karmnasa River SW 1
Ganga River- Upstream SW 2 Ganga River- Downstream
SW3
The observation of the surface water sampled during May 2016 is given below and
surface water quality analysis report is enclosed in Annexure 9.
Observations- The pH of Ganga river waters is found to be in the range of 7.14 to 7.23
along the river stretch. The ranges for desirable limit of pH of water prescribed for
drinking purpose by IS:10500, 1993 and WHO (1984) as 7.44 to7.59. DO level in the
Karmnasa River is 6.5mg/l and DO in Ganga River is 7.7 mg/l & 7.8 mg/l. The TDS varies
in the range of 324 mg/l to 364 mg/l. Total hardness is in the range of 144 mg/l to 160
mg/l. The Heavy metals concentrations are non-detectable. Bacteriological studies
reveal that Coliform bacteria is absent in the all sampling point. This inferred from the
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water quality parameter results, the water is suitable for drinking and can be used with
filtration.
3.10.3. Ground Water Resources
3.10.3.1. Regional Hydro-geological Features and Aquifer Details
The water bearing properties are the main guiding lines for grouping the geological
formations of Bihar. On this basis, four main subdivisions are made;
a) Main alluvial basin with good ground water potentialities having considerable
granular zone with effective porosity.
b) Marginal alluvial terrain which forms a part of the alluvial tract, but is dominated
by finer clastics or inadequate alluvial thickness and granular horizons fringing
the hard rock terrain and the localised alluvial pockets in the rocky terrain, viz;
near rivers and in valleys (20-30 m of alluvium).
c) Hard rock terrain, comprising the entire Archaean terrain and Vindhyan hill
areas with very little groundwater potentialities.
d) Soft rock areas, viz; Gondwana and Tertiary areas.
Hydrogeological parameters of the state have been depicted in the Figure 3.19. On the
basis of geological and geomorphological set up and characteristics of aquifers ,Bihar
can be divided into two broad hydrogelogical units, (1) fissured formations and
(2)porous formations. The details of the characterization of consolidated/ semi-
consolidated /unconsolidated formations in terms of age group, lithology,
hydrogeological conditions and ground water potential are summarized in Figure 3.23
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Source: State of Environment Report, Bihar- Bihar State Pollution Control Board, Patna & Department of Environment & Forest, Govt of Bihar, February 2007.
Figure 3-23 Hydrogeology Map of Buxar District Water level Behaviour- The pre-monsoon (May 2011) depth to water level generally
varies from 2.69 to 10.93 m bgl in major part of the district. The post-monsoon water
level generally varies from 0.42 to 7.2 m bgl in major part of the district. The post-
monsoon water level generally varies from 0.42 to 7.2 m bgl in major part of the district.
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3.10.3.2. Ground Water Resources- Block wise
The net annual replenishable ground water resource as on 31st March’09 works out to
be 59153 ha m. The gross annual draft for all uses works out to be 21093 ha m.
Allocation of ground water for domestic and industrial use for 25 years works out to be
5288 ha m. The stage of ground water development is 40.2%. The stage of ground water
development is highest in Chakki 81.0% and lowest in the Nawanagar 20%. Except the
Chakki block, all the blocks are under safe category. Block wise Stage of Ground Water
of Buxar District is depicted in Fig.5.
The proposed Project site falls under Chausa Block according to ground water
management survey by CGWB. Ground Water Resources & Development Potential of
Buxar District as per CGWB is given below in Table 3.14
Table 3-14 Ground Water Resources & Development Potential of Buxar District (in Ham)
Block Net Ground
water Availability
Existing Gross
Ground water
Draft for Irrigation
Existing Gross Draft
for Domestic
and industrial
water supply
Existing Gross Draft for all uses
Allocation for Domestic and
Industrial Requirement supply upto
next 25 years (2029)
Net ground water
Availability for future Irrigation
Development
Stage of Groundwater Development
Chausa 4509 1245 145 1390 232 3033 30.8
Source: Ground Water Information Booklet Buxar District, Bihar State Central Ground water Board, Ministry of Water Resources, Govt. of India-Mid-Eastern Region, Patna
3.10.3.3. Occurrence of Groundwater
The ground water occurs under water table condition in aquifer disposed at shallow
depth. This aquifer is commonly tapped by dug-wells of depth ranges from 5 to 10 m
bgl. The shallow tube-wells tap unconfined aquifer and disposed at a depth between 20
to 60 m. The ground water in the phreatic aquifer occurs under water table conditions.
The deep tube-wells have been constructed tapping aquifers disposed at deeper levels.
These aquifers are in semi-confined to confined condition. The arsenic free deep tube
wells constructed by CGWB is upto depth of 208m at Brahampur, 204 m in Arjunpur
village of Simri block and 223, in Churamanpur village of Buxar block. The study area is
completely composed of alluvial formation. The deeper aquifer in the area is free fro m
arsenic.
Ground water level data for a monitoring well collected from CGWB located in Chausa
observation well indicates that the deepest water level is 6.35 m bgl during May 2007
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and shallowest water level is 0.15 m bgl during August 2005. The season wise ground
water level data collected for Chausa monitoring well (1996 – 2014) is given in below
Figure 3.24
Figure 3-24 The season wise ground water level
The occurrence of ground water in the study area (10 km radius) has been studied in
detail by collecting the water level from 12 well (Bore well). The ground water levels
are collected from the bore well. At the time of the collection of water level the yield of
the wells have been recorded by oral enquiry. The ground water levels vary between
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9.2 to26.3 m bgl and yield of the wells varies between 60 to 220 liters / minutes. Ground
water level contour has been constructed and presented below.
The ground water level zone map shows that the water level ranging between 4-4.8 m
occupies 40% area. The project site is located in 3.2-4.0 m zone. The ground water level
zone map is presented below. The location, ground water level and depth collected from
the 10 m radius is given the Table 3.15 and Figure 3.25
Table 3-15 Ground water level and depth (10 m radius)
S.No Location Longitude Latitude Water level in m
1 Sikrau 83° 51' 58.575" 25° 28' 15.523" 3.3
2 Sarenja 83° 53' 42.91" 25° 26' 35.985" 4.0
3 Bara 83° 51' 17.8" 25° 30' 41.831" 2.5
4 Chunni 83° 55' 28.443" 25° 30' 1.057" 4.1
5 Shukraulia 83° 54' 57.263" 25° 27' 55.136" 4.6
6 Sonpa 83° 50' 28.631" 25° 27' 28.752" 3.0
7 Gahmar 83° 48' 33.503" 25° 29' 53.861" 2.0
8 Sayar 83° 48' 47.894" 25° 26' 4.805" 3.2
9 Sangraon 83° 51' 19" 25° 23' 19.309" 4.6
10 Kukurha 83° 58' 7.943" 25° 26' 53.974" 4.8
11 Loharpur 83° 54' 34.477" 25° 33' 3.343" 2.1
12 Hethua 83° 55' 51.229" 25° 24' 16.873" 4.9
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Figure 3-25 Ground water level zone of the Study area
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3.10.3.4. Movement of Groundwater
The movement of ground water is controlled by the hydraulic conductivity of the
aquifer and hydraulic gradient. In study area the hydraulic conductivity is mainly based
on the Primary porosity. The homogeneity of the sedimentary formation plays a vital
role in the movement of the ground water. In the study area the formations are
netrogenous in nature. The hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer is mainly due to the
coarseness of the sedimentary formations and fractures in the hard rock formations.
The entire Study area composed of Alluvial formation. Based on the water level data
(Pre and Post monsoon) the ground water table has been constructed for the Pre and
Post monsoon periods. The ground water table contour depicts two different patterns
1) ground water moves from south to north and 2) Northwest to north east part the
study area ( along the course of Ganga river) both the seasons. The hydraulic gradient
in the project site is moderate and has been observed as 4.6 m/Km in pre monsoon and
3.9 m/Km in post monsoon. The ground water table constructed for pre and post
monsoon periods of the study area is presented in Figure 3.26 & 3.27
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Figure 3-26 Ground water Table of the Study area (Pre monsoon)
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Figure 3-27 Ground water Table of the Study area (Post monsoon)
3.10.3.5. Evaluation of Aquifer Parameters
Pumping test is the most accurate reliable and commonly used method to evaluate the
hydraulic parameters of an aquifer, efficiency of a well / bore well, safer operational
rates of pumping and selection of suitable pump. The methods of a pumping test are
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highly varying in its application. The main objective of pumping test is to determine the
aquifer parameters such as Transmissivity (T), Storage co-efficient (S) Hydraulic
Conductivity (K), well performance and safe yield for execution of water supply.
The information on pumping test conducted in the same hydrogeological environment
has been collected from the government department. The results are as follows:
Bore Well in m 120
Static Water level in m 3.4 Pump capacity 7.5 HP
Discharge in lpm 260 lpm Time in min. 320 minutes Stability not attained Drawdown in m 1 m Specific Capacity lpm per m draw down 260
Transmissivity of the fractured aquifer m2/day 120 Rate of recovery In 40 minutes static water level was
attained
The pumping test results reveals that the drawdown is1 m at the pumping rate of 260
lpm. As the potential of aquifer, the drawdown is moderate. It is also observed that the
average T Value is 120m2/day which indicates the aquifer is productive aquifer.
3.10.4. Ground Water Quality
Selected water quality parameters of ground water resources within the study area
have been considered for assessing the water environment. To assess the water quality
of the study area, four ground water sampling locations. These samples were collected
as grab samples and were analysed for various parameters. Thirty water quality
parameters are analysed. The ground water sampling locations are listed below in
Table 3.16 and the locations are marked in 10 km map which is given below in Figure
3.28. The ground water quality analysis report is enclosed in Annexure 9.
Table 3-16: Details of Water Sampling Locations
Location Location Code Type Surkraulia GW 1 Bore well Bhataura GW 2 Bore well
Sikraul GW 3 Bore well Sarenja GW 4 Bore well Gosainpur GW5 Bore well Akhauripur Gola GW6 Bore well
Sirkaul GW7 Bore well
Katgharawa GW8 Bore well
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Figure 3-28 Water Sampling locations
Observation: The analysis results of ground water sampled during May 2016 indicate
that the average pH ranges in between 7.10 to 7.35, TDS ranges from 352 mg/l to 421
mg/l which are within the desirable limits, total hardness is in the range of 140 mg/l to
284 mg/l and the total hardness is within desirable limit. The heavy metal
concentration is non Detectable in all sampled locations and well within the standards
for drinking water as per IS: 10500 –1991 “Specification for drinking Water” for ground
water. Fluorides concentrations are in the ranges of 0.36 mg/l to 0.66 mg/l which are
found within the drinking water standards. The ground water analysis results are
compared with the standards for drinking water as per IS: 10500 –1991 “Specification
for drinking Water” for ground water and the parameters are found to be well with the
desired Specification for drinking Water standard.
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3.11. Ecological Environment
3.11.1. Introduction
An ecological survey of the study area was conducted particularly with reference to
recording the existing biological resources in the study area. Ecological studies are one
of the important aspects of Environmental Impact Assessment with a view to conserve
environmental quality and biodiversity. Ecological systems show complex inter -
relationships between biotic and abiotic components including dependence,
competition and mutualism. Protecting the environment and making efficient use of
natural resources are two of the most pressing demands in the present stage of social
development. The task of preserving the purity of the atmosphere and water basins is of
both national and global significance since there are no boundaries to the propagation
of anthropogenic contaminants in the water. An essential pre requisite for the
successful solution to these problems is to evaluate ecological impacts from the baseline
information and undertake effective management plan.
Generally, biological communities are good indicators of climatic factors. Studies on
biological aspects of ecosystems are important in Environmental Impact Assessment for
safety of natural flora and fauna. The biological environment includes terrestrial and
aquatic ecosystems. The animal and plant communities co-exist in a well-organized
manner. Their natural settings can get disturbed by any externally induced
anthropological activities or by naturally occurring calamities or disaster. So, once this
setting is disturbed, it sometimes is either practically impossible or may take a longer
time to come back to its original state. Hence changes in the status of flora and fauna ar e
an elementary requirement of Environmental Impact Assessment studies, in view of the
need for conservation of environmental quality and biodiversity. Information on flora
and fauna was collected within the study area. Relevant details on aquatic life within the
study area were also collected from secondary sources.
Every anthropogenic activity has some adverse impact on the environment. More often
it is harmful to the environment than benign. However, mankind as it is developed
today cannot live without taking up these activities for his food, security and other
needs. Consequently, there is a need to harmonize developmental activities with the
environmental concerns. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is one of the tools
available with the planners to achieve the above-mentioned goal.
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Habitat loss and fragmentation are major threats to biodiversity. Environmental impact
assessment and strategic environmental assessment are essential instruments used in
physical planning to address such problems. Yet there are no well-developed methods
for quantifying and predicting impacts of fragmentation on biodiversity. (Gontier et. al
2006). Biodiversity has become one of the central environmental issues in the
framework of recent policies and international conventions for the promotion of
sustainable development. Biodiversity data are rapidly becoming available over the
Internet in common formats that promote sharing and exchange. Currently, these data
are somewhat problematic, primarily with regard to geographic and taxonomic
accuracy, for use in ecological research, natural resources management and
conservation decision-making. (Guralnick, 2007).
For an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) to effectively contribute to decision-
making, it must include one crucial step: the estimation of the uncertainty factors
affecting the impact evaluation and of their effect on the evaluation results. Knowledge
of the uncertainties better orients the strategy of the decision-makers and underlines
the most critical data or methodological steps of the procedure. Accounting for
uncertainty factors is particularly relevant when dealing with ecological impacts, whose
forecasts are typically affected by a high degree of simplification. (Geneletti, 2003).
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the Ramsar Convention, and the
Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) recognize Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA) as an important decision making tool to help plan and implement development
with biodiversity “in mind.” The Conventions require Signatories (“Parties”) to apply
EIA to proposals with potential negative impacts on biodiversity to help meet their
objectives, so that development proposals respect mechanisms for the conservation of
biodiversity, result in sustainable use of biodiversity resources, and ensure fair and
equitable sharing of the benefits arising from use of biodiversity. According to the
International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA), Impact Assessment provides
opportunities to ensure that biodiversity values are recognized and taken into account
in decision-making. Importantly, this involves a participatory approach with people
who might be affected by a proposal.
The main aim of Conservation of Biodiversity is to ensure “No Net Loss”. The
biodiversity-related Conventions are based on the premise that further loss of
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biodiversity is unacceptable. Biodiversity must be conserved to ensure it survives,
continuing to provide services, values and benefits for current and future generations.
The following approach has been chosen by the IAIA to help achieve ‘no net loss’ of
biodiversity:
1. Avoidance of irreversible loss of biodiversity.
2. Seeking alternative solutions to minimize biodiversity losses.
3. Use of mitigation to restore biodiversity resources.
4. Compensation for unavoidable loss by providing substitutes of at least similar
biodiversity value.
5. Looking for opportunities for enhancement.
This approach can be called “positive planning for biodiversity.” It helps achieve no net
loss by ensuring the safety and survival of rare or endangered or endemic or threatened
(REET) species. This approach has been adopted by the proposed project in the study
under report.
3.11.2. Scope of Study
Scope of work for this study is in line with the ToR assigned to the industry which
includes identification of ecologically sensitive receptors based on literature survey and
field investigations and their mitigation with conservation action plan. The study was
carried out in core area (project site) and in buffer area i.e. 10 km periphery from th e
project site. The study was carried out systematically and scientifically using primary
and secondary data in order to bring out factual information on the ecological
conditions of the project site and its surroundings. The study involved assessment of
general habitat type, vegetation pattern, preparation of inventory flora and fauna of
terrestrial ecosystem in 10 km radius of the power project site. Biological assessment of
the site was done to identify whether there are any rare or endangered or endemic or
threatened (REET) species of flora or fauna in the project site or core area as well its
buffer zone and to identify whether there are any ecologically sensitive area within the
area that is likely to be impacted (buffer zone). The study also designed to suggest
suitable mitigation measures if necessary for protection of wildlife habitats
conservation of REET species if any.
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3.11.3. Objectives and purpose of the study
The basic objectives of the study are to evaluate the status of the flora and fauna of the
core area and the buffer areas with specific reference to the rare or endangered or
endemic or threatened (REET) species. Different levels of disturbance have different
effects on ant diversity. If our goal is to preserve biodiversity in a given area, we need to
be able to understand how diversity is impacted by different management strategies.
Because diversity indices provide more information than simply the number of species
present (i.e., they account for some species being rare and others being common), they
serve as valuable tools that enable biologists to quantify diversity in a community and
describe its numerical structure.
The objectives of the study
Baseline data of Terrestrial biological environment by studying distribution
pattern, community structure, population dynamics and species composition of
Flora and Fauna.
Baseline data of aquatic Flora and Fauna at the project area, including the coastal
area is to be ascertained by proper surveys including mangroves and marshes and
other coastal vegetation, sand dunes.
Areas used by protected, important or sensitive species of Flora or Fauna for
breeding, nesting, foraging, resting, over wintering, migration shall be as
ascertained.
Preparation of exhaustive seasonal wise list of Flora and Fauna of ter restrial and
aquatic ecosystems of core and buffer zones with special reference to Endangered
and dominant species.
Taking photographs of the flora and fauna including local habitats with date for
each season showing the status of the project site and study area for vegetation
cover.
Discussing the impact related issues with local villagers and EIA functional area
experts on air, water, noise and other pollutants.
Impacts quantification through vegetation analysis and site specific parameters.
Preparation of the mitigation measures.
List of Flora and Fauna issued by the concerned Divisional Forest officer.
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3.11.4. Review of the Literature
3.11.4.1. Literature Review
Considering the time limitation to undertake statistically rigorous data gathering
system, study also relied on existing knowledge about the ecology and biodiversity of
the region. Importantly, there are quite a few studies undertaken in the past dealing
with the impacts of ports etc. on flora and fauna and other concerns of biodiversity
conservation in many countries. Literature on power plants and associated
environmental issues were downloaded and collated through internet. Various relevant
literatures were surveyed during the study for collection of baseline information. Maps,
reports and documents collected from the project proponent were also reviewed and
used in the present study. Books on flora, fauna and wildlife were also studied in order
to understand the biology of several species.
3.11.4.2. Consultations
During the study, series of consultations were made with both technical and non
technical stakeholders including the proposed power plant staff, Forest Department
officials to get better picture on the project area/core area and buffer zone habitats. In
order to know more about the seasonal presence of several faunal species and their
movement, study team informally consulted and discussed with quite a large number of
local people, from the villages, herders and farmers that dwell close to the proposed
project. Other than the above, for the purpose of this study, relevant information was
also collected from following sources: Records of Forest Department; Publications in
National and International Journals; Google imageries/Google Maps; Communications
with subject experts.
3.11.4.3. General information regarding the region
Details of the flora and fauna were collected from Forest department and local villagers
(Letter to Forest Department acknowledged by Office of the FRO, Buxar and Local
people interaction photos and video are the evidence). Papers published in Journals
were collected to check the primary data collected during survey. The study area is
more of form lands and village settlements. There are no types of Sanctuaries and
National parks or reserve forests in the study area. River Ganga is passing in the study
area but no commercial fishing is done till date. The main livelihood of the people is
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agriculture and brick making only. The climate of the district is moderate. The hot
weather begins from the middle of March when hot westerly winds begin to blow
during the day. The months of April and May are extremely hot, normally the monsoon
sets in by the third week of June and continues with intermission till the end of
September. The cold weather begins from the months of November and lasts till the
beginning of March, January is the coldest month when the temperature comes down as
low as 10 ̊C. From the month of April, till the break of monsoon, the district experiences
occasional thunder storms also. Rain sets sometimes in June accompanied by fall in
temperature and increase in humidity. The district experiences maximum rain during
the months of July and August. There is slight rainfall in October but November and
December are quite dry. Due to deforestation, the forest area of this district is very thin.
Some common trees of this district are Mango, Seasum, Mahua, Bamboo and some types
of long grasses (Jhalas) are found near diara area of the river Ganga. Jhalas grass is
mostly used in roof making of kuccha houses. The forest of the district is not rich in
their products. Fire wood is the most important among its products. The district had
variety of wild animals and game birds when the forest is thick. With the increase in
irrigation facilities, the area under cultivation has grown, consequently diminishing the
forest. The wild animals have suffered in the process and their number has gone down
very considerably. Neelgain, spotted deer, are found in the Plains and near the Ganga
bank. A considerable number of monkeys are also found in the Buxar town area. Birds of
different types like Parrot, Patridges, Quails are also found in the district.
3.11.4.4. Live Stock
The district of Buxar has large majority of the people engaged in agricultural pursuits
and deriving their livelihood from agricultural pursuits. The possession of livestock
generally adds to the social status of the farmer. The quality of the live stock has
improved because of serious efforts by the Government and the response of the
farmers. Since the district has quite a large population of prosperous agriculturists
mostly due to the suitability of facilities of canal irrigation the farmers of the canal
irrigated area have considerably cattle wealth. Agricultural census conducted taken in
1991 shows the cattle wealth of the district as: Cow-184325, Sheep-15430, Horse-3341,
Camel-15, Buffalo-114112, Goat-82186, Mula-240, Ass-1646, Pig-13235, Poultry-70305.
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3.11.4.5. Study Area
GPS coordinates of the sampling points consider for the study is given in Table 3.17
and the map showing the Google earth depecting the GPS coordinates is given in Figure
3.29.
Table 3-17 GPS coordinates of the sampling points
Sampling point Latitude Longitude Core area 25°28'36.09"N 83°53'2.80"E
1 25°28'57.63"N 83°52'51.18"E 2 25°28'39.69"N 83°52'0.45"E 3 25°27'15.08"N 83°51'17.96"E 4 25°27'29.43"N 83°50'36.50"E 5 25°26'4.44"N 83°50'19.63"E 6 25°25'9.43"N 83°50'4.26"E 7 25°27'45.99"N 83°53'28.49"E 8 25°26'51.88"N 83°53'18.47"E 9 25°24'57.35"N 83°53'53.40"E
10 25°27'15.89"N 83°57'59.41"E 11 25°31'5.58"N 83°56'7.95"E 12 25°31'26.66"N 83°54'25.88"E 13 25°31'57.17"N 83°53'58.96"E 14 25°32'30.55"N 83°54'25.17"E 15 25°34'5.00"N 83°54'22.38"E 16 25°30'26.81"N 83°51'20.71"E 17 25°29'48.62"N 83°47'42.05"E 18 25°33'17.47"N 83°51'30.03"E 19 25°30'26.70"N 83°49'34.52"E 20 25°30'9.40"N 83°53'16.36"E
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Figure 3-29 Map from Google earth depecting the GPS coordinates
3.11.5. Methodology
3.11.5.1. Basic frame work of data collection
The prediction of impacts industries on flora and fauna depends on understanding of
the proposed activities, its magnitude/extent, scale and ecological conditions in the
surrounding area. Collection of comprehensive baseline information on flora and fauna
is therefore a prerequisite for assessment of impacts of development activities. It would
also help in advance planning and mitigate the impacts and ultimately managing the
natural habitats and resources. The approach to achieve the stated objectives within
defined scope of work, include field surveys, interviews, and reviews of literature.
Following is the basic fame work of the data collection and analysis for the present
study.
Desktop work: Before starting the field trip, the ecologist has collected the details of
the project from the EIA project coordinator and discussed the probable impact on the
local flora and fauna from the proposed activity and the extent of the area. Details of the
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proposed power plant area were collected through Google earth. The maps related to
road, rail network, drainage pattern, contour, forest type, forest cover, Land use and
Land cover were collected from the consultant office. The total area was analysed in
detail and around 21 sampling points were marked with GIS tool by covering the
various ecosystems of core and buffer zones in all the directions. A special emphasis has
been made to aquatic habitats while selecting the points.
Field survey: Local villagers were contacted to take support during the field survey.
The entire survey was planned to cover all the points in the shortest duration. During
the survey, a random observation was made for village side, road side and near the
agriculture. General Interviews were made with the local people about the native
animals and medicinal plants that are used frequently. A thorough review was made on
each sampling point for documentation of the flora and fauna in the prescribed
proformas. Photographs were taken at each point and vegetation structure.
3.11.5.2. Survey Types used
Reconnaissance survey (Near Agricultural, Human habitations and Road side)
Quadrate and Line transact method for trees, shrubs and herbs.
Belt transect method for road side trees and butterflies.
Point count method for birds.
Direct and Indirect evidences for Mammals and other faunal species.
3.11.5.3. Equipment / Instruments deployed
Digital Camera (NIKON P510 MODEL 42 X zoom)
GPS
Measuring tape (Small)
Binoculars
Field observation book
3.11.5.4. Methodology
Flora and fauna studies were carried out for one season to assess the list of terrestrial
plant and animal species that occur in the core area and the buffer zone of the project
site. Only photographs were taken during the field survey and no damage is created to
flora and fauna during the sampling. None of the specimens were collected as voucher
specimens and for herbarium. It is basically done through field observations only.
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A detailed survey has been carried out by using the following methodology.
Survey has been carried out in for core and buffer zones, habitat wise, forest
block wise and species-wise with special emphasis on endemic, endangered
and threatened species.
Secondary data has been collected from the forest department and local
villagers.
Prepared species-level exhaustive check list of flora and fauna.
Digital Photo documentation has been carried for identification of unknown
species.
Discussing the impact related issues with local villagers and EIA functional
area experts on air, water, noise and other pollutants.
Impacts quantification through vegetation analysis and site specific
parameters.
Preparation of the mitigation measures.
Prepared conservation based action plan for onsite implementations and for
proper management of the species and habitat.
Core Zone study: Within the core area, 5 sampling points were selected to quantify the
data. The core zone boundary is upto 5 sq km and the basically there is no forest land in
the proposed project activity area.
Buffer zone study: Within the 10 Km buffer zone, 20 samples of 100m2 each were
chosen by taking the following parameters into consideration.
Vegetation
Terrain
Topography
Cultivation
Road network
Villages
Aquatic Habitat
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A. Floral study:
Quadrate method has been used for carryout the study of trees, shrubs, her bs and
grasses. 20 m X 20 m for tree species, 5 m X 5 m quadrates for shrubs and 1 m X 1 m
quadrates for herbs. List of floral species observed at each quadrant is documented and
photographed. Species are compared with standard floras and identifying the plants
need for conservation.
Area-Species graph: For ecological studies this is most important to know scenically
and systematic enumeration. It means that during the survey of species at various
points, the species recorded will be repeated from the second point onwards a new
species will be added further in the list. There will be a point where we may not get any
further species added to the list. Till that stage, the survey has been carried out for
statistical analysis. However, zone wise, habitat wise and direction wise the entire study
area will be covered.
Listing of Existing Species: During the survey documented the various types of species
found at each sampling point along with their number. GBH is also taken for trees to
estimate the forest cover. The status of the each species is given in the consolidated
table with common, sporadic and rare. This is mainly depends upon the population
density and occurrence. Compared the RED DATA BOOK published by Zoological Survey
of India (ZSI)for each species and checked the REET species.
B. Faunal study:
A detailed study in has been carried out to cross check the list taken from secondary
source and local villagers. In case of vertebrate species, no sampling could be done.
Depending on as and when sighted, the species will be recorded if found within the
delimited project and buffer areas, the animal species are listed on secondary data and
circumstances evidence besides direct observations. These techniques are accepted in
EIA studies as per the EIA Notification of 2006.
Observations made on direct and indirect evidences for mammalian, avifauna and
reptilian fauna within the study area. As an entomologist, the effort was also made to
indentify invertebrate species. The species were photographed and identified with
standard pictorial guides. Scheduling of species according to Indian Wildlife Protection
act (1972) and IUCN is done for each species and checked the REET species. No
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quantitative data is calculated as some species are listed through secondary source. As
the animals are migratory, habitats used by protected, important or sensitive species for
breeding, nesting, foraging, resting, over wintering, migration are ascertained.
Aquatic Ecology
The conditions of the aquatic ecology of the water bodies which may be impacted were
also studied. Major components of aquatic life that have been studied are as follows:
Aquatic macrophytic vegetation
Aquatic vertebrates like fish, amphibians, reptiles and aquatic birds
3.11.5.5. Quantitative analysis of the vegetation cover
Plot-based random quadrate sampling method was adopted to generate the
Phytosociological data viz., density, frequency, abundance and important value index
(IVI). Quadrates of 20 m x 20 m size were laid out for the enumeration of the tree
species, quadrates of 5 m x 5 m for shrubs and saplings and quadrates of 1 m x 1 m for
herbs and seedlings.
Diameter at breast height (DBH) of 130 cm was consistently used during the present
study. In no case, the thicker part near branching position was considered. Instead
diameter of the tree having a branch at about 130 cm was measured either below 30 cm
from the branch or in case of all the stems above 30 cm from the branch and averaged.
All individuals above 10 cm of girth at breast height (GBH) were considered as trees and
all individuals below 10 cm of GBH or 2 m of height as shrubs and saplings. In each unit,
presence or absence of the species, number of individuals of each species, GBH (only for
tree species) to estimate basal area of the mangrove communities were recorded.
Other ecological parameters viz., abundance, density, frequency, IVI, Shannon-Wiener
diversity index, Simpson’s dominance index, Abundance/Frequency (A/F) ratio for
distribution pattern of species and Similarity Index were derived from the above basic
data.
Frequency, density, abundance and basal area were calculated following Misra (1968).
Number of sampling units in which a species occurs
Frequency: ______________________________________________________________ X 100
Total number of sampling units studied
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The frequency of individual species is the number of times the species occurs in the
sampling quadrant.
Total number of individuals in all sampling units
Density: __________________________________________________________
Total number of sampling units studied
Density is the measure of dense in the distribution of an individual species within a
given area.
Total number of individuals in all sampling units
Abundance: ____________________________________________________________
Total number of sampling units of occurrence
Total basal area or crown
Dominance = --------------------------------------------- x 100
Total area sampled
It reflects the species basal area covered by a species within the sampling area.
Relative Density and Dominance
The relative density and dominance values of different species found in the study are
shows that the dominant plants of various sites have a high percentage value of density
and dominance. These values are incorporated in calculating the Importance value
Index. Number of individuals of a species
Relative density: _______________________________ X 100
Total number of individuals of all species
Number of occurrences of a species
Relative frequency: X 100
Total number of occurrences of all species
Total basal area of individual species
Relative basal area: ___________________________________________________ X 100
Total basal areas of all species
Importance Value Index (IVI)
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Important Value Index was estimated from the formula developed by Cottam and Curtis
(1956).
IVI: RD + RF +RBA
IVI for trees (300) was derived from relative density (RD), relative frequency (RF) and
relative basal area (RBA) whereas the same was calculated for shrubs (200) and herbs
(200) from only relative frequency and relative density. The Importance Value Index
(IVI) is an expression used to summarize the plant data; it is desirable to use as many
values as possible. The Importance value allows quantitative comparison of each
species in a stand with the other species in the stand, or allows comparison of the
species in one stand with species in other stands.
Species Diversity
Shannon Diversity Index has been used for estimating the diversity among the three
sampling sites in order to highlight the most diverse site, calculate the Shannon Wiener
diversity index of each site using the formula:
Diversity = - Pi X ln Pi
S= Number of individuals of one species
Where Pi = ---------------------------------------------------------
N = Total number of all individuals in the sample
and, ln is the logarithm to the base e
Shannon – Wiener Indices of Diversity vary depending upon the species richness
(number of species present in a given unit area) and their dominance or evenness. As
the species richness and evenness increase, Shannon – Wiener Indices of Diversity also
increase correspondingly. On the other hand, when the species richness decreases and
as dominance increases, diversity decreases. Communities with less number of species
with high level of dominance or low level of uniformity will have lower diversity. Thus it
is a statistical function based on the richness and evenness components. Evenness and
dominance are inversely related. This can be also calculated through Statistical Software
“PAST”.
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3.11.6. Results
3.11.6.1. Summary of the Survey
As per reconnaissance survey, quadrate wise and line transect survey has been carried
out as per the methodology. Secondary data base has been compared with the existing
species in the study region. The published literature is also used for finalizing the list
present in the core and buffer zones. The flora and fauna recorded were also cross
checked with the local communities. An effort has been made to identify the impacts of
the existing project and cumulative effect of the nearby developmental activities’ or
industries or any other activities which will affect the plants and animals of the region
along with the resource utilization by the local communities such as timber, medicinal
and fishing etc. The mitigation measures were suggested only to the buffer zone and the
other parameters such as air emissions, Noise, effluents will further addressed with
functional area experts of the concern people. Conservation of Scheduled species has
been given.
3.11.6.2. Present Environmental Setting
Bihar is situated in the eastern part of India bordering Nepal and has a geographical
area of 94,163 km². It is part of gangetic plains and is drained by two major rivers, the
Ganga and the Gandhak. Annual rainfall in the state varies from 1000mm to 2000 mm.
The recorded forest area of the state is 6473 km² which is 6.87% of the geographical
area. Reserve forest constitutes 10.70%, Protected Forest 89.28% and unclassed Forest,
which is about 0.02% of the total forest area. The proposed project falls in 7 – Gangetic
plain as per the Biogeographic Classification of India and 7B Lower Gangetic Plain
Province of India.
The proposed Power plant area does not encounter with any kind of forest types like
Reserve Forest, Protected forest or un- classed Forest (declared Protected under “ The
Indian Forest Act, 1927”) and “Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 with Amendments Made
in 1988”. (Source: Forest Department). Further no tree cutting is involved in the project
and with a landscape design approach all the trees will be saved as part of this project.
Thus no forest Clearance is required for the proposed development.
One Wildlife National Park (Valmiki National Park) and twelve Wildlife Sanctuaries are
located in Bihar. However, no National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary is reported within
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10 km from project boundary. The Nearest wildlife sanctuary is Vikramshila Gangetic
Dolphin WLS which is more than 300 km (Arial distance) in District Bhagalpur.
Therefore clearance under “The Wildlife (Protection) Act – 1972” is not required for the
proposed project. During primary survey Schedule – I mammals as per WPA – 1972, like
fresh water Dolphin (Platanista gangetica gangetica) was seen in river Ganga stretch in
Buxar town.
Wetland: No wetland notified under “The Ramsar Convention – 1971” or listed under
“the National wetland Conservation Programme – 2009” is reported within 10 km from
project boundary. The Wetlands presenting Bihar state notified under National Wetland
Conservation Programme – 2009 are: 1. Kabar Wetland – District Begusarai 2. Barilla
Wetland – District Vaishali 3. Kusheshwar Asthan Wetland – Darbhanga.
Study area ecology: The Proposed project locality is 18 km from Buxar town with no
residential or forested habitat. It is near the Chausa village. To give the statistical
information of the core area, it is considered to be 5 km area (as shown in the map) for
flora and fauna of the region. The no national parks and sanctuaries exist in the core and
buffer area. Two rivers (River Ganga and River Karmnasa) exists here.
Proposed Power plant locality Chousa village near the proposed area
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Vegetation in the core zone Fauna in the 5 Km Radius
3.11.7. Ecosystem wise Study
A habitat wise survey was carried out both in the core zone (proposed area) and up to a
radius of 5 Km and buffer area from 5 to 10 km radius. As stated earlier, there are no
biosphere reserves or National parks or other protected areas or other ecologically
sensitive areas within the core area.
Core Zone Habitat: The core zone is Terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems with common
trees shrubs, herbs, climbers and other ornamental plants. No hilly areas present here.
The tree density is very less as there is full of farm lands and human habitations. Along
with cattle, it is also observed that few Nilgai, Blackbuck and Jackal species are also
exists here. Common bird species like Myna, black drango, green bee eater, crow,
Sparrow, Babblers and few reptilian species like garden lizards, skinks and amphibians
like frogs and toads are likely to be inhabited.
Buffer Zone Habitat: The buffer zone has rural zone with agricultural land and few
settlements. Some places away from the city inhabited with natural forest, wetlands and
Riverine ecosystems. In Buffer zone very common and less conservation priority
animals, birds and other floral species exists. The animals recorded in buffer zone are
Blackbuck, Nilgai, Jackal, Monitor Lizards, Mongoose, Snakes and very co mmon
terrestrial and aquatic birds species.
Ecosystem types:
1. Terrestrial Ecosystem
A. Reserve Forests (Nil)
B. Non Forest Habitats (Road side, Village side etc)
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C. Croplands
2. Aquatic Ecosystem
A. Reverine / Riparian Habitat (Ganga river, Karmnasa River)
B. Pond Ecosystem (Small water bodies)
C. Terrestrial ecosystem
A. Reserve Forests: (NIL)
There are no reserve forests within the Core and buffer zones. But the open places and
plantations by local people and forest officials make the environment green.
