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The Journal of The Textile Institute

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Single-stage process for bifunctionalization andeco-friendly pigment coloration of cellulosicfabrics

NA Ibrahim E Abd El-Aziz BM Eid amp TM Abou Elmaaty

To cite this article NA Ibrahim E Abd El-Aziz BM Eid amp TM Abou Elmaaty (2015) Single-

stage process for bifunctionalization and eco-friendly pigment coloration of cellulosic fabricsThe Journal of The Textile Institute

To link to this article httpdxdoiorg1010800040500020151082784

Published online 01 Sep 2015

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Single-stage process for bifunctionalization and eco-friendly pigment coloration of

cellulosic fabrics NA Ibrahim

a E Abd El-Aziz

b BM Eid

a and TM Abou Elmaaty

b

aTextile Research Division National Research Center Cairo Egypt b Faculty of Applied Arts Department of Textile Printing Dyeing and Finishing Damietta University Damietta Egypt

( Received 18 October 2014 accepted 10 July 2015)

A facile single-stage process for enhancing the antibacterial activity and UV-shielding property of cotton and viscose pigment prints was reported Results indicated that both the functional and coloration properties of the obtained pigment prints were improved signi1047297cantly by incorporation of TiO2 nano sol (average molecular size asymp5 nm 15 gkg) into thesolvent-free pigment printing pastes Differences in the imparted antibacterial activity and UV-blocking properties aswell as in the depth of the modi1047297ed pigment prints were attributed to the differences in the type of cellulosic substrateef 1047297ciency of the used binding agent extent of loading and immobilizing both the TiO2-NPs and pigment particlesduring the microwave-1047297xation step as well as on the type of pigment colorant Also the obtained results demonstrated

that the modi1047297

ed pigment prints ie TiO2-NPs-loaded pigment prints showed durable antibacterial ef 1047297

cacy andUV-shielding capacity even after 15 washing cycles regardless of the used substrate The scanning electron microscopeimages and EDX spectra of selected samples were also reported

Keywords cellulosic fabric pigment coloration TiO2-NPs one-stage process functional 1047297nish

Introduction

Due to their biodegradability sustainability and their

unique physicochemical mechanical and comfort

properties cellulose-based textile materials have received

much attention in recent years to overcome their

drawbacksless desirable properties upgrade their

performance coloration and functional properties such

as antimicrobial UV-protection self-cleaning easy careetc as well as to develop innovative cellulose-containing

fabrics for producing more appealing and highly

functional value-added textile products (Hashem

Ibrahim El-Shafei Refaie amp Hauser 2009 Ibrahim

Amr Eid amp El-Sayed 2010 Ibahim Eid Abd El-Aziz

amp Abou Elmaaty 2013 Ibrahim Abdel-Rehim amp El-

Batal 2010 Ibrahim Abo-Shosha Elnagdy amp Gaffar

2002 Ibrahim Aly amp Gouda 2008 Ibrahim Amr Eid

Almetwally amp Mourad 2013 Ibrahim Amr Eid

Mohamed amp Fahmy 2012 Ibrahim Eid amp El-Batal

2012 Ibrahim Eid Elmaaty amp El-Aziz 2013 Ibrahim

E-Zairy amp Eid 2010 Ibrahim Khalifa El-Hossamy amp

Taw1047297k 2010 Ibrahim Refaie amp Ahmed 2010 Jafary

Khajeh Mehrizi Hekmatimoghaddam amp Jebali 2015

Sarkar amp Appidi 2009 Tragoonwichian OrsquoRear amp

Yanumet 2009 Wang et al 2014)

On the other hand the ever-growing consumer

demands for comfort and healthy lifestyles taking into

consideration the environmental ecological and

economical concerns make it very much desirable to

search for novel methods for practical applications based

on the implementation of innovative technologies such

as nano bio and or plasma technologies in textile

processes to have high-quality textile products with

multifunctionality and remarkable protective abilities

(Abdel-Aziz Eid amp Ibrahim 2014 Hashem Ibrahim

El-Sayed El-Husseiny amp El-Enany 2009 Holme 2007

Ibrahim 2015 Ibrahim Abou Elmaaty Eid amp AbdEl-Aziz 2013 Ibrahim et al 2013 Ibrahim Eid

Hashem Refai amp El-Hossamy 2010 Ibrahim Eid

Youssef El-Sayed amp Salah 2012 Ibrahim El-Zairy

Abdalla amp Khalil 2013 Ibrahim El-Zairy El-Zairy

Eid amp Ghazal 2011 Ibrahim Gouda El-Shafei amp

Abdel-Fattah 2007 Radetić 2013)

The present study is an attempt to investigate the

potential application of TiO2-NPs for simultaneous

antibacterialUV-blocking bifunctionalization and

environmentally benign pigment printing of cotton and

viscose cellulosic fabrics via incorporation into proper

pigment paste formulations The suggested application

offers many advantages such as an eco-friendly facilecost-ef 1047297cient and practically acceptable method

Experimental

Materials

Mill scoured and bleached cotton (120 gm2) and viscose

(100 gm2

) cellulosic fabrics were used for the study

Corresponding author Email nabibrahim49yahoocouk

copy 2015 The Textile Institute

The Journal of The Textile Institute 2015

httpdxdoiorg1010800040500020151082784



Printo1047297xreg Binder 86 (acrylate-based copolymer

dispersion Clariant) Alcoprintreg PB-55 (aqueous

dispersion of self crosslinking butadiene copolymer

Ciba) GBinderreg FMD (based on polyacrylate anionic

BASF GB Chem Egypt) and Printo1047297xreg Binder MTB-

01 liquid (acrylate-based copolymer anionic Clariant)

Printo1047297

xreg thickener 160 EG liquid (synthetic thickeningagent based on ammonium polyacrylate Clariant)

GBresinreg CPN (reactant resin based on

hydroxymethylated 45dihydroxyethylene urea low

formaldehyde BASFGB Chem Egypt) Durexreg

Silicone-1020 (softening agent based on modi1047297ed

polysiloxane microemulsion Texchem Egypt)

Printo1047297xreg Blue R2H pigment (Clariant) Unispersereg

Blue G pigment (Ciba) Printo1047297xreg Yellow HRNC

pigment (Clariant) and Printo1047297xreg Red H3BD pigment

(Clariant) were of commercial grade All other chemicals

were of general laboratory grade supplied by Aldrich

Methods

TiO2-NPs preparation

TiO2-NPs (average molecular size asymp5 nm Figure 1)

were prepared as previously reported using sol ndash gel

nanosynthesis technique Ti-tetraisopropoxide as

precursor along with 2-propanol and nitric acid (Bozzi

Yuranova amp Kiwi 2005 Ibrahim et al 2012)

All-in pigment printing method

Guide formulation for solvent-free pigment printing and

functional 1047297nishing of cotton and viscose cellulosic

fabrics was carried out using 1047298at screen technique

(Table 1)

Pigment prints were then simultaneously dried and

thermo1047297xed in a commercial microwave oven with an

output power of 386 W for 5 min (as more rapid

uniform and ef 1047297cient tool for reducing heat transfer

problems) followed by washing

MeasurementsThe depth of the obtained pigment prints expressed as

K S values was measured using an automatic 1047297lter

spectrophotometer Re1047298ectance values ( R) were used to

calculate the K S based on the Kubelka-Munk equation

(Judd amp Wyszeck 1975)

K S = [(1 ndash R)2

2 R] where R is the re1047298ectance of the

pigment print K and S are the absorption and scattering

coef 1047297cient respectively

Fastness properties to washing crocking and light

were evaluated according to the AATCC Test Methods

(61-1972) (8-1972) and (16A-1972) respectively

The morphology and particle size of the prepared

TiO2-NPs were assessed by transmission electronmicroscope (TEM) using JEOL JEM 2100 F electron

microscope at 200 kV

The metal content of the functionalized pigment

prints was evaluated by 1047298ame atomic absorption

spectrophotometer GBC-Avanta Australia

Antibacterial activity assessment against G+ve

bacteria (S aureus) a nd Gminusve bacteria ( E coli) was

determined qualitatively according to AATCC Test

Method (147-1988 performed in presence of light) and

expressed as zone of growth inhibition (mm)

UV-protection factor (UPF) of the obtained pigment

prints was assessed according to the AustralianNew

Zealand Standard Method 135-2000 According to the

Australian classi1047297cation scheme fabrics can be rated as

providing good very good and excellent protection if

their UPF values range from 15 to 24 25 to 39 and

above 40 respectively

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of some

untreated and pigment printedfunctionalized fabric

samples were obtained with a JEOL JXL 840A electron

probe microanalyser equipped with energy dispersive

X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy for the composition analysisFigure 1 TEM of prepared TiO2-NPs

