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Page 1: Site analysis-lembah-bujang

Site Analysis of

Lembah Bujang

Archeological Museum

Prepared by: Maria Rosa Seu, Claire Zhuang, Mahi Abdul Muhsin, Alvin Mungur

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History of

Lembah Bujang

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10th- 14th Century AD

10th Century AD

8th – 9th Century AD

7th – 8th Century AD

7th Century AD

Between 5th and 4th Century AD

1st Century AD

Kedah ruler, Sultan Muzaffar Shah, converted to

Islam, followed by his people.

Pengkalan Bujang becomes an entrepot.

Lembah Bujang residents returned to

Hinduism and opened new settlements in

Sungai Muda.

Mahayana Buddhism influence made

a comeback in Kedah.

The shape of temples and the

direction they faced indicated

the Linga practiced by Kedah

Hindus.

Tang Dynasty monk I-

Ching, noted that the

kingdom was a center of

trade and commerce.

Hindu & Buddhist

influences arrive.

Kedah’s early history began

in Lembah Bujang.

Brief Timeline of Lembah Bujang Civilization:

1200 Years

old.

Floor Plan

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Religion & Culture in Lembah Bujang

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The 3 main religions that were prominent in Lembah Bujang were:

• Animism

• Buddhism

• Hinduism

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Animism

• Earliest form of belief in Lembah Bujangbefore any other religion.

• The belief that everything in this worl, including plants and inanimate objects, has a soul or spirit.

• Excavation of candis and ancient artefacts support the fact that the first dwellers in Lembah Bujang believed in animism.

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Hinduism

• Lembah Bujang was an important ancient Hindu kingdom in South East Asia.

• Hindu influences arrived from the 4th to 5th

century.

• Hinduism diminished for a few centuries until the 10th century, where new settlements in Sungai Muda were created and the religion made a resurgence.

• Kedah became the center of power and economy due to its strategic place. It had very close connections with many countries of the ancient world. These relations helped spread Hindu culture and religion to the Malays.

• Hinduism affected the architecture and spatial layout of the candis.

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Buddhism

• Buddhism phase from the 5th to the 10th century.

• Dominantly in Bukit Meriam, Bukit Choras and the

places by the beach.

Glory of Srivijaya

• From the 7th to 9th century, Lembah Bujang was

under the control of the Srivijaya. Trading activities

began to blossom and Hinduism started to spread as

it was near Srivijaya.When Lembah Bujang reached its

entrepot status, Hindu Buddhism was widely spread

to Matang, Pasir, Merbok, Batu Lintang and Tikam

Batu.

• The outcome of the introduction of these religions

has brought to the invention of many religious

artifacts and also candis. Eg. Artefacts such as beads,

broken pieces of ceramic vases, glasses and porcelain.

Besides that, there were many religious Buddhist

statues that was made.

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Main Activities in Lembah Bujang

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Iron Smelting

• Iron smelting was a popular activity in Lembah Bujang from the 3rd-5th Century A.D.

• This is supported by findings of metal artefacts, remains of furnaces, thousands of iron ores, tuyeres and slags.

• The widespread availability of ironin Lembah Bujang allowed for society to come up with innovative technology to smelt iron.

• With the existence of iron smelting technology, Lembah Bujang is widely known as “Kadaram” (Sanskrit : Iron), indicating how well the area was known as an industrialized kingdom.

• Furnaces of different shapes and sizes are found in many places in Lembah Bujang, proving how active this places was as an iron smelting port.

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Trading

• It was the imposing peak of Mount Jerai that first captivated the travel

weary traders from the Far East to anchor at Bujang Valley. After travelling

for months in the high seas, the 1,217 metre Mount Jerai must have been a

welcoming sight for the seafarers. That was a landmark for the sailors after

so many weeks at sea.

• The route to China was too long to sail and the monsoon arrived. Heavy

rainfall and devastating hurricanes are dangerous at sea. Their ships could

go down and they had to wait until the monsoon was over. As Kedah is

located at the centre between the journey, it was a perfect spot for the

Indian and Chinese to shelter themselves as they wait for the monsoon

season to pass.

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• At the mean time, while the traders from China and India waited for the monsoon

season to pass, they created a trading centre in Lembah Bujang, trading good

from their home country such as textiles and ceramics from China, Maniks and

spices from India in return with local forest harvest , shelter and other resources.

• Effectively, it became an entrepot; port, city or trading post where merchandise

may be imported, stored and/or traded, typically to beexported again. In the days

of wind-powered sailing, such centers had a critical role.

• During the wait, traders from overseas also bring in their own religion and also

cultures to the inhabitants in Lembah Bujang. Buddhist inscriptions found in the

valley were proof that the Indians traders were already making frequent visits to

the area since the early periods, therefore explains why Lembah Bujang has a

strong connection with the Indians.