B. Non Forest Vegetation (Road side, Village side etc)
In the non-forest area, different types of vegetation are recorded. Tree species in are
mostly planted and few are natural. Trees available in the non-forest area are classified
into the following categories in the study area. These are:
Roadside: Trees planted along the road side. The dominant plant species are
Sisoo, Acasia, Neem, Ficus, Peltoforum, Pongamia, Borassus etc.
Village woodlot: Naturally growing or planted trees on community /private land.
The dominant plant species are Coconut, Terminalia (Badam), Ficus, Banana,
Mango, Bamboo, Mahua etc.
Pond side vegetation: Mostly planted trees along the pond side of the villages.
The dominant plant species are Ipomea, Typha ungustifolia, Cassia sp, Lantana etc.
C. Cropland Ecosystem
There are very few croplands in the buffer zone. The main crops are Musa, Coconut,
Areca nut and Mango trees. Paddy is the most commonly cultivated one. From the
secondary source, it is revealed that Rice, wheat, and maize are the major cereal crops
and Arhar, urad, moong, gram, pea, lentils, and khesaria are some of the pulses
cultivated in this region. Vegetables such as potato, onion, eggplant, and cauliflower and
fruits such as pineapple, mango, banana, and guava are grown here. Sugar cane and jute
are two other major cash crops of this region.
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3.11.7.1. Aquatic Ecosystem
Riparian Habitat
The study area comprises of Riparian Habitat (transition zone between aquatic and
terrestrial ecosystem). A riparian zone or riparian area is the interface between land
and a river or stream. Plant habitats and communities along the river margins and
banks are called riparian vegetation, characterized by hydrophilic plants. Riparian
zones may be natural or engineered for soil stabilization or restoration. These zones are
important natural bio-filters, protecting aquatic environments from excessive
sedimentation, polluted surface runoff and erosion. They supply shelter and food for
many aquatic animals and shade that is an important part of stream temperature
regulation. The proposed power plant inlet is partly comprises of Riparian Habitat and
partly terrestrial.
There are few small seasonal ponds and canals present in the buffer region. The list of
flora and fauna in the aquatic habitats are given in Annexure 10. The creaks present
near the River Ganga contain good habitat for trees and birds. Few small wetlands,
paddy fields and drains provide the suitable habitat for fresh water aquatic and semi
aquatic plants. A list of aquatic and semi aquatic plants found in the buffer zone is given
in along with the floral list. Pistia, Typha, Ipomia aquatica were most abundant in fresh
water wetlands. There were no REET category species of aquatic and semi aquatic
plants in the study area.
Habitat description: During primary survey it has been noticed that the existing habitat
along the banks of Ganga is natural type. Daily hundreds of people visit here to take bath
in Ganga as religious rituals. The floristic survey of the proposed site witnesses
scattered growth of grasses (mainly weeds), rooted hydrophytes, emerging
hydrophytes, shrubs in undisturbed area where human movement is absent and trees
leaning over river water.
Among herbs species, weed are commonly reported on the river bank. Commonly
reported weeds species are Congress grass (Parthenium hysterophorus), Lantana
(Lantana Camara), Eipatorium trilpineve, Solanum xanthiocarpum and Datura (Dathura
stromonium). This is mainly due to better survival rate, higher seed production and fast
growing in comparison to other herbs. The species of grasses reported along the banks
are Cyanodon dactylon, Achyranthes aspera, Saccharum arundinaceum, Vetiveria
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zizanoides, Ludwigia parviflora, Rungia repens, etc. These are mainly reported above the
water level, in an undisturbed area.
Rooted hydrophytes are reported along the banks, where water level is less than a foot
or water has recedes after flooding. The commonly reported hydrophytes are Ipomoea
carnea, Argeratum conyzoides, Azolla pinnata, Eichhornia crassipes, Lemna perpusilla,
Spirodela polyrhiza, etc. Ipomoea aquatic,etc.
Eichhornia crassipes Pistia stratiotes
Crocothemis servilia servilia Brachythemis contaminata
3.11.8. Flora of the Study Area
3.11.8.1. Flora of the core area (Upto 5 sq km)
The phytosociological study of the core zone (terrestrial habitat) beyond the riparian
habitat comprises of manmade ecosystem. Tree plantation in form of landscaping was
noticed due to nearby residential area, government offices, hospitals, schools, temple s
and market places. The species of trees reported are mainly planted, except few species
which are naturally growing. These trees are fruit, flower and seed bearing and attract
avifauna, small mammals and reptiles. Nesting was commonly reported.
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3.11.8.2. Flora of the buffer area: (From 5 to 15km radius)
There are no biosphere reserves or national parks or other protected areas within a
distance from 5 to 10 Km from the proposed power plant area (buffer zone). Dalbergia
sissoo, Acacia nilotica, Terminalia, Bamboo, Aegle marmelos and Ficus recemosa are the
few tree species that give shelter for local birds. More than 50% of the terrestrial
habitat of the buffer zone is under village habitats. The dominant vegetation includes
Coconut, banana, jack, sapota, mango trees. Teak is the most common cultivated timber
plant. Apart from the above several avenue trees such as Tamarind, Neem, Siris, Rain
tree, Gulmohar etc were very common. Polialthia longifolia, Aegle mormulus, Bauhinia
purpurea, Acacia auriculata, Peltophorum pterocarpum and Swietenia mahagoni are
most common trees are found in the buffer area. Annual or seasonal crops are grown in
small and isolated places. Paddy is mainly grown during the rainy season. It occupies
nearly half of the croplands of the buffer zone. Vegetables are common but limited to
very small size plots. Floristically the study area is fairly not very rich. The total
recorded flora (from primary as well as secondary data) from the study area was 220
species. The species recorded in the buffer zone is given in Annexure 10.
3.11.9. Fauna of the Study Area
3.11.9.1. Fauna in Core and Buffer Zones
As the animal species are capable of moving from place to place either for food or
shelter or mate, it is not proper to list them separately for core and buffer areas. Hence,
common check lists are prepared based mainly on available secondary data and also on
the basis of direct observation, indirect or circumstantial evidence such as foot prints,
pellets, feathers, skin, hair, hooves etc. The area of survey and study extends up to a
radius of 10 Km for terrestrial fauna. To study the diversity of fauna, various survey
methods were adopted. The survey was mainly carried out at dawn and at dusk to study
animal behavior and habitat. This study period is mainly selected as animals are most
active. Secondary data was collected from the forest department and interaction with
the local was also conducted to establish baseline study for distribution of wild animals
in the study area. Good number of wild mammals exists in the study area, even though
anthropogenic activity and urbanized habitat present here. Domestic mammals are also
reported in the study area which is not included in the present list.
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Mammals: There are mammals sighted directly from this region are Boselaphus
tragocamelus (Nilgai) (LC) (Schedule-III), Antilope cervicapra (Blackbuck) (NT)
Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 and Canis aureus (golden Jackal)
(LC), (Schedule-II Part-II) from the terrestrial habitat and fresh water dolphins
(Platanista gangetica gangetica) (Listed by IUCN as 'endangered' and placed in
Schedule-I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972) from the aquatic habitat. Certain trees
like Ficus recemosa and other large trees were identified as main nesting and roosting
spot for the aves and fruit bats. A list of mammals either spotted during the survey or
reported from the study area is given in Annexure 10.
Aves: The fauna reported in the study area are mainly avifauna (highest diversity)
followed by mammals and reptiles. The commonly reported avifauna in the study area
during primary survey, with higher diversity are Common crow, Lapwings, bee eaters,
Peacocks, Myna, Eagle, Sparrow, Babbler, Pigeon, Cattle Egrets, Red Vented bulbul,
Drongo, Sparrow, Indian Roller etc. During site visit higher frequency of birds recorded
in the project affected. This is mainly due to availability of nesting habitat, discarded
foods from rituals ceremony and fruits bearing trees. A list of birds either spotted or
reported from the study area is presented in Annexure 10.
Herpetofauna: Buxar is not fairly rich in reptile and amphibian diversity. They included
turtles, snakes, lizards like geckos, skinks and the agamids. Among the reptiles, no REET
category has been reported from the region. There are no Crocodiles in the region.
There are no significant places sighted for nesting ground for any of the Terrapins. A list
of herpetofauna either reported or recorded from the buffer area up to a radius of 10
Km are given in Annexure 10.
Invertebrates: Good number of butterfly and Dragonfly species observed here. None of
them are comes under conservation list.
3.11.10. Statistical Analysis
3.11.10.1. Quantitative Characteristics
The quantitative characteristics are the one, which can be readily measured.
Quantification has also been done for the species which are going to be removed due to
the proposed activity. In the ecosystem, the small grass plant is producer and on which
the insects, frogs, snakes and other higher animals depends. Hence for studying the food
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chain and food web of an ecosystem, all the floral and faunal species are to be
quantitatively assessed. The diversity and abundance shows the status of any region
through which conservation and management action can be taken up. Even though
there are no REET species found in the proposed site, we must know exactly how much
quantity of vegetation we are going to lose due to the proposed activity. If we start
estimating the value of ecosystem and biodiversity in terms of ecological value, it is
much higher than our expectations. As our activity is irreversible and going to be
increase the impact in the buffer area, these statistics gives alert to the project
proponent to take suitable conservation activities. As the primary data is collected in
various sampling points at core and buffer zones, the following statistical analysis can
be drawn from the raw data.
1. Density
2. Dominance
3. Frequency
4. Relative Density
5. Relative Dominance
6. Relative Frequency
7. Important Value Index
8. Shannan Wiever Index
9. Indices of Similarity
10. Raunkiaer’s “Law of Frequency”
11. A/F Ratio
3.11.10.2. Analysis
Ecosystem wise analysis:
Ecosystem wise distribution: The survey reveals that there are specific patches for
certain species and mass plantations like Bamboo, Sissoo, coconut, sapota, mango etc.
There are good number of plantations on the road side like Teak, Swietinia, Sissoo,
Acacia nilotica, Ficus, Polialthia longifolia, Aegle mormulus, Bauhinia purpurea,
Casuarina equisetifolia, Peltforum pterocarpum, Samania saman, Delonix regia, Plumaria
alba, Cassia fistula, Tectona grandis, Terminalia chebula and Acacia auriculiformis.
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The unique field observation is Dalbergia sissoo and Acacia nilotica are dominant
throughout the region. A good number of Butterfly and Dragon fly species are recorded
in the wasteland and agricultural habitats. The larval and nector host plants are very
common here. The specific obervations were also made for the micro habitats. Borassus
flabellifer, Ceiba pentandra, Cocos nucifera, Ficus benghalensis, Ficus religiosa, Ficus
recemosa, Mangifera indica, Prosopis juliflora, Tamarindus indica found near the village
premices. The common ornamental plants found throughout the city and listing was not
done as it is not having relation with present study and can be planted whenever
required.
Dominance D 0.04458
Shannon H 3.133
Simpson 1-D 0.9554
Evenness e^H/S 0.9558 Menhinick 1.383
Margalef 4.03
Equitability J 0.9858
Fisher alpha 6.132
Berger-Parker 0.06645
Shannon H’ diversity index is a mathematical measure of species diversity in a
community. Diversity indices provide more information about community composition
than simply species richness (i.e., the number of species present); they also the relative
abundances of different species into account. The Shannon Wienner Index in the study
area is 3.132 for the study area.
Interpretation of the result: Present study reveals that there are not only has a
greater number of species present, but the individuals in the community are distribu ted
more equitably among these species.
Reason: The result of the diversity index value may be due to much human interference
in plantations and managing the vegetation.
Status of Flora as per Raunkiaer’s Frequency Classes
This law suggests that species in a community are either rare or common, with only few
species having intermediate occupancies. Raunkiaer classified the occurrence of species
in an area into five classes of frequency Class – A (1 to 20%), Class – B (21 to 40%) Class
– C (41 to 60%) Class – D (61 to 80%) and Class – E (81 to 100). The normal distribution
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of the frequency percentages derived from such classification is expressed as
A>B>C=D<E, and has been named Raunkiaer’s “Law of Frequency”. The ecological
status of vegetation was calculated using the Raunkiaer’s normal frequency diagrams
and the results are given.
A<B<C>D>E
The result shows that, the distribution is Heterogeneous fulfilling the Raunkiaer’s law.
The Heterogeneity observed among the plant community reveals that, dominant
vegetation is common in core and buffer zone and occupies the class C. 100% Frequency
were recorded for Samania saman which widely planted long back. Though, ornamental
and commercial species are dominant, the distribution of vegetation is heterogeneous in
nature. The Heterogeneous status indicates that there is no human impact in the study
area.
Distribution pattern (A/F ratio): The ratio between abundance and frequency was
used to interpret the distribution pattern of species (Whitford, 1949). Distribution
pattern of species was identified as regular distribution if A/F ratio is < 0.025, random
distribution if A/F ratio is between 0.025 to 0.050 and contiguous/clumped distribution
if A/F ratio is > 0.050 as per Curtis and Cottam (1956). The present distribution pattern
ration is 0.0431 for the study area, which represents more contiguous/clumped type of
distribution is present in the study area which is very common in nature.
3.11.10.3. Discussions on Vegetation Analysis
Status of Flora
The interpretations based on the above analysis and the floristic composition reveals
that, the vegetation encountered in the study area is termed as urban forests. The type
of vegetation found in the study area is mixed type. There is no endangered, threatened,
or rare species of plants recorded in the study area.
Status of Fauna
Insects- The insects in the study area are interrelated with each other and other
organisms. They are in perfect balance in their existence. Some of them act as pests,
while others are useful and beneficial to the environment and human beings.
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Amphibians- The toads and frogs were the amphibians recorded in the study area.
Many of them were seen along the Lentic water system and other areas.
Reptiles- The reptiles recorded in the study area include lizards, and snakes.
Birds- Birds play an important role in understanding the ecological balance and its
interrelationships. The occurrence of birds in various locations largely depends on the
site characteristics and their presence in different study sites reveals that there is a
good relationship between the birds and other organisms and the environment. The
maintenance of the eco-balance could be seen in the selected study areas.
Mammals- The distribution of mammals is largely dependent upon the environment of
the respective areas. The mammals present in the study area includes Indian palm
Squirrel, Bat, rats and mongoose etc. These mammals are spread over the study area.
3.11.10.4. Identification of local Protected Species
As per Botanical Survey of India records and available published literature pertaining to
the study area and current detailed study of project site, no threatened, endangered and
rare plant species were observed from the study area. The topo map indicating the
absence of National park, Sanctuary, Elephant/Tiger Reserve, Migratory routes/
Wildlife corridor with in 10 km radius indicates that this region is not ecologically very
significant. As per the Indian Wildlife Protection Act (1972), those animals, which have
been enlisted in the schedules of the Act, have been presented in subsequent section.
The schedules are based on the species namely, rare, endangered, threatened,
vulnerable etc. According to threat of extinction Schedule-I contains those species
which need topmost priority, while II, III, IV and V have lesser degree of threat. Most of
the avi-fauna has been listed in Schedule–IV. As per the list of avi-faunal species, these
are mostly local migrant species only.
Threatened and Endangered Animal Species
Antilope cervicapra Blackbuck Schedule I NT
Platanista gangetica gangetica fresh water dolphins Schedule I EN Felis chaus Jungle cat Part II of Schedule II LC
Herpestes javanicus Common Indian Mongoose Part II of Schedule II LC Vulpus benghalensis Wild fox Part-I of Sch-II LC
Canis aureus Jackal Part-II of Sch-II LC Semnopithecus entellus Deccan Hanuman Langur Part-II of Sch-II LC
Boselaphus tragocamelus Nilgai Schedule III LC
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3.11.11. Aquatic Ecosystem
3.11.11.1. Planktons
There are microscopic life forms belonging to either phytoplanktons (algae) or
zooplanktons (protozoa or rotifers etc.) categories. They form the lowest trophic level
of the aquatic ecosystem. Water samples were collected from Ganga river and other
ponds and canals present in the buffer zone for planktonic analysis. None of the aquatic
forms are rare or endangered. Phytoplankton group reported from four locations are
basillariophyceae, chlorophyceae, myxophyceae and euglenophyceae members. About
26 species of phytoplankton were reported from four locations. Density of
phytoplankton group among the three locations was highest in lentic ecosystem (Aqua-
2) and lowest in (Aqua-1). The density of phytoplankton group ranged between 17 to 26
organisms/ml in all studied samples. Dominance of Bacillariophyceae members
followed by myxophyceae was observed in all the locations. The highest percentage was
Ankistrodesmus falcatus and Anabeana sp and the lowest percentage was Euglena sp
during study period was observed. The Shannon Wieners index for phytoplankton
varies between 2.86-3.14 for study area.
List of phytoplankton species identified from study area
Algal Species
Bacillariophyceae: Cymbella sp., Cyclotella sp., Diatoma sp., Gomphonema sp., Navicula
sp., Nitzschia sp.
Chlorophyceae: Ankistrodesmus sp., Chlorococcum sp., Chollera sp., Closterium sp.,
Eudorina sp.
Cyanophyceae: Anabaena sp., Anacystis sp., Lyngbya sp., Merismopedia sp., Phormidium sp.
Euglenophycea: Euglena sp., Phacus sp.
3.11.11.2. Zooplankton
Daphnia, Asplancha, Ceriodaphnia is predominant animal species in studied samples The
Shannon Weiner’s index for zooplankton varies between-2.45 and 2.57.
List of zooplankton species identified from study area
Copepoda: Cyclops sp, Nauplius larva
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Rotifera: Brachionus sp, Keratella quadridantatus, Trichocera sp.,
Cladocera: Daphnia sp., Diaphnosoma sp.
Conclusions on Aquatic Ecology
Surface water samples were collected for biological analysis from lentic and lotic water
bodies during study period. Biological samples were analysed and estimated diversity
index. Plankton diversity Index for phytoplankton and zooplankton varies from 2.08 –
2.48 and 2.39 - 2.37.
3.11.11.3. Freshwater Fishery
Ganga River is adobe for variety of fishes. To have an idea about the fishes distribution
netting were carried out along the proposed project, sand deposited area within the
river and on left banks. The number of fishes caught is less in the right bank in
comparison to the left bank. Catch of fishes were less in the project area. Secondary
information about fishes distribution was collected from fishery department and from
the fisher men. The species of fishes reported during primary visit are Rohu, Catla, Hilsa,
Mystus sp, Cirrhinus Sp, etc.. The species of fishes reported here are commonly reported
in the fresh water bodies like river, streams, lakes, pond and estuaries. They are
cosmopolitan in distribution and are reported all over India and Indian Sub continents.
These species of fishes are commonly used in aqua culture practice and had good
commercial importance.
Ecologically these species are primary and secondary consumer in the freshwater
ecosystem mainly in rivers. They are primary food for secondary consumers like fresh
water dolphins (Platanista Gangetica gangetica), gharials, crocodiles, turtles, etc. They
do not have fix breeding and nesting site and mainly spawn during monsoon season
when the water is diluted, laden with silt and current of water is high to keep their
spawn (egg) floating for hatching of eggs. Hence they breed all over river, streams,
lakes, etc. during favorable conditions. Therefore the species of fishes reported in table
are not confined to project site only but are reported all over Ganges courses.
Fishing is the major profession after agriculture in the study area. Major fresh water
fishing practiced in Ganga River. Fisherman’s community is majorly observed in the
coastal area. Nearly all fishermen’s use traditional method of fishing i.e. trapa, gillnet
and cast net are also used for fishing. The fishes found here are Rohu, Mullet, Mugri,
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Dingar, Haren, Bas, Kalwas, Chal, Katiya, Ghegra, Bighun, Jhingra, Grach, Bam, Papta,
Pariyasi, Gudheya, Tengan, Siland and Jhinga. Large quantity of fishing activities takes
place in the Ganga River and in nearby streams as water gets dry in streams and pond
during the summer season.
Aquatic Bird: 6 species of aquatic birds are recorded. All of them are very common and
no endemic or migratory birds present in the study area. There are no breeding habitats
in the core zone.
3.12. Socio Economic Environment
3.12.1. Socioeconomic Environment based on Census 2011
3.12.1.1. Demographic Profile
The demography profile of the study area based on the latest published Census 2011,
published by the Directorate of Census Department. The study area of 10 km radius of
the project site is covering Two Taluks (Mohammadabad and Zamania) of Ghazipur
District of Uttar Pradesh and four Taluks (Buxar, Chausa, Rajpur and Itarhi) of Buxar
District of Bihar State. Cumulative population in the study area is 2,57,103 with
1,33,1151 males and 123988 females. The population of children below 6 years old was
found to be 43,748 which are of about 17.01% of the total population. District’s
Population density is 1002 and 1072 for Buxar and Ghazipur Districts respectively. The
Sex Ratio was found at 931 females per thousand males. The Sex ratio of the children
was about 937. The Cumulative of Vulnerable population such as Scheduled Caste and
Scheduled Tribe population was 22,576 and 21,172 respectively. The urban rural ratio
of the study area is 0:100. Table 3.18 depicts the population distribution of the study
area.
Table 3-18 Population Distribution
S.No Villages HH POP Males Females Sex
Ratio Child
<6 SC ST
1 Akbarpur 157 492 258 234 907 87 0 0
2 Akhauripur 374 2331 1184 1147 969 398 30 0
3 Ami 6 41 20 21 1050 5 0 0
4 Ashanandpur 2 6 4 2 500 0 0 0
5 Atraulia 52 358 189 169 894 51 0 0
6 Atrauna 443 2774 1402 1372 979 495 487 7
7 Badauli Adai 267 1529 758 771 1017 254 189 0
8 Badauli Mafi 79 536 277 259 935 123 56 0
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S.No Villages HH POP Males Females Sex
Ratio Child
<6 SC ST
9 Badihar Mafi 4 21 10 11 1100 5 0 0
10 Baghelwa 129 904 470 434 923 184 0 0
11 Bahora Ta. Birpur 140 817 443 374 844 142 124 0
12 Bakainia 215 1504 783 721 921 267 654 0
13 Balua Tapa Amlakh
113 486 240 246 1025 75 303 0
14 Baluwa 445 2275 1209 1066 882 393 288 104
15 Bamhani 217 1217 632 585 926 195 283 1
16 Baniapatpur 43 351 185 166 897 44 0 0
17 Bansi 26 178 94 84 894 43 36 0
18 Bara 2988 21405 10828 10577 977 3883 2116 83
19 Bareji 344 2252 1187 1065 897 330 0 0
20 Barhana 152 1169 585 584 998 240 85 0
21 Barki Puraini 163 930 480 450 938 130 40 0
22 Barupur 269 1789 931 858 922 352 0 0
23 Basantpur 241 1470 739 731 989 236 440 21
24 Bechanpurwa 102 779 409 370 905 150 0 0
25 Belahi 120 864 445 419 942 147 0 0
26 Bhaluha 171 884 455 429 943 167 537 0
27 Bharkhara 176 1037 518 519 1002 200 300 0
28 Bhataura Buzurg 3 24 14 10 714 3 0 0
29 Bhataura Khurd 463 3287 1716 1571 916 447 567 0
30 Bhawar Kol 135 918 464 454 978 190 133 13
31 Bhelupur 176 1127 593 534 901 214 240 0
32 Bhitihara 327 2169 1094 1075 983 446 348 7
33 Bijhaura 520 3308 1709 1599 936 618 662 103
34 Birpur 1348 8560 4442 4118 927 1380 913 39
35 Bishunpur 18 115 59 56 949 20 0 0
36 Chak Bhago 88 486 266 220 827 57 185 0
37 Chak Mir Mohd. Bhawar Kol
1 13 8 5 625 1 0 0
38 Chaurahi 3 16 9 7 778 7 16 0
39 Chausa 1362 9011 4757 4254 894 1557 1015 420
40 Chhotki Puraini 182 999 491 508 1035 199 706 0
41 Chilbila 296 1848 960 888 925 397 230 0
42 Daulat Pur 10 55 23 32 1391 2 19 0
43 Dehri 1144 7759 3991 3768 944 1263 972 1
44 Deuriya 41 290 147 143 973 39 0 0
45 Dev Chand Pur 144 839 464 375 808 105 458 39
46 Dewasthapur 161 1170 590 580 983 191 164 0
47 Dharmagatpur 5 28 15 13 867 4 0 0
48 Dhundhani 47 369 187 182 973 60 34 0
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S.No Villages HH POP Males Females Sex
Ratio Child
<6 SC ST
49 Ekdar 78 677 362 315 870 123 0 0
50 Firoj Pur 391 2870 1513 1357 897 484 450 6
51 Gadaipur 25 165 78 87 1115 16 0 0
52 Gahmar 4365 25994 13367 12627 945 3650 3295 327
53 Gajarahi 58 301 159 142 893 37 0 0
54 Gobindapur 211 1430 750 680 907 201 283 0
55 Gyani Chak 49 306 161 145 901 57 0 0
56 Hadipur 59 453 239 214 895 61 6 0
57 Hakimpur 371 2563 1306 1257 962 456 409 0
58 Haripur 240 1490 760 730 961 292 0 0
59 Harnathpur 21 82 45 37 822 20 0 0
60 Hathauri 181 875 463 412 890 152 0 0
61 Hethua 506 3329 1754 1575 898 631 770 70
62 Holartikar 57 329 173 156 902 70 223 0
63 Husenpur 48 314 169 145 858 50 12 0
64 Isapur 20 183 100 83 830 37 0 0
65 Ismailpur 103 709 324 385 1188 105 122 0
66 Itwa 9 47 24 23 958 11 0 0
67 Jagdishpur 15 47 25 22 880 7 0 0
68 Jagwal 77 319 171 148 865 80 313 0
69 Jaipura 144 942 499 443 888 199 0 0
70 Jamauli 659 3791 2022 1769 875 714 1011 0
71 Jarigawan 207 1408 711 697 980 278 210 141
72 Jivnrain Pur 73 435 238 197 828 62 24 0
73 Jokahi 63 418 210 208 990 71 0 47
74 Kadipur Kalan 87 561 293 268 915 102 135 9
75 Kamarpur 573 3074 1617 1457 901 546 750 57
76 Kamhariya 122 907 502 405 807 131 0 22
77 Kanak Narayanpur
204 1333 707 626 885 237 2 45
78 Karhansi 563 4248 2256 1992 883 637 572 2
79 kashipur 64 416 201 215 1070 103 0 0
80 Kathaja 75 688 374 314 840 89 404 0
81 Kathtar 101 814 431 383 889 148 204 0
82 Khakrahi 189 1134 618 516 835 206 406 47
83 Khelafatpur 198 1242 650 592 911 241 774 12
84 Khemrajpur 30 215 107 108 1009 57 0 0
85 Kishunipur 83 469 246 223 907 72 0 0
86 Kocharhi 420 2489 1298 1191 918 421 348 0
87 Korarawa 80 478 236 242 1025 95 179 0
88 Kudratipur 134 642 318 324 1019 141 0 0
89 Kukurha 890 5802 2978 2824 948 1084 898 124
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S.No Villages HH POP Males Females Sex
Ratio Child
<6 SC ST
90 Kusahi 118 762 375 387 1032 92 96 1
91 Kushahi 34 262 144 118 819 63 0 0
92 Kusiyra 30 165 84 81 964 33 165 0
93 Kusrupa 312 2051 1076 975 906 341 605 41
94 Kutubpur 160 1069 556 513 923 169 467 0
95 Lahana 525 3533 1816 1717 945 583 798 0
96 Larai 76 445 226 219 969 71 0 0
97 Lohandi 219 1705 878 827 942 278 153 12
98 Loharpur 434 2498 1289 1209 938 404 508 0
99 Lugra Sugra 69 380 201 179 891 79 0 0
100 Magarkhai 256 1966 1054 912 865 245 896 0
101 Makuriya 22 126 65 61 938 26 0 0
102 Malahipur 82 478 243 235 967 85 0 0
103 Malikpur Lazi 2 23 11 12 1091 4 0 0
104 Mangolpur 268 1959 1002 957 955 353 17 53
105 Mangopur 55 317 164 153 933 75 317 0
106 Mangraon 563 3492 1793 1699 948 637 989 0
107 Mania 544 3160 1583 1577 996 442 778 187
108 Marahi 111 768 406 362 892 172 0 0
109 Masarhia 40 278 133 145 1090 47 0 0
110 Mitanpura 74 421 219 202 922 71 0 0
111 Mohanpurwa 70 401 207 194 937 75 26 0
112 Musar Dewa 97 537 321 216 673 88 100 0
113 Naniaura 113 764 368 396 1076 145 359 4
114 Narainapur 105 744 384 360 938 95 133 0
115 Narbatpur 670 4376 2269 2107 929 778 566 42
116 Nasirpur Mirzabad
55 389 230 159 691 30 0 0
117 Nawagawan 115 640 322 318 988 129 296 0
118 Nikrojpur 178 1073 572 501 876 188 305 0
119 Nizampur 1 18 11 7 636 1 0 0
120 Nyayapur 311 1950 1075 875 814 290 786 289
121 Paliya 260 1683 936 747 798 316 536 5
122 Pathara 514 3463 1794 1669 930 560 893 18
123 Piprarh 225 1747 920 827 899 289 137 0
124 Pithari 141 1030 521 509 977 119 163 4
125 Puraina 36 284 158 126 797 36 0 0
126 Raisenpur 152 987 479 508 1061 190 0 0
127 Rajapur 278 2087 1090 997 915 368 797 0
128 Raje Pah 1 6 5 1 200 2 0 0
129 Rajmal Bandh 34 238 134 104 776 32 0 0
130 Rampur Kanwa 5 20 10 10 1000 4 0 0
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S.No Villages HH POP Males Females Sex
Ratio Child
<6 SC ST
131 Rasulpur 120 795 396 399 1008 97 0 0
132 Rauni 309 1976 1009 967 958 343 628 0
133 Reka Khurd 77 458 237 221 932 81 51 0
134 Rohinibhavan 257 1543 818 725 886 264 486 0
135 Rupapokhar 202 1265 653 612 937 241 32 0
136 Sagrawan 389 2642 1414 1228 868 373 242 27
137 Sahipur 115 787 420 367 874 193 130 0
138 Sakarahat 42 234 133 101 759 34 0 0
139 Samaria 4 35 19 16 842 7 0 0
140 Saraon 87 483 265 218 823 80 0 0
141 Sarenja 1246 8483 4434 4049 913 1614 729 16
142 Sauri 114 699 377 322 854 121 144 0
143 Sauwanbandh 34 353 193 160 829 70 0 54
144 Shair T Gahmar 1073 7164 3628 3536 975 1220 781 0
145 Shamar Pura 54 339 173 166 960 63 35 0
146 Sharifpur 15 161 87 74 851 27 0 0
147 Shukraulia 305 2295 1180 1115 945 447 798 0
148 Sidhabandh 113 770 382 388 1016 129 45 0
149 Sikraur 725 4839 2528 2311 914 836 875 0
150 Sisrarh 397 2721 1385 1336 965 515 680 6
151 Sultanpur 6 44 21 23 1095 13 7 0
152 Tandwa 132 854 409 445 1088 144 401 14
153 Taranpur 135 829 435 394 906 174 566 1
154 Tikaitpur 3 27 15 12 800 3 0 0
155 Trawn 370 2510 1298 1212 934 386 575 32
156 Trilochanpur 42 253 131 122 931 39 0 0
157 Uchitpur 16 57 29 28 966 12 0 0
158 Ujiarpur 2 11 6 5 833 5 0 0
159 Umarpur 1 15 8 7 875 1 14 0
160 Utari 206 1329 689 640 929 228 81 0
161 Wah Saroop 9 58 30 28 933 13 0 0
Total 3971
0 25710
3 13311
5 123988 931 43748
42616
2553
HH-Number of Households, Pop- Total Population, SC- Scheduled Caste Population, ST-
Scheduled Tribe Population
Source: Census 2011.
3.12.1.2. Population Under Below Poverty Line
Below Poverty Line (BPL) is an economic benchmark of any particular area. Higher the
rate of BPL family, lower is the prosperity of the area. Based on the Baseline Survey
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2012, Ministry of Drinking water and Sanitation indicated that an average of 40.33%
population in the study area Blocks falls under BPL category.
Table 3-19 BPL Households and Rate of BPL Households in Blocks
S.No. Block Name Household BPL Households BPL %
1 Mohammadabad 43543 13304 30.6 2 Zamania 55314 12488 22.6
3 Buxar 38480 20630 53.6 4 Chausa 23275 11228 48.2 5 Itarhi 36164 16262 45.0
6 Rajpur 48266 24923 51.6
Total / Rate 2,45,042 98,835 40.3
Source: Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan, Ministry of Drinking Water & Sanitation, 2011.
3.12.1.3. Employment and Livelihood
The total working population in the study area is 81,776 with the percentage of 31.8%.
64.85% of the working populations are main workers, shows the improved employment
activity as they are employed for more than 6 months in the year. About 76.36% of the
total working population is engaged in agricultural activity. The agricultural workers
group is sub-grouped into Cultivators and Agricultural Labors. In which 63.19% were
cultivators and 36.8% were Agricultural Labors. Household Industry relates to
production, processing, servicing, repairing or making and selling of goods. Other
workers are all workers who have been engaged in some economic activity like
employed in industries, fishing activity, wagers, construction workers, etc., but are not
cultivators or agricultural laborers or Household Industry. The percentage of Household
and Other workers group were 4.21% and 19.41% respectively. The higher rate of
Agriculture with respect to study area shows the majority of the people are depended
on agriculture for their livelihood.
