Session 1.2: IntroductoryLectures
K. Hall
Session 3.1: Cryogenic Storage Systems
M.Bauer
25th – 29th September 2006Ingolstadt
Session 3.1 Cryogenic Storage Systems M. Bauer 2
3.1 Cryogenic Storage Systems
CV – M. Bauer
Address:BMW GroupResearch and TechnologyHanauerstr. 4680788 Munich
Michael Bauer, Dipl.-Ing. (FH), was educated as a mechanical engineer at the University of applied Sciences in Ingolstadt. Afterwards he worked as a PhD-Student at BMW Group Research and Technology in cooperation with the Technical University in Dresden and the University of applied Sciences in Ingolstadt. Since 2006 he is responsible for the BMW contribution (Design and Requirements) in the Subproject Cryogenic within the EU 6th Framework Project StorHy.
Session 3.1 Cryogenic Storage Systems M. Bauer 3
Lectures on Liquid H2 Storage TechnologyM. Bauer
Abstract:Within this session an overview about liquid H2 storage technology isgiven. This includes state of the art design, materials, challenges, characterisation techniques, laboratory tools, simulation methods, up-scaling, production process and testing.
3.1 Cryogenic Storage Systems
Session 3.1 Cryogenic Storage Systems M. Bauer 4
Lectures on Liquid H2 Storage Technology
Table of Content
• Liquid Hydrogen (LH2)• LH2 Storage System• Insulation• Refueling• Supply (example: Internal Combustion Engine)• Safety • Outlook: Series Production
Session 3.1 Cryogenic Storage Systems M. Bauer 5
Hydrogen StorageLiquid Hydrogen
20K
25K30
K
33K35K40
K
50%
50K
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80Density [kg/m3]
CriticalPoint
2 Phase Region:
100 % Gas
100 % Liquid
Density [kg/m³]
Pre
ssur
e [b
ara]
Session 3.1 Cryogenic Storage Systems M. Bauer 6
E68
H2 Storage Mass [kg] (Volume 150dm³)
Sto
rage
pre
ssur
e [b
ara]
LH2, 2bar
CGH2, 350bar
LH2, 4bar
CGH2, 700bar
Hydrogen StorageVolumetric Storage Density of H2
0 % 100 %50 %
Session 3.1 Cryogenic Storage Systems M. Bauer 7
1,34
-183
O2
1,17
-196
N2
Human beings cannot sense the presence of hydrogen!
Gas density(@15°C,1bar) [g/l]
Boiling temperature(@1 bar) [°C]
Minimum ignition energy[mJ]
Flammability limits in air[Vol.-%]
0,24
1-6,7
ca. 800
310-478
Gasoline
0,084
-253
0,02
4-75
H2
light
deep-cold
low
wide
Hydrogen StorageProperties of Hydrogen
Session 3.1 Cryogenic Storage Systems M. Bauer 8
Hydrogen StorageSummary Liquid Hydrogen
• Density increase with decreasing pressure
• Liquid phase only exists below 12,8 bara and 33K
• Higher density in contrast to pressurised hydrogen
• Constant pressure at different filling levels
• Liquid- and gas extraction possible
Session 3.1 Cryogenic Storage Systems M. Bauer 9
Hydrogen StorageSchematic LH2 Tank System
Inner Vessel
GH2
LH2
Piping
Support
Multi Layer InsulationOuter Jacket
Vacuum
Session 3.1 Cryogenic Storage Systems M. Bauer 10
Hydrogen StorageTank Insulation
Session 3.1 Cryogenic Storage Systems M. Bauer 11
Inner tank- Inner vessel- Level measurement- Pipework- Cryogenic shut-off valves- Inner tank support
Outer jacket- Outer vessel- Thermal insulation- Refueling interface- Outer support
Auxiliary System Box- Shut-off valves- Control valve- Safety relief valves- Sensors (p, T, H2)- Heat exchanger
Hydrogen StorageLiquid Hydrogen Storage System
Session 3.1 Cryogenic Storage Systems M. Bauer 12
Hydrogen StorageRefueling
BMS
nozzle
2
P Engine
Coolant circle
Session 3.1 Cryogenic Storage Systems M. Bauer 13
Hydrogen StorageH2 Supply
BMS
nozzle
2
P Engine
Coolant circle
p↓p→
TSRV
BEV
MAVBOV
SV1, SV2
Session 3.1 Cryogenic Storage Systems M. Bauer 14
LH2 Storage and Internal Combustion Engine
+
=9 International Speed Records
Session 3.1 Cryogenic Storage Systems M. Bauer 15
Hydrogen Combustion EngineResearch Activities
High-pressure direct injection(~ 200 bar)
Cryogenic mixture formation(~ –200°C)
Session 3.1 Cryogenic Storage Systems M. Bauer 16
Hydrogen Combustion EnginePotentials of Specific Power
fuel
concept
charge temp. [K]
spec. power [%]
external inj.