Trading

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An artist's impression of trade activities in Lembah Bujang during ancient

times. Picture from the Bujang Valley Archaeological Museum.

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Site Plan

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Key Plan

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Micro Site Plan

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Cross Sections

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Vegetation

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Moisture of Site Area

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Hydrology Cycle on Site Area

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Vegetation Specifics

Bengal Bamboo

Height: 1.2-2.4m

Diameter: 3 inch

Characteristics: A type of grass; Stems has dark green straight

stalky culms; Leaves are long and narrow and green in color

Areca Gurita

Family: Arecaceae

Characteristics:

Rachillae of Areca Gurita are recurved and resemble octopus

tentacles, and the flowers are mostly arranged in one row.

flowers arranged spirally on the rachillae

Hawaiian Red Ti Plant

Height: 0.9-1.2m

Characteristics:

A palmlike evergreen shrub with a strong, usually unbranched

trunk. Leaves may be glossy green, reddish purple, or

marked with various combinations of purple, red, yellow or

white.

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Bougainvillea

Height: 1-12m

Characteristics:

With spiky thorns in black and waxy

substance; leaves are alternate and

simple ovate-acuminate; 0.04-0.13m

long and 0.02-0.06m broad

Keruing Tree

Family: Dipterocarpaceae

Height: 25-45m

Diameter: 3-6 inches

Characteristics: generic name comes from

Greek and means "two-winged fruits".

Overall appearance and grain patterning is

rather homogenous and bland.

Vegetation Specifics

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Cyrtostachys Renda (Lipstick palm tree)

Family: Arecaceae

Characteristics: name derived from Greek word: "an ear of grain”.

rare and exotic because of the time it takes for a seed to germinate

and palm availability. native to Thailand, Borneo, Malaysia and

Sumatra.

-needs high humidity, a lot of water, and is not tolerant of drought or

wind.

Meranti Tree

Height: 20-40m

Diameter: 1-2m

Characteristics: dark reddish or purplish brown

in colour with white resin streaks; rough surface

Vegetation Specifics

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Malaysia Dracaena:

Family: AsparagacaeaCategory: Tropical and tender perennialsHeight: 1.8-2.4 m/ 1.2-1.5mCharacteristics:The leaves generally have green central areas surrounded on both sides with yellow.

Bonsai Tree

Height: 1.2-2mCharacteristics: Can be created from nearly any perennial woody-stemmed tree or shrub species that produces true branches -uses cultivation techniques like pruning, root reduction, potting, defoliation and grafting to produce small trees that mimic the shape and style of mature, full-size trees.

Vegetation Specifics

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Views

And Vistas

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VIEWS

THROUGH

SITE

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PANAROMIC VIEWS OUTSIDE THE MUSEUM

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Circulation &

Access

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Getting to Kedah by Motor Transport

Kuala Lumpur

Kedah

• Take the route via North-South

Expy/E1

• About 4 hours and 30 mins drive

• 437 km

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Accessibility to Lembah Bujang

Route from Sungai Petani is

20.9 km.

Route from Alor Star is 70km.

The Bujang Valley Archaeological Museum is 2.5km from Merbok town.

There is no direct public transport to themuseum, however, visitors can hire a taxi fromthe nearest town, Sungai Petani, which is only a20-minute drive from Merbok town.

Alternatively, they can also get a taxi from thecapital city of Kedah, Alor Star which is 70 kmfrom Merbok town.

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Density of Vehicles

Type of vehicles and users:

29%27% 44%

• Tourists

• Workers

• Workers

• Locals

• Tourist

(Group)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

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According to seasons:

Normal Days Weekends Public Holiday

Low

Density

High

Density

Density of Vehicles

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Light Transportation

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Heavy Transportation

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Bicycle and Mortorcycle

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Pedestrian Walkway

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Climatic Data ofLembah Bujang

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Average Temperature (April):

31 32 33 33 34 34 33

25 2624 24 25 26 26

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

HIGHEST TEMPERATURE LOWEST TEMPERATURE

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Average Precipitation on a Typical Day:

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

1:00 PM4:00 PM7:00 PM 10:00PM

1:00AM

4:00AM

7:00AM

10:00AM

Chart Title

SUNNY DAY RAINY/ WINDY DAY

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Average Humidity:

66% 68% 70% 72% 74% 76% 78%

SUNDAY

SATURDAY

FRIDAY

THURSDAY

WEDNESDAY

TUESDAY

MONDAY

AVERAGE HUMIDITY PERCENTAGE

Series 1

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Sun Path

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Sunpath Diagram

Maria Rosa Seu

Sun path during site visit (22nd of April)

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Wind Direction

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Maria Rosa Seu

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Noise at

Site

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Maria Rosa Seu