agric
ultu
re,
fore
stry
& fi
sher
ies
Dep
artm
ent:
Agr
icul
ture
, For
estry
and
Fis
herie
sR
EPU
BLI
C O
F SO
UTH
AFR
ICA
Wee
d c
on
tro
l
Gro
un
dn
ut
is s
usc
ep
tible
to
a w
ide
ra
ng
e o
f w
ee
ds
tha
t tr
em
en
do
usl
y co
mp
ete
with
gro
un
dn
uts
fo
r a
vaila
ble
so
il m
oist
ure,
soi
l nut
rient
s, li
ght,
spac
e an
d ot
her
wee
ds s
erve
as
hos
ts f
or d
isea
ses.
Wee
ds c
an r
esul
t in
low
yie
ld,
poor
q
ua
lity
of
the
gro
un
dn
ut
see
ds,
diff
icu
lt e
art
hin
g u
p a
nd
mak
es h
arve
stin
g to
be
diffi
cult.
As
such
an
inte
grat
ed s
ys-
tem
ran
ging
from
che
mic
al, m
echa
nica
l to
biol
ogic
al s
houl
d b
e u
sed
in o
rde
r to
pre
ven
t w
ee
d s
up
pre
ssio
n.
Eff
ect
ive
wee
d co
ntro
l im
plie
s go
od c
ontr
ol o
f wee
ds th
roug
hout
the
grow
ing
seas
on.
Pes
t d
isea
se c
on
tro
l
Dis
ease
s in
gro
undn
uts
can
be c
lass
ified
as
leaf
, ste
m a
nd
pod
dise
ases
and
in a
dditi
on t
o th
ese
part
icul
ar v
iral
dis
-ea
ses
are
also
enc
ount
ered
. Ins
ect p
ests
suc
h as
term
ites
cou
ld a
lso
pla
gu
e t
he
gro
un
dn
ut
farm
er.
All
of
the
se d
is-
ease
s an
d pe
sts
can
be id
entif
ied
by u
sing
the
publ
icat
ion
“Gro
undn
ut D
isea
ses
and
Pes
ts”
of t
he A
RC
-Gra
in C
rops
In
stitu
te. F
or in
form
atio
n on
che
mic
al c
ontr
ol “A
gui
de to
the
use
of p
estic
ides
and
fun
gici
des
in t
he R
epub
lic o
f S
outh
A
fric
a” p
ublis
hed
by th
e N
atio
nal D
epar
tmen
t of A
gric
ultu
re
shou
ld b
e co
nsul
ted
Har
vest
ing
mat
uri
ty a
nd
met
ho
d
The
num
ber
of d
ays
to m
atur
ity v
arie
s w
ith c
ultiv
ars.
The
re
are
som
e ch
arac
teris
tics
that
nee
d cl
ose
atte
ntio
n an
d ob
-se
rvat
ion
to d
eter
min
e ha
rves
t mat
urity
whi
ch a
re:
• P
od c
olou
r – in
ner w
alls
dis
play
a d
ark-
brow
n co
lour
as
a re
sult
of d
arke
ning
of t
he in
ner
tissu
e of
the
hull.
• S
ee
d c
olo
ur
– Y
ou
ng
im
ma
ture
se
ed
is
wh
ite
an
d ch
ange
s to
pin
k an
d du
ll pi
nk a
s th
e se
ed m
atur
es.
• Le
aves
– t
he le
aves
dev
elop
a y
ello
w c
olou
r an
d dr
y at
th
e tip
s.
The
dig
ger-
shak
er-w
indr
ower
is u
sed
to li
ft gr
ound
nuts
and
d
eta
ch t
he
m f
rom
th
e s
oil.
Dig
de
ep
en
ou
gh
to
pre
ven
t
cutt
ing
pegs
. W
indr
ow-i
nver
ting
atta
chm
ents
ori
ent
plan
ts
as th
ey le
ave
the
shak
er s
o po
ds a
re p
rimar
ily o
n th
e to
p of
w
indr
ows
to p
erm
it ad
equa
te a
ir ci
rcul
atio
n an
d ex
posu
re to
su
nlig
ht fo
r a
shor
ter
dryi
ng ti
me.
