S i l d l f i b h i d iSpatial and temporal free ranging cow behavior pre and post weaningSpatial and temporal free-ranging cow behavior pre and post-weaningSpatial and temporal free ranging cow behavior pre and post weaningD M Anderson1 C Winters1 M Doniec2 C Detweiler2 D Rus2 and B Nolen1D.M. Anderson , C. Winters , M. Doniec , C. Detweiler , D. Rus , and B. Nolen

1 USDA ARS J d E i t l R L C NM d 2 MIT C t S i d A tifi i l I t lli L b t C b id MA1 USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range, Las Cruces, NM and 2 MIT, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Cambridge, MAp g , , , p g y, g ,

AbstractAbstractGl b l iti i t (GPS) t h l b d t t d f i b h iGlobal positioning system (GPS) technology can be used to study free-ranging cow behaviors.GPS i t d l d h f t i i f 3 t 15 i dGPS equipment was deployed on each of ten cows ranging in age from 3 to 15 years in orderto compare and contrast mean ± standard errors for pre- and post-weaning travel (m·time-1) intwo similar (≤ 433 ha) arid rangeland paddocks. Data were collected at a rate of one position( ) g p pfix per second between 12 March and 8 April 2009 for a total of 8.7 million raw GPS fixesp pacross both paddocks. In addition, all 10 instrumented cows, 5 per paddock, were observed foracross both paddocks. In addition, all 10 instrumented cows, 5 per paddock, were observed fora total of 32 h across 13 d and their behaviors were recorded on a minute by minute basisa total of 32 h across 13 d and their behaviors were recorded on a minute by minute basisduring daylight The observational data were used to classify rate of travel (m·min-1) intoduring daylight. The observational data were used to classify rate of travel (m·min 1) intowalking foraging and stationary behaviorswalking, foraging and stationary behaviors.

Th b d b h i l d t d ith th GPS d t N t th d d t Figure 3 Range in path speeds (m s-1) obtained from GPS devices worn by freeThe observed behavioral data were merged with the GPS data. Next the merged data were Figure 3. Range in path speeds (m·s-1) obtained from GPS devices worn by freeranging cows programmed to record fixes at 1 s intervals between 13 March and 7

examined to classify the GPS data by path speed (m·s-1). Intervals of 30 s, 60 s, 120 s and 180Figure 2 Plot of frequency of occurrence of cow 6034’s path speed (m·s-1)

g g p gApril 2009 on each of five cows over 6 d during 12 h in Paddock 10B and on each

f fi 7 d d i 20 h i P dd k 14A th J d E i t ls were evaluated to determine the optimum path speed sampling period to discriminate amongFigure 2. Plot of frequency of occurrence of cow 6034 s path speed (m s )

determined by summing the displacement of 1 s global positioning systemof five cows over 7 d during 20 h in Paddock 14A on the Jornada ExperimentalRange. To categorize the GPS data into: stationary, foraging and walkingp p p p g p g

walking, foraging and stationary behavior. The path speed associated with “stationary” was due (GPS) fixes and dividing these displacements in meters by the sample length inseconds Sample binning is geometric and starts at 0 10 m·s-1 with a multiple of Figure 4. Mean ± standard error of total travel (m·d-1) among 5 cows on two arid Figure 5. Mean ± standard error of total travel (m·6h-1) among 5 cows in Paddock 10B pre- Figure 6 Mean ± standard error of total travel (m 6h-1) among 5 cows in Paddock 14A pre

g g y, g g gbehaviors, observations were manually recorded at I min intervals during theseid ti l ti A i t l 35% f th lki th 10 t k l

g, g g y p p yto the inherent variability within the uncorrected GPS data used in this study. Regardless of

seconds. Sample binning is geometric and starts at 0.10 m s with a multiple of1.1. rangeland paddocks ≤ 433 ha on the Jornada Experimental Range between

13 March and 7 April 2009

g ( ) g pand post-weaning during each of four 6 h intervals between 13 and 22 March, 2009 on theJ d E i t l R

Figure 6. Mean ± standard error of total travel (m·6h-1) among 5 cows in Paddock 14A pre-and post-weaning during each of four 6 h intervals between 27 March and 7 April, 2009 on

identical times. Approximately 35% of the walking among these 10 cows took placeat a speed between 0.92 m·s-1 and 1.10 m·s-1.to the inherent variability within the uncorrected GPS data used in this study. Regardless of

interval chosen three distinct peaks were observed Within the ranges evaluated longer13 March and 7 April, 2009. Jornada Experimental Range.