Table 3-20 Workers Group Distribution in the Study Area
S. No
Villages Working Population Agriculture Workers
Household Workers
Other Workers
Total MAIN MGN MCL MAL MGC MGA MHH MGH MOT MGO
1 Akbarpur 214 197 17 0 190 0 17 2 0 5 0
2 Akhauripur 1078 680 398 101 362 9 197 58 161 159 31 3 Ami 26 18 8 12 6 2 1 0 5 0 0
4 Ashanandpur 3 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 5 Atraulia 166 107 59 27 17 0 2 23 22 40 35
6 Atrauna 860 634 226 229 262 22 169 9 3 134 32
7 Badauli Adai 567 464 103 162 253 0 98 11 1 38 4 8 Badauli Mafi 205 204 1 20 178 0 1 0 0 6 0
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S. No
Villages Working Population Agriculture Workers
Household Workers
Other Workers
Total MAIN MGN MCL MAL MGC MGA MHH MGH MOT MGO
9 Badihar Mafi 10 10 0 6 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 Baghelwa 341 290 51 104 179 17 34 0 0 7 0
11 Bahora Ta. Birpur 422 357 65 55 293 2 2 1 53 8 8
12 Bakainia 364 246 118 98 67 8 101 11 3 70 6
13 Balua Tapa Amlakh
133 133 0 4 122 0 0 1 0 6 0
14 Baluwa 699 326 373 114 94 17 236 1 4 117 116
15 Bamhani 430 256 174 47 208 0 170 0 0 1 4
16 Baniapatpur 95 27 68 19 6 23 45 0 0 2 0 17 Bansi 66 66 0 5 61 0 0 0 0 0 0
18 Bara 4856 3356 1500
1153
431 66 993 280 90 1492 351
19 Bareji 1213 1093 120 562 72 30 26 28 3 431 61
20 Barhana 497 187 310 111 37 145 135 10 25 29 5
21 Barki Puraini 177 132 45 96 11 0 21 12 13 13 11 22 Barupur 904 293 611 86 190 89 514 7 4 10 4
23 Basantpur 392 291 101 116 112 13 84 0 0 63 4 24 Bechanpurwa 211 152 59 146 0 0 59 0 0 6 0
25 Belahi 206 54 152 12 18 17 82 1 2 23 51
26 Bhaluha 331 86 245 62 10 8 232 0 0 14 5 27 Bharkhara 280 175 105 53 56 1 88 5 4 61 12
28 Bhataura Buzurg 7 7 0 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
29 Bhataura Khurd 1098 909 189 211 448 14 80 36 10 214 85 30 Bhawar Kol 333 276 57 140 57 29 26 10 0 69 2
31 Bhelupur 578 153 425 44 97 16 406 0 1 12 2 32 Bhitihara 620 497 123 224 139 0 104 1 4 133 15
33 Bijhaura 1151 538 613 275 186 39 507 2 16 75 51
34 Birpur 3053 2421 632 794 895 94 365 132 48 600 125 35 Bishunpur 26 20 6 15 0 3 0 0 0 5 3
36 Chak Bhago 276 221 55 76 140 2 45 0 8 5 0
37 Chak Mir Mohd. Bhawar Kol
4 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 0
38 Chaurahi 5 2 3 0 2 0 3 0 0 0 0
39 Chausa 2973 1935 1038 301 145 112 589 227 50 1262 287 40 Chhotki Puraini 262 89 173 4 37 5 164 2 1 46 3
41 Chilbila 606 372 234 248 109 16 161 0 0 15 57 42 Daulat Pur 15 15 0 3 9 0 0 0 0 3 0
43 Dehri 3303 1575 1728 478 839 296 1373 37 21 221 38
44 Deuriya 72 60 12 58 0 12 0 0 0 2 0 45 Dev Chand Pur 366 208 158 38 141 3 155 16 0 13 0
46 Dewasthapur 253 212 41 176 19 0 41 1 0 16 0
47 Dharmagatpur 9 6 3 0 6 0 3 0 0 0 0 48 Dhundhani 211 211 0 0 210 0 0 0 0 1 0
49 Ekdar 201 33 168 0 0 99 67 0 0 33 2 50 Firoj Pur 982 705 277 80 536 10 249 7 5 82 13
51 Gadaipur 57 49 8 37 0 1 0 0 0 12 7
52 Gahmar 7058 4399 2659
1700
1179
116 1396 207 317 1313 830
53 Gajarahi 79 79 0 66 2 0 0 0 0 11 0
54 Gobindapur 414 225 189 87 8 57 118 3 2 127 12 55 Gyani Chak 79 10 69 5 4 6 63 0 0 1 0
56 Hadipur 157 101 56 62 2 34 15 0 1 37 6
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S. No
Villages Working Population Agriculture Workers
Household Workers
Other Workers
Total MAIN MGN MCL MAL MGC MGA MHH MGH MOT MGO
57 Hakimpur 699 508 191 226 233 15 161 8 5 41 10 58 Haripur 439 218 221 47 5 19 77 8 2 158 123
59 Harnathpur 52 0 52 0 0 0 52 0 0 0 0
60 Hathauri 246 204 42 101 94 10 12 1 0 8 20 61 Hethua 1164 758 406 358 284 110 285 3 3 113 8
62 Holartikar 130 8 122 2 0 0 122 0 0 6 0 63 Husenpur 137 69 68 24 28 28 32 3 3 14 5
64 Isapur 43 39 4 27 8 2 2 0 0 4 0
65 Ismailpur 166 163 3 70 84 2 1 1 0 8 0 66 Itwa 21 21 0 12 9 0 0 0 0 0 0
67 Jagdishpur 18 10 8 7 0 7 1 0 0 3 0
68 Jagwal 145 59 86 0 57 3 64 1 11 1 8 69 Jaipura 375 9 366 0 1 3 360 0 0 8 3
70 Jamauli 1089 924 165 85 775 5 159 2 0 62 1
71 Jarigawan 301 154 147 69 66 66 62 3 12 16 7 72 Jivnrain Pur 339 126 213 0 107 0 25 17 183 2 5
73 Jokahi 134 86 48 19 45 1 14 2 1 20 32 74 Kadipur Kalan 219 77 142 70 4 37 103 0 0 3 2
75 Kamarpur 1303 846 457 347 299 194 249 3 0 197 14
76 Kamhariya 265 195 70 47 52 3 41 1 1 95 25
77 Kanak Narayanpur
410 334 76 60 180 39 5 24 4 70 28
78 Karhansi 992 866 126 502 312 25 95 13 0 39 6 79 kashipur 193 100 93 22 60 27 66 8 0 10 0
80 Kathaja 176 14 162 8 0 40 119 0 0 6 3 81 Kathtar 300 207 93 91 46 55 12 49 24 21 2
82 Khakrahi 336 166 170 122 5 38 130 1 0 38 2
83 Khelafatpur 504 279 225 107 64 14 133 24 49 84 29 84 Khemrajpur 73 40 33 3 33 2 29 2 1 2 1
85 Kishunipur 250 125 125 124 1 0 123 0 2 0 0
86 Kocharhi 883 733 150 173 246 9 132 7 0 307 9 87 Korarawa 104 75 29 24 38 8 14 0 1 13 6
88 Kudratipur 186 14 172 1 4 2 28 0 3 9 139
89 Kukurha 1801 1031 770 517 403 195 539 4 13 107 23 90 Kusahi 509 90 419 63 7 15 169 5 209 15 26
91 Kushahi 54 38 16 17 21 13 3 0 0 0 0 92 Kusiyra 61 40 21 2 33 0 21 4 0 1 0
93 Kusrupa 579 530 49 111 285 5 41 25 0 109 3
94 Kutubpur 284 276 8 117 70 1 1 7 0 82 6 95 Lahana 892 665 227 172 248 17 157 6 2 239 51
96 Larai 92 28 64 26 1 10 54 0 0 1 0
97 Lohandi 666 255 411 124 95 13 378 0 1 36 19 98 Loharpur 533 523 10 422 58 4 0 2 4 41 2
99 Lugra Sugra 81 77 4 17 52 1 1 0 0 8 2 100 Magarkhai 472 385 87 90 220 17 51 6 0 69 19
101 Makuriya 29 9 20 7 1 3 6 0 0 1 11
102 Malahipur 196 182 14 4 177 0 14 0 0 1 0 103 Malikpur Lazi 5 5 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 2 0
104 Mangolpur 464 344 120 155 170 13 37 1 0 18 70
105 Mangopur 123 7 116 1 1 6 110 0 0 5 0 106 Mangraon 1180 652 528 144 389 28 357 13 28 106 115
107 Mania 1021 828 193 205 380 17 158 16 3 227 15
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S. No
Villages Working Population Agriculture Workers
Household Workers
Other Workers
Total MAIN MGN MCL MAL MGC MGA MHH MGH MOT MGO
108 Marahi 186 181 5 13 141 0 4 1 0 26 1 109 Masarhia 65 65 0 59 1 0 0 0 0 5 0
110 Mitanpura 109 102 7 54 19 1 3 0 0 29 3
111 Mohanpurwa 173 172 1 14 149 0 0 0 0 9 1 112 Musar Dewa 151 131 20 65 23 2 2 2 1 41 15
113 Naniaura 276 107 169 78 16 2 167 1 0 12 0 114 Narainapur 203 191 12 84 17 0 0 3 0 87 12
115 Narbatpur 1668 698 970 168 204 133 553 22 14 304 270
116 Nasirpur Mirzabad
196 121 75 13 16 0 11 39 40 53 24
117 Nawagawan 272 177 95 63 94 46 47 0 0 20 2
118 Nikrojpur 383 362 21 74 274 1 18 0 0 14 2 119 Nizampur 6 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
120 Nyayapur 607 352 255 72 221 2 224 1 0 58 29
121 Paliya 766 534 232 134 379 89 139 4 0 17 4 122 Pathara 1314 842 472 440 235 5 339 27 76 140 52
123 Piprarh 453 335 118 122 142 16 74 32 19 39 9 124 Pithari 348 259 89 158 95 47 41 4 0 2 1
125 Puraina 92 87 5 59 11 3 2 4 0 13 0
126 Raisenpur 141 94 47 50 8 5 2 2 2 34 38 127 Rajapur 885 716 169 123 559 22 134 5 3 29 10
128 Raje Pah 2 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
129 Rajmal Bandh 44 40 4 22 18 0 2 0 1 0 1 130 Rampur Kanwa 7 5 2 5 0 0 2 0 0 0 0
131 Rasulpur 262 202 60 136 53 24 5 0 0 13 31 132 Rauni 621 610 11 114 393 0 8 10 0 93 3
133 Reka Khurd 111 104 7 2 95 0 0 1 7 6 0
134 Rohinibhavan 652 176 476 96 73 129 347 0 0 7 0 135 Rupapokhar 501 142 359 86 46 7 339 2 6 8 7
136 Sagrawan 747 509 238 365 92 106 99 11 6 41 27
137 Sahipur 281 161 120 62 90 0 119 0 1 9 0 138 Sakarahat 52 0 52 0 0 1 51 0 0 0 0
139 Samaria 12 8 4 0 1 0 0 3 2 4 2
140 Saraon 123 107 16 63 36 2 13 1 0 7 1 141 Sarenja 2417 1749 668 399 735 10 566 42 11 573 81
142 Sauri 248 91 157 49 34 54 101 3 0 5 2 143 Sauwanbandh 140 136 4 16 117 0 0 0 0 3 4
144 Shair T Gahmar 2063 1185 878 572 401 206 422 21 16 191 234
145 Shamar Pura 109 75 34 30 30 1 31 8 0 7 2 146 Sharifpur 70 48 22 39 0 22 0 0 0 9 0
147 Shukraulia 549 487 62 206 198 4 48 21 6 62 4
148 Sidhabandh 165 126 39 99 1 10 24 7 4 19 1 149 Sikraur 1828 1239 589 265 745 34 529 24 7 205 19
150 Sisrarh 1118 371 747 138 216 6 707 3 31 14 3 151 Sultanpur 10 9 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 7 1
152 Tandwa 259 241 18 108 95 4 5 13 3 25 6
153 Taranpur 186 161 25 29 101 1 18 3 0 28 6 154 Tikaitpur 4 4 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
155 Trawn 682 643 39 254 307 4 27 6 0 76 8
156 Trilochanpur 78 5 73 3 0 67 3 1 0 1 3 157 Uchitpur 31 2 29 2 0 4 23 0 2 0 0
158 Ujiarpur 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
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S. No
Villages Working Population Agriculture Workers
Household Workers
Other Workers
Total MAIN MGN MCL MAL MGC MGA MHH MGH MOT MGO
159 Umarpur 3 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 160 Utari 360 287 73 222 58 0 71 0 0 7 2
161 Wah Saroop 17 17 0 10 0 0 0 7 0 0 0
Total
81776
53035 2874
1 18716
20748
3625
19363
1745 1700 1182
6 4053
Total- Total Working Population, MAIN – Main Workers, MGN- Marginal Workers, MCL- Main Cultivators, MAL-Main Agricultural Labors, MGC- Marginal Cultivators, MGA- Marginal Agricultural Labors, MHH- Main Household Industry, MGH- Marginal Household Industry, MOT – Main Other Industry, MGO- Marginal Other Industry.
3.12.1.4. Education Indicators
In the study area about 71.8% of the total populations are literates, which is more than
the national literacy rate of 74.04%. The below table shows the higher rate of literacy
rate is observed in the areas and the rate of male literacy is more when compared with
the female literacy rate. Most of the villages in the study area are having primary
schools within the village, Middle schools and High schools are available within the
respective Panchayat. Higher education facilities such as colleges are present at the
average distance of 10km.
Table 3-21 Literacy pattern in the Study Area
S.No Villages Total
Literates
Total Literacy
Rate
Male Literates
Male Literacy
rate
Female Literates
Female Literacy
Rate
1 Akbarpur 247 61.0 152 73.1 95 48.2
2 Akhauripur 1446 74.8 813 82.3 633 67.0
3 Ami 35 97.2 17 94.4 18 100.0
4 Ashanandpur 5 83.3 4 100.0 1 50.0
5 Atraulia 248 80.8 146 89.6 102 70.8
6 Atrauna 1462 64.2 839 73.5 623 54.7
7 Badauli Adai 869 68.2 510 80.6 359 55.9
8 Badauli Mafi 239 57.9 152 69.4 87 44.8
9 Badihar Mafi 9 56.3 5 62.5 4 50.0
10 Baghelwa 493 68.5 322 84.5 171 50.4
11 Bahora Ta. Birpur
447 66.2 280 76.1 167 54.4
12 Bakainia 894 72.3 537 84.2 357 59.6
13 Balua Tapa Amlakh
214 52.1 148 70.5 66 32.8
14 Baluwa 1438 76.4 882 88.6 556 62.8
15 Bamhani 557 54.5 330 62.4 227 46.0
16 Baniapatpur 215 70.0 137 83.0 78 54.9
17 Bansi 55 40.7 42 59.2 13 20.3
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S.No Villages Total
Literates
Total Literacy
Rate
Male Literates
Male Literacy
rate
Female Literates
Female Literacy
Rate
18 Bara 13765 78.6 7628 86.7 6137 70.4
19 Bareji 1448 75.3 926 90.4 522 58.1
20 Barhana 721 77.6 405 87.5 316 67.8
21 Barki Puraini 686 85.8 398 95.2 288 75.4
22 Barupur 1008 70.1 645 86.9 363 52.2
23 Basantpur 948 76.8 542 86.2 406 67.1
24 Bechanpurwa 446 70.9 298 87.9 148 51.0
25 Belahi 496 69.2 312 84.8 184 52.7
26 Bhaluha 490 68.3 300 79.4 190 56.0
27 Bharkhara 617 73.7 357 85.4 260 62.1
28 Bhataura Buzurg 6 28.6 5 41.7 1 11.1
29 Bhataura Khurd 2091 73.6 1253 84.9 838 61.4
30 Bhawar Kol 522 71.7 312 85.0 210 58.2
31 Bhelupur 540 59.1 365 76.2 175 40.3
32 Bhitihara 1261 73.2 723 83.7 538 62.6
33 Bijhaura 1880 69.9 1119 80.6 761 58.4
34 Birpur 4496 62.6 2691 72.4 1805 52.1
35 Bishunpur 94 98.9 46 97.9 48 100.0
36 Chak Bhago 311 72.5 191 82.0 120 61.2
37 Chak Mir Mohd. Bhawar Kol
11 91.7 7 100.0 4 80.0
38 Chaurahi 3 33.3 1 20.0 2 50.0
39 Chausa 5807 77.9 3449 87.0 2358 67.5
40 Chhotki Puraini 528 66.0 328 81.8 200 50.1
41 Chilbila 801 55.2 526 68.4 275 40.3
42 Daulat Pur 45 84.9 21 95.5 24 77.4
43 Dehri 4485 69.0 2664 79.6 1821 57.8
44 Deuriya 225 89.6 121 94.5 104 84.6
45 Dev Chand Pur 489 66.6 326 78.7 163 50.9
46 Dewasthapur 701 71.6 414 82.5 287 60.2
47 Dharmagatpur 21 87.5 12 92.3 9 81.8
48 Dhundhani 205 66.3 128 82.1 77 50.3
49 Ekdar 488 88.1 287 97.6 201 77.3
50 Firoj Pur 1524 63.9 987 77.1 537 48.6
51 Gadaipur 127 85.2 62 93.9 65 78.3
52 Gahmar 17108 76.6 9897 86.4 7211 66.2
53 Gajarahi 260 98.5 136 99.3 124 97.6
54 Gobindapur 1035 84.2 587 91.7 448 76.1
55 Gyani Chak 158 63.5 107 81.7 51 43.2
56 Hadipur 330 84.2 196 94.7 134 72.4
57 Hakimpur 1519 72.1 895 83.3 624 60.4
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S.No Villages Total
Literates
Total Literacy
Rate
Male Literates
Male Literacy
rate
Female Literates
Female Literacy
Rate
58 Haripur 763 63.7 490 80.3 273 46.4
59 Harnathpur 2 3.2 1 3.1 1 3.3
60 Hathauri 562 77.7 349 89.3 213 64.2
61 Hethua 2047 75.9 1219 85.4 828 65.2
62 Holartikar 155 59.8 107 74.8 48 41.4
63 Husenpur 207 78.4 137 94.5 70 58.8
64 Isapur 123 84.2 77 92.8 46 73.0
65 Ismailpur 372 61.6 186 66.2 186 57.6
66 Itwa 20 55.6 10 62.5 10 50.0
67 Jagdishpur 24 60.0 14 58.3 10 62.5
68 Jagwal 32 13.4 23 17.8 9 8.2
69 Jaipura 508 68.4 321 79.7 187 55.0
70 Jamauli 1762 57.3 1135 68.8 627 43.9
71 Jarigawan 839 74.2 466 80.3 373 67.8
72 Jivnrain Pur 174 46.6 110 52.6 64 39.0
73 Jokahi 261 75.2 139 79.9 122 70.5
74 Kadipur Kalan 375 81.7 214 89.9 161 72.9
75 Kamarpur 1911 75.6 1142 86.8 769 63.4
76 Kamhariya 636 82.0 398 93.2 238 68.2
77 Kanak Narayanpur
886 80.8 523 89.2 363 71.2
78 Karhansi 2562 70.9 1525 79.4 1037 61.3
79 kashipur 241 77.0 134 88.2 107 66.5
80 Kathaja 439 73.3 269 82.3 170 62.5
81 Kathtar 377 56.6 262 75.1 115 36.3
82 Khakrahi 755 81.4 444 90.4 311 71.2
83 Khelafatpur 757 75.6 426 81.0 331 69.7
84 Khemrajpur 88 55.7 59 73.8 29 37.2
85 Kishunipur 332 83.6 197 93.8 135 72.2
86 Kocharhi 1319 63.8 834 77.7 485 48.7
87 Korarawa 243 63.4 144 74.6 99 52.1
88 Kudratipur 128 25.5 84 33.7 44 17.5
89 Kukurha 3298 69.9 1962 80.8 1336 58.3
90 Kusahi 236 35.2 133 40.9 103 29.9
91 Kushahi 140 70.4 95 85.6 45 51.1
92 Kusiyra 57 43.2 35 49.3 22 36.1
93 Kusrupa 1283 75.0 773 85.8 510 63.0
94 Kutubpur 627 69.7 376 80.0 251 58.4
95 Lahana 2105 71.4 1275 84.9 830 57.3
96 Larai 266 71.1 159 85.0 107 57.2
97 Lohandi 1041 73.0 645 87.9 396 57.1
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S.No Villages Total
Literates
Total Literacy
Rate
Male Literates
Male Literacy
rate
Female Literates
Female Literacy
Rate
98 Loharpur 1728 82.5 976 90.1 752 74.4
99 Lugra Sugra 214 71.1 141 87.0 73 52.5
100 Magarkhai 1319 76.6 810 86.5 509 64.8
101 Makuriya 86 86.0 47 92.2 39 79.6
102 Malahipur 283 72.0 178 88.1 105 55.0
103 Malikpur Lazi 16 84.2 10 100.0 6 66.7
104 Mangolpur 1205 75.0 684 82.5 521 67.1
105 Mangopur 157 64.9 97 78.2 60 50.8
106 Mangraon 1954 68.4 1196 80.8 758 55.2
107 Mania 2056 75.6 1170 86.3 886 65.1
108 Marahi 331 55.5 223 71.5 108 38.0
109 Masarhia 198 85.7 105 97.2 93 75.6
110 Mitanpura 202 57.7 121 67.2 81 47.6
111 Mohanpurwa 237 72.7 139 82.7 98 62.0
112 Musar Dewa 346 77.1 231 86.5 115 63.2
113 Naniaura 486 78.5 265 89.8 221 68.2
114 Narainapur 566 87.2 318 93.0 248 80.8
115 Narbatpur 2638 73.3 1621 86.4 1017 59.1
116 Nasirpur Mirzabad
340 94.7 209 97.2 131 91.0
117 Nawagawan 276 54.0 171 65.8 105 41.8
118 Nikrojpur 596 67.3 392 83.2 204 49.3
119 Nizampur 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
120 Nyayapur 1077 64.9 692 76.5 385 51.0
121 Paliya 886 64.8 591 78.0 295 48.4
122 Pathara 2147 74.0 1306 86.7 841 60.2
123 Piprarh 1073 73.6 630 81.2 443 65.0
124 Pithari 748 82.1 419 90.7 329 73.3
125 Puraina 155 62.5 98 73.7 57 49.6
126 Raisenpur 510 64.0 294 76.0 216 52.7
127 Rajapur 1140 66.3 690 77.9 450 54.0
128 Raje Pah 2 50.0 2 66.7 0 0.0
129 Rajmal Bandh 135 65.5 92 80.0 43 47.3
130 Rampur Kanwa 8 50.0 6 75.0 2 25.0
131 Rasulpur 490 70.2 290 85.0 200 56.0
132 Rauni 1343 82.2 762 91.1 581 72.9
133 Reka Khurd 251 66.6 155 80.3 96 52.2
134 Rohinibhavan 860 67.2 563 83.3 297 49.3
135 Rupapokhar 669 65.3 432 80.6 237 48.6
136 Sagrawan 1730 76.2 1056 86.8 674 64.0
137 Sahipur 442 74.4 267 82.7 175 64.6
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Chapter 3- Baseline Environmental Status
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S.No Villages Total
Literates
Total Literacy
Rate
Male Literates
Male Literacy
rate
Female Literates
Female Literacy
Rate
138 Sakarahat 88 44.0 65 59.6 23 25.3
139 Samaria 15 53.6 9 64.3 6 42.9
140 Saraon 310 76.9 193 86.9 117 64.6
141 Sarenja 4467 65.0 2693 74.6 1774 54.4
142 Sauri 379 65.6 251 79.4 128 48.9
143 Sauwanbandh 168 59.4 110 72.4 58 44.3
144 Shair T Gahmar 4223 71.0 2542 84.3 1681 57.4
145 Shamar Pura 180 65.2 118 82.5 62 46.6
146 Sharifpur 92 68.7 61 83.6 31 50.8
147 Shukraulia 1295 70.1 774 81.0 521 58.4
148 Sidhabandh 454 70.8 267 86.1 187 56.5
149 Sikraur 3018 75.4 1751 83.9 1267 66.1
150 Sisrarh 1525 69.1 904 80.5 621 57.3
151 Sultanpur 25 80.6 13 92.9 12 70.6
152 Tandwa 528 74.4 293 86.9 235 63.0
153 Taranpur 448 68.4 280 82.4 168 53.3
154 Tikaitpur 16 66.7 9 75.0 7 58.3
155 Trawn 1539 72.5 926 84.6 613 59.6
156 Trilochanpur 186 86.9 107 94.7 79 78.2
157 Uchitpur 15 33.3 12 46.2 3 15.8
158 Ujiarpur 4 66.7 4 100.0 0 0.0
159 Umarpur 11 78.6 6 85.7 5 71.4
160 Utari 808 73.4 485 85.5 323 60.5
161 Wah Saroop 29 64.4 18 78.3 11 50.0
Total 153245 71.8 91215 82.5 62030 60.3
Source: Census 2011.
Table 3-22 Summary Socioeconomic Indicators of the Study Area
S.No Particulars Study Area Bihar Uttar Pradesh
1 Study Area 161 Villages
Buxar, Chausa, Rajpur and Itarhi Taluks of Buxar
District
Mohammadabad and Zamania Taluk
of Ghazipur District
2 Total Households 39,710 1,89,13,565 3,34,48,035 3 Total Population 2,57,103 10,40,99,452 199812341 4 Sex Ratio 931 918 912
5 Children Population (<6 Years Old) 43,748 1,91,33,964 3,07,91,331
6 Children Sex Ratio 937 935 902 7 Urban Rural Ratio 0:100 11:89 22:78 8 SC Population 8.78% 15.91% 20.69% 9 ST Population 8.23% 1.28% 0.56%
10 Age at Marriage – Male 20-21 21.6 21.6
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S.No Particulars Study Area Bihar Uttar Pradesh
11 Age at Marriage – Female
18-19 17.6 18.4
12 BPL Households 40.3% 53.5% 37.7%
13 Working Group Population
31.8% 33.35% 32.93%
14 Main Workers 64.85% 61.51% 67.81% 15 Marginal Workers 34.15% 38.48% 32.18% 16 Agricultural Workers 76.36% 73.55% 59.25% 17 Household Industries 4.21% 4.06% 5.92% 18 Other Workers 19.41% 22.38% 34.82% 19 Institutional Birth Rate 60% 27.7% 24.5%
20 Childhood Immunization 70% 41.4% 30.3%
21 Sanitation Facilities 22.5% 21.41% 35.24% 22 Literacy Rate 71.8% 61.8% 67.68%
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4 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
4.1 General
The chapter presents identification and appraisal of various impacts due to the
proposed project during construction and operational phases and the mitigation
measures for impact identified. The environmental impacts are categorized as primary
and secondary. Primary impacts are those, which are attributed directly to the project
and secondary impacts are those, which are indirectly induced and typically include the
associated investment and changed pattern of social and economic activities by the
proposed action.
The plan outlines potential problems that may impact the environment and
recommends corrective measures where required. Mitigation measures at the source
level and an overall EMP for the study area are planned for implementation, to improve
the supportive capacity of the study area and also to preserve the assimilative capacity
of the receiving bodies.
4.2 Identification of Likely Impacts
Every activity and operation has either adverse or beneficial impacts on environment.
The environmental impact identification has been done based on proposed project
activities. All the activities from construction phase to operational phases of the project
have been broadly covered, which is given in Table 4.1 and 4.2.
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Table 4-1 Activity-Impact Identification Matrix for Construction Phase of the Proposed Project
Construction Phase Potential Impacts
Main Activities
Sub –Activities
La
nd
use
La
nd
sca
pe
La
nd
/so
il
En
vir
on
me
nta
l
Surf
ace
/ gr
ou
nd
W
ate
r re
sou
rce
s
Wa
ter
qu
ali
ty
Air
qu
ali
ty
Soli
d
wa
ste
Ge
ne
rati
on
Am
bie
nt
no
ise
Le
vel
Tra
ffic
a
nd
T
ran
spo
rt d
ensi
ty
Re
sou
rce
u
se
(En
erg
y)
Eco
logy
Soci
al e
con
om
ic
Cu
ltu
re/H
eri
tage
Agr
icu
ltu
re
in
the
surr
ou
nd
ings
Site Preparation Site Clearing & Cleaning Ground leveling Waste handling and its transportation Soil Compaction
Labour Deployment - Camp Siting
Construction of labour sheds to accommodate labour, Supply of water, Supply of fuel/energy, Waste handling & its disposal Sewage Disposal
Excavation Moving of Heavy Machinery Soil Extraction and Stacking, Soil Loading and Transportation For Disposal, Various Tools Like Crow Bar Foundations for heavy machinery installation Construction Power through onsite Diesel Generators
Material Handling &
Transportation and Unloading of material from trucks Storage &
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Construction Phase Potential Impacts
Main Activities
Sub –Activities
La
nd
use
La
nd
sca
pe
La
nd
/so
il
En
vir
on
me
nta
l
Surf
ace
/ gr
ou
nd
W
ate
r re
sou
rce
s
Wa
ter
qu
ali
ty
Air
qu
ali
ty
Soli
d
wa
ste
Ge
ne
rati
on
Am
bie
nt
no
ise
Le
vel
Tra
ffic
a
nd
T
ran
spo
rt d
ensi
ty
Re
sou
rce
u
se
(En
erg
y)
Eco
logy
Soci
al e
con
om
ic
Cu
ltu
re/H
eri
tage
Agr
icu
ltu
re
in
the
surr
ou
nd
ings
storage Handling of steel sheets, metals, Fabricated structure, Cement, Concrete, Bricks, Steel etc. Conveyance of material within the project site
Plant Building Construction
Transportation of material to construction site Preparation/ Mixing of construction material Supply of water Operation of construction machinery (like cranes, Concrete Mix Plant, Floor Developer, Forklift etc.). Handling and disposal of construction wastes Diesel Generator Operation
Erection of sheds, installation of Machinery Building Fittings
Erection of sheds – welding/ cutting onsite, Installation of heavy machinery, pumps, Mechanical installation and sand blasting, Electrical installation
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Construction Phase Potential Impacts
Main Activities
Sub –Activities
La
nd
use
La
nd
sca
pe
La
nd
/so
il
En
vir
on
me
nta
l
Surf
ace
/ gr
ou
nd
W
ate
r re
sou
rce
s
Wa
ter
qu
ali
ty
Air
qu
ali
ty
Soli
d
wa
ste
Ge
ne
rati
on
Am
bie
nt
no
ise
Le
vel
Tra
ffic
a
nd
T
ran
spo
rt d
ensi
ty
Re
sou
rce
u
se
(En
erg
y)
Eco
logy
Soci
al e
con
om
ic
Cu
ltu
re/H
eri
tage
Agr
icu
ltu
re
in
the
surr
ou
nd
ings
& Furnishing Drilling and Fixing, Painting/ White washes Disposal of Wastes (empty paint cans, containers, electrical waste, wooden and metal waste etc.)
Demobilization of Construction Equipment
Dismantling of temporary support construction structures/ Equipments, Removal of construction machinery Transportation of Construction/ Dismantled waste Site cleaning/ washings
Site Commissioning
Trials functioning of Production & Warehousing units, Conveying and packing system, Plumbic fixtures, Electrical gadgets, Fire fighting system, Effluent Treatment plant, etc.,
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Table 4-2 Activity – Impact Identification Matrix for Operation Phase of the Proposed Project
Operation Phase Potential Impacts
Main Activity Sub –Activities
Air
qu
ali
ty
Wa
ter
qu
ali
ty
Surf
ace
wa
ter
reso
urc
es
Gro
un
d w
ate
r re
sou
rce
s
La
nd
an
d s
oil
q
ua
lity
No
ise
qu
ali
ty
Tra
ffic
v
olu
me
Eco
logi
cal
Soci
o
eco
no
mic
A
spe
cts
Transportation of coal Transportation of Indian coal from wagons and imported coal through truck to coal handling plant
Point Source and Associated Environmental Impacts
Emission generated from stack
Fugitive emission Fugitive emissions are envisaged from handling and storage of coal in the stock yard, fly ash handling systems and transfer operations
Noise emission Generation of noise from boiler section areas, Loading & Unloading areas, Machineries and Vehicle Movement
Utilization of Water resources River Ganga water utilization for the plant operation
Wastewater generation Generation, Treatment and Disposal of effluent
Fly ash generation from Boiler Fly ash generation and disposal and transportation
Occupational Health Effects on human health in the plant and nearby area due to plant operations
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4.3 Impacts and Mitigation Measures during Construction Phase
Most of the construction phase activities would exhibit reversible and short term
impacts which can be readily controlled and mitigated through robust and scientifically
designed construction work-method statements as per the best engineering and
management practices.
4.3.1 Land Use
a) Predicted Impacts on land use
The land use of the area will be changed as the vegetation cover and household may be
disturbed. The land will be developed by leveling and grading. As the land is not rocky,
no blasting is envisaged. Apart from localized construction impacts at the plant site, no
significant adverse impacts on soil in the surrounding area are anticipated.
b) Mitigation Measures
Construction debris will be removed continuously from the site
Construction debris will be stored at a designated area to ensure they do not find
their way to water bodies.
The topsoil removed during construction phase shall be stored separately to be
used afterwards for green belt development and leveling of site.
On completion of works all temporary structures, surplus materials and wastes
will be completely removed Optimization of land requirement through proper
site lay out design will be basic criteria at the design phase;
4.3.2 Soil Quality
a) Predicted Impacts on Soil Quality
The construction activities will result in loss of vegetation cover and top soil of
negligible extent in the plant area. About 9 million tons of Soil will be sourced from local
area. As the land is not rocky, no blasting is envisaged. Apart from localized
construction impacts at the plant site, no significant adverse impacts on soil in the
surrounding area are anticipated.
b) Mitigation Measures
The topsoil requires proper handling like separate stacking so that it can
be used for greenbelt development.
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Oil trap for D.G set to prevent oil from damaging the soil.
Management of spilling of contaminants such as oil from equipment,
cement, etc. on the soil;
4.3.3 Air Quality
a) Predicted Impact on Air Quality
The movement of equipment at site, dust emitted during the leveling, grading,
earthworks, foundation works, vehicle movement on unpaved roads and other
construction related activities, exhaust emissions from diesel generators, vehicles and
other heavy construction equipment deployed at site will be the main sources of air
pollution during the construction period. Due to the short duration of the planned
action, any impacts on ambient air quality during construction activities are expected to
be short term.
b) Mitigation Measures
Transport vehicles and construction equipment / machineries will be
properly maintained to reduce air emissions
Equipment will be periodically checked for pollutant emissions against
stipulated norms
Exhaust vent of DG set will be kept at proper height to ensure quick dispersion
of gaseous emissions
Sprinkling of water on roads and construction site, sufficient vegetation are
some of the measures that would greatly reduce the impacts during the
construction phase.
Implementing proper upkeep and maintenance of vehicles, Pollution under
Control (PUC) certified vehicles will be used for transporting machinery.
4.3.4 Noise Levels
a) Predicted Impacts on Noise Quality
The activities such as foundation & infrastructure construction, plant erection will
produce periodic noise during construction phase. However, possible noise control
measures will be adopted and hence the impact of generated noise on the equipment is
likely to be temporary and insignificant.
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b) Mitigation Measures
D.G set to be used during construction phase shall be provided with acoustic
enclosures
Where applicable, hearing protection shall be provided to the workers and
their use by workers shall be enforced by contractors as well as site
management.
In the event construction noise levels at the facility boundary exceed the
industrial limit of 70 dB(A), temporary noise barriers would be installed to
minimize the overall noise related impacts on the neighbouring areas due to
construction activities
4.3.5 Predicted Impacts on Water Quality
a) Impact on Water Quality and Quantity
The wash water from construction equipment maintenance centre will contribute to oil
and grease concentration. The wastewater from temporary labor colony will contribute
to BOD concentrations. Wastewater from the labor colony and equipment washing if not
treated properly might damage the water quality in the nearby water bodies. STPL will
undertake proper mitigation measures to ensure nearby surface water bodies are not
polluted. The overall impact on water environment during construction phase is likely
to be short term and insignificant.
The groundwater will not be used during construction phase. The entire water
requirement will be met from river and hence impacts are not envisaged on the quantity
of groundwater. The wastewater from the construction site may find its way to
groundwater and pollute the same,
b) Mitigation Measures
Oil and grease trap at standby DG set site will be provided
As far as possible, the unskilled work-force will be sourced from the local
areas. Packaged Sewage Treatment Plant (STP)/septic tanks to treat sewage at
temporary construction workers’ colony shall be provided
Temporary sanitation facilities (soak pits/septic tanks/ Bio Toilets) will be set
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up to prevent contamination.
Since most of the construction work force will consist of floating population,
the demand for water and sanitation facilities will be low and it will be
managed by STPL
4.3.6 Solid and Hazardous Waste
a) Predicted Impacts of Solid and Hazardous Waste
The hazardous materials used during the construction may include diesel, welding gas
and paints. Construction sites handle small quantities of lube oils and diesel for running
the machine powered construction equipment. In case of spill of these materials, the soil
quality can get deteriorated and also in case of hazardous waste finding its way to the
water ways may pollute the surface and groundwater of the nearby areas.
b) Mitigation Measures
In order to avoid soil contamination due to accidental spills, it has been
recommended to provide spill absorbing material at the construction site and
the contaminated soil should be excavated and these materials shall be stored,
and disposed of to hazardous waste disposal sites according to the guidelines
specified.
Hazardous waste such as used oil generated during construction activities
shall be stored at designated paved area at site and shall be sent for disposal
to an authorized recycler.
Other solid waste generated during construction phase such as packaging
waste i.e. paper, plastic and etc., shall be collected in dedicated area and shall
be disposed off to an approved scrap dealer.
Special care will be taken during deliveries of construction materials,
especially when fuels and hazardous materials are being handled.
Care will be taken to avoid direct contact and spillage of painting waste
containing heavy metals during painting job. It is recommended to cover
ground with protecting sheets to avoid damage to soil and groundwater.
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4.3.7 Ecology and Biodiversity
a) Predicted Impacts on Ecology and Bio Diversity
There is no notified/protected ecologically sensitive area including national park,
sanctuary, Elephant/Tiger reserves existing in the study area. The study area comprises
of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem. Predicted impacts are given below:
Changes in activity pattern of terrestrial fauna due to Noise
Loss of vegetation due to access cutting and site preparation
Accidental discharge of waste water may create impact on aquatic ecology if
not handled properly.
The predicted impacts on the surrounding ecology during construction phase are not
very significant.
b) Mitigation Measures
Acoustic enclosures will be provided to the D.G sets being used during
construction phase to reduce the noise.
Green belt development using native species will provide habitat and food to
the birds and small animals.
STPL will avoid noise producing construction activities at night and also
unnecessary lighting at night to avoid any effect on avifauna.
4.3.8 Socio-Economic Impacts
There is no rehabilitation and resettlement for the proposed project. During
construction phase both direct and indirect employment will be generated. About 1000
people will work at the peak construction period. This will be beneficial to the local
economy. Hence no adverse impacts are envisaged during construction phase.
4.4. Impacts during operational phase
The possible impacts during thermal power plant operation on the environmental
attributes such as land use, soil quality, topography & climate, Ambient air quality,
water environment, noise levels, demographic & socio economics and health were
identified and presented briefly in report.