IMP
OR
TA
NC
E A
ND
US
ES
Hu
man
use
s –
Se
ed
s yi
eld
a n
on
-dry
ing
, e
dib
le o
il u
sed
in c
oo
kin
g,
ma
rga
rin
es,
sa
lad
s, c
an
nin
g,
for
de
ep
-fry
ing
, fo
r sh
orte
ning
in p
astr
y an
d br
ead.
S
eeds
are
eat
en r
aw,
who
le r
oast
ed a
nd s
alte
d, o
r ch
oppe
d in
con
fect
ione
ries,
or
grou
nd in
to p
eanu
t bu
tter
. Y
oung
pod
s m
ay b
e co
nsum
ed
as
a v
eg
eta
ble
. Y
ou
ng
lea
ves
an
d t
ips
are
su
itab
le a
s a
cook
ed g
reen
veg
etab
le.
Oth
er p
rodu
cts
incl
ude
ice
crea
m,
mas
sage
oil
and
pean
ut m
ilk.
Ind
ust
rial
use
s –
Gro
undn
ut o
il is
als
o us
ed f
or p
harm
a-ce
utic
als
, so
ap
s, c
old
cre
am
s, c
osm
etic
s, d
yes,
pa
ints
, po
mad
es a
nd lu
bric
ants
, em
ulsi
ons
for
inse
ct c
ontr
ol,
and
fuel
for
die
sel e
ngin
es.
Pea
nut
hulls
are
use
d fo
r fu
rfur
al,
fuel
and
as
fille
r fo
r fe
rtili
sers
.
2010
Prin
ted
and
publ
ishe
d by
:
D
epar
tmen
t of A
gric
ultu
re, F
ores
try
and
Fis
herie
s
Obt
aina
ble
from
:
R
esou
rce
Cen
tre
D
irect
orat
e A
gric
ultu
ral I
nfor
mat
ion
Ser
vice
s
P
rivat
e B
ag X
144
P
RE
TO
RIA
, 000
1
Fu
rth
er in
form
atio
n c
an b
e o
bta
ined
fro
m
Dire
ctor
ate
Pla
nt P
rodu
ctio
n, P
rivat
e B
ag X
250,
PR
ET
OR
IA 0
001
Tel
: +27
12
319
6072
• F
ax: +
27 1
2 31
9 63
72 •
E-m
ail:
DP
P@
daff.
gov.
za
Gro
undn
uts
Gro
undn
uts
Sci
enti
fic
nam
e: A
rach
is H
ypog
aea
L.S
ou
th A
fric
an
na
me
s:
pe
an
uts
, g
rou
nd
nu
ts,
es
in-
cono
, sam
aton
gom
ani,
Mat
onkg
oman
e, is
ivun
o, d
zind
uhu,
M
atok
oman
e
BA
CK
GR
OU
ND
The
cul
tivat
ed p
eanu
t or
grou
ndnu
t (A
rach
is h
ypog
aea
L.),
o
rig
ina
ted
in S
ou
th A
me
rica
(B
oliv
ia a
nd
ad
join
ing
co
un
-tr
ies)
and
is n
ow g
row
n th
roug
hout
the
tro
pica
l and
war
m
tem
pera
te r
egio
ns o
f the
wor
ld. T
his
crop
was
gro
wn
wid
ely
by n
ativ
e pe
ople
s of
the
New
Wor
ld a
t the
tim
e of
Eur
opea
n ex
pans
ion
in t
he s
ixte
enth
cen
tury
and
was
sub
sequ
ently
ta
ken
to
Eu
rop
e,
Afr
ica
, A
sia
, a
nd
th
e P
aci
fic
Isla
nd
s.
Gro
un
dn
ut
wa
s in
tro
du
ced
to
th
e p
rese
nt
So
uth
Ea
ste
rn
Un
ite
d S
tate
s d
uri
ng
co
lon
ial
tim
es.
