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Self-builthousingasanalternativeforpost-disasterrecovery

Ir.EefjeHendriks1,MatteoBasso2,DarioSposini3,LexvanEwijk4,HannaJurkowska5.12345EindhovenUniversityofTechnology,TheNetherlands

Phone:+31629129801,email:[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Purpose:Thisstudyevaluatescaseswhereself-builthousingisappliedbyNGO’sasastrategyforpost-disasterrecoveryoflow-incomegroupsandindicatesopportunitiesforfurtherresearch.Methodology:Threepost-disasterrecoverycasestudies;(1)SriLankatsunami2004,(2)Pakistanfloods2010,(3)Philippinestyphoon2013,areexaminedfromthreepointsofview,namelycostandtimereduction,maintenanceoflocaltraditionandincreasedhazardresistance,andconcentrateonexpectedlong-termeffectstheapproachcanhaveoncommunityresilience.Findings:Theresearchrevealsthatself-builtasastrategyforpost-disasterrecovery,couldenablecostandtimereductionandmaintenanceoflocaltraditions.Communityresilienceisachievedbycreatingagreaterunderstandingofhazardresistantconstructionprincipleswhichdecreasesthevulnerabilityofthosehitbyadisaster.However,toolsarelackingtoexchangebuildingrelatedknowledgesothatitlasts.Researchlimitations:Duetoalackofexamples,thecase-studiesavailablearenotsosuitableforadetailedcomparison,butcanneverthelessbeusedtogiveaninitialevaluationtotheapplicationofself-builthousing.Originalityvalue:Betterinsightisprovidedintocommunityresilience,withafocusonself-builthousingasanapproachforpost-disasterrecovery,givingdirectionforfutureresearchintoknowledgeexchangetoolswhichcouldsupportNGO’sinapplyingthem.KEYWORDScommunityresilience,post-disasterrecovery,disasterriskreduction,self-builthousingAUTHORBIOGRAPHY:EefjeHendriksisadoctoralresearcherandlecturerattheUniversityofTechnologyinEindhovenandtheAvansUniversityofAppliedScience,focussingonpost-disastershelteringandcommunityresilience.Sheinvestigatestoolstoexchangeknowledgeabouthazardresistantconstructionwithself-builders.ThetoolsaretobeappliedbyNGO’stoguidebasicallyeducatedlow-incomegroupsofdisastersurvivorsintheirrecoveryprocess.Forthispapershecollaborateswithagroupoffourmasterstudents.

1IntroductionWorldwide,almost60millionpeoplearecurrentlydisplacedbyconflict,climatechange,disastersanddevelopment,havinglosttheirshelterandsettlements(StephanieNebehay2015;Gaynor2015;Section2015).Fromthesedisplacedpeople30%areshelteredbyhumanitarianaidorganisations,inplannedandmanagedareas,leavingtheremainingtoimprovisetheirownshelters(Saunders2016).Fromlastyear’sestimatedshelterdemandof1.8billiondollars,onlyaquarterwascovered(Initiatives2015).

Currently,mostNGO’sprovidetemporaryreadymadeshelterswhichdonotcatalysetheself-recoveryprocess,creatinginsteadanundesirabledependenceonexternalaid(ShelterCentre2010;SPHEREProject2011;Baquero2013).Overtime,campstransformintopermanentsettlementsonillegalland,informalcities,whenaffordablealternativesarelackingandNGO’s,governmentsandlandownersmissalong-termvisioninvolvinglow-incomesurvivors’activeparticipation(Setchell2006;BrickmanRaredon2016).UN-Habitatemphasizestheneedtogenerateknowledgewhichgivesanswerstoproblemsofinformality,andindicatewhatworksandwhatdoesnot(Acioly2016).Inordertoinnovatetheaidprocess,decisionmakersneedtoseepracticalexamplesofthepositiveimpactofalternativeapproaches,suchasself-builthousing(Hayles2010;Thrippugazh2014;Saunders2016).

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Whilethereissubstantialliteratureonpost-disasterreconstruction,thereis,bycomparison,insufficientonself-builtreconstruction.Itisremarkablethatparticipationisastandardforurbandevelopment,asalsopresentedontheNo-costhousingconference,butnotyetforpost-disasterrecovery.ThecasesofthetsunamiinSriLanka(2004),thefloodsinPakistan(2010)andthetyphooninthePhilippines(2013),foundinliterature,exemplifydifferentdisastersituationswhereself-builthousingisappliedasapproachforpost-disasterrecoveryoflow-incomegroups.Thegoalistoevaluatethepotentialoftheseapproachesandstimulateawiderapplication,basingconclusionsonsuccessesandshortcomingsandgivingrecommendationsforfurtherresearch.