Table 1 Solvent-free pigment printing and functional1047297nishing formulation

Printing paste constituents gkg paste

Pigment 20Synthetic thickener 20Binder 100

Cross-linker 20Softener 10Catalyst(ammonium persulfate) 2TiO2-nano sol 15Acetic acid 3Water 810Total 1000

2 NA Ibrahim et al



Laundering durability was performed to evaluate the

stability of the obtained UV-protection properties

according to ASTM standard test method (D737-96)

Results and discussion

This study focused on the technical feasibility of

functional 1047297nishing and pigment printing of cotton and

viscose cellulosic fabrics via incorporation of TiO2-NPs

as antibacterialUV-blocking agent into the pigment

printing pastes along with other ingredients like

thickening binding 1047297xing softening and catalyzing

agents Results obtained along with appropriate

discussion follows

Binding agent

As far as the change in the depth of the obtained

pigment prints expressed as K S values as a function of

the type of binding agent and for a given printing

formulation and 1047297xation condition Figure 2 illustrates

that (i) the K S values of the obtained pigment prints is

governed by type of the binding agent and follows the

descending order Alcoprintreg PB-55 ˃ Printo1047297xreg Binder

86 ˃ GBinderreg FMD ˃ Printo1047297xreg Binder MTB

regardless of the used substrate (ii) the highest binding

ability of Alcoprintreg PB among all the nominated

binding agents re1047298ects the positive effects of its chemical

structure 1047297lm forming properties binding capacity andability to interact with other ingredients during the

microwave-1047297xation step to form a three-dimensional

linked network on loading and 1047297xing the pigment

particles ontowithin binder 1047297lmcellulose matrix

(Gutjahr amp Koch 2003 Ibahim et al 2013 Ibrahim El-

Zairy Zaky amp Borham 2005 Ibrahim Khalil El-Zairy

amp Abdalla 2013 Ibrahim et al 2013 Iqbal Mughal

Sohail Moiz amp Ahmed 2012) (iii) the K S values of

the resultant pigment prints are also determined by the

Figure 2 Effect of binding agent type on the depth of theobtained pigment prints Notes Printing paste components Printo1047297xreg thickener 160 EG(20 gkg) Alcoprintreg PB-55 (100 gkg) printo1047297xreg Blue R2H(20 gkg) Durexreg Silicone softener (10 gkg) GBresinreg CPN(20 gkg) (NH4)2 S2O8 (2 gkg) 1047297xation at 386 W for 5 min

Figure 3 Effect of inclusion of TiO2-NPs into the pigment printing paste on K S (a) UPF (b) and ZI (c) values of the obtainedcellulosic pigment prints Notes Printing paste components Printo1047297xreg thickener 160 EG (20 gkg) Alcoprintreg PB-55 (100 gkg) printo1047297xreg Blue R2H(20 gkg) Durexreg Silicone softener (10 gkg) GBresinreg CPN (20 gkg) (NH4)2 S2O8 (2 gkg) 1047297xation at 386 W for 5 min




nature of the cellulosic substrate cotton˃ viscose

keeping other parameters constant and (iv) these results

clearly show the differences between the nominated

cellulosic substrates in fabric weight thickness and

porosity surface area crystallineamorphous region

cellulosicnon-cellulosic components degree of undue

penetration into andor deposition onto fabric structure

and extent of 1047297xation of pigment particles ontowithin

the binder 1047297lmcellulose matrix during the thermo1047297xation

step (Ibrahim Abo-Shosha Gaffar Elshafei amp

Abdel-Fatah 2006 Ibrahim et al 2012 2013) It could be concluded that the best binding agent for attaining the

highest K S values is Alcoprintreg PB

TiO2-NPs concentration

Figure 3(a) shows the effect of inclusion of TiO2- NPrsquos

(0 ndash 20 gkg) into the printing paste on the K S values of

the obtained cotton and viscose pigment prints For a

given set of pigment printing formulation using

Alcoprintreg PB as a binding agent along with other

constituents and subsequent microwave 1047297xation

Figure 3(a) demonstrates that (i) increasing TiO2-NPs

concentration up to (15 gkg) in the printing paste is

accompanied by an improvement in the K S values of

the printed substrates up to 1430 for cotton and 1375

for viscose which re1047298ects the positive role of TiO2-NPs

in enhancing 1047297lm-forming properties of the used binder

extent of polymerization network and consequently

improved the extent of loading and 1047297xation of pigment

particles ontowithin the binderfabric matrix during themicrowave-1047297xation step taking into consideration the

photo-catalytic activity of TiO2-NPs (Ibrahim et al

2013 Nagari Montazer amp Rahimi 2009 Radetić

2013) Further increase in TiO2-NPs concentration up to

20 gkg has practically no or marginal positive impact on

the depth of the obtained pigment prints The K S values

of the obtained prints follow the descending order

cotton ˃ viscose as discussed earlier

Figure 4 SEM images of untreated TiO2-NPrsquos treated cotton fabric along with EDX image and element content of TiO2-NPrsquos-loaded cotton fabric (a b c) respectively and SEM images of untreated TiO 2-NPrsquos treated viscose fabric along with EDX image

and element content of TiO2-NPrsquos-loaded viscose fabric (d e f) respectively

4 NA Ibrahim et al



Figure 3(b) shows the UV blocking ability expressed

as UPF value of the obtained pigment prints as a

function of TiO2-NPs concentration in the pigment

pastes It is clear that increasing TiO2-NPs concentration

up to (15 gkg) is accompanied by a remarkable increase

in the UPF values of cotton (up to 42) and viscose prints

(up to 34) possibly because the ability of the loaded

TiO2-NPs to refractblock andor scatter most of the

incoming harmful UV rays thereby enhancing the UV-

blocking ef 1047297ciency (Abidi Hequet Tarimala amp Dai

2007 Ibrahim et al 2013 Radetić 2013) The results

also show that the UV-shielding capacity is governed by

the type of the substrate and follows the descending

order cotton pigment prints˃

viscose pigment printsmost probably due to the differences between the used

cellulosic substrates in thickness surface morphology

cover factor depth of shade location and extent of

distribution of the immobilized TiO2-NPs onto andor

within the fabric substrate (Ibrahim et al 2012 2012)

On the other hand pigment printing of cotton and

viscose in the absence of TiO2-NPs brings about a

reasonable improvement in their UPF values from ˂10

up to 22 for cotton and 14 for viscose prints which

re1047298ects the positive role of the used pigment in

absorbing the harmful UV radiation (Ibahim et al

2013) Moreover the remarkable improvement in the

UV-protective properties by adding TiO2-NPs to the pigment colorant re1047298ects the synergistic effect of both

Also it could be noticed that the optimum TiO2-NPs

concentration is 15 gkg as demonstrated in Figure 3(b)

Figure 3(c) shows that (i) control sample without

TiO2-NPs exhibited no zone of inhibition for G+ve and

Gminusve bacteria (ii) increasing TiO2-NPs concentration up

to 15 gkg in the printing paste results in a signi1047297cant

improvement in the antibacterial ef 1047297cacy of the obtained

prints irrespective of the used substrate (iii) the

remarkable improvement in the antibacterial activity of

TiO2-NPs- loaded pigment prints is attributed to the

photo-catalytic action of TiO2-NPs and generation of

many reactive oxygen species such as OH O

2 and

H2O2 which are capable of attacking both the cell wall

and cell membrane thereby leading to loss of cell

viability and eventually causing the bacterial cell death

(Ibrahim et al 2013 Nagari et al 2009 Radetić 2013)

(iv) the imparted antibacterial functionality to the

nominated substrates follows the descending order

viscose ˃ cotton prints as a direct consequence of their

difference in the extent of deposition location and

distribution of the antibacterial agent ie TiO2-NPs

intoonto the printed substrates (v) the antibacterialactivity of the modi1047297ed prints against the nominated

G+ve and Gminusve bacteria follows the descending order

G+ve ˃ Gminusve most probably due to the differences in

their cell wall as well as ability to offer enough

protection against the photo-catalytic activity of TiO2-

NPs (Ibrahim et al 2013 Radetić 2013 Tayel et al

2011) and (vi) further increase in TiO2-NPs

concentration enhances slightly the imparted antibacterial

functionality

Binderpigment ratio

Within the range examined the data presented in Table 2reveal that increasing binderpigment ratio from 7510 up

to 10020 gkg is accompanied by a remarkable

improvement in the extent of pigment 1047297xation expressed

as K S values and TiO2-NPs immobilization thereby

upgrading both the functional and coloration properties

of the obtained pigments without affecting their fastness

properties irrespective of the used substrate The

enhancement in the aforementioned properties can be

attributed to better 1047297lm-forming properties proper

Table 2 Effect of binderpigment content on the chemical physical and functional properties of the obtained cellulose pigment prints

