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Mobile Activism:
From Swarms to Polit ical Change
Dr Madanmohan RaoEditor, The Asia-Pacific Internet Handbook
Research Projects Director, MobileMonday
Consultant, AMIC
http://twitter.com/MadanRao
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Media and Politics
19th century telegram: Peccavi "I have sinned (Sindh)
1979: Khomeinis cassette tapes in Iran
CNN and the Gulf War (1990-1991)
2001: Philippines and deposing of Estrada (SMS)
The 2003 Iraq war and the Internet (second superpower)
2011: Mobiles and social media in Tunisia, Egypt
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Agenda
Recent developments: mobile phones, social
media and political change
View from Asia
Frameworks for understanding and mapping
converging new media
Points to ponder
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Points to Ponder
Where does technology end and media begin?
Where does private end and public begin?
Where do swarms end and social movements
begin?
Where does news end and where does
knowledge begin?
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Base and Trigger Factors
Youth
Urban
Socio-political sentiments
New media penetration
New media consumption/creation patterns
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What's most important about the future is that it is
for the masses, not the elite.
Eric Schmidt
CEO, Google
(Mobile World Congress, Barcelona; 2011)
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Twitter is more than micro-blogging; it reduces the
gap between awareness and engagement.
Dick Costolo
CEO, Twitter
(Mobile World Congress, Barcelona; 2011)
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New Media and Socio-Political Change
Consumer empowerment, citizen empowerment
Counseling for victims of substance abuse, violence,
social taboos Neighbourhood safety
Civic reporting
Political freedoms
BoP media, crowdsourcing, crowdfunding Rise of social media phenomenon; but vulnerabilities of
youth
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New Media in Asia
Consumer/citizen base is active!
Companies: not yet optimising social media
Governments: cautious Asia is different from the West yet similar?
Asian countries: not yet cooperating
Passive => active engagement Convergence: Web + social media + mobile
Sense of urgency: disaster reporting and relief
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From Usenet to Web 1.0 to Web 2.0:
The pendulum has swung back to activists!
Generation 1
Content, not Conversation
Generation 2 Invite conversation
Generation 3
Join their conversation
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Mobile + Social Media: User Activities
Level I: filter, rate, tag, relay
Level II: social profiling, social networking
Level III: remix, modify, mashup
Level IV: compose original content, applications
Level V: collaboratively create content,
applications
Level VI: online + offline (eg. tweetups)
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Online User Behaviour: Sociology 2.0
Lurkers
Predators
Spammers Trawlers
Thought leaders
Advisors Fixers
Provocateurs
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The 8 Cs of the Digital Age
Connectivity
Content
Community Culture
Capacity
Cooperation Commerce
Capital
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The 8 Cs of The Digital Age
Connectivity Connectivity, bandwidth, devices, platform, interfaces,
standards, portals
Content News, information, databases, feeds;
media/businesses/government/citizen
Community Group dynamics, evolution of communities, support
Culture Trust, support, openness to change
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The 8 Cs of the Digital Age
Capacity Skills, talent, organisational support, training, HR, processes,
lawmaking
Cooperation Between citizens, industry, government, academia, NGOs,
external institutes
Commerce E-commerce/M-commerce provisions, regulation
Capital Investments in ICT infrastructure, RoI metrics
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Dimensions of Digital Media
ICTs as an Instrument
Providing affordable access to ICTs, local language
content/tools, sectoral benefits (news, education,healthcare, environment, business, government)
ICTs as an Industry
Boosting digital content industries, venture capital,stockmarkets, technical skills, regulation, global
alliances
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Classification of Internet Environments in Asia
Restrictive eg. Myanmar
Embryonic eg. Afghanistan
Emerging eg. Nepal
Negotiating eg. China
Intermediate eg. India
Mature eg. Australia
Advanced eg. Japan, South Korea
InternetandSocialChange:
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Internet and Social Change:
Top Ten Impact Areas
Disaster reporting and relief
Human rights, freedom of expression
Healthcare (epidemics/pandemics)
Poverty alleviation Improving education, environment
Social inclusion, access to capital
Connecting diaspora Cultural preservation
Government transparency, accountability
Enhancing private sector, SMEs, informal labour
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Mobile Media Impacts: Converging Theories
Mass media
Telecom
Political communications and organisation
Social media
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Mass Media Theories
Cultivation
Gatekeepers
Structural flows of international news
Agenda-setting
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Telecom Theories
Power of the network is proportional to the
number of members
Correlations/causations betweentelecom/broadband density and GDP
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Political Communication and Activism
Propaganda
Influence
Framing, de-coding
Mobilisation, confrontation
Foreign factor
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Social Media
Manuel Castells: two-way mass self-
communication
Compressor/accelerator/catalyst/amplifier Tipping point
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The New Media Mix
Group-based v/s open communications (Facebook v/sTwitter)
Converging technologies
Mesh-based networks (non-centralised)
Connecting technologies (international-dialup)
Bridging apps: Google+Twitter+SayNow: Speak to
Tweet Partnering services: Small World News: Alive in Egypt
(Arabic-English translation)
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Mobile Activism
NGO Breakthrough in Bangalore has SMSHIV/AIDS helpline for answering queries; also
domestic violence Suruk.com offers SMS-based info/rating services
for autorickshaw (tuktuk) drivers
Greenpeace: SMS to raise funds (India), monitorforest destruction (Argentina), send climatealerts (Australia)
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Metrics
Technology/activity metrics
Process metrics
Knowledge metrics
People metrics
Organisational metrics
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Metrics
Quantitative metrics
Semi-quantitative metrics
Qualitative metrics
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http://twitter.com/MadanRao