Pe
an
ut
wa
s g
row
n pr
imar
ily a
s a
gard
en c
rop
in th
e U
nite
d S
tate
s un
til 1
870
Pro
du
ctio
n a
reas
Pro
vinc
e D
istr
ict
Mpu
mal
anga
:
N
kang
ala,
Dr
JS M
orok
a
Fre
e S
tate
:
Le
jwel
eput
swa,
Nke
toan
a
Nor
th W
est:
Nga
ka M
odiri
Mal
ema,
Dr
K
enne
th K
aund
a, B
ojan
ala
Lim
popo
:
Boh
labe
la, M
opan
i, V
hem
be,
Wat
erbe
rg
Nor
ther
n C
ape:
Joh
n T
aola
Gae
tsew
e, F
ranc
es B
aard
dist
rict
AG
RO
NO
MIC
RE
QU
IRE
ME
NT
S
Soi
l req
uire
men
tsG
roun
dnut
s gr
ow b
est i
n w
ell,
red-
colo
ured
, yel
low
-red
and
re
d w
ell-
dra
ine
d f
ert
ile s
an
dy
to s
an
dy
loa
ms
with
a p
H
rang
e of
5.5
to 7
.0. S
alin
e so
ils a
re n
ot s
uita
ble
sinc
e pe
anut
ha
s a
very
low
sal
t tol
eran
ce. S
oils
with
mor
e th
an 2
0 %
cla
y an
d st
ones
will
res
ult i
n po
or y
ield
and
mak
e ha
rves
ting
to
be d
iffic
ult.
Sha
llow
and
com
pact
ed s
oils
are
not
pre
ferr
ed
he
nce
th
e t
ap
ro
ot
of
gro
un
dn
ut
can
pe
ne
tra
te t
o t
he
so
il de
pth
of a
bout
2 m
. The
mos
t sui
tabl
e so
il fo
rms
are
Ava
lon,
B
ains
vlei
, Clo
velly
, Hut
ton,
Pin
eden
e an
d G
lenc
oe.
Clim
atic
req
uir
emen
ts
It r
eq
uir
es
a h
igh
te
mp
era
ture
an
d a
fro
st-f
ree
pe
rio
d o
f ab
out 1
60 d
ays.
Gro
undn
ut w
ill n
ot r
each
opt
imum
mat
urity
fo
r a
ma
rke
tab
le y
ield
to
just
ify c
om
me
rcia
l pro
du
ctio
n in
a
rea
s w
ith f
ew
er
he
at
un
its d
uri
ng
th
e g
row
ing
se
aso
n.
Gro
un
dn
uts
ge
rmin
ate
95
% a
t so
il te
mp
era
ture
s ra
ng
ing
from
18
to 3
0 °C
. T
he s
uita
ble
vege
tativ
e gr
owth
tem
pera
-tu
re r
ange
s fr
om 2
0 to
35
°C. H
owev
er a
t 33
°C th
is d
eclin
es
to 8
4 %
.Th
e t
em
pe
ratu
re f
avo
rab
le f
or
flow
eri
ng
an
d p
od
form
atio
n is
abo
ut 2
8 °C
.
Rai
nfa
ll
Rai
nfal
l of a
bout
500
-700
mm
per
ann
um w
ill b
e sa
tisfa
ctor
y fo
r g
oo
d y
ield
s o
f g
rou
nd
nu
ts.
Wid
er
row
s a
re a
dvi
sab
le
in lo
w r
ainf
all a
reas
whi
lst
the
narr
ow r
ows
are
suita
ble
in
high
er r
ainf
all a
reas
..
Cu
ltiv
ars
The
re a
re f
ew r
egis
tere
d cu
ltiva
rs f
or g
roun
dnut
s in
Sou
th
Afr
ica
; h
ow
eve
r re
sea
rch
on
cu
ltiv
ar
imp
rove
me
nts
is
unde
rway
.
Tab
le 1
. Som
e of
reg
iste
red
culti
vars
are
CU
LT
UR
AL
PR
AC
TIC
ES
Soi
l pre
para
tion
Se
ed
be
d s
ho
uld
be
pre
pa
red
, e
ithe
r o
n t
he
fla
t o
r w
ide
ly
ridg
ed f
ield
. P
rim
ary
soil
culti
vatio
n is
nec
essa
ry o
n vi
rgin
so
ils o
r an
y ot
her
soil
type
to r
emov
e de
bris
and
bre
ak th
e
plo
ug
h la
yer.