p g g p ,the Jornada Experimental Range.

at a speed between 0.92 m s and 1.10 m s .

interval chosen, three distinct peaks were observed. Within the ranges evaluated, longersampling intervals (180 s) appeared to show better peak definition especially for those peakssampling intervals (180 s) appeared to show better peak definition, especially for those peaksassociated with foraging (0 10 m·s-1) and “stationary” (0 03 m·s-1) behaviors Shorter samplingassociated with foraging (0.10 m·s 1) and stationary (0.03 m·s 1) behaviors. Shorter samplingperiods (30 s) produced smother curves having less distinct peaks probably as a result of moreperiods (30 s) produced smother curves having less distinct peaks, probably as a result of more

l Th f t t t h d k t 1 00 1 d d d t i d hsamples. The fastest movement had a peak at 1.00 m·s-1 and corresponded to periods when1the cows were observed to be traveling between points on the landscape. A 1.00 m·s-1 rate of

travel is roughly 2.2 miles per hour, a speed used to manually gather these cows. Subsequentanalyses were performed using 60 s sampling intervals as a compromise for well defined peaksy p g p g p pand troughs, smoothness of the curve, and relatively high frequency counts at the high speedand troughs, smoothness of the curve, and relatively high frequency counts at the high speedend of the distributionend of the distribution.

Overall mean cow travel increased post weaning over 5 d in Paddock 10B from 1 428 ± 92 6Overall, mean cow travel increased post-weaning over 5 d in Paddock 10B from 1,428 ± 92.6m d-1 to 1 955 ± 143 4 m d-1 and over 8 d post weaning in Paddock 14A from 1 166 ± 105 8m·d-1 to 1,955 ± 143.4 m·d-1 and over 8 d post-weaning in Paddock 14A from 1,166 ± 105.8

d 1 t 1 509 ± 92 0 d 1 M t l i th t dd k d i f i b th dm·d-1 to 1,509 ± 92.0 m·d-1. Mean travel in the two paddocks during foraging both pre- andi i d i hi d b i id i l h h h dd k 10B 14Apost-weaning varied within a day but not in an identical manner even though the two paddocks 10B 14A 10B 14A

were similar in size and topography. Among four 6 h time intervals foraging travel decreasedfollowing weaning between 0600 h (6 am) and noon and between 1800 h (6 pm) and midnightg g ( ) ( p ) gin both paddocks while travel associated with foraging increased between noon and 1800 h (6p g g (pm) in both paddocks. Foraging travel between midnight and 0600 h (6 am) decreased inpm) in both paddocks. Foraging travel between midnight and 0600 h (6 am) decreased inPaddock 10B following weaning (64 ± 5 6 m·6h-1 vs 42 ± 4 4 m·6h-1) but increased in PaddockPaddock 10B following weaning (64 ± 5.6 m 6h vs 42 ± 4.4 m 6h ) but increased in Paddock14A (24 ± 6 6 m·6h-1 vs 60 ± 7 3 m·6h-1) during this same time interval following weaning Figure 10. Mean ± standard error of travel (m·6h-1) during foraging among five cows inFigure 9 Mean ± standard error of travel (m·6h-1) during foraging among five cows in14A (24 ± 6.6 m·6h 1 vs 60 ± 7.3 m·6h 1) during this same time interval following weaning.Differences in foraging travel between midnight and 0600 h (6 am) in the two paddocks may

g ( ) g g g gPaddock 14A pre- and post-weaning during each of four 6 h intervals between 27 March

d 7 A il 2009 th J d E i t l R

Figure 9. Mean ± standard error of travel (m 6h ) during foraging among five cows inPaddock 10B pre- and post-weaning during each of four 6 h intervals between 13 and

Differences in foraging travel between midnight and 0600 h (6 am) in the two paddocks mayh lt d f l f t i l di th b f i t t d b i

and 7 April, 2009 on the Jornada Experimental Range.22 March, 2009 on the Jornada Experimental Range.

have resulted from several factors including: the number of non-instrumented cows beingdiff t i th t dd k diff t i d t 13 d t d diff t ti ldifferent in the two paddocks, different weaning dates 13 d apart, and a different spatialdistribution of cows within each paddock. Furthermore, GPS data were lost possibly due tobattery failure. Only one 24 h period of data were lost from one cow in Paddock 10B (post-