Disaster Area Realization Projectname

2004Tsunami,SriLanka Jaffnadistrict Government,UN-Habitat IndiaHousingproject

2010Flood,Pakistan Swatregion HeritageFoundation,GlasgowUniversity

GreenKaravanGhar

2013Typhoon,Philippines East-Samarprovince Cordaid,BuildChange,CAFOD

Resilientcommunities

Figure1.Keyaspectsofthecasestudies

2Self-builthousingstrategyThispaperevaluatesqualitiesoftheapproachesthatpositivelyinfluencelong-termcommunityresilience.Thiscanbedefinedas“thecapacityofacommunity…potentiallyexposedtohazardstoadapt,byresistingorchanginginordertoreachandmaintainanacceptableleveloffunctioningandstructure”(UN-ISDR2004).Communityresilienceisindispensabletoenableindependencefromexternalaid.Here,onlyqualitiesrelatedtotheapproachofself-builthousingwhichsupportcommunityresilienceareevaluated(IFRC2014).Firstofall,self-builthousinghasthepotentialforcostandtimereduction.Usersprovidetheneededlabourandthroughparticipation,futureadaptationcostsarepreventedsincethehousesdirectlycomplywiththeuser’sneedsandprinciplesofhazardresistance.Savingcostsandtimeacceleratesthecommunitytocreateeconomyopportunitiesandtakecareoftheirownneeds(IFRC2014).Throughtheuseoflocalmaterials,incrementalprocesses,self-built,andinformal,affordabilityisgainedforlow-incomegroups(Majale,Tipple,andFrench2004).Incaseofrecurringdisasters,basicunderstandingofhazardresistantconstructionprinciplescanempoweralocalcommunityreducetheirvulnerability,meettheirownneedsandthuscontributetolong-termimprovedresilience(Berke,Kartez,andWenger1993;deHaas,Cox,andGijsbers2013;Shaw2014;Renaud,Sudmeier-Rieux,andEstrella2013;IFRC2014;JenniferDuyneBarenstein2006).Besidesthat,theautonomyoftheend-userinthedesignandbuildingprocessleadstolibertyofexpressionoflocalidentityandanimportantpreservationoflocaltraditions(Alexander1989;Harris2003).Ingeneral,anowner-drivendesignandconstructionprocess,enablesthemaintenanceofthelocalarchitectureandculturalidentity(Alexander1989).Thecommonlyusedimportedemergencyshelterslackuniqueness,whichimpedesownerstorecognizetheirhome.Feelingathomeandhavingafutureperspectivearebothcrucialformentalrecoveryafteradisaster(Leonetal.2009;Kennedyetal.2008).Therefore,anacceptablemaintenanceoflocalstructuresisimportantforcommunityresilience(IFRC2014).Inaddition,community-basedconstructionactivitiescontributetothepsychologicalrecoveryofdisastersurvivorsand,iforganisedwell,thesenseofcommunity(Leonetal.2009;Kennedyetal.2008).

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Thesequalitiespresenttheimportanceofinvolvingtheaffectedpopulationinreconstruction.Inthisarticle,forallcases,thesethreequalitiesareevaluated:(1)costandtimereduction,(2)increasedhazardresistance,(3)maintenanceoflocalidentity.

3Casestudyevaluation

3.1CostandtimereductionInSriLanka,duetotheuniquenessofthephenomenonandoverwhelmingmediaattention,thefundingreceivedwasexceptional,evenmorethanthelosstobecovered.Therefore,disastersurvivorswithcompletelydestroyedhousesweregrantedrelativelylargefunds,Rs.550.000,atthattimeequalto4300USD,foreachhouse(UN-Habitat2012).However,theinitiallackofcoordinationbetweenstakeholdersandthemisevaluationofrisksledtoanextendedrecoveryperiod(Ingrametal.2006).Theexactextensionishardtomeasureduetotheincomparabilityofeachdisastersituation.However,timeandmoneyweresavedbecauselocalsweretrainedtobuildtheirownhouses.

ThesituationinPakistan,startedwithpoorpolicymaking,leavingalotoffreedomtothevariousorganisationsinvolved(Ward2012).Theclosecollaborationwiththecommunityischaracterizedbyfreelabourandtheextensiveuseoflowcarbonfootprintlocalmaterials,suchasbamboo,mudandlime,andvernacularbuildingtechniques(HeritageFoundationofPakistan2011b).Thisresultedin266decentandremarkablylow-costhousesinIslamapurforapproximatelyRs.50.000perdwelling,around500USD(HeritageFoundationofPakistan2011b).