Binderpigment conc (gkg) Substrate K S a Ti-content ()

ZI b(mm)

UPFc

WFd RFe

LFf G+ve Gminusve Alteration Staining Dry Wet

7510 Cotton 968 00391 140 120 31 4 ndash 5 4 ndash 5 4 ndash 5 4 5

Viscose 676 0174 155 130 24 4 ndash

5 4 ndash

5 4 ndash

5 4 510020 Cotton 1532 00539 199 160 42 4 ndash 5 4 ndash 5 4 ndash 5 4 5Viscose 1383 0211 220 179 34 4 ndash 5 4 ndash 5 4 ndash 5 4 5

12530 Cotton 1699 00958 225 185 50 4 4 4 3 ndash 4 5 ndash 6Viscose 1512 0452 245 215 40 4 4 4 3 ndash 4 5 ndash 6

Notes Printing formulation Printo1047297xreg thickener 160 EG (20 gkg) Alcoprintreg PB-55 (75 ndash 125 gkg) Printo1047297xreg Blue R2H (10 ndash 30 gkg) DurexregSilicone softener (10 gkg) GBresinreg CPN (20 gkg) TiO2-NPs (15 gkg) (NH4)2 S2O8 (2 gkg) Microwave 1047297xation at 386 W for 5 mina K S color strength bZI zone of inhibitioncUPF UV-protection factord

WF wash fastnesseRF rubbing fastness

f LF light fastness




T a b l e 3

E f f e c t o f u s i n g d i f f e r e

n t p i g m e n t s o n t h e c h e m i c a l f u n c t i o n a l a n d c o l o r a t i o n p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e p r o d u c e d c e l l u l o s e p i g m e n t p r i n t s

P i g m e n t ( 2 0 g k g )

S u b

s t r a t e

T i O 2 - N P s ( 1 5 g k g )

T i - c o n t e n t

( )

a K S

b Z I ( m m )

c U P F

d W F

e R F

F L F

G + v e

G

minus v e

A l t e r a t i o n

S t a i n i n g

D r y

W e t

P r i n t o 1047297 x reg B l u e R 2 H

C o t t o n

W i t h o u t

ndash

1 3 8 2 ( 1 0 5 )

0 0

0 0

2 3 ( 1 8 )

4

4

4

4

4 ndash 5

W i t h

0 0 5 4 ( 0 0 3 8 ) g

1 5 3 2 ( 1 2 5 )

1 9 9 ( 1 6 5 )

1 6 0

( 1 3 5 )

4 2 ( 3 5 )

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4

5

V i s c o s e

W i t h o u t

ndash

1 2 2 3 ( 9 0 2 )

0 0

0 0

1 4 ( ˂ 1 0 )

4

4

4

4

4 ndash 5

W i t h

0 2 1 1 ( 0 1 7 0 )

1 3 8 3 ( 1 0 9 2 )

2 2 0 ( 1 9 0 )

1 7 9

( 1 4 5 )

3 4 ( 2 9 )

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4

5

U n i s p e r s e reg B l u e G

C o t t o n

W i t h o u t

ndash

1 0 8 4 ( 8 5 0 )

0 0

0 0

3 5 ( 2 8 )

4

4

4

3 ndash 4

4

W i t h

0 0 3 5 ( 0 0 2 3 )

1 2 2 5 ( 9 4 5 )

2 0 5 ( 1 8 0 )

1 8 0

( 1 5 0 )

7 3 ( 6 5 )

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4

4 ndash 5

V i s c o s e

W i t h o u t

ndash

1 0 1 4 ( 7 2 0 )

0 0

0 0

2 5 ( 2 0 )

4

3 ndash 4

4

3 ndash 4

4

W i t h

0 0 9 2 ( 0 0 6 6 )

1 1 2 0 ( 8 4 5 )

2 2 5 ( 2 0 0 )

1 8 5

( 1 6 0 )

4 0 ( 3 2 )

4 ndash 5

4

4 ndash 5

4

4 ndash 5

P r i n t o 1047297 x reg Y e l l o w H R N C

C o t t o n

W i t h o u t

ndash

1 1 6 2 ( 9 0 1 )

0 0

0 0

3 0 ( 2 4 )

4

4

4

3 ndash 4

4 ndash 5

W i t h

0 0 6 9 ( 0 0 4 9 )

1 3 1 0 ( 1 0 5 6 )

2 1 5 ( 1 9 0 )

1 8 5

( 1 6 0 )

5 9 ( 5 0 )

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4

5

V i s c o s e

W i t h o u t

ndash

1 0 6 2 ( 8 0 2 )

0 0

0 0

2 4 ( 1 9 )

4

4

4

3 ndash 4

4 ndash 5

W i t h

0 1 2 2 ( 0 0 8 8 )

1 1 4 9 ( 9 6 3 )

2 3 0 ( 2 1 0 )

2 0 0

( 1 7 5 )

3 5 ( 3 0 )

4 ndash 5

4

4 ndash 5

4

5

P r i n t o 1047297 x reg R e d H 3 B D

C o t t o n

W i t h o u t

ndash

8 8 5 ( 5 6 5 )

0 0

0 0

3 0 ( 2 5 )

4

3 ndash 4

4 ndash 5

4

4 ndash 5

W i t h

0 0 6 4 ( 0 0 4 6 )

1 0 6 1 ( 8 0 4 )

1 3 0 ( 1 0 0 )

1 0 0

( 7 5 )

4 3 ( 3 6 )

4 ndash 5

4

5

4 ndash 5

5

V i s c o s e

W i t h o u t

ndash

8 2 2 ( 6 0 7 )

0 0

0 0

2 3 ( 1 8 )

3 ndash 4

3 ndash 4

4

3 ndash 4

4 ndash 5

W i t h

0 1 4 5 ( 0 1 0 5 )

9 2 0 ( 6 3 8 )

1 4 5 ( 1 2 0 )

1 1 5

( 9 0 )

3 7 ( 3 0 )

4

4

4 ndash 5

4

5

N o t e s P r i n t i n g f o r m u l a t i o n P r i n t o 1047297

x reg t h i c k e n e r 1 6 0 E G ( 2 0 g k g ) A l c o p r i n t reg P B

- 5 5 ( 1 0 0 g k g ) p i g m e n t c o l o r a n t ( 2 0 g k g ) D u r e x reg S i l i c o n e s o f t e n e r ( 1 0 g k g ) G B r e s i n reg C P N ( 2 0 g k g ) T i O 2 - N P s

( 1 5 g k g ) ( N H 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8

( 2 g k g ) M i c r o w a v e 1047297 x a t i o n a t 3 8 6 W

f o r 5 m i n

a K S c o l o r s t r e n g t h

b Z I z o n e o f i n h i b i t i o n

c U P F U V - p r o t e c t i o n f a c t o r

d W F w a s h f a s t n e s s

e R F r u b b i n g f a s t n e s s

f L F l i g h t f a s t n e s s

g V a l u e s i n p a r e n t h e s e s i n d i c a t e r e t a i n e d f u n c t i o n a n d d e p t h o f o b t a i n e d p i g m e n t p r i n t s m o d i 1047297 e d a n d u n m o d i 1047297 e d a f t e r 1 5 w a s h i n g

c y c l e s

6 NA Ibrahim et al



formation of a three-dimensional linked network higher

accommodation entrapment and 1047297xation of more

pigment particles better immobilization and 1047297xation of

TiO2-NPs (Ibahim et al 2013) The net effect of these

factors is better depth of shades antibacterial and UV-

protective functional properties Further increase in

binderpigment ratio up to 12530 gkg led to areasonable increase in K S Ti-content ZI UPF and light

fastness along with a slight decrease in WF and RF

values regardless of the used substrate The slight

improvement in LF properties re1047298ects the positive

impact of TiO2-NPs as a UV-blocking agentUV light-

absorption capacity as well as better agglomeration of

pigment molecules under the applied conditions (Ibrahim

et al 2013)