Gasoline
293
100
Hydrogen“state of the art”
external inj.
293
82
stoichiometricalmixtures
Hydrogen
cryogenic
external inj.
210
115
direct inj.
Hydrogen
293
117
Session 3.1 Cryogenic Storage Systems M. Bauer 17
Hydrogen Combustion EnginePotentials of Specific Power
Specific Power Output [kW/dm3]
Spe
cific
Tor
que
[Nm
/dm
3 ]
Charged diesel engine
Naturally aspiratedgasoline engine
Potential charged diesel engine
Naturally aspirateddiesel engine
Charged gasoline engine
Charged H2PFI,Naturally aspirated H2DI,Naturally aspirated cryogenic H2PFI
Potential charged H2DI
H2PFI
93kW/l
Session 3.1 Cryogenic Storage Systems M. Bauer 18
Hoerbiger ValveTec GmbH (HVT); Austria
Technical University Graz; Austria
BMW Group Research and Technology;
Germany
Ford Centre of Research Aachen GmbH; Germany
University of Armed Forces Munich
(UBW); Germany
Institut Français du
Pétrole ; France
Mecel AB, Sweden
ANSYS Germany GmbH; Germany
Volvo Technology Corporation;
Sweden
MAN Commercial vehicles AG;
Germany
Hydrogen Combustion Engine Cooperation with HyICE
• Start: January 2004 Duration: 3 Years• Budget: 8.1 Mio. Euro Funding: 5 Mio. Euro
• Partners:
Session 3.1 Cryogenic Storage Systems M. Bauer 19
Tank Integration Possible Tank Positions
…
Roof
Trailer
Trunk
Center Tunnel
Below PassengerCompartment
Leve
l of V
ehic
leIn
tegr
atio
n
Session 3.1 Cryogenic Storage Systems M. Bauer 20
Tank Integration Influences on the Geometry
>40% 35-40% 30-35% 25-30% 20-25% 15-20% 10-15% 5-10% <5% 2% 1%
Accident Research Power Train Concept
Session 3.1 Cryogenic Storage Systems M. Bauer 21
Tank Integration State of the Art / Future Tank System
Future SystemStainless steelCylindrical vesselsPlant specific design
Lightweight materialsFree form geometryAutomotive design Reduced heat entry
Challenges::Vacuum stabilityMaterial propertiesThermal shockRecyclingState of the Art
Session 3.1 Cryogenic Storage Systems M. Bauer 22
Tank System PerformanceEnergy Equivalent Gasoline / Hydrogen
Any shape
~ 15 kg 165 kg < 40 kg170 kg 126 kg
3xCFRP-TankQuantum Typ IV
2xCFRP-TankLincoln
Gasoline43 MJ/kg
Gaseous Hydrogen120 MJ/kg
Liquid Hydrogen120 MJ/kg
CGH2350 bar
CGH2700 bar
LH2-253 °C, 3-5bar35 l
430 l 256 l 160 l
~ 27 kg 10 kg 10 kg
=^700km range„5l-car“ =^
SteelH2R
CFRP(StorHy)
Session 3.1 Cryogenic Storage Systems M. Bauer 23Volumetric system energy density [kWh/l]
Gasoline(7 series):8 kWh/kg, 7 kWh/L
Gra
vim
etri
c sy
stem
en
erg
y d
ensi
ty[k
Wh
/kg
]LHLH22 physical @ 1 physical @ 1 barabara
33.33
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
0.0000 1.0000 2.0000
2.37
0.5
0.0NiMHNiMH batterybattery
3.0
3.5
4.0
LHLH22lightweight lightweight constructionconstruction
long termlong termPotential LHPotential LH22
Potential CGHPotential CGH22
currentlycurrently
CGHCGH22(350 bar)(350 bar) currentcurrent
LHLH22next gen.next gen.