InthePhilippines,thegovernmentandNGO’shadarelativelygoodcollaborationduetorecurringdisastersinthearea,whichenabletheimplementationofparticipatoryapproachesandspeededuprecovery.Remarkableisthecompleteauthoritygiventothecommunitytodefineandprioritizetheirobjectivesandmanagealargepartoftheavailablebudget(Cordaid2015).Intotal537.127Euro,668.562USDatthetime,wasavailablefortherecoveryofonelocalcommunitywitharound200families(Cordaid2014).AlthoughtheinvestmentisnotaslowasforexampleinPakistan,onthelong-termtheimpactmightbebiggersinceitrespondstolocalneedsofrecovery.Participantscouldpurchasebuildingmaterialsandhirelocalconstructionworkers,providingalocalcashflowandenablinglocalbusinessestorecoverfaster.TheNGOonlyguidedandtrainedtheinhabitants,enablingforexampleasensitivecostreductionbysupportingcommunitylabour,whichincreasedtheproject’simpact(Cordaid2014).

3.2IncreasedhazardresistanceIntheirfirstresponse,theunpreparedgovernmentofSriLankaoverestimatedthelikelinessofarepetitionofsuchaneventwhendefiningano-constructionbufferzone.Thisresultedinrelocationofcommunitiestotheinland,destroyingtheirlivelihoodandpartofthesocialstructure.However,hazardresistantbuildingswereensuredandtheneededknowledgeandskillswereshared.Thehighmulti-hazardriskassociatedwithmajorfloodsinthemonsoonseasonrequiredsafeconstructionsiteswithadequatedrainageandsafetyforfloods(Zubairetal.2006;DisasterManagementCentre2005;UN-Habitat2012).

InPakistan,allcommunityactorsweretrainedindisasterpreparedness,whichincludedconstructionskillsandknowledgeaboutfloodresistanttypologies(Lari2011;MalikandRasul2011).Especiallywomenwereempowered(MalikandRasul2011).Theintroductionofearlywarningsystemsenabledfasterresponsesinthefuture(HeritageFoundationofPakistan2013).Besidesthat,alldesignsweretestedfordurabilityandhazardresistancebeforebeingintroducedtocommunities(HeritageFoundationofPakistan2011b).

InthePhilippines,therepetitivenatureoftyphoonshadenabledtheGovernmenttoconsolidaterelationshipswithNGO’s.Throughcollaborationbetweenthegovernment,theNGO’sandthecommunitiesfutureriskswerediagnosed,gapsinresiliencewereidentifiedanddisasterpreparednessandriskreductionplansweresuccessfullyimplemented(JanseandVanDerFlier2014).TheNGOaimedtoreducestructuralrisksbystressingprinciplesanddetailstocopewithhighwindloads,presentedinFigure2(ShelterClusterPhilippines2014b).Duringtyphoonsinhabitantshadcleverlysoughtshelterintheirrigidoutsidetoilet.Thisprinciplewas

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reusedintheprogramforimmediatesheltering,sincereinforcinghousestowithstandstrongtyphoonsisextremelycostlycomparedtotheriskandrebuildingcosts(Cordaid2015).Throughparticipationitisexpectedthatfuturehazardswillhavelessimpactonthecommunityandthattheywillbeabletotakemeasurementsmoreindependently.

Figure2.Jointsforself-builthousesinthePhilippines(ShelterClusterPhilippines2014a).

3.3MaintenanceoflocaltraditionsInSriLanka,throughcollaborationwithinhabitants,fivebuildingtypologiesweredeveloped(UN-Habitat2010).Althoughtraditionalinform,theywerestronglyinfluencedbyinternationalhousingtypologieswithlittlevariationsandlackingreferencetoculturalheritage(UN-Habitat2012).AspresentedinFigure3,theyonlydifferedinthechimneypositionandthepresenceorabsenceofaverandaandonlygableventswererecognizedfromtraditionalconstructions.However,theuseofcosteffectivegreenbuildingmaterialsandmethodswasencouraged:enablingthecommunitiestoexecutetheworkthemselvesandmanagetheirownnaturalassets(UN-Habitat2009).Localclay,earthandsandweremixedwithcementtoconsolidatethestructure.

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Figure3.HousingmodelsforSriLanka,drawingsbyHannaJurkowskabasedon(UN-Habitat2012).InPakistan,theuseoflocalbuildingtraditionsandindigenousmaterialssimplifiedtheparticipationofthecommunityandmadenewhousingblendwitholderones(HeritageFoundationofPakistan2011b).Bamboostructuresacceleratedtheconstructionandthewallsofmatsresultedinacomfortableindoorclimate(Lari2011;HeritageFoundationofPakistan2011b).Thispreventedenvironmentaldegradationandsupportedtheregionaleconomy.Withimprovedconstructiontechniques,confidencewasrestoredinlocalmethodswhichcorrespondedtolifestyle,incomeandpersonalneeds(HeritageFoundationofPakistan2011b).Althoughthedesignsofthehouseswerebasedonlocalneeds,tomaximizeparticipationandreinforcethesenseofownership,only8designsweredevelopedwithsmallvariationsinrooftypesandbaseplinths,presentedinFigure4(HeritageFoundationofPakistan2011b).