SEM images and EDX spectra

The SEM images and the corresponding EDX spectra of

cotton prints Figure 4((a) ndash

(c)) and viscose printsFigure 4 ((d) ndash (f)) signify that (i) pigment printing of the

aforementioned cellulosic substrates leads to change in

their surface morphology (ii) the extent of change is

determined by its type as well as amount location and

extent of distribution of the loaded pigment particles

and immobilized TiO2-NPs and (iii) the EDX spectra

show more loading of TiO2-NPs as well as silicone

softener onto the surface of the bifunctionalized-viscose

prints expressed as Ti- and Si-weight percentage in

comparison with the modi1047297ed cotton pigment prints

Pigment colorantsThe ability of TiO2-NPs to enhance both the functional

and coloration properties of cotton and viscose cellulosic

fabrics using various pigment colorants along with other

nominated printing paste constituents and microwave-

1047297xation technique is demonstrated in Table 3 The data

show the following common features (i) addition of

TiO2-NPs (15 gkg) to the printing paste constituents

enhances the K S and fastness properties and remarkably

improves the imparted antibacterial and anti-UV

functional properties (ii) the enhancement of K S values

follows the descending order cotton prints ˃ viscose

prints (iii) the improvement in antibacterial activity

follows the descending order viscose prints ˃ cotton

prints (iv) the improvement in the anti-UV capacity


prints keeping other parameters constant (v) the extent

of enhancement in coloration and functionalization

properties especially the UV-shielding capacity is

determined by the type of the pigment colorant and its

UV-light absorption capacity and (vi) functionalized

pigment prints showed very suf 1047297cient bifunctional

properties along with darker depth of shades even after

15 washings compared with the unmodi1047297ed ones

Table 3

Conclusion

A novel approach for upgrading the antibacterialUV- blocking and pigment coloration properties of

cotton and viscose fabrics using pad-dry microwave

1047297xation regime was investigated The obtained results

revealed that

bull Incorporation of TiO2-nano sol (up to 15 gkg) into

the pigment printing paste results in

bifunctionalization of the obtained pigment prints

bull The enhancement in the imparted antibacterial and

UV-blocking properties is governed by the type of

substrate type and concentration of binding agent

pigment colorant as well as on the extent of

immobilization and location of TiO2-NPs alongwith degree of 1047297xation of pigment particles onto

within the binder 1047297lmfabric matrix

bull 15 consecutive home laundry cycles bring about a

reasonable decrease in the imparted functional and

coloration properties

bull SEM images and EDX spectra con1047297rm the change

in the surface morphology as well as the loading

of TiO2-NPs onto prints surface

Disclosure statement

No potential con1047298ict of interest was reported by the authors

References

Abdel-Aziz M S Eid B M amp Ibrahim N A (2014)Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles for antibacterialtreatment of cellulosic fabrics using O2-plasma AATCC Journal of Research 1 6 ndash 12

Abidi N Hequet E Tarimala S amp Dai L L (2007)Cotton fabric surface modi1047297cation for improvedUV-radiation protection using sol-gel process Journal of Applied Polymer Science 104 111 ndash 117

Bozzi A Yuranova T amp Kiwi J (2005) Self-cleaning of wool-polyamide and polyester textiles by TiO2-rutilemodi1047297cation under daylight irradiation at ambient temperature Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology

A Chemistry 172 27 ndash

34Gutjahr H amp Koch R R (2003) Direct print coloration In

L W C Miles (Ed) Textile printing (2nd ed pp139 ndash 159) Bradford Society of Dyers and ColouristsISBN0901901956791

Hashem M M Ibrahim N A El-Sayed W A El-HusseinyS amp El-Enany E M (2009) Enhancing antimicrobial properties of dyed and 1047297nished cotton fabricsCarbohydrate Polymers 78 502 ndash 510

Hashem M M Ibrahim N A El-Shafei A Refaie R ampHauser P (2009) An eco-friendly ndash Novel approach for




attaining wrinkle-freesoft-hand cotton fabric Carbohydrate Polymers 78 690 ndash 703

Holme I (2007) Innovative technologies for high performancetextiles Coloration Technology 123 59 ndash 73

Ibrahim N A (2015) Nanomaterials for antibacterial textilesIn M Rai amp K Kon (Eds) Nanotechnology in DiagnosisTreatment and Prophylaxis of Infectious Diseases(pp 191 ndash 216) UK Elsevier

Ibrahim N A Abdel-Rehim M amp El-Batal H (2010)Hyperbranched poly (amide-amine) in functional 1047297nishingand salt-free anionic dyeing of cellulose-containing fabrics AATCC Review 10 44 ndash 48

Ibrahim N A Abo-Shosha M H Elnagdy E I amp GaffarM A (2002) Eco-friendly durable press 1047297nishing of cellulose-containing fabrics Journal of Applied Polymer Science 84 2243 ndash 2253

Ibrahim N A Abo-Shosha M H Gaffar M A Elshafei AM amp Abdel-Fatah O M (2006) Antibacterial propertiesof ester-crosslinked cellulose-containing fabrics post-treatedwith metal salts Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering 45 719 ndash 727

Ibrahim N A Abou Elmaaty T M Eid B M amp Abd El-Aziz E (2013) Combined antimicrobial 1047297nishing and

pigment printing of cottonpolyester blends Carbohydrate Polymers 95 379 ndash 388

Ibrahim N A Aly A A amp Gouda M (2008) Enhancingthe antibacterial properties of cotton fabrics Journal of Industrial Textiles 37 203 ndash 212

Ibrahim N A Amr A Eid B M Almetwally A A ampMourad M M (2013) Functional 1047297nishes of stretchcotton fabrics Carbohydrate Polymers 98 1603 ndash 1609

Ibrahim N A Amr A Eid B M amp El-Sayed Z E (2010)Innovative multi-functional treatments of ligno-cellulosic jute fabric Carbohydrate Polymers 82 1198 ndash 1204

Ibrahim N A Amr A Eid B M Mohamed Z E ampFahmy H M (2012) Poly(acrylic acid)poly(ethyleneglycol) adduct for attaining multifunctional cellulosicfabrics Carbohydrate Polymers 89 648 ndash 660

Ibahim N A Eid B M Abd El-Aziz E amp Abou ElmaatyT M (2013) Functionalization of linencotton pigment prints using inorganic nano structure materialsCarbohydrate Polymers 97 537 ndash 545

Ibrahim N A Eid B M Elmaaty T M amp El-Aziz E(2013) A smart approach to add antibacterial functionalityto cellulosic pigment prints Carbohydrate Polymers 94612 ndash 618

Ibrahim N A Eid B M amp El-Batal H (2012) A novelapproach for adding smart functionalities to cellulosicfabrics Carbohydrate Polymers 87 744 ndash 751

Ibrahim N A Eid B M Hashem M M Refai R ampEl-Hossamy M (2010) Smart options for functional1047297nishing of linen-containing fabrics Journal of Industrial Textiles 39 233 ndash 265

Ibrahim N A Eid B M Youssef M A El-Sayed S A ampSalah A M (2012) Functionalization of cellulose-containing fabrics by plasma and subsequent metal salt treatments Carbohydrate Polymers 90 908 ndash 914

Ibrahim N A Eid B M Youssef M A Ibrahim H MAmeen H A amp Salah A M (2013) Multifunctional1047297nishing of cellulosicpolyester blended fabricsCarbohydrate Polymers 97 783 ndash 793

Ibrahim N A El-Zairy E M R Abdalla W A amp KhalilH M (2013) Combined UV-protecting and reactive

printing of cellulosicwool blends Carbohydrate Polymers92 1386 ndash 1394

Ibrahim N A E-Zairy W R amp Eid B M (2010) Novelapproach for improving disperse dyeing and UV-protectivefunction of cotton-containing fabrics using MCT-β-CDCarbohydrate Polymers 79 839 ndash 846

Ibrahim N A El-Zairy W M El-Zairy M R Eid B Mamp Ghazal H A (2011) A smart approach for enhancingdyeing and functional 1047297nishing properties of cottoncellulosepolyamide-6 fabric blend Carbohydrate Polymers 83 1068 ndash 1074

Ibrahim N A El-Zairy M R Zaky S amp Borham H A(2005) Environmentally sound pigment printing usingsynthetic thickening agents Polymer-Plastics Technology amp Engineering 44 111 ndash 132

Ibrahim N A Gouda M El-Shafei A M amp Abdel-FattahO M (2007) Antimicrobial activity of cotton fabricscontaining immobilized enzymes Journal of Applied Polymer Science 112 3589 ndash 3596

Ibrahim N A Khalifa T El-Hossamy M amp Taw1047297k T M(2010) Effect of knit structure and 1047297nishing treatment onfunctional and comfort properties of cotton knitted fabrics Journal of Industrial Textiles 40 49 ndash 64