A u
nifo
rm s
ee
db
ed
with
su
ffic
ien
t p
lan
ting
de
pth
an
d s
pa
cin
g,
go
od
ge
rmin
atio
n,
we
ed
co
ntr
ol a
nd
go
od
mo
istu
re r
ete
ntio
n is
imp
era
tive
fo
r g
oo
d y
ield
s. A
ll pl
ant r
esid
ues
shou
ld b
e w
ell i
ncor
pora
ted
into
the
soil.
Fer
tilis
atio
n
Su
bst
an
tia
l e
vid
en
ce e
xist
s to
sh
ow
th
at
gro
un
dn
uts
re
spo
nd
to
ad
diti
on
al f
ert
ilise
r a
pp
lica
tion
s, e
ven
th
ou
gh
in r
ura
l situ
atio
ns
this
is n
ot
imp
era
tive
. G
rou
nd
nu
ts a
re
ad
ap
ted
to
a s
oil
with
a p
H (
H20
) o
f 5
, 3
or
hig
he
r, if
th
e p
H i
s h
igh
er
tha
n 5
, 3
to
8.0
, ce
rta
in e
lem
en
ts b
eco
me
un
ava
ilab
le e
.g.
iro
n a
nd
zin
c. B
ein
g a
leg
um
ino
us
cro
p,
grou
ndnu
ts c
an fi
x at
mos
pher
ic n
itrog
en (
N)
with
the
aid
of
root
bac
teria
. For
this
rea
son,
this
cro
p is
not
dep
ende
nt o
n ni
trog
en fe
rtili
satio
n.
Pla
nti
ng
Th
e p
lan
ting
da
te f
or
gro
un
dn
uts
in S
ou
th A
fric
a is
mid
-O
cto
be
r to
mid
-No
vem
be
r. P
lan
ting
sh
ou
ld o
ccu
r d
uri
ng
favo
ura
ble
so
il a
nd
we
ath
er
con
diti
on
s. A
pla
ntin
g d
ep
th
of
5 t
o 7
cm
is p
refe
rre
d f
or
be
tte
r g
erm
ina
tion
wh
en
so
il te
mpe
ratu
re is
at 1
8 °C
or
abov
e. T
he p
refe
rred
pop
ulat
ion
de
nsi
ty is
15
0 0
00
pla
nts
pe
r h
ect
are
un
de
r d
ry la
nd
an
d 30
0 00
0 pl
ants
per
hec
tare
und
er ir
riga
tion.
The
idea
l row
w
idth
for
Spa
nish
run
ner
type
gro
undn
ut u
nder
rai
nfed
con
-di
tions
sho
uld
be 9
0 to
100
cm
spa
cing
bet
wee
n ro
ws
and
unde
r irr
igat
ion
rang
es fr
om 3
0 to
45
cm. T
he r
unne
r ty
pes
requ
ire a
row
wid
th o
f 60
to 7
2 cm
and
are
pro
duce
d un
der
irrig
atio
n on
ly.
Irri
gat
ion
Mos
t of t
he c
ultiv
ated
gro
undn
uts
in S
outh
Afr
ica
are
unde
r dr
y la
nd. I
rrig
atio
n ca
n be
pra
ctic
al in
are
as w
ith li
mite
d so
il m
oist
ure/
low
rai
nfal
l are
as in
ord
er to
max
imiz
e pr
oduc
tion
and
qual
ity. T
he ir
rigat
ion
met
hod
will
dep
end
on th
e av
aila
-bl
e w
ater
res
ourc
es a
nd th
e av
aila
ble
irrig
atio
n eq
uipm
ents
.
Akw
a (2
54)
Har
ts (
254)
Kw
arts
(254
)A
nel (
254)
JL 2
4 (9
59)
Ram
bo (2
54)
Bill
y (2
54)
Kan
gwan
e R
ed (
254)
Sel
lieN
yand
a (1
137)
Mw
enje
(25
4)T
ufa
(254
)
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