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Page 1: seed halogenation

Welcome

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STUDIES ON SEED HALOGENATION TECHNIQUES ON SEED YIELD & QUALITY

IN FIELD CROPS

PRESENTED BY :TEJAGOUDA.M.B

ID.NO- 5364Sr.M.Sc (Agri) Dept. of Seed

Science and Technology

SEMINAR –II

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contents

IntroductionSeed

invigourationDefinition of Halogenation

Advantages and disadvantages

Methodology for incorporation of halogen

Halogen formulation

Factors influencing on halogen treament

Halogenated seeds in storage

Conclusion

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Seed is a biological entity and its ageing is an inevitable process beyond

physiological maturity whether the seed is in mother plant or in storage.

Rapid loss of vigour and viability of seed during storage is one of the major

constraints faced by the seed industry and corresponding financial

implication.

Although ageing of seeds cannot be arrested completely when stored under

ambient condition, it can however be controlled to an applicable extent by

adoption of suitable storage technologies.

INTRODUCTION

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

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Cont…

Dry dressing of seeds with halogen formulation has conferred beneficial effect by lowering lipid peroxidation and there by extension of vigour and viability of seeds under storage.

Halogen treatment slow down the deterioration senescence, reduce physiological and pathological deterioration in a number of crop seeds.

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

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Seed invigouration

Seed invigouration implies to an improvement in seed performance by any post harvest treatment that focused on improvement in germinability, storability and better field performance (Basu, 1990).

Invigouration treatment should bring about a qualitative improvement in the seed, which should persist even after the treatment & treatmental effect should basically be physiological in nature.

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

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PHYSIOLOGICAL INVIGORATION SEED TRETMENTS

The physiological invigouration treatments are distinguished (Basu, 1994) As follows.

Pre-sowing treatments for improved field performance.

Pre-storage treatments for maintenance of vigour and viability in storage that result in better field performance.

Mid-storage treatments for extension of vigour and viability in storage that ensure better field performance .

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

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STORAGE TREATMENTS ARE CLASSIFIED INTO TWO CATEGORIES:

Wet treatments

Dry treatments

Halogenation

Vapour treatment

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

Basu et al (1994 )

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DEFINITION OF HALOGENATION

Halogenation is a chemical process that occurs when hydrogen atoms are replaced by a halogen in an organic compound such approach is called as Halogenation.

Halogens consist of the elements fluorine, iodine, bromine, and chlorine.

Halogenations to counter act and mitigate the free radical production, that accelerated the deterioration of seeds.

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

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It provide a protection mechanism to the seed preferably right in the beginning of storage, which will alleviate deteriorative seed senescence during storage.

This treatment could also extend their protection against the extrinsic factors of seed deterioration namely seed pathogen and insects.

Purpose of Halogenation

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

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Significance of Seed Halogenation

This treatment avoids use of water.

It does not require drying back to safe moisture content for extended storage ability.

It is ideal for large scale application.

This treatment also have the additional cost-saving advantage that will occur if the dry treatment is given before the seed is bagged and stored .

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

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In halogenations treatment, seeds are exposed to halogens like chlorine, bromine or iodine either directly or through the carriers.

Halogens Applied forms

1) chlorine bleaching powder

2) Iodine Iodine crystals

3) potassium iodide and bromine

potassium bromide or bromine solution

These halogens are used for safe storage treatment with dual purpose utilization of seed as seed for sowing and grain for consumption.

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

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Materials used as inert carriers

The commonly available inert carriers are as follows:

1. Calcium carbonate

2. fresh chalk

3. Talc

4. Charcoal or activated clay

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

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Methodology For Incorporation of Halogens

The carrier are first exposed to the halogen in vapour in optimum quantities .

The vapour saturated carriers are dry dressed with the seeds.

These chemicals are also added directly to the carrier

Among the carriers calcium carbonate has been proved to be superior one.

After equilibrating the carrier-chemical mix, the seed is thoroughly dressed with the mixture, in the closed container.

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

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Anti-microbial property of halogens

It serve as a prime factor in extension of storability of seeds.

Beneficial effect of halogen treatment is unsuitable for growth of micro-flora.

The carrier, calcium carbonate in particular even when used alone has been found to improve storability of a number of seeds.