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In order to minimize the impact on climate change and harmonize the project
with the local eco system, an extensive green belt development program will be
adopted.
The water requirement for the power plant will be met from Ganga River and the
wastewater generated from the plant will be treated in an ETP to comply with
the norms of CPCB and the same will be used for plantation and green belt within
the plant premises during normal operations.
Acoustic enclosures will be provided to the turbines, generators and other
possible high noise producing equipments to reduce the transmission of noise to
the outside environment.
The overall impact on the socio economic environment will be beneficial as the
project increases the employment opportunities, increase the literacy rate,
improvement in socio-cultural environment of the study area.
The possible air emissions from the power plant for particulate matter, sulphur
dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen dioxide (NOX) are considered for predicting the Ground
Level Concentrations (GLC).
4.4.1. Land Use
The present land use of the area falls under both agriculture and undeveloped. After
proposed plant construction, land use will categorised as industrial so, there will not be
any adverse impact on the surrounding land use.
4.4.2. Air Quality
4.4.2.1. Point Source and Associated Environmental Impacts
Point source (stack gas) emissions are envisaged from the proposed 2x660 MW coal
based Thermal Power Plant. Stack gas emissions from the proposed Power Plant would
be constituted mainly of Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX) and Sulphur dioxide (SO2).
Based on the preliminary information provided in the project report, the coal
requirement for the proposed 2 x 660MW coal based Thermal Power Plant pro ject will
be met by local coal from Deocha-Pachami coal block to Bihar State Power Generation
Company Ltd which was recommended by Ministry of Coal (MoC). Deocha-Pachami coal
block is located in south western part of Birbhum coalfield. The coal allocation letter is
attached in Annexure 5.
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It is expected that the coal from Deocha Pachami coal block may be available after the
four years of operation and hence the imported coal will be used during the period. The
calorific value of the typical Indian coal is in about 3500 Kcal/kg whereas the calorific
value of the imported coal from Indonesia will be in the range of 5300 to 5500 Kcal/kg.
The estimated quantity of coal requirement based on 100% Indian coal and 100%
Imported coal (@90% plf) will be 20,400 TPD and 5600 TPD respectively.
The Impact on Ambient Air Quality due to the proposed project was updated as per the
currently allocated coal characteristics and the existing baseline conditions. It can be
inferred from the below table that the peak emissions are envisaged due to Indian Coal
Scenario. The ambient air quality modeling was carried out for worst case scenario
(Indian coal) of maximum sulphur content of 0.6% with adoption of new power plant
emission standards of 100 mg/nm3 of SO2, 100 mg/Nm3 of NOx and 30 mg/Nm3 of PM.
The model inputs for the prediction of impacts are summarized in Table 4.3.
Table 4-3 Air Quality Modeling Inputs
Parameter Units Based on Indian coal worst case Scenario from each 660 MW unit
Based on Imported coal worst case Scenario from each 660 MW unit
Calorific value of coal Kcal/Kg 3500 5300
Station heat rate Kcal/Kwh 2247.97 2100
Ash content %w/w 41 12
Sulfur content (max w/w) % 0.6 0.8
Coal consumption in each 660MW unit
TPH 425 262
Velocity of flue gas in each stack
m/s 22 14
Flue gas temperature ⁰C 125 50 Flue gas quantity from each plume
m3/hr 2574009 1571689
Flue gas at NTP Nm3/hr 1927273 1176792
Estimated Plume tip diameter
m 6.4 6.4
SO2 emission from each 660MW unit (uncontrolled emissions without FGD)
Kg/hr 5087 4184
SO2 concentration (without FGD)
mg/Nm3 2639 3556
SO2 concentration (with FGD) as per Standards
mg/Nm3 100 100
Minimum SO2 removal % 96 97
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Parameter Units Based on Indian coal worst case Scenario from each 660 MW unit
Based on Imported coal worst case Scenario from each 660 MW unit
required in FGD Resultant SO2 emission from each 660MW unit
Kg/hr 193 118
NOX emissions envisaged based on new standards
mg/Nm3 100 100
NOX emissions from each 660MW unit
Kg/hr 193 118
Particulate Matter emissions envisaged based on new standards
mg/Nm3 30 30
Particulate Matter emission rate from each 660MW unit
Kg/hr 58 47
Mixing heights play a vital role in predicting the ground level concentrations of the
pollutants. Mixing heights for the study area is obtained from “Atlas of Hourly Mixing
Height data” published by India Meteorological Data, New Delhi. The hourly averaged
mixing height pertaining to unstable ABL (Atmospheric Boundary Later) during the day
time (1000-1700 hrs) is seen to vary from a minimum of 640 m to a maximum of 1850
m.
Since the stack gas velocity is three times higher than that of the peak wind speed in the
area during the unstable environmental conditions, stack tip down-wash conditions are
not envisaged.
The site specific meteorological information indicated that, predominantly winds were
found to blow from east direction and hence the impact zone in the down wind direction
will be located in the west direction respectively. The input and output files used for
AERMOD modelling are enclosed in Annexure 11. In addition to the site specific data,
long term IMD data was also adopted for modelling.
4.4.2.2. Summary of the Air Quality Modeling Data
a) Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
The 2nd highest predicted 24 hrs Ground Level Concentration (GLC) of sulphur dioxide
will be in the order of 1.417µg/m3 and such concentrations will occur at a distance of
9km to 10km from the stack.
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The predicted concentrations were found to be insignificant which will get diluted
rapidly. The envisaged resultant post project concentrations (Table 4.4) in the down-
wind villages will be in the range of 12.2µg/m3 to 16.7µg/m3 during the post project
scenario, which will be below the prescribed NAAQ standards. The isopleths of SO2 is
given in Figure 4.1. Estimated Post Project Scenario of Resultant Sulphur Dioxide
Concentration as per IMD 30 Yrs data is given in Table 4.5.
Figure 4-1 Isopleths of SO2
Table 4-4 Estimated Post Project Scenario of Resultant Sulphur Dioxide Concentration (Study period: 17th May to 15th June 2016)
Location Station
Direction
from
Stack
Distance
from
Stack
(in km )
Sulphur Dioxide (µg/m³)
NAAQs
Standards GLCs
Average
Baseline as
per May –
June 2016
Post
Project
Scenario
AQ1 Sonpa Jalilpur WSW 4 0.196 11.1 11.296 80
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Location Station
Direction
from
Stack
Distance
from
Stack
(in km )
Sulphur Dioxide (µg/m³)
NAAQs
Standards GLCs
Average
Baseline as
per May –
June 2016
Post
Project
Scenario
AQ2 Banarpur NW 1.6 0.032 14.3 14.332
AQ3 Sikraul W 1.4 0.010 12.5 12.51
AQ4 Bechanpurva E 1.45 0.0 16.7 16.7
AQ5 Sarenja SSE 3 0.014 15.9 15.914
AQ6 Paliya SSW 6.8 0.992 11.2 12.192
AQ7 Dewasthapur E 8 0.051 16.3 16.351
AQ8 Chausa N 4.2 0.0142 15.5 15.5142
Table 4-5 Estimated Post Project Scenario of Resultant Sulphur Dioxide
Concentration (As per IMD 30 Yrs data)
Location Station
Direction
from
Stack
Distance
from
Stack
(in km )
Sulphur Dioxide (µg/m³)
NAAQs
Standards GLCs
Average
Baseline as
per May –
June 2016
Post
Project
Scenario
AQ1 Sonpa Jalilpur WSW 4 0.75 11.1 11.85
80
AQ2 Banarpur NW 1.6 0.10 14.3 14.40
AQ3 Sikraul W 1.4 0.96 12.5 13.46
AQ4 Bechanpurva E 1.45 0.00001 16.7 16.70
AQ5 Sarenja SSE 3 0.00001 15.9 15.90
AQ6 Paliya SSW 6.8 0.00074 11.2 11.20
AQ7 Dewasthapur E 8 0.014 16.3 16.31
AQ8 Chausa N 4.2 0.014 15.5 15.51
b) Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
The 2nd highest predicted 24 hrs GLC of NO2 will be in the order of 1.417µg/m3 and such
concentrations will occur at a distance of 9Km to 10Km from the stack. The
concentrations were found to get diluted rapidly. The envisaged resultant
concentrations in the down-wind villages (Table 4.6) will be in the range of 14.2µg/m3
to 19.2µg/m3 during the post project scenario, which will be below the prescribed NAAQ
standards. The isopleths of NO2 is given in Figure 4.2.Estimated Post Project Scenario of
Resultant Sulphur Dioxide Concentration as per IMD 30 Yrs data is given in Table 4.7
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Figure 4-2 Isopleths of NO2
Table 4-6 Estimated Post Project Scenario of Resultant Nitrogen Dioxide Concentration (Study period: 17th May to 15th June 2016)
Location Station
Direction
from
Stack
Distance
from
Stack
(in km )
Nitrogen Dioxide (µg/m³)
NAAQs
Standards GLCs
Average
Baseline
based on
May – June
2016
Post Project
Scenario
AQ1 Sonpa Jalilpur WSW 4 0.196 13.2 13.396
80
AQ2 Banarpur NW 1.6 0.032 16.0 16.032
AQ3 Sikraul W 1.4 0.010 14.8 14.81
AQ4 Bechanpurva E 1.45 0.0 19.2 19.2
AQ5 Sarenja SSE 3 0.014 17.5 17.514
AQ6 Paliya SSW 6.8 0.992 13.2 14.192
AQ7 Dewasthapur E 8 0.051 18.7 18.751
AQ8 Chausa N 4.2 0.0142 17.4 17.4142
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Table 4-7 Estimated Post Project Scenario of Resultant Nitrogen Dioxide Concentration (As per IMD 30 Yrs data)
Location Station
Direction
from
Stack
Distance
from
Stack
(in km )
Nitrogen Dioxide (µg/m³)
NAAQs
Standards GLCs
Average
Baseline
based on
May – June
2016
Post
Project
Scenario
AQ1 Sonpa Jalilpur WSW 4 0.75 13.2 13.95
80
AQ2 Banarpur NW 1.6 0.10 16.0 16.10
AQ3 Sikraul W 1.4 0.96 14.8 15.76
AQ4 Bechanpurva E 1.45 0.00001 19.2 19.20
AQ5 Sarenja SSE 3 0.00001 17.5 17.50
AQ6 Paliya SSW 6.8 0.00074 13.2 13.20
AQ7 Dewasthapur E 8 0.014 18.7 18.71
AQ8 Chausa N 4.2 0.014 17.4 17.41
c) Particulate Matter (PM)
The 2nd highest predicted 24 hrs GLC of PM will be in the order of 0.551µg/m3 and such
concentrations will occur at a distance of 9Km to 10Km from the stack. The
concentrations were found to get diluted rapidly. The envisaged resultant
concentrations in the down-wind villages (Table 4.8) will be in the range of 36.3µg/m3
to 47.3µg/m3 during the post project scenario, which will be below the prescribed NAAQ
standards. The isopleths of PM is given in Figure 4.3. Estimated Post Project Scenario of
Resultant Sulphur Dioxide Concentration as per IMD 30 Yrs data is given in Table 4.9
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Figure 4-3 Isopleths of PM
Table 4-8 Estimated Post Project Scenario of Resultant Particulate Matter Concentration (Study period: 17th May to 15th June 2016)
Location Station
Direction
from
Stack
Distance
from
Stack
(in km )
Particulate Matter (µg/m³)
NAAQs
Standards GLCs
Average
Baseline
based on May
– June 2016
Post
Project
Scenario
AQ1 Sonpa Jalilpur WSW 4 0.018 37.1 37.118
100
AQ2 Banarpur NW 1.6 0 42.2 42.2
AQ3 Sikraul W 1.4 0. 42.1 42.1
AQ4 Bechanpurva E 1.45 0.001 47.3 47.301
AQ5 Sarenja SSE 3 0 44.5 44.5
AQ6 Paliya SSW 6.8 0.057 36.3 36.357
AQ7 Dewasthapur E 8 0.001 46.3 46.301
AQ8 Chausa N 4.2 0 43.4 43.4
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Table 4-9 Estimated Post Project Scenario of Resultant Particulate Matter Concentration (As per IMD 30 Yrs data)
Location Station
Direction
from
Stack
Distance
from
Stack
(in km )
Particulate Matter (µg/m³)
NAAQs
Standards GLCs
Average
Baseline
based on May
– June 2016
Post
Project
Scenario
AQ1 Sonpa Jalilpur WSW 4 0.29 37.1 37.39
100
AQ2 Banarpur NW 1.6 0.04 42.2 42.24
AQ3 Sikraul W 1.4 0.37 42.1 42.47
AQ4 Bechanpurva E 1.45 0 47.3 47.30
AQ5 Sarenja SSE 3 0 44.5 44.50
AQ6 Paliya SSW 6.8 0.0002 36.3 36.30
AQ7 Dewasthapur E 8 0.005 46.3 46.31
AQ8 Chausa N 4.2 0.005 43.4 43.41
4.4.2.3. Summary of the Air Quality Modeling Results
Based on the findings of the detailed air quality modelling exercise, it has been inferred
that the resultant cumulative concentration at the nearby villages will comply with the
NAAQ Standards. Insignificant rise in the background ambient air quality levels is
envisaged within the study area. Since there are no ecologically sensitive locations
present in the down-wind direction of the Project site, environmental risks due to
release of emissions from the proposed 2x660MW coal based thermal power plant will
be insignificant. The summary of the predicted GLCs is predicted in Table 4.10.
Table 4-10 Summary of the predicted GLCs and Post Project Scenario
Parameter Baseline (µg/m³)
Predicted GLCs (µg/m³)
Resultant Post Project scenario
(µg/m³)
NAAQs Standard
PM10 36.3 to 47.3 0.0 to 0.057 42.1 to 47.301 100 SO2 11.1 to 16.7 0.0 to 0.992 11.296 to 16.351 80
NOx 13.2 to 19.2 0.0 to 0.992 13.396 to 19.20 80
4.4.2.4. Mitigation Measures for Reduction of Emissions at Source
Particulate Matter Emissions: As per the latest MoEF & CC Notification dated 7th
December 2015, all the new thermal power plants to be commissioned from 1st January
2017 shall achieve the stringent emission levels of 30 mg/Nm3 of particulate matter as
against the current levels of 50 mg/Nm3. In order to meet such stringent standards, high
efficiency electrostatic precipitators (ESP) shall be installed. Table 4.11 shows the
possible peak emission load on the ESPs. Each flue gas line of the boiler will be passed
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through two parallel ESPs with a total four ESPs in the proposed 2x660MW power
plant. In general about 20 to 25% of the fly ash generated from the boiler will be
collected at the economizer and super-heater stages of the boiler, and the remaining 75
to 80% of the fly ash will reach ESPs. However for the purpose of the design of the ESPs,
STPL has considered a peak fly ash load of 85% of total fly ash on the ESP. Typical dust
load on the ESP and envisaged collection efficiencies are presented in Table 4.11.
Figure 4-4 Layout of the ESPs in the proposed 2x660MW Power Plant
Table 4-11 Envisaged Peak Fly Ash Load on the ESPs
Description Units Based on Indian coal (worst case
coal)
Based on Imported
coal
Total fly ash generation in each boiler TPH 174 31
Fly ash collected in economizer and air pre-heater etc
TPH 9 2
Peak fly ash load on the ESPs TPH 165 29
Fly ash load on each ESPs TPH 53 10
Flue gas quantity through each ESP Nm3/hr 19,30,000 19,30,000
Dust concentration - inlet to ESP g/Nm3 27.5 5.2 Dust concentration outlet of ESP (new standards)
g/Nm3 0.03 0.03
ESP efficiency % 99.89 99.42
The electrostatic precipitator design depends on the ash characteristics in terms of
quality and quantity and the gas volume to be treated. It also requires proper sizing and
optimizing the precipitator efficiency for performance. The precipitator performance
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depends on several factors such as specific gas volume and the dust load, gas flow rate,
particle size and size distribution, particle resistivity, gas temperature, collecting plate
and discharge electrode geometry, electrode spacing, current and voltage, and rapping
system and frequency.
4.4.2.5. Installation of Flue Gas Desulphurizing system (FGD) for Sulfur Dioxide
Emissions
The estimated SO2 emissions from a typical 2x660MW unit will be in the order of
~2639mg/Nm3 without any control measures in the flue gas depending on the coal
quality. As per the new power plant emission regulations, SO2 levels in the flue gas shall
be maintained less than 100 mg/Nm3. This means, suitable post combustion control
technologies shall be adopted to achieve at least 96% SO2 reduction efficiency. Flue Gas
Desulphurizing system (FGD) is the technology used for removing sulfur dioxide (SO2)
from the exhaust combustion flue gases of power plants that burn coal or oil to produce
steam for the turbines that drive their electricity generators.
The flue gas after the treating in the ESP will be subjected to scrubbing using lime
solution. Lime and limestone wet FGD systems are the mainstay of SO2 emission control
throughout the world. In the systems, SO2 removal is accomplished by recirculation
anaqueous slurry of lime or limestone in an absorber vessel to affect intimate contact
with the flue gas. Current state-of-the-art systems offer significantly improved
performance compared to the first-generation FGD systems. The largest single
improvement has been the development of sulfite oxidation control. Scale formation in
the early systems tended to occur as the result of uncontrolled crystallization of the
naturally oxidized product calcium sulfate (CaSO4•2H2O [gypsum]) from the
recirculating slurry. The blocky gypsum crystals typically represented 15 to 50 mol % of
the absorbed SO2 and, when intermingled with those of unoxidized calcium
sulfite(CaSO3• 1/2H2O) platelets in the slurry, were responsible for much of the
difficulty in dewatering. For limestone systems, blowing air into the slurry to force
oxidation to near 100% provides seed crystals that minimize scaling, while at the same
time producing more homogeneous slurries that dewater to concentrations in excess of
90% solids. For these reasons, the Limestone Forced Oxidation (LSFO) system has
become the preferred technology worldwide. Boiler manufacturers such as Alsthom,
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Babcock & Wilcox Power Generation Group, Inc etc are supplying such system. Typical
view and flow diagram of FGD systems is given in Figure 4.5 & 4.6.
Source: Babcock & Wilcox Power Generation Group, Inc
Figure 4-5 Typical View of a FGD System
Figure 4-6 Typical Process Flow Diagram of FGD System
4.4.2.6. Mercury abatement as co-benefit of reduction of NOx , SO2 and dust
Mercury is present as trace element in coal. When the coal is burnt in thermal power
plants, the mercury available in coal is released. Once released, the mercury is either
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evaporated in the atmosphere; some part is trapped in pollution control instruments
like electrostatic precipitator, bag etc and the rest goes with the bottom and fly ash. The
small level of mercury can be tolerated without much harmful effects. The new thermal
power plant emissions standards limit the Hg emission from coal based thermal power
plants to 30 µg/Nm3, whereas the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, USA
has suggested a threshold level of 100 µg/Nm3 in the ambient air.
A detailed study undertaken by a research group indicated that the Mercury content in
Indian coals was found to vary between 0.003 and 0.34 mg/Kg with the mean value
being 0.14 mg/Kg. The average mercury concentration in the flue gas at the outlet of
ESP would be in range of 5 and 15 μg/Nm3. Significant portion of mercury present in
feed coal have been found to be associated with fly ash. Speciation of mercury in flue gas
shows that proportion of elemental mercury is much higher than oxidized mercury
(ref)6.
Mercury emissions from coal-fired boilers can be controlled through proposed
measures for removing particulate Matter (PM), Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen
oxides (NOx). The Hg (P) fraction is typically removed by ESP, particulate control
device. The Hg(2+) portion is water soluble and therefore a relatively high percentage
can be captured by wet flue gas desulphurization (FGD) system. The Hg(O) fraction is
generally not captured by proposed air pollution control device.
STPL has proposed to install lime based scrubbing system for the combined control of
SO2 and Mercury emissions. Hence the envisaged Mercury levels in the proposed power
plant will be less than 1 μg/Nm3. Considering a peak gas volume of 19,30,000 Nm3/hr
from each boiler, the estimated controlled Hg emissions from the proposed power plant
will be less than 4 g/hr hour which is insignificant. The predicted ground level
concentration of Hg will be in the order of 0.03 Nano Grams/m3, which is several folds
lower than that of the occupational health standard of 100,000 Nano Grams/m3.
6 Mercury Emissions from Coal Fired Power Plants of India - Case Study, Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, International Journal of Energy, Sustainability and Environmental Engineering Vol. 2 (1), September 2015, pp. 21-24,
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4.4.2.7. Radio Activity of Coal
Based on the published information, it is inferred that radioactivity of the Indian coals
Coal, like most materials found in nature, contains trace quantities of naturally
occurring radionuclides, 238U, 232Th and 40K. A typical study by group research
institutions (ref)7 indicated average radon activity was reported to be in the range of
222 to 670 Bqm-3, which is less than that of the values reported in other coals found in
other countries. Another study conducted a research indicated that the average activity
concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in feed coal was reported to be in the order of
10.46±5.24, 23.50±10.88 and 232.23±131.94 Bqkg-1 respectively. The study concludes
that the measured values were compared with other literature values. The radium
equivalent activity of Indian coal samples were less than 370 Bqkg-1 and external
hazard indices were less than unity. Therefore, there is no probability of immediate
health effect on workers and public due to natural radioactivity present in coal (ref)8.
4.4.3. Fugitive Coal Dust Emissions and Associated Environmental Impacts
Fugitive emissions are defined as irregular and non point source emissions that would
be generated either from process operations or bulk material handling facilities. In the
current scenario, the proposed facility fugitive emissions may be released due to
handling of coal at the coal stock-yard. A dedicated water sprinkling system along with
proper enclosures will be used at the coal handling facilities in order to control the
fugitive dust emissions. Thus the envisaged fugitive coal dust emissions in the facility
will be reduced by 90%.
As a part of this EIA study, an attempt was made to estimate the wind -borne dust
emissions due to storage and handling coal at the stock yard within the plant site.
USEPA Published emission factor guidelines were adopted for estimating coal dust
emissions. The dispersion of the dust particle is dependent on the surface wind velocity
and the total dust emission per ha of the storage area is estimated using the factor 1.8U
7 Measurement of radon activity in fly ash samples from NTPC Dadri, India, Department of Physics, SV(PG) College, Aligarh, Department of Applied Physics, ZH College of Engineering and Tech, Aligarh and others, Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Physics, Vol 48, July 2010 8 Natural Radioactivity of Feed Coal and Its by-products in Barapukuria 2×125 MW Coal Fired Thermal Power Plant, Dinajpur, Bangladesh, IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP), Volume 5, Issue 6 (Jan. 2014), PP 32-38
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Kg/ha/hr (ref)9; where U is the mean wind velocity in m/s. The emission factor for the
typical diameter of 10 microns is derived by the particle size distribution data (ref10)
which is about 10% of the total dust emitted from the coal pile. The following inputs
were considered for estimating the coal dust emissions:
S. No. Particulars Units Value
1 Number of Coal Transfer Wagons Nos. 356 2 Total coal to be handled TPD 20,400 3 Coal Storage Area Sq. m 52500 4 Wind Borne dust from coal Storage areas Kg/Ha/hr 0.00015
5 Emissions due to dust control techniques (90% control)
Kg/Ha/hr 0.000015
6 PM10 emissions as per Particle Size Distribution (10% of total dust emitted)
Kg/Ha/hr 0.0000014
4.4.3.1. Fugitive Dust Modeling Output
By adopting the various fugitive dust control measures ensuring 90% dust emission
reduction, the predicted GLCs of particulate matter due to controlled fugitive dust
emission from coal yard at the facility boundary can be reduced to 35.4µg/m3. It is
inferred from the model output that the dust concentrations at the plant boundary is
not exceeding 10µg/m3. The concentration isopleths is presented in Figure 4.7 and
Figure 4.8. Hence the overall impacts due to fugitive dust emissions from handling coal
will be significantly minimized.
9Emission Factor Development – Western Surface Coal Mining, Chapter 11 10Particle Size Distribution Data and Sized Emission Factors for Selected Sources US-EPA, AP 42 Appendix B.1
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Figure 4-7 Predicted 24-Hrs GLC’S of PM10 due to Controlled Fugitive Dust
Emissions from Coal Stock Yard (Google Image – 5KM radius)
Figure 4-8 Predicted 24-Hrs GLC’S of PM10 due to Controlled Fugitive Dust
Emissions from Coal Stock Yard (Plant Layout)
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4.4.4. Fugitive Dust Control Management
Fugitive emissions from the proposed power project are envisaged from handling and
storage of coal in the stock yard, fly ash handling systems and transfer operations. A
detailed discussion on the coal handling and fly ash handling units are presented in
chapter 2. It can be noted that the bag filter ventilation systems are proposed for the
coal crusher unit, coal transfer units and coal storage silo. Hence major fugitive
emissions are envisaged from wind borne dust in the coal storage area, especially
during the unloading and load operations and open high wind erosion. The predicted
ground level concentrations due to fugitive coal dust emissions from the storage area
and handling area were reported to be about 5 µg/m3 at power plant boundary. Water
sprinklers will be installed to achieve a minimum discharge of about 15 m3/acre/hr to
maintain the moisture content of the top layer coal in the order of 20%. Treated cooling
water blow down will be used for coal dust suppression. The rate of water application of
the sprinklers will be equivalent to that of the evaporation loss and certain amount of
absorption on to the coal for further processing. Water sprinklers will be available in
the range of 25 to 50m radius of influence with a water flow rate of 3 to 20 liters/sec
with a working pressure of 4 to 6 bar. Selection of the sprinkler type and number of
sprinklers will be decided based on the coal yard layout. Typical sprinkler arrangement
is shown in Figure 4.9 and Figure 4.10.
Figure 4-9 Coal Dust Suppression Sprinklers Arrangements
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Figure 4-10 Typical View of Dust Suppression Sprinklers
(for Illustration Only)
4.4.5. Traffic related Impacts
The impacts due to the proposed thermal power plant related traffic movement such as
heavy duty trucks carrying Coal and Fly Ash were identified based on Passenger Car
Unit (PCU) factor. The PCU factors considered for this study were referred from the
Journal of Indian Roads Congress (IRC), 65(1), September 2004 (ref11). The total
incremental rise in the prevailing PCU’s volume due to the proposed vehicular
movement from the power plant is estimated and shown in Table 4.12.
Table 4-12 Proposed Vehicular Movement in Terms of PCU’s per Day
Type of Vehicles
Number of Vehicles per
day (one way)
Number of Vehicles per day
(Round Trip)
PCU – Conversion Factor (ref)4
(considering the road with 0%
gradient)
Total Volume in PCU’s/day
Fly Ash trucks with a capacity of 10Tons
530 1060 3.1 3286
Other material trucks with a capacity of 20 Tons 50 100 3.1 310
Passenger cars 100 200 1.0 200
Total vehicle movement in the Proposed service road
680 1360 3.1 3796
As per the proposed vehicular moment, only Passenger trucks, Fly Ash trucks and
passenger cars are envisaged. It can be inferred from the Table 3.6 that the total
vehicular movement due to the proposed project will be about 1360vehicles/day (to
11Satish Chandra, “Capacity Estimation Procedure for two -lane roads under mixed traffic conditions”, Journal of Indian Roads Congress, 65(1), September 2004, pp. 139 – 171.
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and fro). The corresponding PCU’s is estimated to be 3796/day (158 PCU’s/hr). As per
IRC: 64-1990, the design service volume for a two-lane rural road in plain terrain is
about 2400-3000 PCUs/hr. Hence the impact of additional traffic moment due to the
proposed power plant is insignificant.
4.5. Noise Levels and Impacts
4.5.1. Impact Assessment
The major noise emitting sources from the proposed coal based Thermal Power Plant is
presented in Table 4.13. Low noise generating equipment will be considered for the
project wherever applicable as per the recommended standards and guidelines. Some of
the major noise generating equipment will be housed inside the room with an average
wall thickness of 230 mm to attenuate noise emissions. According to the Noise Control
Handbook (ref12), a 230 mm brick wall will provide a noise reduction level of about 20
dB(A) across the wall. Considering such a reduction, the overall noise levels outside the
power Boiler will comply with work-zone and industrial noise level standards.
Table 4-13 Envisaged Equipment Noise Levels (Sound Pressure Levels)
Equipment Noise Levels in dB(A)
Steam turbine - outside the room 80
Boiler feed pumps 85
Boiler FD fans 85
Coal pulverizer etc 85
Boiler ID fans 85
Natural draft Cooling towers 75
According to the environmental regulations, industrial facilities should adopt sound
noise abatement and control program to meet the following criteria. Sound pressure
levels at the property boundary should be less than 55 dB(A) during daytime hours and
45 dB(A) during night time hours. Noise levels near the work-zone areas should comply
with a maximum permissible level of 85 dB(A). As a part of this EIA study, a detailed
noise propagation modeling was undertaken to establish the abated noise levels at the
facility boundary. Noise propagation from the above mentioned equipment and process
units have been modeled based on the international outdoor noise propagation
standards.
12 7: Acoustics and Noise Control Handbook for Architects and Builders, Leland K. Irvine Roy L. Richards
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ISO 9613-1:1996 Acoustics- attenuation of sound during propagation outdoors- Part 1:
Calculation of the absorption of sound by the atmosphere
ISO 9613-2:1996 Acoustics- attenuation of sound during propagation outdoors- Part 2:
General method of calculation
Noise propagation software model, Noise Sim Version 2.1 has been used for estimating
the sound pressure levels due to cumulative dispersion of noise emissions from all the
designated sources. The primary inputs required for the noise propagation modelling
are equipment noise Power Levels (Lw-dB), coordinates of the noise emitting sources,
acoustical characteristics of the walls and barriers etc, if any, and environmental
parameters such as relative humidity, wind speed, ambient temperature and typical
terrain characteristics.
Paved concrete surface has been considered in the present scenario to represent
maximum ground reflection. Noise source radiates power P and this result in a sound
pressure p. Sound power is the cause – Sound pressure is the effect. Sound Power is a
measure of total energy per unit time emitted by the source in all directions. Sound
pressure is a measure of the pressure at the receiver’s location. Sound Pressure is
dependent on the acoustic environment, which is generally referred to as acoustic
impendence (c).
The factors involved include the effects of nearby reflecting surfaces, receiver distance,
type of space, the amount and location of absorption in the space, the location in the
space, the presence of barriers, and the intrusion of ambient sounds. The relationship
between Sound Pressure Level (Lp) and Equipment Sound Power Level (Lw) can
express in the following equation. Both Lp and Lw are expressed as dB.
Lp : Sound Pressure Level
Lw : Sound Power Level
r : Distance from the equipment at which the Lp is measured (generally 1m)
Wref : Reference power level (10-12 watts)
41020 21010
ref
ref
P
cWLogrLogLwLp
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Pref : Reference pressure level (2x10-5 N/m2)
c : Acoustic impedance (rays)
Predicted sound pressure levels due to the proposed power plant operation are
presented in Figure 4.11. It can be inferred from the modeled data that the sound
pressure levels at the facility boundary will below 55 dB(A), which is well within the
stipulated threshold noise level of 75 dB(A) for industrial areas. Noise levels outside the
facility boundary will be further attenuated due to the proposed green belt all along the
plant boundary.
Figure 4-11 Predicted Noise Levels due to the Proposed Power Plant Operation
4.5.2. Mitigation Measures for Noise
4.5.2.1. Equipment Noise
To achieve the noise limitations around the equipment, the main measures taken shall
be as follows:
Each feed water pump sets shall be covered by a separate enclosure,
Each coal crusher shall be covered by a separate hood, small units like
condensate and vacuum pumps, shall be designed so as to limit noise emission,
Bypass valve, the de-superheater and the relevant piping shall be covered with
acoustic insulation.
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During maintenance/inspection works, the personnel will wear ear protections.
4.5.2.2. Far Field Noise
To achieve the far field noise limitations, the following main measures shall be taken, as
appropriate for that purpose:
Low noise fans may be considered to ensure that the overall noise levels should
not exceed a level of 85 dB(A) at 1m from the Cooling tower area
Steam turbines will be housed in a dedicated room with walls with Noise
Reduction Rate of 45 dB(A) so that the noise levels outside the room can be
maintained below 75 dB(A).
The steam generator draught fans, the electrostatic precipitators and the air
heaters will be designed to limit noise emission,
Steam vent pipes will be fitted with silencers,
Noise levels will be periodically monitored and necessary steps for reduction of
noise levels will be taken up.
Lining of chutes in coal handling plant for noise absorption.
Use of personal protective devices i.e., earmuffs and earplugs by workers,
working in high noise activity centre.
4.6. Water Environment
4.6.1. Impact
No ground water source will be tapped for meeting the water requirements during
operation of proposed plant. The water requirement of the project will be met from
River (Ganges) which is very near to the proposed project site. Detailed water drawl
study has been undertaken inorder to confirm the availability of requisite quantity of
make-up water for the proposed project and to suggest most suitable location of intake
considering its suitability for continuous drawl of water for 25 years at minimum water
level, maximum water level of river at intake location.
The river Ganga caries 94.0 cumec as absolute minimum discharge and 23.00 cumec as
90% dependable minimum discharge which is sufficient as compared to water
requirement of the proposed project.
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The river flows along its right bank during lean season and the proposed thermal power
project is also located on the right bank. So, it is an ideal condition for provision of
intake structure and its access. Since the deep channel of the river is very close to its
right bank, single well type intake structure has been considered suitable for lifting
water from the river to supply to project.
The estimated cooling water requirement for the plant, (Fire fighting system, ash
handling system, service water system, general use, staff colony, etc.,) will be in the
order of 3265m3/hr, which is meeting the stipulated water consumption limit of 2.5
m3/MW suggested in the MOEF&CC standards.
The proposed power plant will completely treat and reuse the wastewater from the
power plant. About 720 m3/day of wastewater from various sources will be reused in
the facility for make-up water requirements. About 70 m3/hr (~1700 m3/day) sewage
will be treated in a dedicated sewage treatment plant and will be used for greenbelt,
plantation and horticulture applications within the facility. Therefore the proposed
facility will not discharge any wastewater into natural water bodies. In order to achieve
a sustainable wastewater recycling program, a dedicated RO module has been
considered for reusing the treated wastewater for cooling tower make up requirements.
The Cooling Tower Blow Down will be used for coal handling dust suppression, ash
slurry system and gardening purposes. The cooling water system will comprise of
Natural draft counter flow type cooling towers with cooling tower basin, circulating
water pumps and cooling water piping. Closed Cooling Water system (DM Cooling
water) for turbine and steam generator auxiliaries will consists of 3x50% capacity plate
type heat exchanger out of which two will be working and one will be standby and
3x50% capacity auxiliary cooling water pumps will be utilized. The entire plant water
requirements will be met from the river water. The water balance of the power plant is
given in Annexure 7.
4.6.1.1. Mitigation Measures
The source of water for the project would be river water. River water is required for
make-up to the closed cycle re-circulation system of condenser cooling. Water for
process, service and drinking will be treated water. It is envisaged to utilize cooling
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water blow down and treated wastewater from various sources for ash handling and
coal handling purposes.
The meandering and bank erosion being as natural phenomenon in an alluvial river, anti
erosion measures will be taken. To protect the pump house and the bank slopes it is
proposed to provide 15mx1.5m boulder launching apron in wire crates.
The following measures will be taken up:
River water for condenser cooling water system make-up will be drawn for the
river through a suitable intake and pumping arrangement without affecting
aquatic life.
The water demand in the existing facility will be maintained as low as 2.5
m3/MWHR as against the current nation’s average of 4 m3/MWHR. This will be
achieved by reducing increasing the cycles of concentration in the cooling towers
and also utilization of the cooling tower blow-down water for bottom ash
quenching and ash disposal to ash pond area.
Based on the long term Ganga River water quality data published by Bihar Envis
Centre, it noted that the TDS, hardness and silica levels in the river water in the
Bihar region was found to vary between 150 to 300 mg/l, 90 to 150 mg/l and
less than 10 mg/l respectively. The values were found to vary with season. Based
on this information, it has been estimated that the facility will be able to achieve
about 5, 4 and 8 cycles of concentration in the cooling tower based on the TDS,
Hardness and silica levels in the intake water quality. In order to achieve a
minimum of 5 cycles of concentrations, a suitable Reverse Osmosis (RO) based
system for the treating the feed water reduce the TDS and hardness load on the
cooling towers. By maintaining the feed water TDS to the level less than 100ppm,
the cycles of concentration can be increased to as high as 8 thereby reducing the
blow down quantities by two folds. This will help to achieve the new power plant
standards of 2.5 m3/MWHR of fresh water demand for power plants.