Ibrahim N A Khalil H M El-Zairy E M R amp AbdallaW A (2013) Smart options for simultaneousfunctionalization and pigment coloration of cellulosicwool blends Carbohydrate Polymers 96 200 ndash 210

Ibrahim N A Refaie R amp Ahmed A F (2010) Novelapproach for attaining cotton fabric with multifunctional properties Journal of Industrial Textiles 40 65 ndash 83

Iqbal M Mughal J Sohail M Moiz A amp Ahmed K(2012) Comparison between pigment printing systems withacrylate and butadiene based binders Journal Analytical Sciences Methods amp Instruments 2 87 ndash 91

Jafary R Khajeh Mehrizi M Hekmatimoghaddam S H ampJebali A (2015) Antibacterial property of cellulose fabric1047297nished by allicin-conjugated nanocellulose The Journal of The Textile Institute 106 683 ndash 689

Judd D amp Wyszeck G (1975) Color in business scienceand industry (3rd ed) New York NY Wiley

Nagari A Montazer M amp Rahimi M K (2009) Concurrent antimicrobial and crosslinking of bleached and cationiccotton using nano-TiO2 and BTCA Iranian Polymer Science and Technology Journal 22 41 ndash 51

Radetić M (2013) Functionalization of textile materials withTiO2 nanoparticles Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C Photochemistry Reviews 16 62 ndash 76

Sarkar A K amp Appidi S (2009) Single bath process for imparting antimicrobial activity and ultraviolet protective property to bamboo viscose fabric Cellulose 16 923 ndash 928

Tayel A A El-Tras W F Moussa S El-Baz AFMahrous H Salem MF amp Brlmer L (2011) Anti- bacterial action of zinc oxide nanoparticles against foodborn pathogens Journal of Food Safety 31 211 ndash 218

Tragoonwichian S OrsquoRear E A amp Yanumet N (2009)Double coating via repeat admicellar polymerization for preparation of bifunctional cotton fabric Ultraviolet protection and water repellence Colloids and Surfaces A Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 349 170 ndash 175

Wang L Ding Y Shen Y Cai Z Zhang H amp Xu L(2014) Study on properties of modi1047297ed nano-TiO2 and itsapplication on antibacterial 1047297nishing of textiles Journal of Industrial Textiles 44 351 ndash 372

8 NA Ibrahim et al



Single-stage process for bifunctionalization and eco-friendly pigment coloration of

cellulosic fabrics NA Ibrahim

a E Abd El-Aziz

b BM Eid

a and TM Abou Elmaaty

b

aTextile Research Division National Research Center Cairo Egypt b Faculty of Applied Arts Department of Textile Printing Dyeing and Finishing Damietta University Damietta Egypt

( Received 18 October 2014 accepted 10 July 2015)

A facile single-stage process for enhancing the antibacterial activity and UV-shielding property of cotton and viscose pigment prints was reported Results indicated that both the functional and coloration properties of the obtained pigment prints were improved signi1047297cantly by incorporation of TiO2 nano sol (average molecular size asymp5 nm 15 gkg) into thesolvent-free pigment printing pastes Differences in the imparted antibacterial activity and UV-blocking properties aswell as in the depth of the modi1047297ed pigment prints were attributed to the differences in the type of cellulosic substrateef 1047297ciency of the used binding agent extent of loading and immobilizing both the TiO2-NPs and pigment particlesduring the microwave-1047297xation step as well as on the type of pigment colorant Also the obtained results demonstrated

that the modi1047297

ed pigment prints ie TiO2-NPs-loaded pigment prints showed durable antibacterial ef 1047297

cacy andUV-shielding capacity even after 15 washing cycles regardless of the used substrate The scanning electron microscopeimages and EDX spectra of selected samples were also reported

Keywords cellulosic fabric pigment coloration TiO2-NPs one-stage process functional 1047297nish

Introduction

Due to their biodegradability sustainability and their

unique physicochemical mechanical and comfort

properties cellulose-based textile materials have received

much attention in recent years to overcome their

drawbacksless desirable properties upgrade their

performance coloration and functional properties such

as antimicrobial UV-protection self-cleaning easy careetc as well as to develop innovative cellulose-containing

fabrics for producing more appealing and highly

functional value-added textile products (Hashem

Ibrahim El-Shafei Refaie amp Hauser 2009 Ibrahim

Amr Eid amp El-Sayed 2010 Ibahim Eid Abd El-Aziz

amp Abou Elmaaty 2013 Ibrahim Abdel-Rehim amp El-

Batal 2010 Ibrahim Abo-Shosha Elnagdy amp Gaffar

2002 Ibrahim Aly amp Gouda 2008 Ibrahim Amr Eid

Almetwally amp Mourad 2013 Ibrahim Amr Eid

Mohamed amp Fahmy 2012 Ibrahim Eid amp El-Batal

2012 Ibrahim Eid Elmaaty amp El-Aziz 2013 Ibrahim

E-Zairy amp Eid 2010 Ibrahim Khalifa El-Hossamy amp

Taw1047297k 2010 Ibrahim Refaie amp Ahmed 2010 Jafary

Khajeh Mehrizi Hekmatimoghaddam amp Jebali 2015

Sarkar amp Appidi 2009 Tragoonwichian OrsquoRear amp

Yanumet 2009 Wang et al 2014)

On the other hand the ever-growing consumer

demands for comfort and healthy lifestyles taking into

consideration the environmental ecological and

economical concerns make it very much desirable to

search for novel methods for practical applications based

on the implementation of innovative technologies such

as nano bio and or plasma technologies in textile

processes to have high-quality textile products with

multifunctionality and remarkable protective abilities

(Abdel-Aziz Eid amp Ibrahim 2014 Hashem Ibrahim

El-Sayed El-Husseiny amp El-Enany 2009 Holme 2007

Ibrahim 2015 Ibrahim Abou Elmaaty Eid amp AbdEl-Aziz 2013 Ibrahim et al 2013 Ibrahim Eid

Hashem Refai amp El-Hossamy 2010 Ibrahim Eid

Youssef El-Sayed amp Salah 2012 Ibrahim El-Zairy

Abdalla amp Khalil 2013 Ibrahim El-Zairy El-Zairy

Eid amp Ghazal 2011 Ibrahim Gouda El-Shafei amp

Abdel-Fattah 2007 Radetić 2013)

The present study is an attempt to investigate the

potential application of TiO2-NPs for simultaneous

antibacterialUV-blocking bifunctionalization and

environmentally benign pigment printing of cotton and

viscose cellulosic fabrics via incorporation into proper

pigment paste formulations The suggested application

offers many advantages such as an eco-friendly facilecost-ef 1047297cient and practically acceptable method

Experimental

Materials

Mill scoured and bleached cotton (120 gm2) and viscose

(100 gm2

) cellulosic fabrics were used for the study

Corresponding author Email nabibrahim49yahoocouk

copy 2015 The Textile Institute


httpdxdoiorg1010800040500020151082784









Printo1047297












Methods











(Table 1)











K S = [(1 ndash R)2


































2 NA Ibrahim et al














discussion follows

Binding agent































































4 NA Ibrahim et al










































2 and


















functionality

Binderpigment ratio












ZI b(mm)

UPFc

WFd RFe



Viscose 676 0174 155 130 24 4 ndash

5 4 ndash

5 4 ndash





f LF light fastness




T a b l e 3



P i g m e n t ( 2 0 g k g )

S u b

s t r a t e

T i O 2 - N P s ( 1 5 g k g )

T i - c o n t e n t

( )

a K S

b Z I ( m m )

c U P F

d W F

e R F

F L F

G + v e

G

minus v e

A l t e r a t i o n

S t a i n i n g

D r y

W e t


C o t t o n

W i t h o u t

ndash

1 3 8 2 ( 1 0 5 )

0 0

0 0

2 3 ( 1 8 )

4

4

4

4

4 ndash 5

W i t h

0 0 5 4 ( 0 0 3 8 ) g

1 5 3 2 ( 1 2 5 )

1 9 9 ( 1 6 5 )

1 6 0

( 1 3 5 )

4 2 ( 3 5 )

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4

5

V i s c o s e

W i t h o u t

ndash

1 2 2 3 ( 9 0 2 )

0 0

0 0

1 4 ( ˂ 1 0 )

4

4

4

4

4 ndash 5

W i t h

0 2 1 1 ( 0 1 7 0 )

1 3 8 3 ( 1 0 9 2 )

2 2 0 ( 1 9 0 )

1 7 9

( 1 4 5 )

3 4 ( 2 9 )

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4

5


C o t t o n

W i t h o u t

ndash

1 0 8 4 ( 8 5 0 )