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

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Contd…

The positive effect of halogen treatment is that, it reduces production of volatile aldehyde, which are presumably the product of lipid peroxidation.

Besides other effect, the anti-fungal role of chemical may

give some beneficial effect on germinability .

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

Rudrpal and Basu 1982

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Concept of halogenation treatment

How to Halogenate the Seed ? It is expressed that in vapour treatment the seeds are exposed to very low

concentration of halogens like chlorine or iodine or bromine or alcohols, such as ethanol or iso-propanol for 16-72 hrs in a closed airtight container.

The concentration of chemicals and time of exposure would depends on the initial quality of seed used for treatment.

The halogens are obtained by adding 1ml of sulphuric acid to 50 mg of KCL or KBr or KI in a small Petri-dish placed in the bottom of a glass desiccator in which seeds are kept on the porcelain plate for required duration of exposure .

Dharmalingam et al (1998)Dept of Seed Science and

Technology

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Chlorine may also be obtained by just placing bleaching powder and iodine by putting 25-50 mg of solid iodine crystals in the Petri-dish.

In wheat, rice, pea, and egg plant seeds treatment with 2.3 g of bleaching powder per kg of seed effectively controlled the loss of vigour and viability of fresh vigour seeds.

The treatment were given to high vigour seeds before bagging and storage.

These chemical were mixed with inert carrier like caco3, talc, fresh chalk, charcoal, clay, brick powder etc and used for dry-dressing of seeds.

Contd…

Dharmalingam et al (1998)

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

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Classification of Halogen Formulation

Chlorine Based Halogen Formulation

Iodine Based Halogen Formulation

Bromine Based Halogen Formulation

Combination Formulation

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

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Methods for Application of Halogen Formulations to Seed

The halogen formulation could be added to the seed similar to that of fungicide seed treatment and pesticide .

The chemicals are applied either dry dressing or slurry treatment using 5 ml of water for kg of seeds.

The efficacy of dry treatment is lower compared to slurry treatment.

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

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Factors Influencing Halogen Treatment

1) Selectivity of treatment

2) Duration of treatment

3) Dosage of halogen

4) Age of the seed

5) Selectivity of crop

6) Mode of application

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Advantages of seed halogenation

Maintenance of high germination of seeds during storage. Protect seed from storage pest. Significantly reduced storage fungi. Early plant growth. Increased root intensity. Increased leaf area and chlorophyll cycle. Non-toxic. Cost effective. Commonly easily available materials are used. Can be included in the seed production cycle.

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Disadvantages

Time consuming

Laborious

Efficacy of halogen treatment low compared to other treatment.

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Dept of Seed Science and Technology

CASE STUDIES

SEED HALOGENATION

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Effect of iodine (vapour) treatment on germinability of wheat, jute and mustard seeds after accelerated ageing at 100% RH and 420C

Basu and Rudrapal (1979)Dept of Seed Science and Technology

Germination (%)

Hours of Iodination Wheat Jute Mustard

0 65 58 55

5 80 67 75

15 85 76 85

24 CD (P=0.05) 60 65 91

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Effect of bleaching powder treatment on the germinability of high vigour wheat seed after accelerated and natural ageing

Dept of Seed Science and TechnologyMandal and Basu (1988)

Germination (%)

Dry dressing with bleaching powder (g kg-1 of seed)

Accelerated aging (100 % RH OF 400C )

Natural aging(78.0 ±4 RH of 28.3

±10C)

0 60 (50.8) 58 (49.6)

2 81 (64.2) 74 (59.3)

5 76 (60.7) 71 (57.4)

10 67 (54.9) 68 (55.6)

20 69 (56.2) 66 (54.3)

50CD (P=0.05)

65 (53.7)(4.8)

64 (53.1)(6.9)

Germination (%)

Dry dressing with bleaching powder (g kg-1 of seed)

Accelerated aging (100 % RH OF 400C )

Natural aging(78.0 ±4 RH of 28.3 ±10C)

0 60 (50.8) 58 (49.6)

2 81 (64.2) 74 (59.3)

5 76 (60.7) 71 (57.4)

10 67 (54.9) 68 (55.6)

20 69 (56.2) 66 (54.3)