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Figure4.HousingdesignsforPakistan,drawingsbyHannaJurkowskabasedon(HeritageFoundationofPakistan2016).InthePhilippines,thecommunityparticipationledtomaintenanceoflocalbuildingtraditionssinceallhousesweredesignedbytheownersthemselvesandcorrespondedtothesurroundings.Theuseoflocallyavailablematerialssuchastimber,coconutlumber,bambooandorganicmatswasstimulated(Howe,Chris;Himberg2014;ShelterClusterPhilippines2014b).Especiallyremarkableisthereuseofwastematerialsintheenvironmentsuchasthelargeamountofyoungcoconutthreesthatweredestroyedbythetyphoon.

4ConclusionsSelf-builthousinghasbeenappliedbyNGO’sinseveralpost-disastersituationsasanalternativetoreadymadeorpredesignedsolutions.Fromthesecasestudiescanbeconcludedthat,ifappliedwell,self-buildhousingcanhaveapositiveimpactoncommunityresilience,whichcouldsupportNGO’sandgovernmentstoconsideranalternativeapproach.Currently,long-termmeasurementsarelackingtosupportthisstatement.Thispaperhighlightscostandtimereduction,hazardresistanceandthemaintenanceoflocaltraditions.Forabetterunderstandingoftheimpactofself-builthousingoncommunityresilience,morecases,andmorequalitiesandshortcomingsneedtobeevaluatedandrelated.

ThecaseinPakistanrevealsthemostremarkablecost-reduction,wherethepermanenthouseshadapricecompetitivewithready-madetemporaryfamilytents.Ifself-builthousingwouldbemoreacceptedasarecoveryapproach,itwouldprovideanaffordableandthereforemorerealisticanswertotheshortageinshelterrelief.Keytothelow-costsinPakistanwasthestrongcommunityinvolvementandthecollaborationwithlocalNGO’s,enabledbylackinginfluenceofthegovernment.ThestronggovernmentinvolvementinSriLankasloweddownrecoverybyinitiatinganunnecessarybufferzone.InthePhilippines,thegovernmentwasexperiencedindisasterrecoveryandthissupportedasuccessfulimplementationoffastparticipatoryprocesses.Inallthreecasestheroleofthegovernmenthasinfluenceonthespeedofrecovery.Basedon

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thesecasescanbeconcludedthatrecoveryisbestguidedbythosewithexperienceinrecoverybasedinthearea,suchaslocalNGO’sorexperiencedlocalgovernments.InfurtherresearchtheexactinfluenceofdecisionmakersandlocalNGO’scouldbemeasured.

Allthreecasesrevealthatempowermentwastargetedtoreducedisasterriskswithtrainingsandguidance.Itwouldbeinterestingtomeasurelong-termeffectswhenadisasterrecursandcomparetherecoveryofthesecommunitieswithcommunitiesthathadalessparticipatoryrecoveryprogram.Besidesthat,itwouldberelevanttocomparethewayknowledgeisexchangedinthesecasesandmeasureiftheyhavealastingimpact.NGO’sneedbetterappliedtoolstosupportself-builtinitiatives.

Alldiscussedapproachesintendtorespectlocaltraditions.AremarkablemaintenanceoflocaltraditionsisfoundinthemostrecentcaseinthePhilippines.Noreadymadeorpredesignedsolutionsweregiven.TheparticipatoryapproachinthePhilippinescanbeseenasabest-practicetoexchangelabour,materials,knowledgeandfunding.InSriLanka,largefundingorganisationswereinvolvedintherecovery,andtheirinfluenceontheconstructionprocessandhousingtypologieswaslarger,whichmightindirectlyhavecausedagreaterlossoflocaltraditions.Furtherresearchisneededtodefinehowfundsinfluencethelossoflocaltraditions.

Although,fewNGO’suseself-builthousingasastrategyforresilientrecovery,inthefuturehopefullymorewillrecognizeitsbenefits.Moredetailedcasestudies,whichevaluateself-builthousingareneededtosupportacceptancebygovernmentsandNGO’s.

AcknowledgementTheauthorthanks;theAvansUniversityofAppliedScienceforfundingthisresearch,ProfessorAndréJorissenforco-interpretationofthecases,andDr.JacobVoorthuisforhissharpcomments.

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