Seismic Sources

Unconventional Sources

Earthquakes

Quarry Blasts

Ambient Noise(trains, traffic)

Hawman et al., 1999

Source Spectra

ExplosivesSeismic gel

Det cord

Blasting Caps

Shot Hole Drilling

Portable Drill Rigs

Seismic CouplingAir vs In-Ground

Explosive SourceNoise Generation vs Depth

Depth

Shallow “Gun” Sources

“Betsy”

Weight Drops

Hammer

Shallow Source Comparison

Mijller et al.,

Vibroseis

Vibroseis Signal

Dynamite vs Vibroseis

Marine Sources

Bubble Pulse

BP cancellation

Source Strength