September 26, 2015
Diego VillarrealSHP – Columbia University
Introduction to Energy
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Course Overview
• This course is intended for you to get an better understanding of the “energy system”.
• We will use tools for engineering and economics to answer some fundamental questions about our energy system such as:○ What is energy?○ How much do we use?○ Where does it come from?○ How much does it cost?○ Are we “running out” of oil?○ Can renewables replace fossil fuels?
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Syllabus• What other
things/topics would you like to cover?
• Computer/Phone policy.• Do you have any
questions?
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Energy is crucial for our economy
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What do we mean by Energy?
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• Energy – capacity to do work, to make a force act through a distance. Makes thing hot or makes things move: kilowatt hours.
• Power – energy transferred per unit time: kilowatt hours per unit time, typically day, flow of energy. Energy = powerXtime
• Capacity of power station – kilowatts [or megawatts = 1000 kW], maximum number of kilowatt hours it can produce in an hour
• (see MacKay chapter 2)• Units of energy:
• Joule (J) – kJ, MJ, GJ, etc• kWh – 1 kW * 1 hr = 1kWh = 3.6MJ• BTU (British thermal unit) = 2.931E-4 kWh• toe (ton of oil equivalent) = 11630 kWh• Quads = 1E15 BTU’s• Kcal = 1.163E-3 kWh
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Power
• Power is the rate at which something uses/consumes energy○ Analogy: Think of water and water taps. If you want to drink 1 L of water,
turn on the water tap and create a flow until you fill your 1L glass:• Volume = flow x time• flow = volume/time
○ Energy is like water volume, power is like water flow.• Energy = power x time
• Power is so important, that it has its own units (unlike water flow)○ Units of power:
• Watts (J/s), kW (1000J/s), MW (1E6 J/s), GW (1E9 J/s), TW (1E12 J/s).• Horsepower (hp): 1 hp = 745 W• Foot-pound (ft-lbf/min): 1 W = 44.25 ft-lbf/min
○ Remember, if we are talking about power it always needs to be “per-something” (e.g. Joules per second).
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Power vs output
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• 1 watt = 0.00134102209 horsepower• 1 megawatt = 1,341 hp = 4 powerful cars• Wind turbine = 3 MW• Engines of a Boeing 747 have capacity of 250
megawatts• Big coal or nuclear power station is 1000
megawatts (gigawatt) up• NYC electricity consumption 140,000 GWh/yr• NYS generation capacity 40,000 MW or 40GW• US generation capacity 1000GW or 1TW
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The Energy system
• The energy system is complex interconnection of all components related to the production, conversion, and use of energy.
• Key components: Primary Energy, Energy Carriers, Energy Forms, Energy Services.
• All steps are linked by different conversion and distribution technologies.
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The Energy System
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A first glimpse at the energy system
• Which do you think is the fuel with the largest share of Total Primary Energy Supply?○Does this change for the US?○China?
• For the world, which sector/flow do you think consumes the largest share of energy?
• What do you think is the most important fuel for electricity production?
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The Global Energy System
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USA
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China
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World Electricity Production
IEA, Key World Energy Statistics 2013
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Primary Energy Consumption Per Capita
BP Statistical Review 2013
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Is Energy Required for Development?
• What do you think is the relationship between development and energy use?
• Is the economy tightly “coupled” to energy?
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Challenges
• So what’s the big deal?• Non-renewable resources• CO2 emissions• Environmental degradation. • Are there enough resources to sustain
increasing demand?
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