Installation of RO plants also will help to reduce the use of acid and alkali use at
the DM plants and thereby reduction of TDS loads on the wastewater treatment
facilities. The opportunities for recycling of treated wastewater from the power
plant will enhance significantly.
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4.6.2. Wastewater Treatment
Waste Water Treatment system envisaged will cover all the plant waste water which
are to be disposed. Wastewater collected from other sources (cooling water system,
plant services, boiler blow down, washing area run-off and sanitary wastewater etc)
will be treated in a dedicated ETP (neutralization and clari-floculator) and will be
collected in a central monitoring basin with a 24 hours holding capacity.
The wastewater generated from the plant will be treated in an Effluent Treatment Plant
(ETP) to comply with the norms of CPCB.
It has been estimated that about 600 m3/hr of cooling tower town blow down will be
used as make up water for bottom ash handling and wet fly ash transport during the
emergency operations, FGD and fly ash conditioning. This waster will be subjected
evaporation in the evaporation pond.
RO system for ZERO discharge concept: Reverse Osmosis (RO) plant is proposed
to produce 200 to 300 m3/hr permeate. Cooling tower blow down (CTBD) water shall
be used as feed water to RO plant. The purpose of RO system is to remove the dissolved
solids from the water to produce specified quantity of CW make up. Reject water from
RO trains shall be led to CHP dust suppression tank.
A dedicated sewage treatment plant will be constructed to treat the sewage generated
from the colony and also main plant and the treated sewage will be utilized for
greenbelt development and horticulture applications within the plant. The proposed
STP will be designed to meet the new discharge standards (BOD: 20 mg/l and COD: 150
mg/l).
There are no significant adverse impacts identified on water resources and wastewater
and drainage.
4.7. Flood Risk Impact
4.7.1. Flood Scenario at the Project Site and Risk Mitigation Measures
Flood in the Bihar state are a common phenomenon since ancient times. Southern part
of Bihar (including Buxar district), on the other hand, is drained by rivers that are
largely rainfed, having their origins either in the Vindhyachal Hills or in the Hills of
Chotanagpur and Rajmahal. These rivers are either dry or have scanty discharges in
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non-monsoon months. Karmanasa, Sone, Punpun, Kiul, Badua, Chandan are the
important rivers of this region. It can be observed from Figure 4.12 that the land
parcels along the Ganga River and Karmasa River experience floods.
Figure 4-12 Flood Map of Bihar State (ref)13
Based on the long term data published by the Bihar state water resource department
and also the research report of IIT Roorkee indicated that the flooding in the study
area occurs due to backwater effect of River Ganga flood in Karamnasa. Frequency
analysis is carried out using the annual maximum water levels for 52 years (for the
period 1962 to 2013) provided by Central Water Commission for the gauging site at
Buxar. The estimated 25 year, 50 year, 100 year and 1000 year return period flood
levels at Buxar as per the Gumbel Distribution method would be in the order of 61.4m,
61.8m, 62.1m and 63.3m respectively. The contour map of the site indicated that the
height of the site was found to vary between 56.5m to 66.5m. Typical elevation of the
project site is shown in Table 4.14 and Figure 4.13& 15
13 http://disastermgmt.bih.nic.in/Map/images/FloodZoneBig.gif
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Table 4-14 Elevation at the Project Site
Plant Component Highest Elevation (m) Lowest Elevation (m) Main plant area 66.5 56.5 Ash pond area 63.5 57 Greenbelt area 66 56.5
Total plant area 66.5 56.5 As per the recommendations of the site specific hydrological studies undertaken by IIT
Rookee, the following flood control program will be adopted during the detailed
engineering and construction phases of the project.
The formation level of the project site is proposed to be raised to a level of 64m. It has
been estimated that 5.9 million cubic meters (9 Million Tons) of earth would be
required for raising the formation level of the site. The required earth will be sourced
from land/ borrow pits from the nearby areas. The use of river bed silt material for
filling may be explored. As far as possible construction debris from public works
department and over burden and tailing from the nearest coal and other mines will be
utilized for raising formation level during the construction phase. As an innovation
method, use of compacted fly ash from the nearest NTPC thermal power plant also will
be explored.
The Budhanala/ drain which dry throughout the year except rainy season passes
thorugh the project area. The Budhanala shall be realigned along plant boundary with
adequate capacity to carry storm/ rain water. The net effect of the changes in land use,
land cover, and topography in the project area shall be such that the drainage of
storm rainfall in post-project condition will be the same as in pre-project condition.
Therefore, during post-project condition also, external flooding in the project area due
to storm rainfall in catchment is not expected as adequate capacity of realigned
Budhanala shall be maintained.
4.8. Solid Waste Management (Fly Ash Disposal)
The proposed power plant will adopt a dry fly ash handling operations and hence the
impacts from due to ash pond water related aspects will be eliminated. Bottom ash
(which is a clinker type) will be disposed to ash pond. Out of the total 2.74 MTPA of ash
generation, the quantity of bottom ash will be in the order of 0.44 MTPA and the fly ash
quantity will be in the order of 2.3 MTPA. As per the applicable guidelines, the facility
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has targeted to utilize 50% of the total fly ash generated during the first year of
operation, 75% during 2nd year of operation and 100% utilization end of the third year
of operation. The unutilized fly ash during the first two years (~1.75 MTPA) will be
stored at a dedicated location in the ash pond and the same will be further disposed to
various agencies from 4th year onwards. Fly ash generation and year wise action plan
has been presented in Table 4.15 (Indian coal scenario) and Table 4.16 (Imported coal
scenario).
STPL intends to utilize imported coal during the first few years of operation until the
allocated coal block is made available for commercial production. Also imported coal
will be used to offset any coal supply from the indigenous sources during the
operational period. Hence the fly ash generation from the proposed facility during the
first few years will be based on imported coal (0.9 Million tons per year). However the
ash pond will be designed based on the worst case scenario.
Table 4-15 Fly ash Utilization Plan Based on Indian coal
Description Units Fly ash generation (90%PLF) - 85% of
the total ash
Fly ash disposal
to the user
Fly ash disposal to pond
1st Year (At 50% of fly ash generated to be disposed end of 1st year) MTPA
2.30 1.15 1.15
2nd Year (At 75% of fly ash generated to be disposed from the end of 2nd year) MTPA
2.30 1.7 0.6
3rd Year (100% fly ash generated to be disposed from end of 3rd year onwards) MTPA
2.30 2.3 0.00
Unutilized fly ash in 1st and 2nd year will be disposed in from 4th year to 9th year MTPA
1.75
4th Year MTPA 2.30 2.65 0
5th Year MTPA 2.30 2.65 0
7th Year MTPA 2.30 2.65 0
8th Year MTPA 2.30 2.65 0
9th Year MTPA 2.30 2.65 0
10th Year MTPA 2.30 2.30 0
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Table 4-16 Fly ash Utilization Plan Based on Imported Coal
Description Units
Fly ash generation
(90%PLF) - 90% of the total ash
Fly ash disposal to
the user
Fly ash disposal to
pond
1st Year (At 50% of fly ash generated to be disposed end of 1st year)
MTPA 0.40 0.20 0.20
2nd Year (At 75% of fly ash generated to be disposed from the end of 2nd year)
MTPA 0.40 0.30 0.10
3rd Year (100% fly ash generated to be disposed from end of 3rd year onwards)
MTPA 0.40 0.40 0
Unutilized fly ash in 1st and 2nd year will be disposed in from 4th year to 9th year
0.30
4th Year MTPA 0.40 0.46 0 5th Year MTPA 0.40 0.46 0
7th Year MTPA 0.40 0.46 0 8th Year MTPA 0.40 0.46 0
9th Year MTPA 0.40 0.46 0 10th year onwards MTPA 0.40 0.40 0
4.8.1.1. Heavy Metals in Coal and Fly ash
Based on the data published the Committee Constituted by Hon'ble National Green
Tribunal, Principal Bench, New Delhi (ref)14, the concentration of the heavy metals in the
fly ash collected from various coal based thermal power plants in western and central
part of India are reported to be in the following order: Cr from below detectable limit to
0.3 mg/Kg, Cd: 4 to 37 mg/Kg, Pb: 12 to 1800 mg/kg, Co: 0.5 to 5 mg/Kg, Mn: 11 to 1300
mg/Kg, Cu: 21 to 305 mg/Kg, Zn: 3.5 to 156 mg/Kg, Ni: 3 to 23 mg/Kg, As: 9 to 29 mg/Kg.
Considering ash content in coal as 40% w/w, the corresponding heavy metal
concentrations in the coal will be in the following order: Cr from below detectable limit
to 0.1 mg/Kg, Cd: 1.5 to 10 mg/Kg, Pb: 4 to 600 mg/kg, Co: 0.15 to 1.5 mg/Kg, Mn: 4 to
400 mg/Kg, Cu: 7 to 100 mg/Kg, Zn: 1 to 50 mg/Kg, Ni: 1to 7 mg/Kg, As: 3 to 10 mg/Kg.
Leaching is the most likely path by which coal ash constituents would become mobile
environmental contaminants. The quantity of elements that will be available for
14 Report of the Committee Constituted by Hon'ble Nat ional Green Tribunal, Principal Bench, New Delhi in the Case No. 667/2014 arising out of O.A. No. 102/2014, M/s. Sandplast India Pvt. Ltd., Vs. MoEF and Others. http://cpcb.nic.in/NGT-Report-15-01-2015.pdf
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leaching in an aqueous media will depend on the fixation of these elements on the ash
particles and pH of the ash aqueous medium. In addition to this the other factors
influencing leaching include ash source and leaching time. In general, under acidic
conditions the rate and quantity of leaching is higher. Certain studies reveal that for
most of the elements present in coal ash, a significant fraction, ranging from 8% in case
of Ni to 17% in case of Cr is able to leach (Ref)15. Since the proposed power plant will be
adopting dry fly ash handling facilities, the possibility of leaching in to soil and
environment is not envisaged in the current scenario. Fly ash contains CaO (0.5 to
28%w/w), SiO2 (28 to 60%), Al2O3 (5 to 33%), Fe2O3 (1 to 25%), MgO (0.5 to 8%), Na2O
(0.2 to 6%), K2O (1 to 7%), SO3 (0.5 to 3%). Fly Ash has a potential in agriculture and
related applications. The Indian Fly Ash is alkaline and as such improves soil quality.
Fly Ash consists of all elements present in soil except organic carbon and nitrogen. Few
research studies confirmed that use of about 10 Tons of fly ash per hectare has helped
to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers to the tune of 50% while achieving 20%
increase in yield of the food grain (Ref)16.
4.8.2. Ash Disposal Area
For ash disposal from Buxar TPP (2X660MW) plant, about 282 acres of land is
identified. The proposed land is located adjacent to railway siding facility. The ground
levels on proposed land are undulating. The ash disposal area is planned in an area of
about 252 acres. Balance 30 acres of land will be occupied by Over Flow Lagoon,
Sedimentation Basin & associated dykes, ash slurry pipe line corridor, maintenance
road etc along the periphery of the dyke and recirculation system facilities.
The max height of outer dyke will be about 8.0m and will be constructed on existing
ground along the periphery of the ash pond area (In two phases: in first phase, 4.0m
high dyke will be constructed using earth as main construction material & after this
dyke is filled upto freeboard level, in phase-II, 4.0m high raising will be done using pond
ash). Since fly ash can act as impervious liner, therefore no liner is required for the ash
15 Querol, X., Pares, J. M., Plana, F., Fernandez-Turiel, J. L. and Lopez,A. 1993. Fly ash content and distribution in lake sediments around a large power station: inference formmagnetic susceptibility analysis. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 15(4): 9-18. 16 Disposal and Utilization of Fly Ash to Protect the Environment, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, (An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization), Vol. 2, Issue 10, October2013
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pond. Only bottom ash lagoon shall be lined with impervious liner. Further, to start with
only about 30 acres of land in one of the bottom ash lagoon will be provided with
impervious liner and balance part of the bottom ash lagoon shall be lined by spreading
high concentrated fly ash during initial stage of slurry disposal. This will act as liner.
Provision for the extension of pipes from ash pond to Bottom ash lagoon shall be kept
during the initial phase of the ash disposal.
To avoid fugitive ash dust emission and for promoting vegetation cover, the final ash
surface will be covered with 300 mm thick earth cover.
4.9. Ecological Environment
4.9.1. Impact on flora
The initial construction works at the project site involves land clearance. During
construction activities vegetation may be disturbed which can be considered
insignificant. Greenbelt will be developed during construction to improve the aesthetic
value in the area and to screen out the fugitive dust generated during construction. The
removal of vegetation from the soil and loosening of the topsoil generally cau ses soil
erosion. However, such impacts will be confined to the project site and will be
minimized through paving and water sprinkling. The option of transplantation of trees
will also be studied to save the existing matured trees and replant them in the area
earmarked for greenbelt development.
Due to the present developmental activity, the number of trees, shrubs, herbs and grass
species that are going to be removed are very few as it is an agricultural land. Proper
care has to be taken during gaseous and liquid emissions by the industry.
4.9.2. Impacts on fauna
The project site does not overlap with any of the recognized Ramsar sites. The
construction phase does not envisaged excavation or alteration in water bodies hence
shall not entail changes in aquatic biodiversity. The construction does not involve
diversion or change in the major rivers, canals, backwaters and creeks.
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4.9.3. Impact –Mitigation matrix
Based on our observation, literature review and consultation with local people, NGO
and forest department, we formulated following impact vs mitigation matrix. It is
advised that company shall follow the suggestions provided in the following Table 4.17.
Table 4-17 Impact Vs Mitigation Matrix
Issues Risk Reason/Status in relation to
project site Suggestions
Rare/Endangered high Rare/Endangered species of any wildlife present in project site
Conservation plan given
Threatened / Near Threatened
moderate One Near Threatened Species is present
Conservation plan given
Endemic Species Low No endemic species of any wildlife present in project site
Nil
Vulnerable species Low Cyprinus carpio is very common fish present in this region but under Vulnerable category by IUCN.
Nil
Protected Areas Low No protected area present in close vicinity
Nil
Important Bird Migratory Path
Low No Important Bird Area are present in core or buffer area
Ramsar site Low No Ramsar sites present in the study area.
Nil
Wetlands of National Importance
Low located at more than 4 km distances Nil
Wetlands of International Importance
Low No wetlands of international importance present
Nil
Wildlife Corridors Low
No notified or officially identified wildlife corridor present in and around project site, Migratory birds activities in winter may be high due to number of water bodies and forest patches present in buffer area
Ensure no power lines constructed close to villages and water body areas.
Forest low Nil Nil
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Issues Risk Reason/Status in relation to
project site Suggestions
Water bodies Low No notified wetlands are present in close vicinity.
Ensure no material /discharge flow through nearby drainage in water bodies/ of project area. Regularly monitor water bodies water quality
Breeding/ nesting areas
Med Nil Nil
Impact of gaseous emissions on nearby agricultural, flora and fauna, human habitations, aquatic ecosystems
Low No RFs are present within 10 sq km area
Green belt development with 1500 tree species within the core area and other large trees near villages along with source reduction controlling measures.
4.10. Socio economic Aspects
4.10.1. Impacts
The proposed project is a Green Field project. The proposed project will be developed
as per the said plant layout and there will not be any loss to public properties such as
roads, canals or any public infrastructures.
According to Sec. 4 and 4.1 of ‘National Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy (NRRP)
2007’, doesn’t attract Rehabilitation and Resettlement activities for the proposed
project, as the proposed project site doesn’t displace any human settlement or any
public properties such as roads, Public utilities, Government buildings etc .Due to the
proposed project there will be number of beneficial impacts in the local area such as,
Increased direct and indirect employment opportunities for local
residents.
Development of local infrastructures such as roads, communication access,
Appreciation in the land value,
Increased volume of local business in the area
Increased business opportunities for local residence in various ancillary
industries such as transportation etc.
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EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 4-Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures
Page C4-217
During operation phase there will not be major adverse impact on the local people.
Resultant predicted SO2, NOx and PM emissions are well within the
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) in the study area.
The resultant pollution levels due to proposed project will be well within
the limits of NAAQS, hence significant impacts are not envisaged.
4.10.2. Mitigation Measures
Preference to eligible local youths for employment opportunities in the
proposed project.
Socioeconomic development programs will be implemented in the area
under Corporate Social Responsibility programs by the plant during the
operation phase.
Development of social infrastructure by various CSR activities.
The CSR Programs undertaken will be focused on the livelihood
empowerment, Health promotion, Education promotion, Infrastructure
development programs, etc.
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 5-Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures
Page C5-218
5. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES
5.1. Site Identification and Selection
Bihar State Electricity Board (BSEB) through their project consultant i.e., BPIC (Bihar
Power Infrastructure Company) has taken an initiative to identify various sites in the
State of Bihar for locating the project. A total of 20 sites had been identified jointly by
BSEB and BPIC during the initial conceptual stage of the project in 2007-2008. The
sites have been grouped by considering various aspects such as the surrounding
features and the region wise; the four alternative sites are finalized for this project.
Further, the following factors have been considered for selecting suitable site:
a. Availability of adequate water without affecting the ground water regime
b. Availability of adequate land minimum relocation / R&R issues
c. Suitability of land from topography and geological aspects
d. Proximity of National Highways, transport of fuel & heavy equipments
e. Comparatively less land acquisition for development
f. Nearness to the existing railway lines available for coal storage yard
g. Facility for interconnection with transmission system for evacuation of power.
h. Various Environmental aspects
A comparative table has been prepared showing the key characteristics of the identified
4 sites are presented in Table 5.1
a. The Government of Bihar has completed the land acquisition of the current
project site (Chausa) for which the necessary compensation has been disbursed
to the 95% land owners.
b. The selected site Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar is located near to the River Ganga,
hence adequate water is available for the project.
c. The site is comparatively closer to coal mines.
d. The fuel can be transported to the plant directly through railway wagons from
the coal mines.
e. The site has better accessibility; it is located nearer to the highway and railway
lines. All infrastructural facilities like access road, railhead, clear means of
receiving coal, etc., are available nearby the site.
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
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Chapter 5-Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures
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The above criteria were considered in identifying the best suitable site and the
current project site at Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar was considered for developing
the proposed project. The current site details were presented in the MoEF&CC EAC
meeting in 2008 and 2016 and the necessary TOR was accorded accordingly.
Table 5-1: Alternative Sites Evaluated
Particulars
Proposed site (site selected)
Alternate sites considered
Chausa Bhinta Motipur Methawala
District Buxar Patna Muzzafarpur Saran
Source of water availability
River Ganges River Ganges River Ganges River Ganges
Distance of water source
3 km 7 km Within 500 6-7 km
Past history of floods None None Flood prone Flood prone
Land use Fallow Land and partly single crop
Double crop Double crop Double crop
Location of national parks / sanctuaries
None None None None
Location of archaeological monuments
None None None None
Location of reserve forest
None None None None
Location of Defence installation
None 3-4 kms None None
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 6-Environmnetal Monitoring Program
Page C6-220
6. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM
6.1. Preamble
An Environmental Monitoring Plan provides feedback about the difference between
existing environmental scenario and the impacts due to project on the environment and
helps to judge the adequacy of the mitigation measures in protecting the environment.
The purpose of environmental monitoring is to evaluate the effectiveness of
implementation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) by periodically monitoring
the important environmental parameters within the impact area, so that any adverse
effects are detected and timely action can be taken.
Regular monitoring of environmental parameters is of immense importance to assess
the status of environment during plant operation. With the knowledge of baseline
conditions, the monitoring program will serve as an indicator for any deterioration in
environmental conditions due to operation of the project, to enable taking up suitable
mitigation steps in time to safeguard the environment. Monitoring is as important as
that of control of pollution since the efficiency of control measures can be determined
only by efficient monitoring.
6.2. Objectives of Environmental Monitoring Plan
The basic objective of Environment Monitoring Program is:
To ensure implementation of mitigation measures during project
implementation
To provide feedback to the decision makers about the effectiveness of their
actions
To determine the project’s actual environmental impacts so that modifications
can be made to mitigate the impacts
To identify the need for enforcement action before irreversible environmental
damage occurs
To provide scientific information about the response of an ecosystem to a given
set of human activities and mitigation measures
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 6-Environmnetal Monitoring Program
Page C6-221
6.3. Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Procedure
Monitoring shall ensure that commitments are being met. This may take the form of
direct measurement and recording quantitative information, such as concentrations of
discharge, emissions and wastes, for measurement against corporate or statutory
standards, consent limits or targets. It may also require measurement of ambient
environmental quality in the vicinity of a site using ecological/biological, physical and
chemical indicators. Monitoring may include socio-economic interaction, through local
liaison activities or even assessment of complaints.
6.3.1. Monitoring Schedule
As per the guidelines of MoEF&CC, environmental monitoring shall be required during
construction and operational phases. Environmental monitoring schedules are
prepared covering various phases of project advancement, such as construction phase
and regular operational phase.
The schedule for monitoring ambient air quality, ambient noise quality, ground
water quality, and waste water quality both during the construction and operation
phases of the project is given in Table 6.1 and Table 6.2
6.3.2. Monitoring Schedule during Constructional Phase
The construction activities require mobilization of construction material and
equipment. The environmental monitoring that needs to be undertaken during project
construction phase is given in Table 6.1.
Table 6-1 Environmental Monitoring during Project Construction Phase
Environmental Component
Monitoring Type Monitoring
Location Monitoring Frequency
Internal Reporting Frequency
Air Environment
AAQ monitoring – 4 parameters - PM10, PM2.5, NO2 and SO2
2 locations (upstream and downstream)
24 hrs sampling, once in a month
Monthly
Water Environment
Portable water analysis Parameters- pH, TSS, BOD, COD
Labour colony-
once in a month during the construction period
Monthly
Inlet & outlet wastewater Parameters- pH, TSS, BOD, COD
Labour colony-
once in a month during the construction period
Monthly
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Chapter 6-Environmnetal Monitoring Program
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Noise Environment
Equivalent Noise levels dB(A)
Site boundaries
Monthly Incident Reporting
when necessary
Flora and Fauna Status of green belt Site Monthly Monthly
6.3.3. Monitoring Schedule during Operational Phase
The following monitoring program will be implemented for the proposed Green Field
Project based on baseline data compliances for environmental clearance conditions and
regular permits from SPCB/MoEF&CC.
Table 6-2 Environmental Monitoring Programs during Operation Phase
Environmental Component
Monitoring Type Monitoring
Location
Monitoring/ recording Frequency
Air Environment On-line Measurement of PM, SO2
and NOx Stack
Continuous
Emission testing by external MOEF&CC approved testing agency
Stack Half yearly basis
AAQ- Parameter as per NAAQS standards
Four locations Continuous
Meteorological station At site Hourly basis
AAQ- Parameter as per NAAQS standards
Ash pond Continuous
Noise Environment
Noise Level Measurement At site Monthly
Noise Level Measurement At equipment location
Half-yearly
Noise Level measurement At plant boundary Monthly Water Environment
Influent and treated wastewater for pH, TSS, BOD, COD, Oil and grease, Copepr, Iron, Zinc, Chromium, Phosphate, ,
At site lab
Continuos
Log book
At treated waste recycling areas including green-cover
Daily
Portable water analysis Parameters- pH, TSS, BOD, COD
Township Monthly
Influent and treated wastewater for pH, TSS, BOD, COD
Township Monthly
Flora and Fauna Monitoring of green cover development
Treated wastewater reuse areas
Quarterly
Monitoring of test wells near the ash storage area
Near ETP and treated wastewater utilisation areas
Half yearly
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Chapter 6-Environmnetal Monitoring Program
Page C6-223
Solid & Hazardous Waste
Inventory Plant Monthly
6.4. Data Analysis
The monitored data will be analyzed and compared with the baseline levels as
established in the EIA study and the regulatory standards specified by different
government agencies. The standards against which the different environment
components will be compared are as per Table 6.3.
Table 6-3 Recommended Environmental Monitoring Plan
S. No Component Applicable Standards
1 Ambient Air Quality National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), Central Pollution Control Board, Bihar State Pollution Control Board (BSPCB)
2 Noise Quality Ambient Air Quality Standards with respect to Noise, CPCB
3 Surface Water Quality IS:2296: Class ‘C’ Water, CPCB
4 Groundwater Quality IS: 10500 Standards, BIS 5 Soil Quality --
6 Treated wastewater
IS 2490 (1974) – Discharge into Sea, IS 3306(1974) – Discharge on land, IS 3307(1974) - Discharge for agricultural use Bihar State Pollution Control Board (BSPCB)
6.4.1. Reporting Schedule
The monitoring results of the different environmental components will be analyzed and
compiled report will be sent to concerned authorities every six months. BOD, COD, PM 10,
PM2.5, TSS, SOx, NOx will be online and logged on to SPCB / CPCB web portals. The
report will also list the project activities along with the environmental mitigation
measures and will evaluate the efficacy of the Environmental Management Plan.
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 7-Additional Studies
Page C7-224
7. ADDITIONAL STUDIES
This chapter describes the public consultation, risk assessment and disaster
management plan, Fire Safety Systems and Occupational Health and Safety and
Rehabilitation and Resettlement Plan.
7.1. Public Consultation
As per the EIA Notification, the Bihar Sate Pollution Control Board issued the
Notification regarding public hearing in the local news papers namely, Times of India,
Hindustan & Prabhaat Khabar on 4th September 2016. The public hearing was held on
4th October 2016 at the Town Hall, Buxar which was accessible to all the concerned
people and stake holders of the project. All persons including bonafide residents,
Environmental Groups and others located at the project site/sites of displacement/sites
likely to be affected were requested to participate in the public hearing and to make
oral/written suggestions to Environmental Engineer, Bihar Pollution Control Board,
Patna. The copy of the EIA draft report and executive summary of the EIA report both in
English and Hindi were placed at the following places to provide access to the general
public.
Office of the District Collector, Buxar
Office of the Environmental Engineer, Bihar State Pollution Control Board, Patna
Office of the Chairman, Zila Parishad, District Buxar
Office of the District Industries Centre, District Buxar
Office of Village Panchayats Banarpur, Chunni & Sikraul.
Office of District Rural Development Agency, District Buxar
Regional Office of Ministry of Environmental & Forests, Jharkhand.
Public hearing meeting was chaired by The District Magistrate, Buxar, Sh. Raman
Kumar, (IAS), and Sh. S P Roy, Environmental Engineer; Bihar State Pollution Control
Board convened the meeting. More than 500 people attended the public hearing.
The Chief Executive Officer, SJVN Thermal (P) Limited, Sh. Parveen Gupta explained
about the proposed Greenfield thermal power plant at Chausa village. Various technical
details, advantages and the environmental and social initiatives to adopted at the
proposed power project were articulated. Mr. Deepak Kumar, environmental engineer
from the EIA Consulting organization, M/s. Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited
presented the environmental aspects, impacts and mitigation measures proposed in the
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
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Chapter 7-Additional Studies
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EIA study. Subsequently the convener, invited the public to present their views and
concerns on the proposed thermal power project. The participants expressed their
views. The project proponent along with EIA Consultant addressed the points raised by
the public with regards to the proposed project. The District Magistrate concluded the
meeting by summarizing the proceedings with a vote of thanks.
Table 7.1 summarizes various points raised by the public along with responses and
environmental and social management plan and the copy of the Public hearing
proceeding is enclosed as Annexure 12.
Table 7-1 Environmental Social Management Plan for the Points Raised in Public Hearing
S.No Issue or concern Response and Environmental & Social
Management Plan Budget allocated
Rs. 1 Land related aspects
1.1 Few land owners informed
that the compensation for
the project was not paid
and it was requested to
expedite the same.
SJVN Thermal (P) Limited informed that the
compensation for the land was paid as per the
current applicable guidelines and regulations
including the Land Act 2013. About 95 % of the
compensation was already paid by the District
Administration to the land owners.
The District Magistrate informed public that
the compensation is only pending in few cases
which are under review and the same shall be
disbursed after the completion of the process.
As per the
guidelines and
standards.
1.2 Railway siding will be
passing through the village
revenue land of
surrounding villages. It was
requested to provide
adequate compensation for
the land proposed to be
acquired for the Railway
siding
STPL intimated that compensation as per the
prevailing norms/act shall be paid for the land
acquired for the said purpose.
As per the
guidelines and
standards.
1.3 People raised their
concerns that flooding take
place in the Banarpur,
Sikraul and other villages
nearby project area. How it
will be controlled.
STPL informed that flooding in these areas
takes place due to the entry of backwater of
River Ganga/Karamnasa during the monsoon
period. The matter will be taken up with the
District administration / water resource
department of govt. of Bihar for flood control
measures.
----
1.4 Engagement of STPL intimated that efforts will be made to As per the
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Chapter 7-Additional Studies
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S.No Issue or concern Response and Environmental & Social
Management Plan Budget allocated
Rs. agricultural/ landless
labours
provide the employment/ self-employment to
such persons as per the policy of the
government.
guidelines and
standards.
2 Pollution Related issues
2.1 People raised the issue of
pollution due to Fly Ash
and asked how it will be
mitigated.
STPL intimated that for the disposal of fly ash,
ash dyke will be constructed and fly ash will be
disposed as per MoEF&CC guidelines. The 100
% fly ash reutilized shall be done as per the
following phases after commissioning of the
plant:
Year 1: 50 % reutilization
Year 2: 70% reutilization
Year 3: 90 % reutilization
Year 4 onwards: 100 % reutilization
20% of fly ash shall be distributed to local
people as per their requirements.
Budget for ash
handling system,
silos and truck
loading etc: Rs. 336
Cr.
2.2 How the Air/ Noise
pollution caused due to
construction and operation
of the project will be
controlled.
STPL intimated that the project proponent is
committed to implement the new power plant
emission regulations in the current project.
The SO2 emissions from the proposed power
plant will be less than 100 mg/Nm3 as against
150 mg/Nm3 in the conventional power plants
due to implementation of FGD.
Due to adoption of lime based FGD system,
residual Mercury emissions, if any will be
captured effectively.
It has been proposed to adopt low NOx
burners. High efficiency ESPs will be installed
to achieve new power plant regulations of 30
mg/Nm3 for particulate matter. The predicted
ground level concentrations showed
insignificant raise in background pollutant
levels due to emissions from proposed power
plant.
Apart from above, a 50-100 m thick green belt
shall be developed within the plant premises
to control air and noise pollution.
Rs. 771 Cr. has been
provisioned for
FGD, ESP and
greenbelt
2.3 How the Water pollution STPL intimated that the project proponent is Budget for waste
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Chapter 7-Additional Studies
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S.No Issue or concern Response and Environmental & Social
Management Plan Budget allocated
Rs. caused due to the project
will be controlled
committed to implement the new water usage
standards notified by Ministry of Environment
& Forests. The waste water generated due to
the operations of the plant shall be recycled &
reutilized within the plant premises after
imparting necessary treatment.
water treatment &
sewerage treatment
etc.: Rs. 9 Cr.
3 Other aspects
3.1 It was demanded that
Plantation of trees should
be done in the project and
nearby areas to safeguard
the environment.
STPL has proposed to develop a thick
greenbelt in an area of 178 acres within the
plant. Native species with tall and high canopy
plants will be developed to achieve 80,000
fully grown trees at the end of 5th year.
In addition to this, as far as possible tree
plantation will be undertaken in the nearby
villages and barren, fallow government lands
in the region as a part of the CSR program in
association with district administration.
About Rs. 5 Cr.
3.2 It was asked to provide
employment opportunities
to the local people in the
project.
STPL assured that in case of unskilled labour,
most of the persons will be engaged from the
local people as per the requirements of the
project. In case of skilled labour, the same will
be taken from the local people as per the
availability and requirements of the project.
Apart from above, lot of indirect employment
will also be generated for the local people due
to construction of the project.
STPL will also take up skill development
programs under CSR activities to enhance the
skills of the local people.
About Rs. 61 Cr. is
budgeted for CSR
activities including
skill development
programs in next 10
years.
3.3 It was requested that
keeping in view the
sentiments of the public
and larger environmental
benefit, STPL should
consider setting up an
electric crematorium in the
vicinity of the project area.
STPL agreed for setting up the electric
crematorium provided that the land for the
same is made available by the concerned
authorities/local people.
About Rs. 61 Cr. is
budgeted for
various CSR
programs in next 10
years.
3.4 It was requested that STPL
should consider helping the
farmers in the adjoining
areas by creating facilities
STPL assured that measures such as organizing
horticultural camps & distribution of seeds to
farmers shall be taken up in consultation with
the local district administration.
About Rs. 61 Cr. is
budgeted for
various CSR
programs in next 10
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Chapter 7-Additional Studies
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S.No Issue or concern Response and Environmental & Social
Management Plan Budget allocated
Rs. for improving of farming. years.
3.5 It was asked by the people
to improve the existing
mobile health van services
for the better treatment of
the local people.
STPL assured that all efforts will be made to
improve the mobile health van services
About Rs. 61 Cr. is
budgeted for
various CSR
programs in next 10
years.
3.6 It was asked that the
natural drainage pattern of
the project area should not
be disturbed due to the
project.
STPL intimated that there will be no
disturbance to the natural drainage pattern
due to the construction of the project. The
studies in this regard have been carried out by
IIT Roorkee and measures will be taken
accordingly.
------
7.2. Risk Assessment and Risk Mitigation Measures
Identification of hazards in a power plant is of primary significance in the analysis,
quantification and cost effective control of accidents involving chemicals and process.
Hence, all the components of a process/ system/ plant need to be thoroughly examined
to assess their potential for initiating or propagating an unplanned event/sequence of
events, which can be termed as an accident.
The proposed power plant will utilize about 6.7 million tones of Indian coal annually.
As coal is subject to spontaneous combustion it may catch fire given the slightest
opportunity. This fire hazard is greatly influenced by the amount of airflow through the
mass of coal.
7.2.1. Methodology
Risk assessment shall be carried out taking into account the maximum inventory of
storage at site at any point in time. The risk contours should be plotted on the plant
layout map clearly showing which of the proposed activities would be affected in case of
an accident taking place. Based on the same, proposed safeguard measures should be
provided. Measures to guard against fire hazards should also be provided.
A preliminary hazard identification and risk assessment was undertaken to quantify the
possible fire and occupational health risks associated with the operation of the project
at the designated location. The good engineering practices suggested by the Central
Pollution Control Board for risk assessment in industries (CPCB document
Probes/133/2009-10) and CPR-18E risk assessment procedures' guidelines which are
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Chapter 7-Additional Studies
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widely accepted by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF&CC) India, have
been adopted while assessing the residual risks associated with the operations of the
project with specific reference to fire hazards, chemical exposure hazards, occupational
hazards and natural hazards. As part of the risk assessment, a preliminary review on the
hazardous materials and chemicals proposed to be handled at the site were reviewed
and the storage capacities and design features of such hazardous materials were also
reviewed while assessing the residual risks. Occupational health hazards such as
exposure to dust emissions, thermal stress and work-zone levels were also studied.
Based on the findings of the risk assessment study, a preliminary risk management plan
has been developed as per the applicable rules and guidelines; wherever possible, good
engineering and management practices are suggested to minimise any intolerable risks.
7.3. Construction Phase Safety Management Plan
7.3.1. General Safety Aspects
The possible safety hazards during the construction phase are primarily limited to
material transport, construction and erection of material and structures and working at
heights etc. The possible occupational safety hazards with the above mentioned
activities are electrical hazards at the construction activity, falling from heights, slips
and fall of equipment such as cranes etc.
In order avoid the occupational safety hazards, The Indian Codes and Standards (IS
18001: 2007, IS - CED 29(7778) and 15793:2007) on construction safety best practices
shall be adopted by all the contractors and sub-contractors. All the sub-contractors shall
have a written health and safety and environment policy. The principal contractor will
be responsible for implementing and monitoring the occupational safety programs at
the construction sites. Workers & Supervisors should use the safety helmet and other
requisite Personal Protective Equipment according to job & site requirement. They
should be trained to use personal protective equipment. No loose clothing should be
allowed while working near rotating equipment or working at heights. Visitors should
not be allowed access to construction sites unless accompanied by or authorized by a
competent person and provided with the appropriate protective equipment. Where
natural lighting is not adequate, working light-fittings or portable hand-lamps should be
provided at workplace on the construction site where a worker will do a job. Emergency
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Chapter 7-Additional Studies
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lighting should be provided for personnel safety during night time to facilitate standby
lighting source, if normal system fails. Artificial lighting should not produce glare or
disturbing shadows.