0 0

0 0

3 5 ( 2 8 )

4

4

4

3 ndash 4

4

W i t h

0 0 3 5 ( 0 0 2 3 )

1 2 2 5 ( 9 4 5 )

2 0 5 ( 1 8 0 )

1 8 0

( 1 5 0 )

7 3 ( 6 5 )

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4

4 ndash 5

V i s c o s e

W i t h o u t

ndash

1 0 1 4 ( 7 2 0 )

0 0

0 0

2 5 ( 2 0 )

4

3 ndash 4

4

3 ndash 4

4

W i t h

0 0 9 2 ( 0 0 6 6 )

1 1 2 0 ( 8 4 5 )

2 2 5 ( 2 0 0 )

1 8 5

( 1 6 0 )

4 0 ( 3 2 )

4 ndash 5

4

4 ndash 5

4

4 ndash 5


C o t t o n

W i t h o u t

ndash

1 1 6 2 ( 9 0 1 )

0 0

0 0

3 0 ( 2 4 )

4

4

4

3 ndash 4

4 ndash 5

W i t h

0 0 6 9 ( 0 0 4 9 )

1 3 1 0 ( 1 0 5 6 )

2 1 5 ( 1 9 0 )

1 8 5

( 1 6 0 )

5 9 ( 5 0 )

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4

5

V i s c o s e

W i t h o u t

ndash

1 0 6 2 ( 8 0 2 )

0 0

0 0

2 4 ( 1 9 )

4

4

4

3 ndash 4

4 ndash 5

W i t h

0 1 2 2 ( 0 0 8 8 )

1 1 4 9 ( 9 6 3 )

2 3 0 ( 2 1 0 )

2 0 0

( 1 7 5 )

3 5 ( 3 0 )

4 ndash 5

4

4 ndash 5

4

5


C o t t o n

W i t h o u t

ndash

8 8 5 ( 5 6 5 )

0 0

0 0

3 0 ( 2 5 )

4

3 ndash 4

4 ndash 5

4

4 ndash 5

W i t h

0 0 6 4 ( 0 0 4 6 )

1 0 6 1 ( 8 0 4 )

1 3 0 ( 1 0 0 )

1 0 0

( 7 5 )

4 3 ( 3 6 )

4 ndash 5

4

5

4 ndash 5

5

V i s c o s e

W i t h o u t

ndash

8 2 2 ( 6 0 7 )

0 0

0 0

2 3 ( 1 8 )

3 ndash 4

3 ndash 4

4

3 ndash 4

4 ndash 5

W i t h

0 1 4 5 ( 0 1 0 5 )

9 2 0 ( 6 3 8 )

1 4 5 ( 1 2 0 )

1 1 5

( 9 0 )

3 7 ( 3 0 )

4

4

4 ndash 5

4

5




( 1 5 g k g ) ( N H 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8


f o r 5 m i n








c y c l e s

6 NA Ibrahim et al
















et al 2013)





































Table 3

Conclusion




revealed that


















References
















































8 NA Ibrahim et al









Printo1047297












Methods











(Table 1)











K S = [(1 ndash R)2


































2 NA Ibrahim et al














discussion follows

Binding agent































































4 NA Ibrahim et al










































2 and


















functionality

Binderpigment ratio












ZI b(mm)

UPFc

WFd RFe



Viscose 676 0174 155 130 24 4 ndash

5 4 ndash

5 4 ndash





f LF light fastness




T a b l e 3



P i g m e n t ( 2 0 g k g )

S u b

s t r a t e

T i O 2 - N P s ( 1 5 g k g )

T i - c o n t e n t

( )

a K S

b Z I ( m m )

c U P F

d W F

e R F

F L F

G + v e

G

minus v e

A l t e r a t i o n

S t a i n i n g

D r y

W e t


C o t t o n

W i t h o u t

ndash

1 3 8 2 ( 1 0 5 )

0 0

0 0

2 3 ( 1 8 )

4

4

4

4

4 ndash 5

W i t h

0 0 5 4 ( 0 0 3 8 ) g

1 5 3 2 ( 1 2 5 )

1 9 9 ( 1 6 5 )

1 6 0

( 1 3 5 )

4 2 ( 3 5 )

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4

5

V i s c o s e

W i t h o u t

ndash

1 2 2 3 ( 9 0 2 )

0 0

0 0

1 4 ( ˂ 1 0 )

4

4

4

4

4 ndash 5

W i t h

0 2 1 1 ( 0 1 7 0 )

1 3 8 3 ( 1 0 9 2 )

2 2 0 ( 1 9 0 )

1 7 9

( 1 4 5 )

3 4 ( 2 9 )

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4

5


C o t t o n

W i t h o u t

ndash

1 0 8 4 ( 8 5 0 )

0 0

0 0

3 5 ( 2 8 )

4

4

4

3 ndash 4

4

W i t h

0 0 3 5 ( 0 0 2 3 )

1 2 2 5 ( 9 4 5 )

2 0 5 ( 1 8 0 )

1 8 0

( 1 5 0 )

7 3 ( 6 5 )

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4

4 ndash 5

V i s c o s e

W i t h o u t

ndash

1 0 1 4 ( 7 2 0 )

0 0

0 0

2 5 ( 2 0 )

4

3 ndash 4

4

3 ndash 4

4

W i t h

0 0 9 2 ( 0 0 6 6 )

1 1 2 0 ( 8 4 5 )

2 2 5 ( 2 0 0 )

1 8 5

( 1 6 0 )

4 0 ( 3 2 )

4 ndash 5

4

4 ndash 5

4

4 ndash 5


C o t t o n

W i t h o u t

ndash

1 1 6 2 ( 9 0 1 )

0 0

0 0

3 0 ( 2 4 )

4

4

4

3 ndash 4

4 ndash 5

W i t h

0 0 6 9 ( 0 0 4 9 )

1 3 1 0 ( 1 0 5 6 )

2 1 5 ( 1 9 0 )

1 8 5

( 1 6 0 )

5 9 ( 5 0 )

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4

5

V i s c o s e

W i t h o u t

ndash

1 0 6 2 ( 8 0 2 )

0 0

0 0

2 4 ( 1 9 )

4

4

4

3 ndash 4

4 ndash 5

W i t h

0 1 2 2 ( 0 0 8 8 )

1 1 4 9 ( 9 6 3 )

2 3 0 ( 2 1 0 )

2 0 0

( 1 7 5 )

3 5 ( 3 0 )

4 ndash 5

4

4 ndash 5

4

5


C o t t o n

W i t h o u t

ndash

8 8 5 ( 5 6 5 )

0 0

0 0

3 0 ( 2 5 )

4

3 ndash 4

4 ndash 5

4

4 ndash 5

W i t h

0 0 6 4 ( 0 0 4 6 )

1 0 6 1 ( 8 0 4 )

1 3 0 ( 1 0 0 )

1 0 0

( 7 5 )

4 3 ( 3 6 )

4 ndash 5

4

5

4 ndash 5

5

V i s c o s e

W i t h o u t

ndash

8 2 2 ( 6 0 7 )

0 0

0 0

2 3 ( 1 8 )

3 ndash 4

3 ndash 4

4

3 ndash 4

4 ndash 5

W i t h

0 1 4 5 ( 0 1 0 5 )

9 2 0 ( 6 3 8 )

1 4 5 ( 1 2 0 )

1 1 5

( 9 0 )

3 7 ( 3 0 )

4

4

4 ndash 5

4

5




( 1 5 g k g ) ( N H 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8


f o r 5 m i n








c y c l e s

6 NA Ibrahim et al
















et al 2013)





































Table 3

Conclusion




revealed that


















References
















































8 NA Ibrahim et al














discussion follows

Binding agent































































4 NA Ibrahim et al










































2 and


















functionality

Binderpigment ratio












ZI b(mm)

UPFc

WFd RFe



Viscose 676 0174 155 130 24 4 ndash

5 4 ndash

5 4 ndash





f LF light fastness




T a b l e 3



P i g m e n t ( 2 0 g k g )

S u b

s t r a t e

T i O 2 - N P s ( 1 5 g k g )

T i - c o n t e n t

( )

a K S

b Z I ( m m )

c U P F

d W F

e R F

F L F

G + v e

G

minus v e

A l t e r a t i o n

S t a i n i n g

D r y

W e t


C o t t o n

W i t h o u t

ndash

1 3 8 2 ( 1 0 5 )

0 0

0 0

2 3 ( 1 8 )

4

4

4

4

4 ndash 5

W i t h

0 0 5 4 ( 0 0 3 8 ) g

1 5 3 2 ( 1 2 5 )