0 20y y p (p

weaning) compared to loss of GPS data from two and three of the five cows for 24 h pre- and0 180.20g) p p

post-weaning, respectively, in Paddock 14A. Further data analysis evaluating tortuosity of 0 160.18

post weaning, respectively, in Paddock 14A. Further data analysis evaluating tortuosity oftravel (a metric that relates path speed or the summation of distances between each of 60 0 14

0.16

ve)

Stationarytravel (a metric that relates path speed or the summation of distances between each of 60positions within a minute to displacement speed the distance between only the first position and

Figure 7. Spatial location of three behaviors among 5 cows pre-weaning in Paddocks 10B (13 to 17 March,2009) and 14A (27to 30 March 2009) on the Jornada Experimental Range

Figure 8. Spatial location of three behaviors among 5 cows post-weaning in Paddocks 10B (17 to 22 March,2009) and 14A (30 March to 7 April 2009) on the Jornada Experimental Range 0 12

0.14

lativ

y

Foragingpositions within a minute to displacement speed the distance between only the first position andthe 60th position within a minute) appears promising to further characterize free ranging cow

to 30 March, 2009) on the Jornada Experimental Range. March to 7 April, 2009) on the Jornada Experimental Range.

0 100.12

(rel Walking

the 60th position within a minute) appears promising to further characterize free-ranging cowtra el 0 08

0.10

ncy

travel.0 060.08

que

0 040.06

Freq

Obj ti 0 020.04

Objective 0 000.02Objective 0.00

-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 6060 0 0 0 0 0 60Angle above/below horizontal in degrees

To determine the impact of weaning on inactive and active behaviors of mature free-rangingg g

beef cows by monitoring cattle autonomously, using animal deployed electronics, verifiedy g y, g p y ,with manual observations. Cow 4127 Cow 4127 Figure 13. Range in neck angles in degrees obtained from magnetometer and accelerometer hardware in electronic

equipment packages worn by free ranging cows programmed to record every 0 1 s between 13 March and 7 Aprilwith manual observations. Cow 4127March 16 2009 Cow 3039

Cow 4127March 18 2009 Cow 3039

equipment packages worn by free ranging cows programmed to record every 0.1 s between 13 March and 7 April2009 on each of five cows over 6 d during 12 h in Paddock 10B and on each of five cows over 7 d during 20 h in

M t i l d M th dMarch 16, 2009

March 29, 2009March 18, 2009 Cow 3039

March 31 2009Paddock 14A on the Jornada Experimental Range. To categorize the GPS data into: stationary, foraging and walkingbehaviors observations were manually recorded at I min intervals during these identical times When walking the 10Materials and Methods March 29, 2009 March 31, 2009 behaviors, observations were manually recorded at I min intervals during these identical times. When walking, the 10cows kept their necks between -5o and 0o approximately 17% of the time.Materials and Methods

ConclusionsRangeland, cattle, weather, training Conclusionsg , , , gThe study was conducted near Las Cruces, New Mexico, on the U.S. Department of Agriculturee s udy as co duc ed ea as C uces, e e co, o e U S epa e o g cu u e– Agricultural Research Service’s Jornada Experimental Range (USDA-ARS-JER) in Paddock

Free-ranging cattle:Agricultural Research Service s Jornada Experimental Range (USDA ARS JER) in Paddock

10B and 14A Daily cow behavior was monitored in brush infested Chihuahuan Semidesert Free-ranging cattle: • do not utilize paddocks uniformly

10B and 14A. Daily cow behavior was monitored in brush infested Chihuahuan SemidesertGrassland paddocks between 12 March and 8 April 2009 using a single Hereford and nine 10B 14A 10B 14A • do not utilize paddocks uniformly.

• travel throughout 24 h predominantly during daylight; howeverGrassland paddocks between 12 March and 8 April 2009 using a single Hereford, and ninecrossbred Hereford x Brangus cow calf pairs No precipitation was recorded throughout the

10B 14A 10B 14A• travel throughout 24 h, predominantly during daylight; however,

d il ttcrossbred Hereford x Brangus cow-calf pairs. No precipitation was recorded throughout thet i l d bi t i t t d i d d t i l f th l t f thi daily patterns vary.

l f i i h i d i bilitrial and ambient air temperatures and wind speeds were typical of the long-term means for this