50CD (P=0.05)

65 (53.7)(4.8)

64 (53.1)(6.9)

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Standardization of dosage of bleaching powder after 9 days of accelerated ageing in paddy cv. ASD 16

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

Rudrapal and Nakamura (1988)

Treatments Germination (%) Vigour index

Control 60 (50.62) 1627

CaOCl2 (4 g kg-1) 60 (50.67) 1616

CaOCl2 (6 g kg-1) 57 (49.10) 1142

CaOCl2 (8 g kg-1) 72 (57.74) 2109

CaOCl2 (10 g kg-1)

CD (P=0.05)

71 (55.24) (8.03)

1892 52

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Standardization of dosage of CaOCl2 and CaCO3 mixture on paddy cv. ASD 16

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

Treatments Germination (%) Vigour index

Control 60 (50.62) 1478

CaOCl2 + CaCO3 (2 g kg-1) 64 (52.98) 1648

CaOCl2 + CaCO3 (3 g kg-1) 65 (53.60) 1763

CaOCl2 + CaCO3 (4 g kg-1) 71 (57.29) 1987

CaOCl2 + CaCO3 (5 g kg-1) 81 (64.38) 2481

CaOCl2 + CaCO3 (6 g kg-1)

CD (P=0.05)

80 (63.85)

(2.33)

2471

110

Punitha (1996)

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Halogenated Seeds in Storage

In storage halogenation of seeds with either iodine or chlorine prolonged the shelf life of seeds.

The studies also revealed that Iodination is best for seeds to prolong their storability compared to chlorination.

Halogenated seeds in storage not only prolong the storage life, but also prevent the multiplication of seed borne pathogen and also insect.

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

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Dept of Seed Science and Technology

CASE STUDIES

HALOGENATED SEEDS IN STORAGE

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On farm storage of halogenated paddy seeds cv.ASD 16

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

Chandrasenannair (1995)

Parameters Initial 6 months After storage CD (P=0.05)

Control Halogenated

Germination (%) 87 69 80 0.131

Vigour index 1467 858 1270 5.65

Insect infestation (No/g) 3 16 4 0.068

Pathogen infection (%) 2 14 3 0.07

Yield (g/m2) - 510 543 5.17

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Performance of halogenation on storability of sorghum cv. CO 26

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

Parameters Initial 8 month after storage CD (P=0.05)

CB HDPV

C H C H

Germination (%) 90 68 76 69 80 (1.21)

Vigour index 2435 1749 2000 1876 2138 22.2

Storage fungi (%) 19.1 45 28 30 19 1.26

Insect infestation(No/kg) - 14.0 8 10 6 1.40

Jegathambal (2000)C=Control

H=Halogenated seed

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Influence of halogenation on storability of wheat cv. HD 2501

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

Parameters 3 months after storage CD (P=0.05)

Control Halogenated

Germination (%) 90 94 (1.54)

Seedling length (cm) 20.8 24.1 1.44

Vigour index 1890 2184 9.23

Dharmalingam et al (1998)

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Seed quality of chlorinated Pea cultivar after 9 months of storage

Dept of Seed Science and Technology

Treatment (T) Germination (%) Total seedling Length (cm)

Variety (V) Variety(V)

Arkel Bonnevilla Arkel Bonnevilla

Control 78 91 155 41

Bleaching powder 83 97 168 62

Bhattachaya and Basu (1990)

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The halogenated seeds in storage can also be extended to field level by increased yield potentiality of the crop compared to untreated control.

The researcher also proved that the halogen treated seeds can augment the yield of crop to the tune of 7-15%.

In rice improved post ageing germinability in the laboratory, better field stand, and yield due to halogen treatment.

Field performance of stored Halogenated seed

Pal and Basu (1998)

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The groundnut pods and kernals were subjected to iodine/chlorine/bromine based halogenation treatment along with Albizia amara leaf powder and improved the field stand and production potentiality of crop.

The field trial conducted in sunflower to assess the productivity of the halogenated seeds, 8 months after storage highlighted that beneficial effect of halogenated seeds in augmenting the productivity of the resultant crop.

The plants raised from treated seeds had a higher chlorophyll content (99%), seed yield (32%) and seed filling (17%) .