The following IS codes may be adopted for construction safety related activities:
IS Code 3696: Safety code for scaffolds and ladders, (Part 1):1987-Scaffolds,
(Part 2):1991- Ladders
IS Code 3764:1992 - Code of practice for excavation work
IS Code 4082:1996 - Recommendations on stacking and storage of construction
materials and components at site
IS Code 512:1969 - Safety code for piling and other deep foundations
IS Code 5916:1970 - Safety code for construction involving use of hot bituminous
materials
IS Code 7205:1974 - Safety code for erection of structural steel work
IS Code 7969:1975 - Safety code for handling and storage of building materials
IS Code 13416 - Recommendations for preventive measures against hazards at
work places: (Part 1):1992- Falling material hazards prevention and (Part
2):1992-Fall prevention and (Part 3):1994-Disposal of debris
7.3.2. Occupational Health Risks and Risk Mitigation Plan – Construction Phase
7.3.2.1 Heat Stroke
In the recent past, based on the information provided by IMD, Madhya Pradesh and
Bihar are experiencing the heat waves in the month of May and June. The heat wave is
caused in large part by sparser pre-monsoon season showers, which brought less
moisture than normal to the area, leaving large parts of India arid and dry. The sudden
end of pre-monsoon rain showers, an uncommon trend in India, has contributed to the
heat waves. The peak temperatures in the Buxar region was reported t be as high as
48OC. When a person works in a hot environment, the body must get rid of excess heat
to maintain a stable internal temperature. It does this mainly through circulating blood
to the skin and through sweating. When the air temperature is close to or warmer than
normal body temperature, cooling of the body becomes more difficult. Blood circulated
to the skin cannot lose its heat. Sweating then becomes the main way the body cools off.
But sweating is effective only if the humidity level is low enough to allow evaporation
and if the fluids and salts that are lost are adequately replaced. Heat stroke can occur
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Chapter 7-Additional Studies
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when the body's system of temperature regulation fails and body temperature rises to
critical levels. This condition is caused by a combination of highly variable factors, and
its occurrence is difficult to predict. Heat stroke is a medical emergency. The primary
signs and symptoms of heat stroke are confusion; irrational behavior; loss of
consciousness; convulsions; a lack of sweating (usually); hot, dry skin; and an
abnormally high body temperature, e.g., a rectal temperature of 41°C (105.8°F). If body
temperature is too high, it causes death. The elevated metabolic temperatures caused by
a combination of work load and environmental heat load, both of which contribute to
heat stroke, are also highly variable and difficult to predict.
In order to reduce the risk associated with heat exposure the following measures can be
adopted:
Avoid working for prolonged period during the hot sunny hours especially
during 1 to 3pm during summer conditions,
Adopted staggered times to avoid over exposure to direct sun,
In the case the ambient temperatures exceed more than 45OC, the construction
works in open areas may be suspended.
7.4 Safety Hazards during Operational Phase
7.4.1 Hazardous Operations
Unlike other process industries, power project does not handle any major flammable
materials (Class A and Class B Flammable material) except small quantities of furnace
oil for boiler start up conditions. Other hazardous materials that will be handled at the
power plant will be small quantities of Chlorine used as biocide in the cooling tower. In
general about 2 to 5ppm of Chlorine is doped in the cooling water circulation line for
this purpose. Both Hydrochloric acid and Sodium Hydroxide will be used for
regeneration of the De-Mineralization Plant resin beds. Two day storage tanks of
capacity 2000 m3 each with adequately designed dyke system will be installed in the DM
plant area. Although coal is not a self igniting compound at ambient temperatures,
prolonged exposure to heat during the hot summer days, may lead to partial ignition
due to the presence of volatile compounds in the coal. Based on the preliminary
analysis, the major fire hazards envisaged are from storage and handling of furnace oil
at the Mill site.
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7.4.2 Safety Aspects of Storage of Furnace Oil
A preliminary risk assessment study was undertaken to establish the possible heat
radiation effects due to accidental fires at furnace oil storage tanks.
Two (2) nos. of 2000m3 capacity fixed roof type LDO storage tanks will be provided for
storage of LDO. One (1) no. of 100m3 capacity fixed roof type LDO day oil tank will
be provided for auxiliary boiler with a dyke designed for 100% containment. Furnace
oil falls under Class 3 combustible material as per OISD standards and hence the
possible fire hazards will be less significant. Hence, these fuels will undergo only pool
fire scenario in the presence of any ignition source. Since the quantity of furnace oil
proposed to be stored will be very small. In order to assess the heat radiation from the
pool fire scenario of accidental spills from furnace oil (full bore rupture of the storage
tank), consequence modeling was undertaken using USEPA Aloha software. For the
purpose of the consequence modeling, it has been assumed that due to mechanical
failure of the tank, entire inventory of the furnace will be retained in the dyke. In the
presence of external fire such as electrical fire or vehicular exhaust sparks etc, the
contents in the dyke will catch fire and release thermal energy. The predicted heat
radiation levels due to pool fire of furnace oil pool fire scenario are presented in Table
7.2. Radiation contours are presented in Figure 7.1.
It may be inferred from the model heat radiation contours with 4.5kW/m2 would occur
within the facility boundary and hence the overall impacts due to any fire accidents will
be less significant. In addition there are no public roads and settlements located within
the predicted heat radiation contour of 1.6 kW/m2, hence the impacts on the
neighboring areas will be insignificant. As per the published literature (CP18E and
CPCB Manual for fire risk assessment), the possible frequency of occurrence of such
accidents will be less than 40 in one Million events. Hence, the overall risk due to
handling of such a small quantity of furnace oil at the Mill site will be insignificant.
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Table 7-2 Estimated Heat Radiation Levels due to Fire from Furnace Oil Tank Rupture
Heat Radiation Level (kW/m2)
Possible Physical Effect due to Heat Radiation (ref)
Heat Radiation Distance for Furnace Oil Tank Fire
(Pool Fire Scenario)
37.5 Sufficient to cause damage to process equipment
Within the dyke
25.0 Minimum energy required to ignite wood
Within the dyke
12.5 Melting of cables and plastic <25m
9.5 Second degree burns in 20 seconds <45m
4.5 Zero percent lethality, but may cause blisters
<80m
1.6 Will cause no discomfort on prolonged exposure
<110m
Figure 7-1 Consequence Distance – Heat Radiation Levels
The following safety measures will be adopted for handling of furnace oil.
According to the OISD standards, an adequately design dyke with 110% of the
largest tank volume, will be provided to retain the oil spills, if any,
The fuel transfer pumps & motors will be of fire proof type and will be located
outside the dyke area.
A level indicator with alarm will be provided for the fuel tanks.
Fuel unloading from the trucks will be taken up only in the presence of
authorized supervisor.
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The transfer hose pipelines and truck discharge line will be connected to a
temporary earth arrangement as per BIS codes to avoid any static electricity.
A spill collection pit will be provided near the fuel tank dyke.
As far as possible, plant office areas, common gathering points and canteen shall
be located at least 100 m away from the fuel oil storage areas to avoid any
exposure to heat radiation effects on the workers and employees.
It has been recommended to provide a hand-held foam tender and fire water
hydrant line in the vicinity of the storage tanks.
7.4.3 Risk Mitigation Measures for the Storage and Handling of Coal
Although coal fires are infrequent, there is a possibility of coal fires at the coal stock
yards during the summer conditions due to burning of volatile compounds. Coal stock
yard fires can be avoided by providing proper stacking design to prevent air movement
inside the coal lumps, minimising the duration of coal storage at the site and water
sprinkling operations to maintain adequate moisture. Power plants store, transfer, and
use coal; therefore, careful handling is necessary to mitigate fire and explosion risks.
Recommended measures to prevent minimise, and control fire hazards at proposed
power plants include:
Use of automated combustion and safety controls
Proper maintenance of boiler safety controls
Implementation of startup and shutdown procedures to minimise the risk of
suspending hot coal particles (e.g., in the crusher) during startup
Regular cleaning of the facility to prevent accumulation of coal dust (e.g., on
floors, ledges, beams, and equipment)
Removal of hot spots from the coal stockpile (caused by spontaneous
combustion) and spread until cooled, avoid loading of hot coal into the
pulverised fuel system
Use of automated systems such as temperature gauges or carbon monoxide
sensors to survey solid fuel storage areas to detect fires caused by self-
ignition and to identify risk points
For planned outages, operators should take every precaution to ensure that all
idle bunkers and silos are completely empty and also verify by visual checks.
Bunkers and silos should be thoroughly cleaned by washing down their
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interior walls and any interior structural members but not their horizontal
surfaces. Idle bunkers and silos that contain coal/lignite should be monitored
frequently for signs of spontaneous combustion by using CO monitors,
infrared scanning, or temperature scanning.
Fire fighting systems and fire hydrant systems shall be installed at all hazard
prone areas such as coal stock yards, bunkers and silos as per the applicable
fire safety standards
7.4.4 Risk Mitigation Measures for Storage of Chlorine Tonners
7.4.4.1 Chlorine Hazards and Consequence Modelling
Chlorine to the tune of 1 to 2 ppm will be dosed into the cooling water circulation line to
avoid biofouling in the system. Considering about 25000 m3/hr of water in circulation
in the cooling tower, the maximum Chlorine consumption will be in the order of 1500
Kg/day. About 10 chlorine ton-containers (900 Kg each) will be stored a dedicated
isolated and closed room near the cooling tower area. Chlorine tonners will be stored as
per the BIS code IS: 4263-1967 (Code of Safety for Chlorine).
Chlorine is soluble in alkalis and only slightly soluble in water, approximately one (1%)
percent at 9.4°C. Above this its solubility decreases with rise in temperature up to the
boiling point of water at which it is completely insoluble. Neither liquid nor gaseous
chlorine is explosive or flammable, but both react readily with many organic substances,
usually with the evolution of heat and, in some cases, resulting in explosion. Chlorine
gas is extremely irritating to the mucous membranes, the eyes and the respiratory tract.
If the duration of exposure or the concentration of chlorine-is excessive, it will cause
restlessness, throat irritation, sneezing and copious salivation. In extreme cases, lung
tissues may be attacked resulting in pulmonary edema. Inhale lowest published toxic
concentration TCL0 is 15 ppm and Inhale lowest published lethal concentration is 430
ppm. The physiological effects of various concentrations of chlorine gas are shown in
Table 7.2.
Among HAZMAT releases accidents, a small amount of release, i.e. 1to 10 kg/min
release, took up 38 percent of the total number of chlorine release accidents. Accidental
releases of Chlorine will be subjected to dispersion and will be diluted several folds
from the release location. The gases having higher density than air (Such as Chlorine)
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and other factors like low temperature, fine liquid droplets in the gas cloud make the
clouds slump under gravity. The gas cloud moves along the direction of wind and
becomes passive as the density of the cloud approaches ambient density. In the passive
phase, dispersion is greatly affected by wind velocity and the stability of the weather
condition. In the consequence analysis, use is made of a number of calculation models to
estimate the physical effects of an accident (spill of hazardous material) and to predict
the damage (lethality) of the effects.
For the purpose of the dispersion modeling, it is assumed that Chlorine will be leaking
from a 900 Kg tonner in a span of 30 minutes through the nozzle with a release rate of
0.5 Kg/sec. Ideally occurrence of such scenarios will be very remote due to installation
of early warning systems such as Chlorine sensors near the storage area. Various
emergency control measures as stated in IS Code for safety for Chlorine will be adopted.
However for the purpose of this risk assessment study an hypothetical scenario of worst
case release has been considered. Stability D (Neutral) with a wind velocity of 2 m/sec
will become the critical condition for maximum ground level concentrations during the
winter evenings and nights. The Chlorine has release is modeled using Gaussian
dispersion equations (non buoyant source) and the concentration Chlorine at the end of
first one hour has been presented in Figure 7.2.
It can be noted that the maximum GLCs of 860 mg/m3 is identified at 100m from the
Chlorine tonner storage areas towards south east direction. At the facility boundary the
GLC will be in the order of 20 mg/m3. At the nearest village (downwind of the plant –
South eastern direction is Village Kocharhi), which is located at about 1.5 Km from the
Chlorine storage area will be in the order of 10 mg/m3 to12 mg/m3. Since the release of
the emissions is instantaneous and the leaks will be identified and controlled within 30
minutes as per the guidelines of the Chlorine Institute, USA, the emissions will be ceased
immediately. Hence the GLCs will be drastically reduced to less than 0.5 mg/m3 within a
span of four to five hours.
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Table 7-3 Effect of Chlorine at Various Concentrations
Effects Concentration of Chlorine Gas in Air (ppm v/v)
Concentration of Chlorine Gas in Air (mg/m3)
Estimated Distance of Impact due to release of Chlorine from a 900 kg
tonner (m)
Threshold of irritation 4 12 1500
Concentration causing immediate irritation of throat
15 46 530
Concentration causing cough (IDLH)17
30 93 360
Concentration dangerous for even short exposure
50 154 250
Figure 7-2: Dispersion Model of Chlorine Release from 900 Kg Tonner
17 Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH) is based on the statement by International Labour Organization [1971] that exposure to 30 ppm will cause intense coughing fits, and exposure to 40 to 60 ppm for 30 to 60 minutes or more may cause serious damage
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7.4.4.2 Chlorine Safety procedures as per IS Code 4263-1967
Cylinders (tonners) should be stored in an upright position. They should be
secured to prevent from falling over. Full and empty cylinders should not be
stored together. Ton containers should be stored on their sides. They should not
be stacked or racked more than one high.
Storage areas should be remote from, elevators gangways or ventilating systems.
The storage area should be separate from that in. which other compressed gas
containers are stored.
The storage area should be dry, well-ventilated, clean of trash, and protected from
external heat sources (steam pipes, etc). Sub-surface areas should be avoided for
storing chlorine cylinders.
The valves on cylinders and ton containers should be protected by a stout metal
cap securely attached to the cylinder body. This cap should always be kept in
place on all containers in storage and at all times except during evacuation of
chlorine.
Cylinders should never be lifted by means of the metal cap, nor should rope
slings, chains or magnetic devices be used. Unloading platforms should preferably
be at truck or car-bed level. The ton container should be handled with a suitable
cradle with chain slings in combination with a hoist or crane having at least 2
metric tonnes capacity.
Cylinders and ton containers being trucked should be carefully checked, clamped,
or otherwise suitably supported to prevent shifting and rolling. They should not
be permitted to drop, and no object should be allowed to strike them with force.
They should not project beyond the sides or ends of the vehicles in which they are
transported.
If the gas discharge rate from a single container will not meet demand
requirements, two or more may be connected to a manifold and discharged
simultaneously, or a vaporizer may be used. When discharging through a
manifold, care shall be taken that all containers are at the same temperature,
particularly when connecting a new container to the manifold. If there is a
difference in the temperature of the liquid chlorine, it will be transferred by
distillation from the warm to the cool container, and the cooler container may
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become completely filled with liquid. If this should occur and the container valve
remains closed, hydrostatic pressure may cause bursting. For this reason, extra
precautions shall be observed when closing valves of containers connected to a
manifold. Connection of cylinders or ton containers discharging liquid chlorine to
a manifold is not recommended.
A flexible connection between the container and the piping should be used;
annealed copper tubing (9.5 mm outside diameter × 0.889 mm wall), suitable for
35.2 kg/cm2 service is recommended. A clamp and adapter connector is
preferred; if a union connector is used, the threads on the connector shall match
the valve outlet thread. (Valve outlet threads are straight threads, not standard
taper pipe threads.) A new gasket (lead) should be used when making a
connection.
A suitable gas mask should be available to every employee involved with chlorine
handling. Respiratory protective equipment should be carefully maintained and
kept in clean, dry, light-proof cabinets properly protected by paraffined paper or
polyethylene bags. No person wearing a respirator should enter a chlorine
contaminated area unless attended to by an observer who can rescue him in the
event of respirator failure or other emergencies.
Water shall never be used on a chlorine leak as it always makes the leak worse
due to the corrosive effect. In addition, heat supplied by even the coldest water to
a leaking container causes liquid chlorine to evaporate faster. A leaking container
shall not be immersed or thrown into a body of water as the leak will be
aggravated due to the corrosive effect and the container may float when partially
full, allowing gas evolution and dispersion at the surface.
Equipment and Piping Leaks—If a leak occurs in equipment in which chlorine is
being used, the supply of chlorine shall be shut off and chlorine which is under
pressure at the leak shall be disposed off safely. Leaks around valve stems usually
may be stopped by tightening the packing nut or gland. If this does not stop the
leak, the container valve shall be closed and the chlorine, which is under pressure
in the outlet piping, shall, be disposed off. If a container valve does not shut off
tight, the outlet cap or plug should be applied. In case of a valve leak on a ton-
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container, the container shall be rolled so that the valves are in a vertical plane
with the leaking valve on top; this is important.
As a regular part of chlorine storage and use, provisions shall be made for
emergency disposal of chlorine from leaking cylinders or ton-containers. Chlorine
may be absorbed in solutions of caustic soda or soda ash, or in agitated hydrated -
lime slurries. Caustic soda is recommended as it absorbs chlorine more readily.
A suitable tank to hold the solution should be provided in a convenient location.
Chlorine gas should be passed into, the solution through an iron pipe or rubber
hose properly weighted to hold it under the surface; the container should not be
immersed.
The proportions of alkali and water recommended for this purpose are given
below.
Chlorine Container Capacity
Caustic Soda and Water
Soda Ash and Water
Hydrated Lime and Water
kg Weight
(kg) Volume
(L) Weight
(kg) Volume
(L) Weight
(kg) Volume (L)
45 58 182 136 450 58 566
68 90 270 220 680 82 815
900 1 160 3 680 2 720 9 050 1 160 11 50
7.4.5 Occupational Safety Management and Surveillance Program
The Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of India has a nodal organization
viz. Directorate General Factory Advice Service and Labour Institutes (DGFASLI) in
dealing with Occupational Safety and Health issues in Industries. The Directorate
General Factory Advice Service and Labour Institutes (DGFASLI) is the technical arm of
the Ministry on matters connected with Occupational Health in the manufacturing and
port sectors.
The Factories Act, 1948 provides for appointment of qualified Medical Practitioners and
Certifying Surgeons to examine young persons engaged in dangerous manufacturing
processes and to ensure medical supervision in case of illness due to the nature of
manufacturing processes. The Factories Act, 1948 also provides for notification of
certain occupational diseases as listed in the Third Schedule of the Act. As per Section
90 of the Factories Act, 1948, the State Govt. is vested with the powers to appoint a
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Competent Person to conduct inquiry into the causes of any accident or notifiable
diseases.
The following measures needs to be implemented in the work places to enhance
occupational health:
1. Identify and involve workers in assessing workplace risks,
2. Assess and consider employees' needs when planning and organising work,
3. Provide advice, information and training to employees, as well as mechanisms for
employee feedback such as a suggestion scheme,
4. Occupational health surveillance and Occupational health audit, To develop a
system of creating up to date data base on mortality, and morbidity due to
Occupational diseases and use it for performance monitoring of the same and
5. Extending support to the state government for effective enforcement of the health
provisions stipulated under section 41F of the Factory Act by equipping them
with work environment monitoring technologies
The occupational health safety system should be headed by a competent and qualified
safety office that will be supported by a team of safety volunteers from each plant and
department within the facility. The safety team will take up a detailed task based risk
assessment studies and will develop task based safety procedures and work permit
systems. The safety team should record the near misses in the plant and take necessary
corrective action to minimize the occupational risks.
A dedicated occupational health centre shall be developed consisting the following
facilities:
1. A full time doctor may be appointed to monitor the day-to-day occupational
health aspects and also to provide medical advice to the workers, employees and
residents of the colony,
2. Minimum facilities such as oxygen cylinder for emergency medical use, two bed
clean room for first aid applications, first aid kits as per the Factories act,
3. ECG and X-ray facilities, (4). Peak Expiratory flow Meter to check the lung
function.
4. As a part of the surveillance program, the following minimum medical expansion
may be undertaken during the pre-employment phase: 1. General physical
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examination and blood pressure, 2. X-Ray of chest & ECG, 3. Sputum examination,
4. Detailed routine blood & urine examination, 5. Audiometry and 5. Spirometry.
5. As part of the routine and annual medical examinations on the persons working
in the high noise generating areas, stress areas and dust exposure areas, a
comprehensive surveillance program may be adopted. Some of the good
management practices are suggested in Table 7.4 and 7.5.
6. Medical records - A record-keeping system for holding results of medical
examinations and reports of symptoms will be needed as part of the health
surveillance scheme. These are confidential medical records relating to
individuals. As part of the health surveillance programme, workers should be
informed of the confidential results of each assessment and of any implications
of the findings, such as the likely effects of their continuing to work with
vibration.
Table 7-4 Suggested Frequency of Medical Examination under Occupational Health Surveillance Program
Age (yrs) Periodicity Duration of Exposure Periodicity < 30 yrs Once in five years < 10 yrs Once in five years
31-40 Once in four years 10 to 20 Once in four years
41-50 Once in three years 21-30 Once in three
years > 51 Once a year > 31 Once a year
Table 7-5 Suggested Medical Tests under Occupational Health Surveillance Program
S.No Disorder Tests to be conducted
1 Heart Diseases ECG, Blood for Lipid Profile, Stress Test, 2D-Echo and other required Tests
2 Anemia Hb%, TC,DC, ESR & Stool for Occult Blood, Ova and Cyst 2 Lung Diseases Sputum, X-Ray Chest, Spirometery
4 Diabetes Random Blood sugar, Urine sugar, if positive, BSL-Fasting/PPBS diabetic profile
5 Hypertension Blood Pressure reading, If required Renal profile + ECG and stress test.
6 Urine Examination
Routine and Microscopic
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7.5 Fire Protection and Fire Fighting Systems
A comprehensive fire detection and protection system is envisaged for the complete
power station. This system shall generally be as per the recommendations of TAC
(INDIA)/ IS: 3034 & NFPA- 850.
The following protection systems are envisaged:
Hydrant system for complete power plant covering main plant building, boiler
area, turbine and its auxiliaries, coal handling plant, all pump houses and
miscellaneous buildings of the plant. The system shall be complete with piping,
valves, instrumentation, hoses, nozzles, hose boxes/stations etc.
Automatic high velocity water spray system for all transformers located in
transformer yard and transformers having rating 7.5 MVA and above located
within the boundary limits of plant, Main and unit turbine oil tanks and purifier,
Oil canal, generator seal oil system, lube oil system for turbine driven boiler feed
pumps, boiler burner fronts, fuel oil station in boiler, etc. This system shall
consist of QB detectors, deluge valves, projectors, valves, piping &
instrumentation.
Automatic medium velocity water spray system for cable vaults and cable
galleries of main plant, switchyard control room and ESP control room consisting
of smoke detectors, linear heat sensing cable detectors, deluge valves, isolation
valves, piping, instrumentation, etc.
Automatic medium velocity water spray system for coal conveyors, transfer
points, Stacker reclaimer, consisting of QB detectors, linear heat sensing cables,
deluge valves, nozzles, piping, instrumentation, etc.
Automatic medium velocity water spray system for LDO tanks consisting of QB
detectors, deluge valves, nozzles, piping, instrumentation, etc.
Automatic fire detection cum sprinkler system for crusher house along with
alarm valves, sprinkler nozzles, piping, instrumentations etc.
Automatic Foam injection system for fuel oil / storage tanks consisting of foam
concentrate tanks, foam pumps, in-line inductors, valves, piping &
instrumentation etc
For protection of Central control room, Control equipment room, Programmer
room, UPS room, etc. Inert Gas extinguishing system as per NFPA-2001 would be
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opted.
Fire detection and alarm system - A computerized analogue, addressable type
Fire detection and Alarm system shall be provided to cover the complete power
plant. Following types of fire detection shall be employed.
1. Multi-sensor type smoke detection system
2. Photo electric type smoke detection system.
3. Combination of both multi-sensor type and photo electric type smoke
detection systems.
4. Linear heat sensing cable detector.
5. Quartzoid bulb heat detection system.
6. Infra red type heat detectors (for selected coal conveyors)
Portable and mobile extinguishers, such as pressurized water type, carbon-dioxide
type, foam type, dry chemical powder type, will be located at strategic locations
throughout the plant.
CW blow down shall be used for supply of fire water. An alternate connection from
raw water line shall also be provided as a back-up source for fire water. It is
proposed to provide two numbers of Steel tanks for storage of fire water system.
Fire water pumps shall be located in the fire water pump house and horizontal
centrifugal pumps shall be installed in the pump house for hydrant and spray system
and the same shall be driven by electric motor and diesel engines as per the
regulations of TAC. The water for foam system shall be tapped off from the hydrant
system network.
For the above fire water pumping station, automatic pressurization system
consisting of jockey pumps shall be provided.
Complete Instrumentation and Control System for the entire fire detection and
protection system shall be provided for safe operation of the complete system.
7.6 Rehabilitation and Resettlement Plan
7.6.1 Introduction
The proposed project is to acquire land about 1064.69 acres of land from 7 villages of
three Panchayat of Buxar District, Bihar. The project doesn’t displace any human
settlement as there are no permanent structures within the study area. Addressing the
resettlement and Rehabilitation issues in the project is guided by the exiting legislation
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and policies by Government of India and Government of Bihar by time to time. For
arriving the R&R Plan for providing compensation or resettlement to the affected if any
shall be addressed as per the guiding principles as suggested by the appropriate policy
and guidelines. This section elaborates the various legislations, policies, rules regarding
Rehabilitation and Resettlement activity and explains the concept behind the arrival of
Compensation entitlement matrix.
7.6.2 Existing Laws and Policies related to R&R
There are century old land acquisition Act 1894, to address the land acquisition and
compensation and amended therein 1984. The act was later replaced by the new act
‘Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and
Resettlement Act, 2013’ shortly called as Land Acquisition Act 2013. This section
explains about the features and principles in addressing the R&R issues for the current
project.
7.6.2.1 The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition,
Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013
The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation
and Resettlement Act, 2013 shortly called Land Acquisition Act 2013 is the act passed
by Indian Parliament to regulate land acquisition process and to lay down the process
and procedures for granting compensation for the land losers and Rehabilitation and
Resettlement for the project affected people. The act was replaced by the century old
Land acquisition Act 1894. The act applies to all projects where the appropriate
government acquires land for its use, hold and control and as include for the projects as
per the Section 2 (1) of Act.
7.6.2.2 Salient features of the Land Acquisition Act, 2013
Social Impact Assessment: Whenever the appropriate government
intends to acquire land for public purpose, it shall consult the concerned
Panchayat, Municipality or Municipal Corporation in the affected area
and to conduct the Social Impact Assessment Study as per the Section 4
of the Act.
Public Hearing for SIA: Social Impact Assessment process shall include
public hearing to be held in the affected to ascertain the views of the
affected families and the same is included in the SIA report.
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Food Security: If the multi-crop land to be acquired for the purpose of
the project equal amount of cultivable waste land shall be developed for
agriculture purpose or value of same shall be deposited with
appropriate Government for the investment in agriculture.
Rehabilitation and Resettlement Plan shall include:
Particulars of Land and Immovable assets to be acquired
Livelihood loser those whose land been acquired and land less who
primarily depend on the land
Details of Public utilities, Government buildings, amenities
infrastructural facilities, common properties which are affected
Assessing Market Value for Land: Market Value of the land is
calculated based on average sale value for the land in the vicinity for the
three preceding years and is multiplied with the multiplying factor of 1
for urban areas and 2 for rural areas.
Determination of Amount of Compensation for land Losers: Market
value of the Land as determined under Sec. 26 and damage sustained
due to land acquisition such as standing crops and trees.
Award of Solatium: After determining the total Compensation value to
be paid, 100% of determined compensation amount is added as
Solatium. In addition, amount of 12% per annum of the market value of
land shall be awarded from the date of notification to the date of taking
procession of the land.
Infrastructural Amenities: In addition to the R&R compensation, as
prescribed in Third Schedule basic amenities and infrastructure shall be
developed in the resettlement area.
Multiple Displacements: Additional compensation shall be provided
for the families who were already displaced.
Provisions for SC / ST: Development plan for displacing the SC /ST
families. One third of the compensation amount due shall be paid
upfront before the actual compensation paid. Fishing rights in the river
valley projects. 25% extra compensation if resettled in different district.
Free land shall be provided for the community and social gathering.
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 7-Additional Studies
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7.6.3 Project Site and Land Acquisition
The proposed project site is located in Chausa Taluk, Buxar District, Bihar State. The
proposed project is about to acquire 1064.69 acres of land from 7 villages part of three
Panchayat, Buxar District. Among 1064.69 acres, 1048.69 acres of land are of private
land and 16 acres is Government Land. Presently the majority of the land is barren and
non cultivated.
The proposed project site doesn’t displace any human settlement or any public
properties such as roads, Public utilities, Government buildings etc. As the project
doesn’t displace any human settlement, the details obtained from District Land
Acquisition Agency relating to Project affected persons (PAP) are obtained for
illustrating the compensation under R&R plan. Based on the data provided by the
District Land Acquisition Office, Buxar, there are more than 1100 beneficiaries to get
compensation for their land.
7.6.4 Displacement of People & Public Amenities and R&R applicability
Though the project is acquiring land from 7 villages, the proposed project doesn’t
displace any human population from the proposed project site. Even though there are
no human settlements or permanent buildings within the site area there are no public
properties such as roads, Government buildings, etc except a private Brick
manufacturing unit having employed about 10-15 people and a seasonal canal passing
through the project site which may be used for some marginal farmers for irrigation.
The project does not attract Rehabilitation and Resettlement as there is no
displacement of any human population. Only land compensation is applicable and for
the same compensation value is determined based on the guidelines of Land Acquisition
2013. The process of acquisition of private land as per the provisions of Land
Acquisition Act, 1894 was initiated in 2007 and the compensation was paid as per The
Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and
Resettlement Act, 2013. Village Wise Land Acquisition Details is given in Table 7.6.
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 7-Additional Studies
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Table 7-6 Village Wise Land Acquisition Details
S.No. Name of Village Panchayat Area
Private Govt. 1 Banarpur Banarpur 424.00 2.72
2 Sikroul Sikroul 134.96 2.88 3 Khorampur Sikroul 303.85 6.78
4 Kochadih Sikroul 55.89 - 5 Mohanpurwa Chuni 76.16 1.70 6 Bechanpurwa Chuni 20.55 0.96
7 Akhouripur Chuni 33.28 0.96
Total 1048.69 16.00
7.6.5 Compensation Entitlement Plan for Land Acquisition
The project land was acquired by Bihar Govt. on behalf of SPTL, the requiring body in
respect of this project. The process of acquisition of pvt .land as per the provisions of
Land Acquisition Act, 1894 was initiated in 2007 and was completed in 2013. Based on
the compensation award declared under Land Act, 1894, payment of compensation was
started. In the meantime, the Land Acquisition Bill was passed with enhanced rate of
compensation. New Land Act, 2013 was enacted w.e.f. 01.01.2014.The compensation
for the land being acquired was re-calculated at the enhanced rate. The compensation /
cost of the land has been worked out taking into account the market value (MVR) on the
principle of “one project, one rate”. While deciding the base rate, the highest rate of land
within the area of acquisition has been considered. Based on the minimum guidelines
principles the total cost of the private and Government land works out to be about Rs.
364 Cr. In addition to the above, about Rs. 20 Cr of budget is allocated towards the
rehabilitation cost.
Table 7-7 Budget Estimated by Govt. of Bihar for the Land Acquisition as per the Applicable Regulations and Guidelines
Land Area (Acres) Cost (Rs.)
Private land 1048.69 355,36,90,348 Govt. Land 16 1,89,49,050 Service Charges to Infrastructure Development Authority, Govt of Bihar
- 5,98,73,684
Total 1064.69 363,25,13,082
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 7-Additional Studies
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Figure 7-3 Google Map Showing the Project layout and Site Photographs
1: Location : 25°28'47.14"N ; 83°53'18.46"E Project Boundary – Fencing Nearest Village : Akhauripur
2:Location : 25°28'26.56"N ; 83°53'14.34"E Project Boundry – Fencing Work Under Progress Nearest Village : Banarpur
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 7-Additional Studies
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3. Location- 25°27'44.97"N ; 83°53'16.06"E Nearest Village - Mohanpurwa
4.Location- 25°27'48.45"N ; 83°52'31.81"E Nearest Village - Koramphur
5.Location- 25°28'9.74"N ; 83°52'22.48"E Nearest Village – Sikraur
6: Location : 25°28'44.11"N, 83°52'40.00"E Abandoned Brick Manufacturing Nearest Village : Banarpur
7.7 Disaster Management Plan
7.7.1 Preamble
A disaster is a catastrophic situation in which suddenly, people are plunged into
helplessness and suffering and, as a result, need protection, clothing, shelter, medical
and social care and other necessities of life.
Disasters can be divided into two main groups. In the first, are disasters resulting from
natural phenomena like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, storm surges, cyclones,
tropical storms, floods, avalanches, landslides, forest fires. The second group includes
disastrous events occasioned by man, or by man's impact upon the environment.
Examples are armed conflict, industrial accidents, radiation accidents, facto ry fires,
explosions and escape of toxic gases or chemical substances, river pollution, mining or
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Chapter 7-Additional Studies
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other structural collapses, air, sea, rail and road transport accidents and can reach
catastrophic dimensions in terms of human loss.
There can be no set criteria for assessing the gravity of a disaster in the abstract since
this depends to a large extent on the physical, economic and social environment in
which it occurs. What would be consider a major disaster in a developing country, ill
equipped to cope with the problems involved, may not mean more than a temporary
emergency elsewhere. However, all disasters bring in their wake similar consequences
that call for immediate action, whether at the local, national or international level, for
the rescue and relief of the victims. This includes the search for the dead and injured,
medical and social care, removal of the debris, the provision of temporary shelter for
the homeless, food, clothing and medical supplies, and the rapid re-establishment of
essential services.
7.7.2 Objectives of Disaster Management Plan [DMP]
The Disaster Management Plan is aimed to ensure safety of life, protection of
environment, protection of installation, restoration of production and salvage
operations in this same order of priorities. For effective implementation of the Disaster
Management Plan, it should be widely circulated and personnel training through
rehearsals/drills.
The Disaster Management Plan should reflect the probable consequential severalties of
the undesired event due to deteriorating conditions or through 'Knock on' effects.
Further the management should be able to demonstrate that their assessment of the
consequences uses good supporting evidence and is based on currently available and
reliable information, incident data from internal and external sources and if necessary
the reports of out side agencies.
To tackle the consequences of a major emergency inside the factory or immediate
vicinity of the factory, a Disaster Management Plan has to be formulated and this
planned emergency document is called "Disaster Management Plan".
The objective of the Industrial Disaster Management Plan is to make use of the
combined resources of the plant and the outside services to achieve the following:
Effect the rescue and medical treatment of casualties;
Safeguard other people;
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Minimize damage to property and the environment;
Initially contain and ultimately bring the incident under control;
Identify any dead;
Provide for the needs of relatives;
Provide authoritative information to the news media;
Secure the safe rehabilitation of affected area;
Preserve relevant records and equipment for the subsequent inquiry into the
cause and circumstances of the Emergency.
In effect, it is to optimize operational efficiency to rescue, rehabilitation and render
medical help and to restore normalcy.
7.7.3 Actuation of the plan
A major emergency in a plant is one that has the potential to cause serious injury or loss
of life. It may cause damage to property and serious disruption, both inside and outside
of the plant.
The disasters identified as most likely to occur in the power plant are:
Fire at oil storage area
Fire at coal storage area
Toxic release of chemical
Hazard analysis has revealed that the damage distance is mainly confined to plant
boundary only. The main objective of the disaster management plan is to prevent or at
least reduce the risk of accidents through design, operation, maintenance and
inspection. An important element of accident mitigation is emergency planning, which
would consist of:
Recognizing the possibilities and probabilities of each kind of accident
Assessing the on-site and off-site implications of such incidents and deciding the
emergency procedures that would need to be carried out.
A number of elements make-up a good and workable disaster management plan.
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
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Chapter 7-Additional Studies
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7.7.4 Emergency Equipment
7.7.4.1 Fire Detection and Protection System
Fire detection and alarm system provided for the entire plant area will be
microprocessor based Intelligent Analog Addressable type. Microprocessor based
analogue addressable main fire alarm panel (MFAP) shall be provided in central control
room with computer and printer and one additional fire alarm and control panel in coal
handling plant control room and repeater panel, which will be provided in the fire
station building.
Detectors are also to be provided. This shall be provided with the cross zoning
arrangements. The spacing of detectors will be in accordance with IS 2189/NFPA 72E/
BS 5839 (code of practice for selection, installation and maintenance of automatic
fire detection and alarm
system).