Th t (3 t 15 ld) ttl h d i l b tl d t t i • travel more after weaning, with increased variability among season. The mature (3 to 15 year old) cattle had previously been gentled to accept wearingcows.electronic equipment packages (Figure 1) by feeding cottonseed cubes to each cow individually

as they were instrumented.Electronics:

y

• either path speed as determined by 1 s GPS fix rates or verticalElectronic hardware, software either path speed as determined by 1 s GPS fix rates or vertical displacement of the head (degrees) as determined with magnetometer

Electronic hardware, softwareOnly mature cows were instrumented with electronic equipment packages (Schwager et al displacement of the head (degrees) as determined with magnetometer

and accelerometer hardware allow cow behaviors to be autonomouslyOnly mature cows were instrumented with electronic equipment packages (Schwager et al.2008) that included global positioning system (GPS) receivers temperature compass and accelerometer hardware allow cow behaviors to be autonomously

characterized into periods of foraging and non foraging2008) that included global positioning system (GPS) receivers, temperature, compass,accelerometer and wireless radio hardware The receivers were programmed to collect 1 Hz (1 characterized into periods of foraging and non-foraging.

li bl i l i ti d tiaccelerometer and wireless radio hardware. The receivers were programmed to collect 1 Hz (1) l ti d t • reliable wireless communication and continuous power are

t h ll t t b l d h l t i i t is) cow location data.

two challenges yet to be solved when electronic equipment is deployed on free-ranging cows.Data gathering, manipulation, analyses

Intervals between 30 s and 180 s were evaluated to determine the optimum path speedData presentation and analysis:

p p psampling period to discriminate among walking, foraging and stationary behaviors. Regardless p y

• ArcGIS 9.3 and Excel 2003 were used to produce figures thatp g p g g, g g y g

of interval chosen, three distinct peaks were observed (Figures 2 and 3). The data were ArcGIS 9.3 and Excel 2003 were used to produce figures that simultaneously depicted a cow’s location on the landscape its

of interval chosen, three distinct peaks were observed (Figures 2 and 3). The data weredistilled from approximately 8 7 million 1 s raw GPS fixes Mean rate of travel (m·s-1) for each Figure 11. The pre-weaning spatial and temporal behavior and direction of movement of two cows the day before weaning in Paddocks 10B and 14A on the

Jornada Experimental Range These data were determined from 1 s global positioning system (GPS) data obtained from battery/solar powered electronicFigure 12. The post-weaning spatial and temporal behavior and direction of movement of two cows the day after weaning in Paddocks 10B and 14A on theJornada Experimental Range These data were determined from 1 s global positioning system (GPS) data obtained from battery/solar powered electronic simultaneously depicted a cow s location on the landscape, its

temporal activity and direction of movementdistilled from approximately 8.7 million 1 s raw GPS fixes. Mean rate of travel (m s ) for eachcow was determined by calculating consecutive differences among 60 fixes Behaviors were

Jornada Experimental Range. These data were determined from 1 s global positioning system (GPS) data obtained from battery/solar powered electronicequipment worn by each animal. Stationary (< 0.057 m·s-1), foraging (0.057 (m·s-1) to 0.382 (m·s-1) , and walking (> 0.382 (m·s-1) travel speeds were

Jornada Experimental Range. These data were determined from 1 s global positioning system (GPS) data obtained from battery/solar powered electronicequipment worn by each animal. Stationary (< 0.057 (m·s-1) , foraging (0.057 (m·s-1) to 0.382 (m·s-1) , and walking (> 0.382 (m·s-1) travel speeds were temporal activity, and direction of movement.

• other sensor hardware when time stamped to GPS data shouldcow was determined by calculating consecutive differences among 60 fixes. Behaviors werethen categorized into travel speeds: Stationary (< 0 057 m·s-1) foraging (0 057 m·s-1 to 0 382

q p y y ( g g ( ( ) ( ) g ( ( ) pdetermined by observing and recording the behavior of these two cows and eight others minute by minute for approximately 32 h across 13 d. Theobservational data were used to characterize the displacement rate of consecutive 1 s global positioning system (GPS) fixes The three daily behaviors were

q p y y ( ( ) , g g ( ( ) ( ) , g ( ( ) pdetermined by observing and recording the behavior of these two cows and eight others minute by minute for approximately 32 h across 13 d. The

b ti l d t d t h t i th di l t t f ti 1 l b l iti i t (GPS) fi Th th d il b h i • other sensor hardware when time-stamped to GPS data should enhance nderstanding of free ranging cattle beha iors