Contd…

Anbazhagi (1997)

Rathinavel et al., 2001

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The positive effects observed could be explained based on cellular corrective functions reflected over lower conductivity and quenching of free radical reactions with lower lipid peroxidation values in treated seed.

The field performance evaluation also prove that the beneficial influence of halogen treatment extended not to storage but also to field level on sowing of the stored seeds.

Contd…

Ramamoorthy (2009)

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Comparative efficacy of seed treatment on productivity of stored cotton seeds

Treatment(T) Parameters

Field emergence(%)

Boll no. plant-1 Seed cotton yield kg 30 m2

Seed yield t/ha

Fuzzy (F)

Control 81 (63.80) 22 6.01 4.34

Thiram 83 (65.51) 24 6.60 4.26

Chlorination 87 (68.81) 25 6.60 4.69

Iodination 93 (74.19) 26 6.46 4.45

Delinted (F)

Control 86 (67.70) 22 6.88 4.25

Thiram 85 (67.09) 22 7.11 4.44

Chlorination 88 (67.75) 24 7.89 5.44

Iodination 91 (72.49) 28 9.15 6.42

Rathinavel (2001)

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Standardisation of halogenation treatment to control seed deterioration of sunflower cv. Morden

Treatments Germin-ation(%)

Root length (cm)

Shoot length (cm)

DryMatter (mg)

Control 87 18.2 16.7 0.5

Halogenation (dry) 2g kg-1 88 19.0 17.4 0.6

Halogenation (dry) 3g kg-1 91 20.8 19.5 0.7

Halogenation (dry) 4g kg-1 89 18.5 18.3 0.6

Halogenation(Slurry)2g kg-1 89 19.1 16.9 0.6

Halogenation(slurry)3g kg-1 94 20.8 18.8 0.8

Halogenation(slurry)4g kg-1 88 19.7 18.2 0.5

CD (P=O.O5) 3.93 2.02 1.89 0.04

Sathiya Narayana et al (2007)

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Influence of halogen and bio-product seed treatment on germination of chilli varieties during storage

Varieties Germination (%) Storage in months

4 8 12 16 20

Byadagi kaddi (V1) 87.43 83.05 74.90 69.95 61.06

Dyavanur local (V2) 84.24 79.23 72.66 68.85 61.48

Treatments (T)

T1 Calcium oxychloride 89.67 83.33 83.0 78.83 70.0

T2 Potassium iodide 90.83 85.5 86.0 81.33 71.66

T3 Bavistin 87.83 81.0 73.16 70.16 64.0

T4 Neem leaf 84.33 80.0 68.33 65.33 56.5

T5 Pongamia leaf 83.5 80.5 72.83 69.0 62.5

T6 Sweet flag 82.67 77.67 66.0 60.33 62.1

T7 Control 81.5 74.5 67.17 60.33 51.83

Ravi Hunje et al (2007)

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Effect of halogenation on productivity of paddy seeds stored for 6 months before sowing

Location Control Halogenated Increased yield (kg/ha)

Yield increase %

Parakkai 5.05 5.35 300 5.94

Periakulam 4.44 4.68 240 5.41

Vararai 4.61 4.76 150 3.25

Puthiri 5.35 5.72 370 6.92

Karingal 6.50 7.00 500 7.69

Kadanthankode 4.33 4.69 360 8.31

Malaputheri 6.30 6.90 600 9.52

Thiruvallar 4.96 5.51 190 3.83

Pacode 4.35 4.61 250 5.75

Mean 5.098 5.428 330 6.47

Dept of Seed Science and Technology Chadrasenannair (1995)

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Effect of Halogenation treatment on Storability and Productivity of Pearl millet cv.BK 560

Parameters Initial8 Months after storage CD(P=0.05)

CB PCB

C H C H

Germination(%) 87 69 77 72 83 0.81

Vigour index 3659 1970 2775 2272 3154 42.8

Field emergence (%)

23 29 16 28 11 0.93

Pathogen infection (%)

82 60 78 71 81 0.91

Ear weight(g) - 3 10 8 5 0.71

Yield(kg/ha) - 2815 3333 3037 3453 29.8

Malarkodi (1997)

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Conclusion