1 9 9 ( 1 6 5 )

1 6 0

( 1 3 5 )

4 2 ( 3 5 )

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4

5

V i s c o s e

W i t h o u t

ndash

1 2 2 3 ( 9 0 2 )

0 0

0 0

1 4 ( ˂ 1 0 )

4

4

4

4

4 ndash 5

W i t h

0 2 1 1 ( 0 1 7 0 )

1 3 8 3 ( 1 0 9 2 )

2 2 0 ( 1 9 0 )

1 7 9

( 1 4 5 )

3 4 ( 2 9 )

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4

5


C o t t o n

W i t h o u t

ndash

1 0 8 4 ( 8 5 0 )

0 0

0 0

3 5 ( 2 8 )

4

4

4

3 ndash 4

4

W i t h

0 0 3 5 ( 0 0 2 3 )

1 2 2 5 ( 9 4 5 )

2 0 5 ( 1 8 0 )

1 8 0

( 1 5 0 )

7 3 ( 6 5 )

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4

4 ndash 5

V i s c o s e

W i t h o u t

ndash

1 0 1 4 ( 7 2 0 )

0 0

0 0

2 5 ( 2 0 )

4

3 ndash 4

4

3 ndash 4

4

W i t h

0 0 9 2 ( 0 0 6 6 )

1 1 2 0 ( 8 4 5 )

2 2 5 ( 2 0 0 )

1 8 5

( 1 6 0 )

4 0 ( 3 2 )

4 ndash 5

4

4 ndash 5

4

4 ndash 5


C o t t o n

W i t h o u t

ndash

1 1 6 2 ( 9 0 1 )

0 0

0 0

3 0 ( 2 4 )

4

4

4

3 ndash 4

4 ndash 5

W i t h

0 0 6 9 ( 0 0 4 9 )

1 3 1 0 ( 1 0 5 6 )

2 1 5 ( 1 9 0 )

1 8 5

( 1 6 0 )

5 9 ( 5 0 )

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4

5

V i s c o s e

W i t h o u t

ndash

1 0 6 2 ( 8 0 2 )

0 0

0 0

2 4 ( 1 9 )

4

4

4

3 ndash 4

4 ndash 5

W i t h

0 1 2 2 ( 0 0 8 8 )

1 1 4 9 ( 9 6 3 )

2 3 0 ( 2 1 0 )

2 0 0

( 1 7 5 )

3 5 ( 3 0 )

4 ndash 5

4

4 ndash 5

4

5


C o t t o n

W i t h o u t

ndash

8 8 5 ( 5 6 5 )

0 0

0 0

3 0 ( 2 5 )

4

3 ndash 4

4 ndash 5

4

4 ndash 5

W i t h

0 0 6 4 ( 0 0 4 6 )

1 0 6 1 ( 8 0 4 )

1 3 0 ( 1 0 0 )

1 0 0

( 7 5 )

4 3 ( 3 6 )

4 ndash 5

4

5

4 ndash 5

5

V i s c o s e

W i t h o u t

ndash

8 2 2 ( 6 0 7 )

0 0

0 0

2 3 ( 1 8 )

3 ndash 4

3 ndash 4

4

3 ndash 4

4 ndash 5

W i t h

0 1 4 5 ( 0 1 0 5 )

9 2 0 ( 6 3 8 )

1 4 5 ( 1 2 0 )

1 1 5

( 9 0 )

3 7 ( 3 0 )

4

4

4 ndash 5

4

5




( 1 5 g k g ) ( N H 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8


f o r 5 m i n








c y c l e s

6 NA Ibrahim et al
















et al 2013)





































Table 3

Conclusion




revealed that


















References
















































8 NA Ibrahim et al








































4 NA Ibrahim et al










































2 and


















functionality

Binderpigment ratio












ZI b(mm)

UPFc

WFd RFe



Viscose 676 0174 155 130 24 4 ndash

5 4 ndash

5 4 ndash





f LF light fastness




T a b l e 3



P i g m e n t ( 2 0 g k g )

S u b

s t r a t e

T i O 2 - N P s ( 1 5 g k g )

T i - c o n t e n t

( )

a K S

b Z I ( m m )

c U P F

d W F

e R F

F L F

G + v e

G

minus v e

A l t e r a t i o n

S t a i n i n g

D r y

W e t


C o t t o n

W i t h o u t

ndash

1 3 8 2 ( 1 0 5 )

0 0

0 0

2 3 ( 1 8 )

4

4

4

4

4 ndash 5

W i t h

0 0 5 4 ( 0 0 3 8 ) g

1 5 3 2 ( 1 2 5 )

1 9 9 ( 1 6 5 )

1 6 0

( 1 3 5 )

4 2 ( 3 5 )

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4

5

V i s c o s e

W i t h o u t

ndash

1 2 2 3 ( 9 0 2 )

0 0

0 0

1 4 ( ˂ 1 0 )

4

4

4

4

4 ndash 5

W i t h

0 2 1 1 ( 0 1 7 0 )

1 3 8 3 ( 1 0 9 2 )

2 2 0 ( 1 9 0 )

1 7 9

( 1 4 5 )

3 4 ( 2 9 )

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4

5


C o t t o n

W i t h o u t

ndash

1 0 8 4 ( 8 5 0 )

0 0

0 0

3 5 ( 2 8 )

4

4

4

3 ndash 4

4

W i t h

0 0 3 5 ( 0 0 2 3 )

1 2 2 5 ( 9 4 5 )

2 0 5 ( 1 8 0 )

1 8 0

( 1 5 0 )

7 3 ( 6 5 )

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4

4 ndash 5

V i s c o s e

W i t h o u t

ndash

1 0 1 4 ( 7 2 0 )

0 0

0 0

2 5 ( 2 0 )

4

3 ndash 4

4

3 ndash 4

4

W i t h

0 0 9 2 ( 0 0 6 6 )

1 1 2 0 ( 8 4 5 )

2 2 5 ( 2 0 0 )

1 8 5

( 1 6 0 )

4 0 ( 3 2 )

4 ndash 5

4

4 ndash 5

4

4 ndash 5


C o t t o n

W i t h o u t

ndash

1 1 6 2 ( 9 0 1 )

0 0

0 0

3 0 ( 2 4 )

4

4

4

3 ndash 4

4 ndash 5

W i t h

0 0 6 9 ( 0 0 4 9 )

1 3 1 0 ( 1 0 5 6 )

2 1 5 ( 1 9 0 )

1 8 5

( 1 6 0 )

5 9 ( 5 0 )

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4

5

V i s c o s e

W i t h o u t

ndash

1 0 6 2 ( 8 0 2 )

0 0

0 0

2 4 ( 1 9 )

4

4

4

3 ndash 4

4 ndash 5

W i t h

0 1 2 2 ( 0 0 8 8 )

1 1 4 9 ( 9 6 3 )

2 3 0 ( 2 1 0 )

2 0 0

( 1 7 5 )

3 5 ( 3 0 )

4 ndash 5

4

4 ndash 5

4

5


C o t t o n

W i t h o u t

ndash

8 8 5 ( 5 6 5 )

0 0

0 0

3 0 ( 2 5 )

4

3 ndash 4

4 ndash 5

4

4 ndash 5

W i t h

0 0 6 4 ( 0 0 4 6 )

1 0 6 1 ( 8 0 4 )

1 3 0 ( 1 0 0 )

1 0 0

( 7 5 )

4 3 ( 3 6 )

4 ndash 5

4

5

4 ndash 5

5

V i s c o s e

W i t h o u t

ndash

8 2 2 ( 6 0 7 )

0 0

0 0

2 3 ( 1 8 )

3 ndash 4

3 ndash 4

4

3 ndash 4

4 ndash 5

W i t h

0 1 4 5 ( 0 1 0 5 )

9 2 0 ( 6 3 8 )

1 4 5 ( 1 2 0 )

1 1 5

( 9 0 )

3 7 ( 3 0 )

4

4

4 ndash 5

4

5




( 1 5 g k g ) ( N H 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8


f o r 5 m i n








c y c l e s

6 NA Ibrahim et al
















et al 2013)





































Table 3

Conclusion




revealed that


















References
















































8 NA Ibrahim et al










































2 and


















functionality

Binderpigment ratio












ZI b(mm)

UPFc

WFd RFe



Viscose 676 0174 155 130 24 4 ndash

5 4 ndash

5 4 ndash





f LF light fastness




T a b l e 3



P i g m e n t ( 2 0 g k g )

S u b

s t r a t e

T i O 2 - N P s ( 1 5 g k g )