then categorized into travel speeds: Stationary (< 0.057 m·s 1), foraging (0.057 m·s 1 to 0.382m s 1) and walking ( > 0 382 m s 1) These behaviors were based on observations recorded

observational data were used to characterize the displacement rate of consecutive 1 s global positioning system (GPS) fixes. The three daily behaviors werefurther characterized as occurring during specific times related to the sun’s angle above the horizon: Morning (solar elevation -12o to 45o rising, ≈ 0604 h to

observational data were used to characterize the displacement rate of consecutive 1 s global positioning system (GPS) fixes. The three daily behaviors werefurther characterized as occurring during specific times related to the sun’s angle above the horizon: Morning (solar elevation -12o to 45o rising, ≈ 0604 h to enhance understanding of free-ranging cattle behaviors.m·s-1) and walking ( > 0.382 m·s-1). These behaviors were based on observations recorded

i t f i t l 12 h 6 d i P dd k 10B d f i t l 20 h

g g p g g ( g,1042 h), midday (solar elevation 45o rising to 40o setting, ≈ 1043 h to 1607 h), evening (solar elevation 40o to -12o setting, ≈ 1608 h to 2019 h), and night(solar elevation < 12o no sun ≈ 2020 h to 0603 h)

g g p g g ( g,1042 h), midday (solar elevation 45o rising to 40o setting, ≈ 1043 h to 1607 h), evening (solar elevation 40o to -12o setting, ≈ 1608 h to 2019 h), and night( l l ti < 12o 2020 h t 0603 h)every minute for approximately 12 hr over 6 d in Paddock 10B and for approximately 20 hr over (solar elevation < -12o no sun, ≈ 2020 h to 0603 h). (solar elevation < -12o no sun, ≈ 2020 h to 0603 h).

7 d in Paddock 14A. All graphics and statistics were produced using ArcGis 9.3 and Excel2003. Lit t Cit dLiterature Cited

Results and Discussion• Anderson D M 2007 Virtual fencing past present and

Results and Discussion• Anderson, D. M. 2007. Virtual fencing – past, present and

future The Rangeland Journal 29:65 78future. The Rangeland Journal. 29:65-78.Cow travel increased for 5 to 8 d in the Spring of 2009 following weaning in Paddocks 10B and 14A W i lt d b h i I b th dd k th d i t i th i l t i t

S h M C D il I V il D M A dCow travel increased for 5 to 8 d in the Spring of 2009 following weaning in Paddocks 10B and 14A,

ti l (Fi 4) Th h th d il t l tt f t t l t l i il i th t dd kWeaning altered cow behavior. In both paddocks the day prior to weaning there was a single trip to

d f th d i ki t b 4127 i P dd k 10B d 3039 i P dd k 14A I t t • Schwager, M., C. Detweiler, I. Vasilescu, D. M. Anderson, respectively (Figure 4). Though the daily temporal pattern of total travel was similar in the two paddocksth i ht tt diff d d h d th l t t f t l i b th dd k b t id i ht

and from the drinking water by cow 4127 in Paddock 10B and 3039 in Paddock 14A. In contrast, onand D. Rus. 2008. Data-driven identification of the night pattern differed and showed the least amount of cow travel in both paddocks between midnight the day following weaning multiple trips were made by these same two cows to the drinking watergroup dynamics for motion prediction and control. and 0600 h (6 pm; Figures 5 and 6). Differences in the spatial location of the cows was observed when site throughout the 24 h (Figures 11 and 12). Each of the other instrumented cows not shown in g p y pJournal of Field Robotics. 25(6-7):305-324. comparing pre- with post weaning data within each paddock (Figures 7 and 8). It was possible to assign

g ( g )Figures 11 and 12 showed unique differences in pre-weaning and post-weaning behaviors. The ( )p g p p g p ( g ) p g

movement behavior categories, i.e., stationary, foraging and walking to the cow’s location on theg q p g p g

instrumented cattle on the day following weaning tended to travel out from the drinking water but

Disclaimerg , , y, g g g

landscape based on displacement of the cow over a 60 s interval as a result of observing the cowsinstrumented cattle on the day following weaning tended to travel out from the drinking water butreturned multiple times throughout the 24 h suggesting they were searching for their calves Disclaimerlandscape based on displacement of the cow over a 60 s interval as a result of observing the cows

wearing instruments when involved in various behaviors (Figures 2 and 3)returned multiple times throughout the 24 h suggesting they were searching for their calves.