7.7.4.2 Fire Protection System
The design and installation of complete fire protection system shall comply with
regulations of Tariff Advisory Committee (TAC) of India. In the absence of TAC
regulations, the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) standard shall be
adopted. All equipment, special purpose fittings, couplings or accessories shall be
approved and certified for use in fire fighting system application by TAC / UL / FM.
The Power Plant is classified as Ordinary Hazard Occupancy as per TAC. Hence the
entire system will be designed accordingly.
7.7.5 Emergency response
The plant communication system will be provided to facilitate operations by
establishing quick communications among the operating personnel stationed at various
locations of the plant.
The Power plant will be provided with microprocessor based intercom telephone
system to facilitate inter-communication for operation/ administrative purposes. This
consists of an Electronic Private Automatic Branch Exchange (EPABX) of suitable
capacity. All the instruments for subscribers will also have the provision for hooking up
with P&T lines.
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
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Chapter 7-Additional Studies
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The telephone sets will be installed in various areas of power plant. In hazard areas
such as oil storage, wall telephone sets with explosion proof and corrosion resistant
metal cases will be provided.
7.7.6 Emergency control center
This involves setting up of an emergency communication system, formation of an
emergency response team and setting up of an emergency control centre. It is essential
that the emergency plan be regularly tested so that any defect may be corrected. The
plan should be reviewed and updated and any changes made should be disseminated to
all concerned. Emergency plan needs to consider emergency shutdown procedure so
that phased and orderly shutdown of the plant & systems can take place when
necessary.
Depending upon the methodology adopted for the co-ordination of various aspects of
disaster management, specific responsibilities should be fixed fo r civil and government
agencies. Outside agencies support is required for the emergency responses such as:
Augmenting the fire fighting service and firewater
Emergency medical help for the injured personnel of the plant
Evacuation of personnel
Law enforcement, traffic control and crime prevention
Co-ordination with other nearby industrial establishments
Communication facilities
Procuring fire-fighting consumables such as foam compound, fire hose etc
7.7.7 Response Evaluation, Testing and Updating of the Plan
The safety of a plant and function of safety related systems could only be as good as the
maintenance and monitoring of these systems. It is of great importance to establish
plant maintenance & monitoring schedule, which includes the following tasks;
Checking of safety related operating conditions in the control room and at site /
on the field.
Checking of safety related parts of the plant on site by visual inspection or by
remote monitoring.
Monitoring of safety related utilities such as electricity, steam, coolant and
compressed air.
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EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
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Chapter 7-Additional Studies
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Preparation of maintenance plan and documentation of maintenance work
specifying the different interval and type of works to be performed.
In addition, the maintenance and monitoring schedule shall specify the qualifications
and experience required by the personnel to perform their tasks.
7.7.8 Reporting to Authorities
In the management of a major hazard, in an installation, it is likely that the incident be
reported to the concerned authorities. Reporting shall be carried o ut in three steps.
Identification/notification of a major hazard installation
Preparation of a safety report
Immediate reporting of the accident
The safety report gives the authorities the following opportunities:
To carry out specific inspection in order to learn about hazards arising from
these installations.
To take a proper site selection decision for a new plant
To establish contingency plans.
Emergency planning rehearsals and exercises shall be monitored by senior officers
form the emergency services. After each exercise, the plan shall be thoroughly
reviewed to take account of omissions or short comings.
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 8-Projetc Benefits
Page C8-256
8. PROJECT BENEFITS
8.1. Improvement in the Physical Infrastructure
There will be a probable increase in the infrastructure resources due to the project in
the region by the way of transport, communication, health facilities and other basic
facilities to be created. Creation of new infrastructure or up-gradation of the existing
infrastructure is likely to create a boost to the local economy and enhance the quality of
life of the people living in the region.
8.2. Improvement in Social Infrastructure
It would be somewhat difficult to quantify all the benefits of a project of this type and
nature to the state and national economy because there are too many “spin-off” indirect
benefits in additions to direct benefits.
8.2.1. Induced Development
Since, power is the wheel for any of the development, the surrounding villages and
region would get maximum benefits out of generated electricity. The benefits may be
realized either as upcoming of industries and its allied ancillary units. Other benefits
would be generation of either direct or indirect employment to the locals. The ensured
and reliable supply of power to upcoming industries and surrounding region would be a
boon for development of the region.
8.2.2. Power supply
The project is expected to generate around 9828 million units of electricity per year
which will meet the growing energy deficit in the state and will have a tremendous
positive impact on enhancement in the economy of Bihar.
8.3. Direct and Indirect Benefit for Public
8.3.1. Employment
The proposed project will provide direct as well as indirect employment to the locals.
There will be a huge demand for skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled work force during
the construction and operation phases of the project.
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 8-Projetc Benefits
Page C8-257
The above requirement for manpower shall be sourced from the local area to the extent
possible and preference shall be given to persons affected due to implementation of the
project. In addition to the above, the development of infrastructure in the area will also
attract many industries which would generate further employment.
8.3.2. Improved socio-economic conditions
The proposed project is likely to have a positive impact on the socio -economic
conditions of the region. The social structure in the region is likely to change due to the
creation of more job opportunities and revenues for income generation. People will
have higher incomes due to direct employment as well as indirect employment and will
have higher earning and buying capabilities.
8.3.3. Health
As a apart of the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives, it is envisaged to
create health infrastructure in the form of primary health centre, which will be
beneficial to the employees and also local people living in the region as their
dependence on nearby towns and cities for quality medical treatment will be reduced.
As part of CSR, it is also proposed to conduct periodic health camps and carryout health
campaigns which will lead to better health conditions of the people.
8.3.4. Training for developing skills for locals
With globalization, Indian Industries are now opening to the world, resulting in growing
demand for world-class quality workmanship and deployment of latest technologies to
enhance technical skill and productivity. Intense training to workforce and equipping
them with required knowledge and skill in power industry will ensure quality and
higher level of productivity of men and machines.
Realizing this, STPL proposes to set up Skill Development Training programs under CSR
programs to provide vocational training in a professional manner and to develop highly
trained workforce that suits the requirement of proposed project. Structured training
programs will be conducted to enable both new entrants and less experience workers in
the power industry progressively improve their skill levels, knowledge and competency.
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 9-Environmental Management Plan
Page C9-258
9. ENVIRONMNENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
9.1. Introduction
Environmental Management Plan (EMP) reviews the adequacy of various pollution
control measures envisaged for proposed project (presented in Chapter 2.0) in
mitigating various environmental impacts identified and assessed in Chapter 4.
Additional mitigatory measures, if required to ensure sustainable power development
are also suggested. EMP has been prepared separately for construction and ope ration
phases and presented below. It describes administrative aspects of ensuring that
mitigatory measures are implemented and their effectiveness is monitored. It also
includes green belt development plan. Environmental monitoring program has already
been presented in Chapter 6.
Each of the mitigatory measure has been assessed with respect to
Adoption of state of art technological measures
Identification of human resources for its effective implementation
Allocation of financial resources for its effective implementation and
Effectiveness of mitigatory measure in mitigation of impacts
EMP specifies various technological measures for pollution prevention, waste
minimization, end-of-pipe treatment, attenuation etc. proposed to be undertaken to
mitigate the environmental impacts on each sector of environment during each phase of
the project, i.e. construction phase and operation phase. Most of the mitigatory
measures are integral part of the main plant package and are commissioned
simultaneously with the commissioning of the main plant packages. However, at this
stage, it is not possible to give a detailed physical and financial plan for individual
measures.
9.2. Summary of Proposed Pollution Control Measures
The proposed project is an environmental friendly facility with a reduced carbon foot
print and water footprint when compared with conventional power plants that are in
operation in the current day of operation. The following environmental management
plan will be adopted at deign an operational phases of the proposed project. About Rs.
1300 Cr has been allocated for implementing various pollution control systems and also
other management programs.
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 9-Environmental Management Plan
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Air Pollution control programs – In order to meet the new power plant standards,
STPL proposed to install higher efficiency electrostatic precipitators to meet the
emission level below 30 mg/Nm3. The envisaged uncontrolled SO2 emissions from each
boiler will be in the order of 5000 Kg/hr. In order to meet the new power plant
standards, a flue gas desulfurization unit (FGD) will be installed to remove about 95% of
the SO2 emissions from the power plant. Similarly, low NOx burners to maintain NOx
levels below 100 mg/Nm3 as per the new power plant emission standards. The peak
predicted ground level concentration of SO2, NOx and Particulate Matter due to release
of controlled emissions was reported to be in the order of 1.4 µg/m3, 1.4 µg/m3 and
0.55 µg/m3 respectively. The cumulative resultant post project baseline scenario will be
far below the stipulated NAAQ standards. These predicted concentrations will be 8 to 10
folds lower than that of the uncontrolled emission scenario.
Water and Wastewater Management Plan- the facility will be operated on dry fly ash
handling system and hence the overall water consumption will be limited to 2.5
m3/MWHR against 4 m3/MWHR in the case of conventional power plants in tropical
regions. Total fresh water demand in the facility will be in the order of 3265 m3/hr
(~78,400 m3/day). Necessary water allocation was granted by Government of Bihar.
Majority of the water will be used as make up for the cooling tower. The following
environmental management plans will be adopted: (1). Adopting good water quality for
cooling water make up there by reducing the blow-down losses, (2). Reuse of cooling
tower blow down for bottom ash handling, fly ash conditioning, make up to the
evaporation losses in the ash pond area etc. In order to achieve zero liquid discharge
(complete reuse of treated wastewater in the plant), suitably designed Reverse Osmos is
plant will be installed to treat the cooling tower blow down, (3) other stream
wastewater if any will be collected in a collection pit and will be subjected to
neutralization and will be reused for ash conditioning and bottom ash handling
operations,(4). Any excess utilized wastewater will be collected in a lined polishing
pond and will be reused in the plant based on the main plant demand, (5). Online
pollutant monitoring system will be installed on the treated wastewater line of the
polishing pond as per the CPCB guidelines, (6). About 70 m3/hr (~1700 m3/day)
sewage generated from the domestic needs (canteen, colony, toilets etc) will be treated
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EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 9-Environmental Management Plan
Page C9-260
in a dedicated sewage treatment plant and reused for greenbelt development, gardening
and horticulture applications within the project site.
9.3. Administrative Aspects
The key benefits of EMP are that it provides the organization with means of managing
and improving its environmental performance thereby allowing it to contribute to
better environmental quality. The other benefits include cost control and improved
relations with the stakeholders. EMP includes four major elements;
Commitment & Policy
Planning
Implementation
Measurement & Evaluation
9.3.1. Commitment & Policy
Project Proponent will strive to provide and implement the Environmental Management
Plan that incorporates all issues related to environmental and social components and
will comply with the suggestions given by the Ministry of Environment and Forests
(MoEF&CC) and Bihar State Pollution Control Board (BSPCB). In this regard, STPL has
well laid down Environment Policy which was approved by their Directors.
9.3.2. Planning
This includes identification of environmental impacts, and setting environmental
objectives. Environmental Management Plan would specifically consist of the following
and STPL is committed to follow the said plan in letter and in spirit. Pollution control
arrangements/ mitigation measures for different types/sources of pollution.
9.3.3. Implementation
The company believes in preservation of the Environment and will install and will
ensure efficient operation of its pollution control equipment/systems. Company will
ensure that trained manpower is available for operating, maintaining and documenting
the effective environmental operations.
9.3.4. Environmental Management System
Environmental Management Systems (EMS) is suggested for ensuring that the activities
and services of the region conform to the carrying capacity (supportive and assimilative
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EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 9-Environmental Management Plan
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capacity). This is based on Bureau of Indian Standard Specification IS:13967 (1993):
Environmental Management Systems - Specification (equivalent to ISO 14001).
Since this is more in line with the quality systems, it is recommended that the industry
shall improve EMS as outlined in the following sub-sections.
9.3.5. Environmental Management Records
STPL will maintain a well-established system of records to demonstrate compliance
with the environmental performance management system and the extent of
achievement of the environmental objectives and targets. In addition to the other
records (legislative, audit and review reports), management records shall address the
following:
Details of failure in compliance and corrective action
Details of incidents and corrective action
Details of complaints and follow-up action
Appropriate contractor and supplier information
Inspection and maintenance reports
Product identification and composition data
Monitoring data
Environmental training records
Housekeeping
9.3.6. Environmental Management System Audits
As a mandatory requirement under the Environment Protection Rules (1986) as
amended through the Notification issued by the Ministry of Environment and Forests in
April 1993, an Environmental Statement will be prepared annually at the industry level.
This includes the consumption of total resources (raw material and water per tonne of
product), quantity and concentration of pollutants (air and water) discharged, quantity
of hazardous and solid waste generation, pollution abatement measures, conservation
of natural resources and cost of production vis-à-vis the investment on pollution
abatement. This may be an internal or external audit, but carried out impartially and
effectively by a person properly trained for it. Broad knowledge of the environmental
process and expertise in relevant disciplines is also required.
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 9-Environmental Management Plan
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The intention of this statement is:
To identify the process/production areas where resources can be used more
efficiently through a comparison with the figures of a similar industry (thereby
reducing the consumption per unit of product)
To determine the areas where waste generation can be minimised at source and
through end of pipe treatment (thereby reducing the wastes generated and
discharged per unit of product)
To initiate a self-correcting/improvement system through an internal analysis to
achieve cost reduction through choice of superior technology and more efficient
practices.
9.3.7. Environmental Management Cell
A permanent organizational set up will be formed by Project Proponent to ensure the
effective implementation of mitigation measures and to conduct environmental
monitoring. The major duties and responsibilities of Environmental Management Cell
will be as follows:
To implement the Environmental Management Plan
To ensure efficient operation and maintenance of pollution control devices
To assure regulatory compliance with all relevant rules and regulations
To minimize environmental impacts of operations by strict adherence to the
EMP
To initiate environmental monitoring as per approved schedule
Review and interpretation of monitored results and corrective measures in case
monitored results are above the specified limit
Maintain documentation of good environmental practices and applicable
environmental laws as ready reference
Maintain environment related records
Coordination with regulatory agencies, external consultants and monitoring
laboratories
Maintaining log of public complaints and the action taken
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 9-Environmental Management Plan
Page C9-263
9.3.7.1. Hierarchical Structure of EHS Management Cell
The proposed environmental management cell comprises of an environmental engineer
who will be supported by a team of executives to implement the safety and
environmental aspects of the company. The environmental engineer will be reporting to
the plant manager with regards to all compliances and management arrangements for
implementing the ISO 14001 and other regulatory compliances. A dedicated safety
engineer and social scientist also will be inducted to implement various safety and CSR
related aspects in the plant. The environment team will have the following
responsibilities:
Developing policy and procedures for implementing the environmental
management programs in the facility,
Monitoring and supervising the effectiveness of the pollution control systems
and water and waste minimization programs in the facility in close coordination
with the process and plant operational teams,
Undertaking the environmental monitoring programs as per the minimum
monitoring program suggested in this EIA report in consultation with State
Pollution Control Board,
Maintaining the environmental records, documentation and reporting the
environmental compliance status to the plant manager and pollution control
board and MOEF&CC Regional office from time to time as per the directions of
the regulations,
Identifying the environmental risks and hazards and near misses in the plant and
making corrective actions
Providing training to the employees and workers on the environmental and
safety related aspects, work permit systems and safety procedures etc as per the
company policy,
Record keeping and reporting of performance is an important management tool for
ensuring sustainable operation of the proposed manufacturing unit. Records will be
maintained for regulatory, monitoring and operational KPIs.
Typical Environmental Management Plans for the proposed project during constru ction
and operation phase are summarized in Table 9.1and 9.2
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016 Chapter 9-Environmental Management Plan
Page C9-264
Table 9-1 – Environmental Management Plan for the Proposed Project- Construction Phase
Impacting Activity
Identified Aspect Mitigation measures to be provided for
the proposed project - Action plan Location Timing Responsibility Monitoring Records
Transport of Construction
Materials -Construction
phase
Noise generation Periodic maintenance of vehicles is required
At Security Gate
Monthly during construction
Contractor Security In charge
Log Book
Dust generation
Covering construction material with tarpaulin sheets to prevent the material from being air borne.
Storage Area At all times during construction Phase
Contractor Site Engineer - Random Checks
Photographs with date – Monthly, Air monitoring records
The vehicle speed will be regul ated. Plant Area At all times during construction phase
Contractor Security In Charge – Random Checks
Penalty records for over speeding
The workers transporting materials will be provided with PPE to reduce impact of air borne dust on their health
Plant Area At all times during construction phase
Contractor Site Engineers – Random Checks
Log Book for distribution of PPE
Vehicular emissions
Periodic emission check for vehicles is required.
At Security Gate
At all times during construction phase
Contractor Pollution Under Control (PUC) Certificate
Copy of PUC Certificate
Construction Activities
Noise generation
Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE) such as ear plugs and helmets will be provided for construction workers.
Plant Area At all times during construction phase
Contractor Site Engineers – Random Checks
Log Book for distribution of PPE, training records
The working hours will be imposed on construction workers.
Plant Area At all times during construction phase
Contractor Site In charge – Fortnightly checks
Attendance register with In and Out timing
Dust generation
PPE in the form of nose masks shall be provided for construction workers.
Plant Area During Excavation and storing of raw materials
Contractor Site Engineers – Random Checks
Log Book for distribution of PPE, training records
Use of water sprays to prevent the dust from being air borne.
Plant Area Once a day at the time of excavation and installation
Contractor Site Engineers Water Consumption, Log sheets, Air monitoring records
Air Emissions from construction machinery
Check and regular maintenance of construction machinery for emissions
Plant Area Check – Every week once and maintenance as and when required
EHS Department EHS Department - Every Fortnight
Check list for equipments, and maintenance records
Clean fuel will be used in D.G set (Bharat Stage IV)
D.G Set At all Times Contractor EHS and maintenance department
Analysis report of ambient air quality
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016 Chapter 9-Environmental Management Plan
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Impacting Activity
Identified Aspect Mitigation measures to be provided for
the proposed project - Action plan Location Timing Responsibility Monitoring Records
Spill of Construction material and paints
Spill management plan Within the plant
At all times EHS Department Periodic workplace monitoring
Spill management and reporting documents, raw material inventory,
Construction Activities
Sewage form the construction area
Channelization of sewage from construction area through network of drains
Table 9-2 – Environmental Management Plan for the Proposed Project- Operation Phase
Impacting Activity
Identified Aspect
Mitigation measures to be provided for the proposed project - Action plan
Location Timing Responsibility Monitoring Records
Operation of plant - Air
Environment
Emission at Source
Electrostatic Precipitators, FGD and Low NOx burners will be installed for controlling Particul ate Matter (PM), SO2 and NOx respectively to meet the new emissions standards stipulated for thermal power plants.
Project site
At all times during operation of power plant
EHS and maintenance department
Online stack emission monitoring systems will be installed. Stack monitoring and ambient air quality monitoring by authorized laboratories will be adopted on periodical basis as per state pollution control board directions.
Analysis reports of stack and ambient air
Stack of Adequate height of 275m as per the CPCB guidelines and environmental regulations.
Project site At the time of construction
EHS and maintenance department
Online Stack monitoring and ambient air quality monitoring by authorized laboratory
Analysis reports of stack and ambient air
Fugitive emissions
Covered belt conveyors to transport coal from stock yard to power plant will be installed at the plant site.
Project site
At all times during operation of boiler
EHS and maintenance department
Ambient air quality monitoring inside the plant by authorized laboratory
Analysis reports of ambient air quality monitoring
Adequate numbers of water sprinkling system at coal storage yard
At coal stack yard
At all times EHS department Ambient air quality monitoring inside the plant by authorized laboratory
Analysis reports of ambient air quality monitoring
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016 Chapter 9-Environmental Management Plan
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Impacting Activity
Identified Aspect
Mitigation measures to be provided for the proposed project - Action plan
Location Timing Responsibility Monitoring Records
The sprinkling of water along the internal roads in the plant in order to control the dust arising due to the movement of vehicular traffic
Inside pl ant At all times EHS department Ambient air quality monitoring inside the plant by authorized laboratory
Analysis reports of ambient air quality monitoring
Adequately designed greenbelt around the plant premises to be developed as per the EMP stated in this document.
Within the plant
To be developed in stages on inside and periphery of the power plant
EHS department Number of trees planted and area under green belt
Area statement, Log of trees planted and photographs
Loading and unloading of coal may lead to fugitive emissions.
Unloading of coal trucks will be carried out with proper care, avoiding dropping of the materials from height. The material will be moisten by sprinkling water while unloading, handling and during storage
Coal storage area
At all time during unloading
EHS department Ambient air quality monitoring inside the plant by authorized laboratory
Analysis reports of ambient air quality monitoring, water consumption
Operation of plant - Noise Environment
Generation from turbine generator room, ID fans and coal crushing, cooling towers
The turbine & generators will be provided with acoustic enclosures and housed in buildings that would considerably reduce the transmission of noise to the outside environment. Noise levels outside the TG room will be maintained less than 70 dB(A) to meet the noise standards for industrial areas.
Turbine and generators
At all times Maintenance and EHS Department
Noise level monitoring inside the plant and at site boundaries by authorized laboratory
Monthly preventive maintenance records
The steam generator draught fans, the electrostatic precipitators and the air heaters will be designed to limit noise emission as low as possible.
Steam generators, air heaters and ESP
At all times Maintenance and EHS Department
Noise level monitoring inside the plant and at site boundaries by authorized laboratory
Monthly preventive maintenance records
Low noise fans will be selected for the cooling towers so that the noise levels at the facility boundary well below the stipulated day noise level of 70 dB(A) to meet the standards for the industrial areas.
Inside the plant
At all times Maintenance and operation teams
Checking of noise l evels within the facility and also mechanical preventive maintenance monitoring of the equipment.
Monthly preventive maintenance records
Periodic maintenance of vehicles. At Security Gate
At all time Security Team Visual inspection by Security team
Log Book
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016 Chapter 9-Environmental Management Plan
Page C9-267
Impacting Activity
Identified Aspect
Mitigation measures to be provided for the proposed project - Action plan
Location Timing Responsibility Monitoring Records
Greenbelt development around the plant boundary.
Inside the plant area
To be developed in stages on inside and periphery of the power plant
EHS Department Number of trees planted and area under green belt
Area statement, Log of trees planted and photographs
Providing Mufflers/Silencer Pads, Enclosures/rooms etc., to all noise generating machineries
High noise generating machineries
At all times Maintenance and EHS Department
Noise level monitoring inside the plant and at site boundaries by authorized laboratory
Analysis reports
Water and wastewater
environment
Water drawl from the river, pre-treatment, wastewater generation and reuse of treated wastewater
Water consumption in the pl ant will be maintained below 2.5 m3/MWHR as per the new power plant regulations by adopting various conservation methods and wastewater recycling programs. The facility will be adopting zero liquid discharge for their plant operations. A dedicated sewage treatment pl ant will be installed and treated sewage will be utilized for greenbelt and horticulture applications.
Within the plant
At all times Maintenance and EHS department
Online flow meters will be installed at the raw water intake, cooling tower make up and recycling water lines. Online COD, TDS and TSS meters will be installed on the wastewater utilized for greenbel t.
Monthly preventive maintenance records. Analysis reports of water quality and wastewater quality.
Fly ash generation
and utilization
Bottom ash and fly ash generation
Bottom ash will be stored in the ash pond and fly ash will be disposed to various agencies as per the MOUs signed. A suitably designed fly ash management plan and fly ash pond has been designed and presented in this EIA report.
Within the plant
All times Maintenance and EHS department
Test wells (ground water) will be installed at the fly ash pond area for monitoring the quality of the ground water from time to time.
Fly ash disposal records and ground water quality monitoring reports.
Hazardous waste
Used oils from the machines
Used oil will be collected in drums and will be disposed to authorized recycling vendors.
Within the plant
Periodical Maintenance and EHS department
-
Plant records and hazardous waste authorization from pollution control board.
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 9-Environmental Management Plan
Page C9-268
9.4. Fly Ash Utilization Program
Estimated quantity of ash produced from the proposed 2x660MW plant with 90 % PLF
will be in the order of 2.7 Million tons per annum when the plant is operated at 100%
Indian coal, whereas the same will be in the order of 0.45 Million Tons per year when
the plant is operated on imported coal during the first four years of plant operation. Fly
ash utilization plan is given in Table 9.3.
Table 9-3 Fly Ash Generation and Utilization Plan
Parameter Units Based on Indian
Coal Use Scenario Based on Imported Coal Use Scenario
Coal consumption in each 660MW unit TPH 425 262
Total Annual coal demand in 2x660MW MTPA 6.7 3.9
Ash content %w/w 41 12
Total ash generation TPD 8364 1506
Total ash generation MTPA 2.7 0.45
Bottom as generation @ 15% of total ash
MTPA 0.40 0.07
Fly ash generation @ 85% of the total ash
MTPA 2.30 0.38
Fly ash utilization plan as per notification, MOEF&CC At 50% of fly ash generated to be utilized and disposed end of the 1st year operation
MTPA 1.17 0.19
Fly ash may be stored in ash pond at the end of 1st year of operation
MTPA 1.17 0.19
Fly ash generated to be utilized/disposed from the end of 2nd year
MTPA 1.76 0.28
Fly ash may be stored at the ash pond at the end 2st year
MTPA 0.59 0.1
100% fly ash generated to be utilized and disposed from end of 3rd year onwards
MTPA 2.35 0.38
Note: Unutilized fly ash in 1st and 2nd year will be disposed in from 4th year to 9th year
MTPA 1.76 0.28
Additional gypsum ash generated from FGD
MTPA 0.2 0.15
Net fly ash +gyspum ash to be disposed from 3rd year onwards
MTPA 2.54 0.53
For ash disposal from the proposed thermal power plant, about 282 acres of land is
identified within the project area, which is adequate for more than 30 years in the
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 9-Environmental Management Plan
Page C9-269
current scenario, as STPL has obtained tie-ups and expression of interests for the
disposal of 100% fly ash from the second year of operation of the power plant.
As per MOEF&CC latest notification, 100 percent fly ash utilization is to be achieved
progressively within 4 years starting with 50% in 1st year and 70% & 90% in 2nd &
3rd year respectively of plant commissioning. STPL has already signed with cement
plants, state road and building works departments and others to utilize about 3 Million
tons of fly ash per year. Hence the STPL will be able to achieve 100% fly ash utilization
from third year onwards. Since fly ash can act as impervious liner, therefore no
liner is required for storing the utilized fly ash during the first four years. Only bottom
ash lagoon shall be lined with impervious liner. To avoid fugitive ash dust emission
and for promoting vegetation cover, the final ash surface will be covered with 300 mm
thick earth cover.
STPL has obtained tie-ups and expression of interests with various institutions for the
disposal of fly ash as against the total fly ash generation of 2.7 Million tons per annum
(Table 9.4). Copies of the MOUs signed with various agencies are presented in
Annexure 8.
Table 9-4:Various Tie-ups for Fly Ash Utilization
Agency Quantity – Tie Up
Rural Works dept. Govt of Bihar Letter no. BRRDA(HQ)PMGSY-581/2015/65, Dated 07-01-2016
0.48
Office of the engineer in Chief cum Additional Commisisoner cum Special Secretary, Road Constriction Department, Govt. of Bihar,
Letter No. 11/Vividh-03-41/2015-192(E), dated 08-01-2016.
0.24
M/s. R.K Mishra Enterprises (Transportation agency of cement, fly ash, gypsum and other materials)
0.5
Lafarge Cement plant 0.8
Dalmiya Cement, 0.7
Global Infra Limited (Transportation agency of cement, fly ash, gypsum and other materials)
0.5
Total 3.22
Apart from the above tie-ups, STPL intends to make available the required quantity of
the fly ash to the local brick manufacturing facilities. Similar to other gangetic planes,
several small to medium size brick manufacturing facilities are located in 50Km radius
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 9-Environmental Management Plan
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of the project site. Fal-G technology has is effectively demonatrated for fly ash based
brick manufacturing that can utilize 60%to 70% of the brick with fly ash with lime and
gypsum added as binders. About 20% of fly ash will be provided free of cost to the brick
manufacturing units in the region.
Figure 9-1 Location of some of the Major Brick Manufacturing Units in the Region
Figure 9-2 Fly Ash Brick Manufacturing Units
Disposal for mine pit reclamation - As per the MOEF&CC notification, 2015 fly ash can
be disposed into mine pits for reclamation needs, where the quality o f fly ash is not
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 9-Environmental Management Plan
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important. A feasibility study for ash disposal in abandoned mine pit was conducted by
Central Mine Planning and Designing Institute (CMPDI) in South Balanda Open Cast
Project of Orissa. The study indicated that the ash disposal in the mine voids of South
Balanda is not likely to pose any significant environmental risk. It is a common fear of
leachability of trace metals into the underground water due to disposal of fly ash in the
abandoned mine pits. To determine the mobility of trace metals from fly ash central
Mine Planning & Design Institute, Ranchi has conducted a survey in Orissa this regard.
They concluded that the leaching of trace metals from coal ash will not pollute the
underground / surface water sources as all toxic elements are present in concentration
less than the limits prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standards (ref)18. The STPL may
approach various mining companies in the 200 Km radius the proposed thermal power
plant for exploring the possibilities of utilizing the fly ash for open cast and
underground mine reclamation and back-filling operations.
Figure 9-3 Use of Fly ash for Underground Mine Reclamation (ref)19
9.5. Ecological Environment
Considering these predicted impacts, a comprehensive green belt development plan are
proposed which will improve the existing status of ecosystems and associated
biodiversity in the nearby area. These habitat improvement efforts shall not only cover
the project core area but adjoining areas as well.
Emission from the stack will be controlled as well as dispersed through appropriate
design. As ambient air quality will be within limits, no active damage to the vegetation is
18 http://www.cesorissa.org/pdf/newsletter3.pdf 19 http://ismenvis.nic.in/Database/FLY-ASH-UTILISATION_3144.aspx
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 9-Environmental Management Plan
Page C9-272
expected. As all the effluents will be treated to conform to prescribed limits and reused
within the facility and no wastewater discharge will be allowed outside the premises,
the impacts on aquatic life of the River system will be unaffected due to the operation of
the power plant. STPL intends to develop greenbelt in an area of 178 Acres of land
within the plant with a tree density of 1000 per ha. Native species will be planted as per
the in consultation with district forest officials. Typical plant layout showing the
greenbelt area is presented in Figure 9.4.
9.5.1. Proposed Monitoring Mechanism for Conservation Activities
A special emphasis on ecological conservation shall be given by extending
special responsibility to senior environment authority within the management
The wildlife conservation activates under Green CSR can be taken up in
consultation with district forest department officials.
The senior personal responsible for the conservation of ecology shall report
directly to the head of the organization.
Substantial budget be allocated to carryout ecological conservation activities by
the company
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 9-Environmental Management Plan
Page C9-273
Figure 9-4 Greenbelt Development Map
Greenbelt area
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 9-Environmental Management Plan
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9.6. Green belt Development
Development of a greenbelt with suitable plant species around the source of emission
will mitigate the air pollution. Selection of suitable plant species for a greenbelt is very
important. Based on these indices, the most appropriate plant species were identified
for the development of a greenbelt around the thermal power plant to mitigate air
pollution. Among the 30 different plant species evaluated during the research studies,
Mangifera indica was identified as keystone species which is coming under the excellent
category.
The main objective of the green belt is to provide a barrier between the plant and the
surrounding areas. The green belt helps to capture the fugitive emissions and to
attenuate the noise generated in the plant apart from improving the aesthetics of the
plant site. In order to control the industrial pollutants, dense tree plantations are
necessary.
As the sedimentation pattern of the pollutants, ambient and ground level concentration
of pollutants are usually determined by the direction and speed of prevailing wind and
vertical and horizontal thermal gradients prevailing in the area, the belt of plantations
will be designed accordingly. The width of the tree belt depends on the gaseous
emissions, availability of land, site characteristics etc.
Geometry of planting of tree is important in order to have effective wind break by the
plantation. For an effective green belt, a mixture of tree species is necessary and some
shrubs and grasses shall be inter-cropped. As far as possible, there shall be no gaps in
the green belt. Where opening is imperative, alignments to roads shall be such that open
gaps are prevented to overcome funneling action of wind. The interspaces shall be
planted with grasses, bushes and hedges. Thus, the green belt provided would have a set
of rows of trees planted in such a way that they form an effective barrier between the
plant and the surroundings.
A 100 m wide greenbelt, consisting of at least 3 tiers around plant boundary will be
developed as greenbelt and green cover as per CPCB/MoEF&CC, New Delhi guidelines.
The plant density of 2,500 trees per hectare with local native species will be
implemented. The expenditure on development and maintenance of green belt is of
revenue nature and sufficient fund shall be provided to meet the requirement. The
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 9-Environmental Management Plan
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plantation schedule will be completed within five years from the construction period of
the project.
While selecting the plant species for the proposed green belt, the following points shall
be taken into consideration: • Should be a fast growing type; • Should have a thick
canopy cover; • Should be perennially green; • Should be preferably of native origin;
and • Should have a large leaf area index, Mitigate gaseous emissions, Have sufficient
capability to arrest accidental release, Effective in wastewater reuse, Maintain the
ecological balance, Control noise pollution to a considerable extent. Prevent soil erosion.
Improve the Aesthetics.
Taking the above-mentioned criteria into consideration, the proposed green belt would
be covering around 33% of the total area. The green belt would be consisting of shrubs,
trees, avenue trees, revenue trees, crops and potted plants. All the species sugge sted are
pollution tolerant, besides having an aesthetic appeal.
9.6.1. Criteria for Selection of Species (Selection of species done as per Green Belt
Development Plan given by CPCB manual, MoEF&CC)
Tolerance to inorganic chemicals, Vertical root development system, Locally available,
Fast growing and perennial, Low water requirement, Availability of seed material;
Tolerance to pollution and specific conditions or alternatively wide adaptability to
ecophysiological conditions; Rapid growth; Capacity to endure water stress and climatic
extremes after initial establishment; Differences in height, growth habits and bole
shapes; Pleasing appearance; Capacity to selectively concentrate some materials from
the surroundings; Providing shades; Large bio-mass and leaves number to provide
fodder and fuel; Ability of fixing atmospheric Nitrogen; and Improving waste lands.
To undertake plantation on site for different purposes, following steps will be involved
• Raising seedlings in nursery;
• Preparation of pits and preparing them for transfer of seedlings; and
• After-care i.e. nurturing the sapling for proper growth.
Raising Seedlings in Nursery
Seedlings should be raised in nurseries. Adequate number of surplus seedlings should
be available considering 10% mortality in seedlings. Healthy seedlings should be ready
for transfer to permanent location before rainy season.
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 9-Environmental Management Plan
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Preparation of Pits and preparing them for Transfer of Seedlings
Standard pit size would be 45 cm x 45 cm x 45 cm;
The distance between pits would vary depending on their location;
The pits should be filled using good soil from nearby agricultural fields (3 parts)
and farm yard manure (1 part);
Rhizobium commercial preparation (1 kg/1000 kg);
BHC powder, if the soil inhabits white ants (Amount variable); and
The pits should be watered prior to plantation of seedlings.
A model plan suitable for plantation in the site
Around 20 plants were suggested under the green belt plan and around 22 lakhs
financial budget is proposed to develop the habitat. As given in the Table 9.5, species
like Mangifera indica, Terminalia tomentosa, Acacia niloFtica, Tectona grandis, Acacia
auriculiformis, Pongamia pinnata, Butea monosperma, Dendrocalamus strictus, Delonix
regia, Azadirachta indica, can be raised in large number towards all the directions near
the plant boundary. Species like Leucaena leucocephala, Agave Americana, Cassia fistula,
Cassine albens, Dalbergia paniculata, Ficus benghalensis, Ficus religiosa, Ficus glomerata,
Limonia acidissima, Phyllanthus emblica, Strychnos potatorum, Pterocarpus santalinus,
Anona squamosa, Bauhinia purpurea, Collistemon linearis, Bauhinia acuminate can be
raised in buffer areas. Small herbs, ornamental species and common flowering plants as
per the availability can also be raised near the paths and corridors of the existing
buildings and townships.
Table 9-5 List of plants identified for greenbelt and plantations within the Power plant area (Three tier model along the fencing wall)
Botanical name No. of Trees
Family Importance
Acacia auriculiformis 100 Mimosaceae Avenue tree
Mangifera indica 200 Anacardiaceae Best tree for Power plants which has high APTI value.