MHMHcomplex MHMH
(350 bar)
CGHCGH22(700 bar)(700 bar)
Tank System PerformanceWhy Liquid Hydrogen?
Session 3.1 Cryogenic Storage Systems M. Bauer 24
Mass comparison of Gasoline and LH2 Tank Systems
Energy content: 10 kg Hydrogen
Tank System PerformancePotential of Liquid Hydrogen
3010 10 10
10 kg
100 kg
30 kg 25 kg
65
65
303
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
Gasoline 38 dm³ LH2 SteelE 68
LH2 LightweightStorHy
LH2 Lightweight2010
Wei
ght
[kg
]
Auxiliary System
Tank
Fuel
Session 3.1 Cryogenic Storage Systems M. Bauer 25
Hydrogen Safety Safety Concept
Crash-proofcomponent layout
Impermeability of gas-conveying parts
System monitoringand cut-off
Measures:
Highly reliabletank vacuum
Safe boil-off utilization
Prevention of uncontrolledgas emissions
Protective objectives:
No bursting of tank, fuel lines or components
No ignitablemixture(outside of engine)
Session 3.1 Cryogenic Storage Systems M. Bauer 26
Hydrogen Safety Challenges
Filling Stations
Homologation
Emergency Service
Parking Tunnel
AccidentsH2 garage
Driving
Session 3.1 Cryogenic Storage Systems M. Bauer 27
Hydrogen Safety Storage System Tests
LH2-test bench vacuum- fracture-trial
crash test fire trial
Session 3.1 Cryogenic Storage Systems M. Bauer 28
Hydrogen SafetyCrashtest: Vehicle with LH2 Tank
Session 3.1 Cryogenic Storage Systems M. Bauer 29
FMVSS 301, 70% Offset righthandside, 80 km/h, deformable US-Barrier
Results:
H2-shut-off valves in closed position
No loss of vacuum.
H2-System thight.
Goal
Safe operation mode of the LH2Tank system.
Tank system must be tight after test.
Hydrogen Safety Results Crash Test
Session 3.1 Cryogenic Storage Systems M. Bauer 30
Hydrogen Safety Worst Case: Penetration of a LH2 / LNG Tank
Session 3.1 Cryogenic Storage Systems M. Bauer 31
FZK
Hydrogen Safety Cooperation with HySafe
• Start: March 2004 Duration: 5 Years• Budget: 13 Mio. Euro Funding: 7 Mio. Euro
• Partners:
Session 3.1 Cryogenic Storage Systems M. Bauer 32
BMW CleanEnergy - The Way from Demonstration to full Production
Subsequent generations
Realization of limited production and improvements on the way to full production regarding
→ technical criteria→ economic criteria→ ecological criteria
Increasing quantity of units
Improvements on the way to customer-oriented H2 vehicle package→ significant advancements in H2-storage
Harmonization of codes & standards
Initial phase of infrastructure
First steps from demonstration to limited production
First experiences on the way to series production
1st vehicle in customer’s hands
Starting phaseof codes & standards
Pilot phase of infrastructure
7 Series
Market offensive
Optimization offull production
Optimization of costs
Optimization customer-friendliness
Infrastructure in development
Future
Demonstration Limited Production Full Production
Session 3.1 Cryogenic Storage Systems M. Bauer 33
Thank you for your attention !!!
Session 1.2: IntroductoryLectures
K. Hall
Session 3.1: Cryogenic Storage Systems
M.Bauer
25th – 29th September 2006Ingolstadt
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