wearing instruments when involved in various behaviors (Figures 2 and 3).When observational data are used to categorize electronically obtained temporal and spatial GPS

Trade names used in this poster are solely for the purpose of providing specificThe location of drinking water appeared to be a major focal point for the cows Overall patterns wereWhen observational data are used to categorize electronically obtained temporal and spatial GPSd t (Fi 3) ll t t d l t d t (Fi 13) it ibl t Trade names used in this poster are solely for the purpose of providing specific

information and do not constitute a guarantee, endorsement, or warranty of theThe location of drinking water appeared to be a major focal point for the cows. Overall, patterns werei il th h t t l b d th i t i il i P dd k 10B d 14A d t

data (Figure 3) as well as magnetometer and accelerometer data (Figure 13) it appears possible toi k t t ti f i d lki b h i b d t f t l ( 1) ll f i information and do not constitute a guarantee, endorsement, or warranty of the

product by the USDA-ARS and MIT over other products not mentioned.similar even though total cow numbers and their ages were not similar in Paddocks 10B and 14A due toh b d t i t Th h i t k l i t diff t b t i il dd k t

pick out stationary, foraging and walking behaviors based on rate of travel (m·s-1) as well as foraging p y phusbandry constraints. Though weaning took place in two different but similar paddocks one cannot and non-foraging behaviors from head/neck displacement in the vertical direction (degrees). Usingconsider the two paddocks to be true replicates and hence it would not be prudent to speculate on the independent electronic hardware including GPS, magnetometer and accelerometer technology it was

Acknowledgementsexact causes for the differences recorded.p g g gy

possible to obtain two independent measurements of foraging behavior using rate of travel and Acknowledgementsp p g g ghead/neck angle. Together they appeared useful in characterizing foraging behavior of free-ranging

GPS data gives not only location on the landscape but also temporal information that may help to explainhead/neck angle. Together they appeared useful in characterizing foraging behavior of free rangingcows These data made it possible to characterize not only when specific behaviors were occurringFi 1 C i t t h h lt / k ddl i t k d i t d “M” th t t i l b l iti i t (GPS) h d d GPS data gives not only location on the landscape but also temporal information that may help to explain

when an event occurs by using the angle of the sun above the horizon to characterize the data (Figures 11cows. These data made it possible to characterize not only when specific behaviors were occurringbut where on the landscape Information with this kind of detail holds great potential for improving the

Figure 1. Cow wearing a stretch-halter/neck saddle equipment package designated “M” that contains global positioning system (GPS) hardware andother electronic components (blue rectangular electronics box with solar panels facing skyward) A speaker for administering audio cues to the animal’s

MIT - Computer Science &

when an event occurs by using the angle of the sun above the horizon to characterize the data (Figures 11and 12) Calves were weaned by removing them from the cows at the drinking water around noon on

but where on the landscape. Information with this kind of detail holds great potential for improving theprecise and accurate management of free ranging cattle in near real time

other electronic components (blue rectangular electronics box with solar panels facing skyward). A speaker for administering audio cues to the animal sleft ear is located in the yellow housing and the two copper cylinders that can administer electric stimulation surround the stretch-halter located behind the

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and 12). Calves were weaned by removing them from the cows at the drinking water around noon onMarch 17 in Paddock 10B and March 30 in Paddock 14A The calves were then hauled by trailer to the

precise and accurate management of free-ranging cattle in near real-time.cow’s left ear. Similar hardware is located on the cow’s right side for administering cues to that side of the animal. Algorithms contained in the system’scentral processing unit (CPU) determine to which side of the animal the cues are to be administered based on the animal’s angle of approach to a virtual g

Laboratory March 17 in Paddock 10B and March 30 in Paddock 14A. The calves were then hauled by trailer to theJornada Experimental Range headquarters located several kilometers north of these two paddocks

central processing unit (CPU) determine to which side of the animal the cues are to be administered based on the animal s angle of approach to a virtualboundary (VBTM) when the system is activated for controlling the animal’s location on the landscape (Anderson 2007). Power is supplied from a 3.7 V 17

Jornada Experimental Range headquarters located several kilometers north of these two paddocks.Ah Lithium Polymer Battery located in a water-proof container that hangs beneath the cow’s neck on the green belt located towards the rear of the necksaddle In this deployment no cues were activated to elicit control; only GPS data were recorded to identify the animal’s location on the landscapesaddle. In this deployment, no cues were activated to elicit control; only GPS data were recorded to identify the animal s location on the landscape.