Albizia lebbeck 50 Mimosaceae Shade, timber and scented flowers
Azadirachta indica 100 Meliaceae Neem oil & neem products Callistemon citrinus 50 Myrtaceae Ornamental tree
Calophyllum inophyllum 150 Clusiacaceae Multipurpose
Cassia fistula 150 Caesalpiniaceae Ornamental and bark is a source of tannin
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EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 9-Environmental Management Plan
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Botanical name No. of Trees
Family Importance
Casuarina equisetifolia 150 Casuarinaceae Pulp and construction material
Cocos nucifera 150 Arecaceae Grown commercially for coconut fruit
Delonix regia 100 Caesalpiniaceae Ornamental avenue tree Dendrocalamus strictus 100 Poaceae Bamboo
Ficus benghalensis 100 Moraceae Shade and a source of food for birds
Ficus racemosa 50 Moraceae Edible fruits
Ficus religiosa 50 Moraceae Shade and a source of food for
birds
Holoptelia integrifolia 50 Ulmaceae Fibre and timber Peltophorum pterocarpum
50 Caesalpiniaceae Shade
Polyalthia longifolia 100 Annonaceae Avenue tree
Polyalthia pendula 150 Annonaceae Majestic tree with drooping
branches Pongamia pinnata 200 Papilionaceae Source of biodiesel
Samania saman 200 Mimosaceae Shade, timber and fruits are a
good live stock feed.
Table 9-6 Proposed financial Budget for the Green belt development (Rs in Lakhs)
S.No Component First year
Second year
Third year
Fourth year
Fifth year
Total
1 Plant seeds/ saplings 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 10.0
2 Pits and watering 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 2.0
3 Regular maintenance 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 2.0
4 Transportation 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.0
Grand Total 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 15.0
Table 9-7 Proposed financial Budget for the habitat conservation (Rs in Lakhs)
S.No Component First year
Second year
Third year
Fourth year
Fifth year
Total
1 Plant seeds/ saplings 5.0 1.5 - - - 6.5
2 Ecologist 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 - 10.0
3 Regular maintenance 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 2.5 4 Transportation 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.0
5 Conservation of Blackbuck
0.8 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 2.0
Grand Total 9.0 5.0 3.5 3.5 1.0 22.0
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 9-Environmental Management Plan
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9.7. Rain Water Harvesting Programs
Lots of surface and subsurface recharging measures are possible depending upon the
site conditions. The specific recharge measures are to be selected depending on the soil
characteristics, lithology and nature of the aquifer material, pre and post monsoon
rainfall, ground water level and so on. The ground water level in and around the project
site is 3 to 4 m below ground level. According to the slope of the roof, the sump location
has been identified. The roof area and the normal monthly rainfall have been
considered for designing the capacity of the rain water harvesting sump.
9.7.1. Rainfall Runoff Estimations
The estimation of Run-Off from the project site has been assessed. Based on vacant, roof
top area and the monthly rainfall and Run-Off, the storage structures and percolation
pond have been contemplated. For the estimation, 5 years monthly normal rainfall has
been considered. The pre and post project Run-Off from the project site has been
estimated based on rational method. The Co-efficient used to estimate the Run-Off from
the different surfaces is as follows. The co-efficient are considered are as per the
MoEF&CC and CGWA Guidelines: (1) Roof Area: 0.95, (2). Asphalted and Paved Area:
0.85, (3). Green Belt Area: 0.20, (4). Open and Vacant Area: 0.30 respectively. Volume of
rainwater that can be collected from the project site has been estimated from the
monthly normal rainfall. Vacant & Green belt area, Roof top area and paved area of the
project site have been considered for the run off estimation and conservation measures.
Based on the data presented in the DPR, the proposed power plant site area break is
observed as follows:
Description Area in Sq.m Roof Area 837700 Road / Paved Area 2792333 Green Belt 1092652
Total 4722685
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EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 9-Environmental Management Plan
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the possible runoff from the project site during the pre-construction and post
construction phases have been estimated using monthly rainfall and runoff coefficients
of the specific land use pattern in the area. The volume of runoff from the project site is
estimated as 1.3Million m3 per year and the same will be increased to 3.4 Million m3
per year after the project is implemented. This is mainly due to the increased paved
surface areas during the post project scenario. Summary of the estimated runoff
quantities are presented in Table 9.8 and Table 9.9. Surplus Run-Off of 2 million m3
per year of can be considered for rainwater harvesting to maintain the hydrological
balance.
Table 9-8 Pre project Runoff Estimations
Pre Project Run-Off
Month Rainfall
(mm) Area (Sq.m)
Run-Off Coefficient
Monthly Pre Project Run-Off (m3)
January 13.7 4722686 0.3 19410 February 29.6 4722686 0.3 41937
March 2.8 4722686 0.3 3967 April 84.2 4722686 0.3 119295
May 148.9 4722686 0.3 210962 June 82.3 4722686 0.3 116603
July 201.8 4722686 0.3 285911 August 202.3 4722686 0.3 286620
September 99.3 4722686 0.3 140689
October 35.6 4722686 0.3 50438 November 9.5 4722686 0.3 13460
December 9.2 4722686 0.3 13035 Total Annual Pre Project Run-Off in Cum 1,302,328
Table 9-9 Predicted Post Project Run-Off from the Project Area
Predicted Post Project Run-Off from the Project Site Location Area (Sq m) Run-Off Coefficient
Roof Area (m²) 837700 0.95
Asphalt area and Paved area (m²)
2792333 0.85
Green belt Area (m²)
1092652 0.2
Month Rainfall
(mm)
Run-Off
Roof area
(CUM)
Run-Off Asphalt /
Paved area
(CUM)
Run-Off Green
belt area (CUM)
Run-Off Open area
(CUM)
Total Monthly Run-Off (CUM)
January 13.7 10903 32517 2994 0 46413 February 29.6 23556 70255 6469 0 100280
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March 81.5 64859 193439 17810 0 276108 April 84.2 67008 199847 18400 0 285255 May 148.9 118497 353412 32539 0 504448 June 82.3 65496 195338 17985 0 278818
July 201.8 160595 478969 44099 0 683664 August 202.3 160993 480156 44209 0 685358 September 99.3 79024 235687 21700 0 336411 October 35.6 28331 84496 7780 0 120607
November 9.5 7560 22548 2076 0 32184 December 9.2 7321 21836 2010 0 31168
Total 997.9 794144 2368499 218072 0 3380714 Total Predicted Annual Run-Off from Different Surfaces in Cum 3380714
9.7.2. Rain Water Harvesting – Rooftop runoff collection and recharge
It has been estimated that the roof top runoff collection is estimated to be in the order of
15,000 m3 per year. It has been suggested to construct ten sumps (Size 5mX10mX2.5m
each) with a total holding capacity of 1250 m3 to capture the roof water for further
reuse in the process. The surplus runoff the proposed sumps are estimated and
presented in the table 9.9. The rainwater that is collected from the roof shall be passed
through a filter media with the following dimensions:
The size of the multilayer vertical filter is 2m X 2m X 1.2m
The outlet pipes from the roof area will be connected with 115 mm dia PVC pipe
allowing the water to pass through the filter media before storing in the sump
Table 9-10 Calculation of Rainwater Harvesting
Rainwater Harvesting scheme for the proposed site - Roof Top Collection
Location Area (sq m) Run-
OffCoefficient
Total Roof Area 837700 0.95
Actual Sump Capacity (6 Sumps- Each 125 Cum Capacity
m3 1250
Harvestable water m3 794144
Water harvested m3 15000 Surplus outflow from Sump m3 779144
Month Rain fall
(mm) Harvestable Water (m3)
Sump Storage
(m3)
Surplus out flow from Sump, (m3)
January 13.7 10903 1250 9653
February 29.6 23556 1250 22306 March 81.5 64859 1250 63609
April 84.2 67008 1250 65758
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May 148.9 118497 1250 117247 June 82.3 65496 1250 64246 July 201.8 160595 1250 159345 August 202.3 160993 1250 159743
September 99.3 79024 1250 77774 October 35.6 28331 1250 27081 November 9.5 7560 1250 6310 December 9.2 7321 1250 6071
TOTAL 997.9 794144 15000 779144
9.7.3. Storage cum Percolation Pond
The surplus Run-Off after roof top collection, green belt, asphalt area has been
estimated as 0.78, 0.2 and 2.4 Million m3 per year respectively. Hence the total runoff
will be 3.4 Million m3 per year. Five storm water collection ponds with a total capacity
of 4500 m3 may be developed. It has been estimated that about 27,000 m3 of runoff can
be recharged through these collection sumps.
9.8. Renewable Energy and Reduction in Carbon Footprint
Sustainable power generation has been one of the prime objectives of STPL. Towards
achieving this objective, various measures shall be introduced to ensure minimum
degradation of the environment due to the operation of the power station. As a part of
the agreement under Kyoto Protocol the CDM has been introduced to enable
trading of Certified Emission Reduction (CER) between the developed countries
and the developing countries. Although, this issue is being exhaustively deliberated to
establish long ranging solutions, accordingly, it is proposed to have supercritical boilers
at the proposed Power Project. In view of the increased efficiency (2.4%) of super -
critical boiler as compared to sub-critical boiler, the coal consumption per unit of
electricity generation would be lower with consequent reduction in CO2 emissions.
The reduction in CO2 emissions would be of the order of 0.26 million tons per year. For
the entire life of the plant (i.e. 25 years), it would be of the order of about 6.5 million
tons. Since the super-critical technology is still under implementation stage in India,
operation of super-critical boilers using the low grade Indian coal is challenging
and technology barriers will have to be overcome. Investment costs for plant with
super-critical boilers is higher as compared to the plant with sub-critical boilers.
The Solar Photo Voltaic (PV) installation on Rooftop of various buildings of Thermal
Power Plant shall be carried out preferably on shadow free area in such a way that the
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generation is maximized on each building Rooftop suitable for installation of Solar PV
power plants. List of buildings identified for installation of rooftop Solar PV power
are as follow.
- Main Power House
- Stores
- CHP Control Room
- Workshop
- Ash System Buildings
- Admin Building
- Canteen Building, Service
- Service Building
- Fire Station Building
- Fuel Oil buildings
- CW Pump House
The estimated capacity available on rooftops and is approximately 1200 KW+250 kW
(future). The final plant capacity shall be as per detailed approved engineering design of
each of the buildings
9.9. Occupational Health Facility
The Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of India has a nodal organization
viz. Directorate General Factory Advice Service and Labour Institutes (DGFASLI) in
dealing with Occupational Safety and Health issues in Industries. The Directorate
General Factory Advice Service and Labour Institutes (DGFASLI) is the technical arm of
the Ministry on matters connected with Occupational Health in the manufacturing and
port sectors.
The Factories Act, 1948 provides for appointment of qualified Medical Practitioners and
Certifying Surgeons to examine young persons engaged in dangerous manufacturing
processes and to ensure medical supervision in case of illness due to the nature of
manufacturing processes. The Factories Act, 1948 also provides for notification of
certain occupational diseases as listed in the Third Schedule of the Act. As per Section
90 of the Factories Act, 1948, the State Govt. is vested with the powers to appoint a
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Competent Person to conduct inquiry into the causes of any accident or notifiable
diseases.
The following measures needs to be implemented in the work places to enhance
occupational health:
1. Identify and involve workers in assessing workplace risks,
2. Assess and consider employees' needs when planning and organising work,
3. Provide advice, information and training to employees, as well as mechanisms
for employee feedback such as a suggestion scheme,
4. Occupational health surveillance and Occupational health audit, to develop a
system of creating up to date data base on mortality, and morbidity due to
Occupational diseases and use it for performance monitoring of the same and
5. Extending support to the state government for effective enforcement of the
health provisions stipulated under section 41F of the Factory Act by equipping
them with work environment monitoring technologies
The occupational health safety system will be headed by a competent and qualified
safety office that will be supported by a team of safety volunteers from each plant and
department within the facility. The safety team will take up a detailed task based risk
assessment studies and will develop task based safety procedures and wo rk permit
systems. The safety team should record the near misses in the plant and take necessary
corrective action to minimize the occupational risks
STPL will be equipped with a full-fledged Occupational Health Centre within the plant
premises as mandated under The Factories Act, 1948. Occupational health centre will be
developed consisting the following facilities:
1. A full time doctor shall be appointed to monitor the day-to-day occupational
health aspects and also to provide medical advice to the workers, employees and
residents of the colony,
2. Minimum facilities such as oxygen cylinder for emergency medical use, two bed
clean room for first aid applications, first aid kits as per the Factories act,
3. ECG and X-Ray facilities,
4. Peak Expiratory flow Meter to check the lung function
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In addition company will have tie up with ESIC hospitals in the vicinity if available and
the specialty hospitals in Buxar.
As a part of the surveillance program, the following minimum medical expansion will be
undertaken during the pre-employment phase: 1. General physical examination and
blood pressure, 2. X-Ray of chest & ECG, 3. Sputum examination, 4. Detailed routine
blood & urine examination, 5. Audiometry and 5. Spirometry.
As a part of the routine and annual medical examinations on the persons working in the
high noise generating areas, stress areas and dust exposure areas, a comprehensive
surveillance program will be adopted. Some of the good management practices are
suggested in Table 9.11 and 9.12.
Table 9-11 Suggested Frequency of Medical Examination under Occupational Health Surveillance Program
Age (yrs) Preriodicity Duration of Exposure
Periodicity
< 30 yrs Once in five years < 10 yrs Once in five years
31-40 Once in four years 10 to 20 Once in four years 41-50 Once in three years 21-30 Once in three years
> 51 Once a year > 31 Once a year
Table 9-12 Suggested Medical Tests under Occupational Health Surveillance Program
S.No Disorder Tests to be conducted
1 Heart Diseases ECG, Blood for Lipid Profile, Stress Test, 2D-Echo and other required Tests
2 Anemia Hb%, TC,DC, ESR & Stool for Occult Blood, Ova and Cyst 2 Lung Diseases Sputum, X-Ray Chest, Spirometery
4 Diabetes Random Blood sugar, Urine sugar, if positive, BSL-Fasting/PPBS iabetic profile
5 Hypertension Blood Pressure reading, If required Renal profile + ECG and stress test.
6 Urine Examination
Routine and Microscopic
Medical records - A record-keeping system for holding results of medical examinations
and reports of symptoms will be needed as part of the health surveillance scheme.
These are confidential medical records relating to individuals. As part of the health
surveillance programme, workers should be informed of the confidential results of
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each assessment and of any implications of the findings, such as the likely effects of
their continuing to work with vibration.
9.10. Corporate Social Responsibility
9.10.1. CSR Programs carried out by STPL
Various CSR activities are carried out in the vicinity of the project site for the period of
three years. The presently the CSR implementation area is concentrated to the adjacent
villages to the proposed project site. Photographs of the CSR program carried by STPL
are given in Figure 9.5 and the expenditure spent for CSR is given in Table 9.13.
Agriculture Training Camps Merit Scholarship Programs
Donation to Prime Minister Relief Fund Health Camp Programs
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Eye camp and Spectacles Distribution Mobile Heath Facility
Figure 9-5 CSR Programs Carried by STPL
Table 9-13 Expenditure on CSR Activities Carried out
S.N. Activity Village/Tehsil Name Expenditure (Rs. In Lakh)
No. of Beneficiaries
I Health & Hygiene
1 Mobile Medical Services
(Banarpur, Sikroul, Chunni, K.N.P.)
56 33,533
2 Health Camp 10 Villages 9 3,627
3 Materials to PHC Chausa
Chausa Village 0.15 -
II Education & Skill Development
4 SJVN Silver Jubliee Merit Scholarship
Buxar Distt.
2014 7.2 25
2015 7.27 45
2016 20.4 85
5
Training and Agricultural Equipment to Farmers
Banarpur 2015 0.2 200
6
Skill Development Training for Unemployed Youth through CIDC, Faridabad
3 Panchayats (Banarpur, Sikroul & Chunni)
2016 19.43 47
III Infrastructure Development
7 PCC of Road 1 Panchayat 2016 10 -
8 Instalation of Hand Pump
2 Panchayat 2016 20 -
IV Miscellaneous
9 Grant for Ex-Serviceman
Buxar District 2014 0.1 -
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S.N. Activity Village/Tehsil Name Expenditure (Rs. In Lakh)
No. of Beneficiaries
10 Donation to CM Relief Fund for the victims of Earthquake
Bihar 2015 25 -
Total 174.75 -
9.10.2. Proposed Need Based CSR Programs
The proposed CSR programs are based on the felt needs and socioeconomic indicators
of the study area. The seven project affected villages namely Banarpur, Sikroul,
Khorampur, Kochadih, Mohanpurwa, Bechanpurwa and Akhouripur shall be given more
importance for the implementation of CSR programs during the initial stage and during
the later stage, the implementation area can be expanded to the other parts of the study
area. The proposed CSR Programs can be grouped into the following subheadings.
Piped Drinking Water Facility: Most of the villages in the study area are not
having access to the safe drinking water facilities and are sourcing water from the
distance places. Providing piped drinking water facilities to the villages is very
necessary
Sanitation Programs: Within the project affected villages the rate of population
accessed to sanitation facilities are less than 20% and there is no public sanitation
facilities are available in any of the villages.
Promotion of Sanitation programs through construction of Individual
Toilet facilities and Public Sanitation facilities with adequate water
supply.
Providing Awareness campaign on Sanitation, Health & Hygiene etc
Education Promotion Programs: Most of the project affected villages are
having access to the only primary schools and middle schools. Under the CSR
program higher level school construction within the villages and strengthening
the existing school infrastructure facilities such as Sanitation facilities, Drinking
water facility, etc.
Irrigation Development Programs: The major source of the income in the
study area is through Agriculture labors, labors, etc. As there is a huge scarcity of
irrigation facilities agriculture is not extensively carried out. Promoting
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irrigation facility such as lift irrigation systems from Ganga River, Building
canals, etc can be imparted.
Health Promotion Program: There is no government health facility adjacent to
the proposed project site. The people from the affected villages are availing
health facility at private clinics at Yadam mode. Providing health facility adjacent
to the project site, conducting health camps, promoting health care facilities
through mobile clinics, etc can be considered under the CSR program.
Infrastructure Development programs: The study area is very poor in rural
infrastructure facilities such as poor street lighting facilities, drainage facilities,
poor connectivity with banking networks, Health facilities, earth roads, etc.
Development of these infrastructure facilities can be included under the CSR
programs.
Road Development
Solar Street Lighting
Irrigation Canals
Bore Wells and Drinking water Facilities
School Building Construction
Skill Development Programs: Majority of the population in the study area are
dependent on wage employment and as agriculture labors. The educated youth
are migrating to the nearest town for seeking employment. Majority of the land
owners whose land been acquired are in requirement of employment
opportunities in the project. Providing suitable Skill development programs can
generate local labor force required for the upcoming project.
Various Skill Development programs can be taken:
For Men: Auto Servicing and repairing, Plumbing & Fitter, Building
construction, Mechanic, Motor vehicle, Electrician, TV/Radio Repairing,
Computer and IT, Machinery work, Horticulture, Poultry, Dairy, Poultry, etc.
For Women: Handicraft, Food processing, Computer and Information &
communication technology, Hospitality management, Knitting/Embroidery,
Mid-wifery, Goatery/Piggery, Bee keeping, Tailoring
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Environment Protection program: In addition to the green development
programs social forestry can be promoted as part of the CSR program by
afforestation program in the public places, road sides, river banks,
government waste lands etc. Employing the local labor force for the program
will generate employment opportunities in the area.
Figure 9-6 Proposed Village Specific CSR Program
9.10.3. Eligible Development Programs under Companies Act 2013
Ministry of Corporate Affairs given list of eligible CSR activities under Companies Act
2013, the following are the list of Development Activity listed under Schedule VII of Act.
H
E
S
D
E
Health Promotion Programs
Education Promotion Programs
Sanitation Programs
Drinking Water Agriculture Promotion Programs
I
E
SP
H
SK
Infrastructure Facilities
Skill Development Programs
Sports Promotion
A
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i. Eradicating Hunger, Poverty and Malnutrition, Promoting health care including
Preventive Health Care and Sanitation including to the Swachh Bharat Kosh and
making available Safe Drinking Water
ii. Promoting Education, including Special Education and Employment Enhancing
Vocation Skills Especially among Children, Women, Elderly, and the Differently-
Abled and Livelihood Enhancement Projects
iii. Promoting Gender Equality, Empowering Women, setting up Homes and Hostels
for Women and Orphans, setting up Old Age Homes, Day Care Centers and such
other Facilities for Senior Citizens and measures for Reducing Inequalities faced
by Socially and Economically Backward Groups
iv. Ensuring Environmental Sustainability, Ecological Balance, Protection of Flora
and Fauna, Animal Welfare, Agro-forestry, Conservation of Natural Resources
and Maintaining Quality of Soil, Air and Water including contribution to Clean
Ganga Fund.
v. Protection of National Heritage, Art and Culture Including Restoration of
Buildings and sites of Historical Importance and Works of Art, setting up Public
Libraries, Promotion and development of Traditional Arts and Handicrafts
vi. Measures for the benefit of Armed Forces Veterans, War Widows and their
Dependents
vii. Training to Promote Rural Sports, Nationally Recognized Sports, Paralympic
sports and Olympic sports
viii. Contribution to the Prime Minister's National Relief Fund or any other fund set
up by the Central Government for socio-economic development and relief and
welfare of the Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes, other backward classes,
minorities and women
ix. Contributions or funds provided to technology incubators located within
academic institutions which are approved by the Central Government
x. Rural Development Projects
xi. Slum Area Development
9.10.4. CSR Budget
The capital CSR budgets of Rs. 61 Cr. had been embarked for the local Community
development within the vicinity of the study area as budget classification given below in
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Table 9.14. The capital budget is arrived by considering minimum of 0.6% of the total
project cost.
Table 9-14 CSR Budget
S.No CSR Programs Budget (Rs. in Lakhs)
Y 1 Y 2 Y 3 Y 4 Y 5 Y 6 Y 7 Y 8 Y 9 Y 10 Total 1 Sanitation 31 30.5 45.8 45.8 45.8 61 76.3 91.5 91.5 91.5 610
2 Health Promotion 46 45.8 68.6 68.6 68.6 91.5 114 137 137 137 915
3 Education 46 45.8 68.6 68.6 68.6 91.5 114 137 137 137 915
4 Agriculture Promotion
61 61 91.5 91.5 91.5 122 153 183 183 183 1220
5 Infrastructure Projects
76 76.3 114 114 114 153 191 229 229 229 1525
6 Skill Development Project
46 45.8 68.6 68.6 68.6 91.5 114 137 137 137 915
7 Total 305 305 458 458 458 610 763 915 915 915 6100
9.10.4.1. CSR Programs Implementation Strategies
9.10.4.1.1. Community Development Organization
This section of the report presents the strategy to be followed in implementing various
pre-defined CSR Plans. For this, a universally accepted principles recommended by
World Bank Group (WBG) (ref)20 have been referred. Once the key community
development areas have been identified, the critical aspects to be addressed are - when
to invest in communities, how to invest, constitution of the implementing team and how
to monitor the effectiveness of the program.
9.10.4.1.2. Formation of Core CSR Management Team
The first step in the community investment programs is to form a central CSR
management team within STPL, which shall be supported by a group of social scientists
headed by a functional head to implement and monitor the overall program. The
primary responsibilities of the central CSR management team is to define the specific
yearly investment programs, identifying various vehicles and appointing stake-holders
to successfully implement the individual schemes, allocating and disbursing funds to the
respective stake-holders and implementation agencies in appropriate time, periodical
interactions with communities and understand the effectiveness of the overall 20 Strategic Community Investment, A Good Practice Handbook for Companies Doing Business in Emerging
Markets, International Finance Corporation
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programs and finally undertake audits through external agencies to assess the adequacy
of the implementation strategies to meet the specified objectives. A clearly defined
community investment plan policy shall be developed by STPL every year to define the
objectives, targets, roles and responsibilities of the individual stake-holders. The policy
should be developed based on the following key performance objectives:
Set out a 3-5 year plan for the company’s community investments
Identify target stakeholder groups and specify eligibility criteria for each of the
identified scheme
Establish an iterative process of engagement with local stakeholders and partners
on community investment
Draw on the company’s core competencies and resources to support communities
Promote cross-functional coordination and accountability for supporting
community investment objectives
Identify the implementation model and decision-making/governance structures
Define roles and responsibilities, budget, scope, and timeline
Describe how project results will be monitored and communicated
9.10.4.1.3. Identifying and Nominating the Implementing Agencies
Assessing who is who and which organizations could be potential partners for
community development programs is an important part of understanding the local
context. Partnerships are a cornerstone of strategic community development program.
Ideally, they should be pursued in the early planning stages as a part of a company’s
sustainability and exit strategies. Wherever possible, it is good practice to explore
working through existing reputed Non Governmental Organizations (NGO) or programs
before creating new ones. These agencies can be selected based on the following
criteria: Ability to reach the local people and areas, thematic areas of expertise - health,
capacity building, sanitation, etc. Delivery capacity, including staffing, existing
relationships, contacts, and networks with local areas and communities, Core values
(which should be compatible with the company’s objectives and principles) reputation
and track record.
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9.10.4.1.4. Constituting Village Development Committees
The key beneficiaries of the community development programs are the needy local
villagers. Therefore, the local communities shall be completely involved in various
designated programs. It has been recommended to form local village bodies such as
youth association groups, fishermen association group, women group, village develop
group, etc. Each of these groups will be defined with the basic constitution of the
committee, specific roles and responsibilities. Each group should comprise of at least
three members from various sections of the village. The roles and responsibilities of
these groups is to undertake awareness programs among the villagers about the
respective schemes, providing local support while implementing the schemes in
association with the nominated implementing agency or NGO, etc., providing feedback
to STPL on the overall progress of the scheme, grievances, if any and suggestion and
recommendations for the effective implementation of the schemes. Monthly progress
review meetings with respective stakeholders of the individual schemes are essential to
ensure smooth implementation of the designated schemes.
9.10.4.1.5. Fund Allocation and Disbursement
Based on the well planned community development programme, adequate annual
budget shall be allocated for community development plan and the same shall be
credited in a dedicated account to ensure continuous flow of funds throughout the year
without any interruption. Required funds for the respective programs can be allocated
on a monthly basis to the nominated implementing agencies based on the monthly work
progress reviews with respective stake holders. An external CSR consultant can be
nominated for project cost estimations, verification of the schemes proposed and also to
monitor the overall programs.
An implementation or delivery model is the organizational structure through which a
company carries out its community investment program or supports others in doing so.
In practice, many companies use “hybrid” approaches—a combination of different
mechanisms to deliver their programs. The following schemes can be adopted for
effective community development investment.
In-house Implementation - Company creates an internal department or unit to
work directly with communities to design and implement community
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 9-Environmental Management Plan
Page C9-294
development schemes. Schemes for developing infrastructure such as roads,
sanitation facilities, construction of buildings, hospitals, etc. can be taken up
under this mode.
Company Foundation - Company establishes an independent foundation as a
separate legal entity to carry out its community development programs.
Foundations can have grant-making authority (i.e., financing of community
development programs implemented by others) or serve as an implementing
function (implementing their own projects and programs).
Third-party Implementation - Company engages a third party, such as NGO or
group of NGOs, to work with local communities in designing and implementing
schemes or it supports an existing initiative being implemented by others.
Multi- Stakeholder Partnership - Company establishes or joins a voluntary or
collaborative alliance, network, or partnership. This implies cooperation
between two or more partners in a manner that shares risks, responsibilities,
resources, and competencies, and involves a joint commitment to common tasks
and goals. Schemes such as social forestry programs, restoration of lakes and
canals and disaster management infrastructure facilities, etc. can be taken up
under this scheme.
Hybrid Models - Company utilizes a combination of two or more
implementation models to deliver various components in the community
development program.
9.10.4.1.6. CSR Activity Monitoring, Reporting and Continual Improvement
The CSR management team of the STPL should develop monthly, quarterly, half yearly
and annual status reports for adopting necessary corrective actions for continuous
improvement.
A suitable system to monitor the whole process with regard to the performance at the
field levels shall be established. This system can be developed within the CSR
department who will be assigned to do periodic evaluation. This process should be
intimated to the nominated Implementing Agencies in their work order. The monitoring
and evaluation shall be taken at different levels i.e. CSR department, with Implementing
Agencies, within community, etc. The various field functionaries would be familiarized
with the basics of this reporting system as well as their role and responsibility. The
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 9-Environmental Management Plan
Page C9-295
Monitoring and Evaluation team’s responsibilities are as follows: Periodic Progress
Reports, Necessity and the periodicity of such reports, Output to be generated,
Evaluation, Improvement / Development of Implementation process, Analyzing
deviations to the said objectives, Focusing on Qualitative aspects in progress of project
and Identifying Changes / Milestones in development
Annual bench mark surveys can be carried out with selected villages to assess the
overall outcome and benefits of the CSR programs implemented in the respective areas
as per the pre defined CSR objectives. The findings of the study can be compared with
the ratings prior to the entry of development activities. The following parameters can
be considered for evaluating the overall outcome and performance of the community
development programs implemented in a specific period:
1. Increase income level of the BPL families,
2. Increase in literacy level,
3. Reduction in infant mortality and ailments of humans and cattle,
4. Increase in fish production,
5. Reduced population migration,
6. Increased sanitation and drinking water facilities etc.
Other indicative parameters that shall be included in the evaluation of the overall
performance of the CSR program are listed hereunder:
• Number of protests, demonstrations, complaint letters, and compensation
requests
• Number of community participants in consultation meetings
• Closures of activities due to a disturbance by the community/local stakeholders
• Quantity of work applications received from the community/local stakeholders
• Incidents (related to communities or other stakeholders) affecting company
property or personnel
• Number of problems or grievances identified by local stakeholders
• Quantity—and the time period of delays in implementing the schemes
• Community sentiment surrounding current community development initiatives
(i.e., Do they fulfill needs and expectations?)
• Effectiveness of public consultation activities (i.e., Do local people feel their
participation has value?)
• Degree of trust felt by the community toward the company (and vice versa)
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 9-Environmental Management Plan
Page C9-296
• Positions taken by the local government regarding decisions that affect the
company
• Community members say they are better off as the result of the company’s
presence
• Number of positive and negative press articles about the company
If measuring value of the community development is important, communicating that
value is equally important. For benefits derived from community development to be
optimized, stakeholders at the local, regional, and international levels need to know
about these investments and the value they create. The annual reports should address
the community development programs implemented, impact on the business, the
outcome and benefits of schemes to local villagers and community. Various
communication models can be adopted such as Television, road, booklets and
magazines, press meets and conferences, seminars and the company website.
9.11. Budgetary Cost Estimates for Environmental Management
The estimated cost of the various items under environmental management programs
will be in the order of 1300 Cr. Break-up of the budget for the proposed project
environmental management programmes are presented in Table 9.15.
Table 9-15 Proposed Budget for Environmental Management Plan
Item Capital Cost,
(Rs Cr.) Electrostatic Precipitator 202.88
Chimney 65.00 Cooling Tower incl. Civil Works 123.78 Ash handling incl. AWRS 250.96 Ash Dyke-First 9 Years 85.20
Dust Extraction & Suppression System 5.00 DM Plant waste treatment systems 5.00 Sewerage collection, treatment & disposal
4.00
Environmental Lab, equipment 1.50 Landscaping, Green Belt and Habitat Conservation
5.00
FGD System 563.00
Total 1311.32
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 10-Conclusion
Page C10-297
10. CONCLUSION
Based on the information stated in the project report of STPL and also an independent
assessment on the baseline environmental status and also prediction of impacts the
following conclusions are made by the EIA consulting organization and study team:
The proposed power plant will be adopting the new power plant regulations by
installing efficient pollution control systems and FGD and hence the emissions of
SO2 from the power plant will be several folds lower than that of the current
power plant emission scenario in India. This will further help to achieve very low
ground level concentration of SO2, NOx and PM during the operational phase
without any appreciable change from the background levels.
The proposed facility will utilize the lowest possible water consumption of 2.5
m3/MWHR as per the new power plant regulations and also it has been
proposed to completely recyle and reuse the waste water generated from the
plant. Hence the possible impacts on the ecological and biological environment in
the surface water bodies in the region will be insignificant.
STPL intends to spend about Rs. 61 Cr towards various CSR programs in 10 to 15
years, which will benefit the local people in several folds and the social and
cultural environmental will be enhanced.
The project will given an impetus to induced industrial growth in region.
The proposed project is structured to be in line with the requirements of
MoEF&CC/CPCB.
Thus, it can be concluded that with the judicious and proper implementation of the
pollution control and mitigation measures, the proposed project can proceed without
any significant negative impact on the environment.
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 11-Disclosure of Consultants
Page C11-298
11. DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS
11.1. Introduction
The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environment Management Plan
(EMP) report has been prepared by carrying out various scientific studies. The studies
have been carried out by M/s. Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited, Chennai,
India, with technical report from NTPC.
The profiles of the Consultants are given below:
11.2. Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited – EIA Consultant
M/s Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Ltd (CMSRSL) is a joint venture between the
Murugappa group, India and Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Group, Japan. CMSRSL is an
ISO 9001:2008 certified company. CMSRSL offers safety and environmental consulting
services across Indian, Middle East and East Asian countries. CMSRL consists of six
consulting domains such as environmental engineering and management, process
safety, fire safety, electrical safety, construction safety and logistics risk assessment.
CMSRSL is an NABET accredited EIA consulting organization for undertaking EIA
studies in the following sectors: paper and pulp, thermal power plants, petroleum
refineries, petrochemical complex, chemical fertilizers, synthetic organic chemical
industries, ports and harbours and area development projects. CMSRSL has offered
environmental and safety related consulting services for more than 5000 clients during
last decade.
11.2.1. Details of Experts/Consultants Engaged for this EIA Study
Details of Experts/Consultants Engaged for this EIA Study
S.No. Name Role in the EIA Study
1 Mr V S Bhaskar EIA Coordinator – Thermal Power Plants. Functional Area Expert(FAE) - Meteorology, Air Quality Modeling and Prediction Functional Area Expert (FAE) - Water Pollution Prevention, Control & Prediction of Impacts Functional Area Expert (FAE) - Noise / Vibration Functional Area Expert (FAE) – Risk & Hazards Management
2 Mr. D. Ravishankar Functional Area Expert (FAE) - Air Pollution Prevention, Monitoring and Control Functional Area Expert FAE –Solid & Hazardous Waste
SJVN Thermal Private Limited
EIA for the Proposed 2 x 660 MW Buxar Thermal Power Plant (BTPP) near Chausa, District Buxar, Bihar
Project No.PJ-ENVIR-2016323-735 Dated: 25th October 2016
Chapter 11-Disclosure of Consultants
Page C11-299
S.No. Name Role in the EIA Study Management
3 Mr.T.P.Natesan Functional Area Expert (FAE) – Land Use, Hydrology, Ground Water & Water Conservation
4 Mr. I.Sivaramakrishnan Functional Area Expert (FAE) – Ecology and Biodiversity
5 Dr.T.Balakrishnan Functional Area Expert (FAE) – Ecology and Biodiversity
6 Ms. Sathya. S Functional Area Expert (FAE) – MSW and Team Member 7 Dr.Mangalam
Balasubramanian Functional Area Expert (FAE) – Socio-Economics
8 Mr. C S Karthick Functional Area Expert (FAE) – Socio-Economics
9 Mr. Pudi Rama Satya Kamesh
Associate Functional Area Expert (AFAE)- Air Pollution Prevention, Monitoring and Control and Meteorology, Air Quality Modeling and Prediction
10 Mr.Ganta Srikanth Associate Functional Area Expert (AFAE)- Water Pollution Prevention, Control & Prediction of Impacts and Air Pollution Prevention, Monitoring and Control
11.2.2. Other Technical Team Members
S.No. Technical Members 1 Ms. Saumya Abraham
2 Mr.Mahendra.B
11.2.3. External Labs/Agencies involved in EIA Study
1 Base line Environmental data – Ambient air Quality, Water, Soil and Noise sampling & analysis.
Environment Protection Training & Research Institute (EPTRI) (Apr – Jun 2008)
2 Base line Environmental data – Ambient air Quality, Water, Soil and Noise sampling & analysis.
M/s. AES Laboratories Pvt Ltd (March 2015 to May 2015)
3 Base line Environmental data – Ambient air Quality, Water, Soil and Noise sampling & analysis.
M/s. AES Laboratories Pvt Ltd (17th May to 15th June 2016)
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