T i - c o n t e n t

( )

a K S

b Z I ( m m )

c U P F

d W F

e R F

F L F

G + v e

G

minus v e

A l t e r a t i o n

S t a i n i n g

D r y

W e t


C o t t o n

W i t h o u t

ndash

1 3 8 2 ( 1 0 5 )

0 0

0 0

2 3 ( 1 8 )

4

4

4

4

4 ndash 5

W i t h

0 0 5 4 ( 0 0 3 8 ) g

1 5 3 2 ( 1 2 5 )

1 9 9 ( 1 6 5 )

1 6 0

( 1 3 5 )

4 2 ( 3 5 )

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4

5

V i s c o s e

W i t h o u t

ndash

1 2 2 3 ( 9 0 2 )

0 0

0 0

1 4 ( ˂ 1 0 )

4

4

4

4

4 ndash 5

W i t h

0 2 1 1 ( 0 1 7 0 )

1 3 8 3 ( 1 0 9 2 )

2 2 0 ( 1 9 0 )

1 7 9

( 1 4 5 )

3 4 ( 2 9 )

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4

5


C o t t o n

W i t h o u t

ndash

1 0 8 4 ( 8 5 0 )

0 0

0 0

3 5 ( 2 8 )

4

4

4

3 ndash 4

4

W i t h

0 0 3 5 ( 0 0 2 3 )

1 2 2 5 ( 9 4 5 )

2 0 5 ( 1 8 0 )

1 8 0

( 1 5 0 )

7 3 ( 6 5 )

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4

4 ndash 5

V i s c o s e

W i t h o u t

ndash

1 0 1 4 ( 7 2 0 )

0 0

0 0

2 5 ( 2 0 )

4

3 ndash 4

4

3 ndash 4

4

W i t h

0 0 9 2 ( 0 0 6 6 )

1 1 2 0 ( 8 4 5 )

2 2 5 ( 2 0 0 )

1 8 5

( 1 6 0 )

4 0 ( 3 2 )

4 ndash 5

4

4 ndash 5

4

4 ndash 5


C o t t o n

W i t h o u t

ndash

1 1 6 2 ( 9 0 1 )

0 0

0 0

3 0 ( 2 4 )

4

4

4

3 ndash 4

4 ndash 5

W i t h

0 0 6 9 ( 0 0 4 9 )

1 3 1 0 ( 1 0 5 6 )

2 1 5 ( 1 9 0 )

1 8 5

( 1 6 0 )

5 9 ( 5 0 )

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4

5

V i s c o s e

W i t h o u t

ndash

1 0 6 2 ( 8 0 2 )

0 0

0 0

2 4 ( 1 9 )

4

4

4

3 ndash 4

4 ndash 5

W i t h

0 1 2 2 ( 0 0 8 8 )

1 1 4 9 ( 9 6 3 )

2 3 0 ( 2 1 0 )

2 0 0

( 1 7 5 )

3 5 ( 3 0 )

4 ndash 5

4

4 ndash 5

4

5


C o t t o n

W i t h o u t

ndash

8 8 5 ( 5 6 5 )

0 0

0 0

3 0 ( 2 5 )

4

3 ndash 4

4 ndash 5

4

4 ndash 5

W i t h

0 0 6 4 ( 0 0 4 6 )

1 0 6 1 ( 8 0 4 )

1 3 0 ( 1 0 0 )

1 0 0

( 7 5 )

4 3 ( 3 6 )

4 ndash 5

4

5

4 ndash 5

5

V i s c o s e

W i t h o u t

ndash

8 2 2 ( 6 0 7 )

0 0

0 0

2 3 ( 1 8 )

3 ndash 4

3 ndash 4

4

3 ndash 4

4 ndash 5

W i t h

0 1 4 5 ( 0 1 0 5 )

9 2 0 ( 6 3 8 )

1 4 5 ( 1 2 0 )

1 1 5

( 9 0 )

3 7 ( 3 0 )

4

4

4 ndash 5

4

5




( 1 5 g k g ) ( N H 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8


f o r 5 m i n








c y c l e s

6 NA Ibrahim et al
















et al 2013)





































Table 3

Conclusion




revealed that


















References
















































8 NA Ibrahim et al



T a b l e 3



P i g m e n t ( 2 0 g k g )

S u b

s t r a t e

T i O 2 - N P s ( 1 5 g k g )

T i - c o n t e n t

( )

a K S

b Z I ( m m )

c U P F

d W F

e R F

F L F

G + v e

G

minus v e

A l t e r a t i o n

S t a i n i n g

D r y

W e t


C o t t o n

W i t h o u t

ndash

1 3 8 2 ( 1 0 5 )

0 0

0 0

2 3 ( 1 8 )

4

4

4

4

4 ndash 5

W i t h

0 0 5 4 ( 0 0 3 8 ) g

1 5 3 2 ( 1 2 5 )

1 9 9 ( 1 6 5 )

1 6 0

( 1 3 5 )

4 2 ( 3 5 )

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4

5

V i s c o s e

W i t h o u t

ndash

1 2 2 3 ( 9 0 2 )

0 0

0 0

1 4 ( ˂ 1 0 )

4

4

4

4

4 ndash 5

W i t h

0 2 1 1 ( 0 1 7 0 )

1 3 8 3 ( 1 0 9 2 )

2 2 0 ( 1 9 0 )

1 7 9

( 1 4 5 )

3 4 ( 2 9 )

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4

5


C o t t o n

W i t h o u t

ndash

1 0 8 4 ( 8 5 0 )

0 0

0 0

3 5 ( 2 8 )

4

4

4

3 ndash 4

4

W i t h

0 0 3 5 ( 0 0 2 3 )

1 2 2 5 ( 9 4 5 )

2 0 5 ( 1 8 0 )

1 8 0

( 1 5 0 )

7 3 ( 6 5 )

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4

4 ndash 5

V i s c o s e

W i t h o u t

ndash

1 0 1 4 ( 7 2 0 )

0 0

0 0

2 5 ( 2 0 )

4

3 ndash 4

4

3 ndash 4

4

W i t h

0 0 9 2 ( 0 0 6 6 )

1 1 2 0 ( 8 4 5 )

2 2 5 ( 2 0 0 )

1 8 5

( 1 6 0 )

4 0 ( 3 2 )

4 ndash 5

4

4 ndash 5

4

4 ndash 5


C o t t o n

W i t h o u t

ndash

1 1 6 2 ( 9 0 1 )

0 0

0 0

3 0 ( 2 4 )

4

4

4

3 ndash 4

4 ndash 5

W i t h

0 0 6 9 ( 0 0 4 9 )

1 3 1 0 ( 1 0 5 6 )

2 1 5 ( 1 9 0 )

1 8 5

( 1 6 0 )

5 9 ( 5 0 )

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4 ndash 5

4

5

V i s c o s e

W i t h o u t

ndash

1 0 6 2 ( 8 0 2 )

0 0

0 0

2 4 ( 1 9 )

4

4

4

3 ndash 4

4 ndash 5

W i t h

0 1 2 2 ( 0 0 8 8 )

1 1 4 9 ( 9 6 3 )

2 3 0 ( 2 1 0 )

2 0 0

( 1 7 5 )

3 5 ( 3 0 )

4 ndash 5

4

4 ndash 5

4

5


C o t t o n

W i t h o u t

ndash

8 8 5 ( 5 6 5 )

0 0

0 0

3 0 ( 2 5 )

4

3 ndash 4

4 ndash 5

4

4 ndash 5

W i t h

0 0 6 4 ( 0 0 4 6 )

1 0 6 1 ( 8 0 4 )

1 3 0 ( 1 0 0 )

1 0 0

( 7 5 )

4 3 ( 3 6 )

4 ndash 5

4

5

4 ndash 5

5

V i s c o s e

W i t h o u t

ndash

8 2 2 ( 6 0 7 )

0 0

0 0

2 3 ( 1 8 )

3 ndash 4

3 ndash 4

4

3 ndash 4

4 ndash 5

W i t h

0 1 4 5 ( 0 1 0 5 )

9 2 0 ( 6 3 8 )

1 4 5 ( 1 2 0 )

1 1 5

( 9 0 )

3 7 ( 3 0 )

4

4

4 ndash 5

4

5




( 1 5 g k g ) ( N H 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8


f o r 5 m i n








c y c l e s

6 NA Ibrahim et al
















et al 2013)





































Table 3

Conclusion




revealed that


















References
















































8 NA Ibrahim et al
















et al 2013)





































Table 3

Conclusion




revealed that


















References
















































8 NA Ibrahim et al







































8 NA Ibrahim et al