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GENERAL PRINCIPLES OFGENERAL PRINCIPLES OFANGIOSPERMANGIOSPERMSEED FORMATIONSEED FORMATION
Julio Marcos FilhoJulio Marcos FilhoDEPTO. PRODUDEPTO. PRODUÇÇÃO VEGETALÃO VEGETAL
USP/ESALQUSP/ESALQ
MULTIPLICATION PROCESSES IN PLAMULTIPLICATION PROCESSES IN PLA
REPRODUCTIONREPRODUCTION SEXUAL: SEEDSSEXUAL: SEEDS
Vegetative parts, cells or plant tissues, that possesVegetative parts, cells or plant tissues, that possescapacity of regeneration; there is no fusion capacity of regeneration; there is no fusion sexual cellssexual cells production of clonesproduction of clones
Production of a new organism with active participatiProduction of a new organism with active participatiosexual nuclei or cells (the combination of a male asexual nuclei or cells (the combination of a male afemale gametes)female gametes) there is a renewal ofthere is a renewal ofindivindiví í dualsduals
PROPAGATIONPROPAGATION ASEXUAL: PROPAGULESASEXUAL: PROPAGULES
22
FLORAL INDUCTIONFLORAL INDUCTIONPhysiological change that permits the development ofPhysiological change that permits the development of
reproductivereproductiveprimordiaprimordia. This change is induced by. This change is induced byexternal stimuli.external stimuli.
- Water
- Photoperiod
- Chemicals
- Nutritional status- Temperature
33
FLORAL INITIATIONFLORAL INITIATIONMorphological expression of the induced state. Usua
occurs within the meristems of a plant.
FLOWERINGFLOWERING PHASE OF THE PLANT LIFE CYPHASE OF THE PLANT LIFE CYTHAT PROMOTES FRUIT AND SEED FORMTHAT PROMOTES FRUIT AND SEED FORM
a) THERMAL UNITS: energy accumulationa) THERMAL UNITS: energy accumulationb) JUVENILLE PERIODb) JUVENILLE PERIOD
44
- Types of plants: Annuals x biennials x perennials
SOME TYPES OF INFLORESCENCESSOME TYPES OF INFLORESCENCES
headheadspikespike
umbelumbelcompositecomposite
umbelumbel55
SOME TYPES OF INFLORESCENCESSOME TYPES OF INFLORESCENCES
paniclepanicle
racemeraceme
66
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TYPES OF FLOWERSTYPES OF FLOWERS
-- Perfect:Perfect:possess stamens and pistilpossess stamens and pistil
-- Complete:Complete:possess sepals, petals, stamens andpossess sepals, petals, stamens andpistilpistil
-- Imperfect:Imperfect:unisexual (unisexual (lacks either stamens or pistillacks either stamens or pistil))
-- IncompleteIncomplete
77
TYPES OF FLOWERS ACCORDING TO SEXUAL STRTYPES OF FLOWERS ACCORDING TO SEXUAL STR
TYPES OF PLANTS ACCORDING TO SEXTYPES OF PLANTS ACCORDING TO SEX
HERMAPHRODITESHERMAPHRODITESUNISEXUALUNISEXUAL
HERMAPHRODITESHERMAPHRODITES: all flowers are hermaphroditic: all flowers are hermaphroditic
UNISEXUALUNISEXUAL::MonoeciousMonoecious:: maize, cucumber,maize, cucumber,PinusPinusDioeciousDioecious:: papaya, pecan,papaya, pecan, Araucaria Araucaria
88
petal
filament
ovary
anther
style
stigmapollen grain
sepal
embryo sac
ovule
micropyle
TYPICAL COMPLETE FLOWERTYPICAL COMPLETE FLOWER(Marcos(MarcosFilhoFilho, 2005), 2005)99
PARTS OF FLOWER INVOLVED IN THPARTS OF FLOWER INVOLVED IN THREPRODUCTION PROCESSREPRODUCTION PROCESS
ANDROECIUMANDROECIUMSet of stamens:Set of stamens:Filament + Anther Filament + Anther
GYNOECIUM (pistil)GYNOECIUM (pistil)StigmaStigma
StyleStyleOvaryOvary
1010
STAMEN OVARY
fl
spgp
ovlc
ANTHER AND TRILOCULE OVARY CROSS SECTIONS (MarcosANTHER AND TRILOCULE OVARY CROSS SECTIONS (MarcosFilhoFilho, 2005), 2005)fl = filament;fl = filament;gpgp = pollen grain; sp = pollen sac;= pollen grain; sp = pollen sac;ovov= ovule;= ovule;lclc==loculelocule
1111
MICROSPOROGENESISMICROSPOROGENESISandand
MICROGAMETOGENESISMICROGAMETOGENESIS
1212
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Tétrades
AntherAntherPrimodiaPrimodia Mother cellsMother cellsdifferentiationdifferentiation
Pollen sacPollen sac
Microspore motherMicrospore mothercell (2n)cell (2n)
Tetrad ofTetrad ofmicrospores (n)microspores (n)PorePore
ExineExine
IntineIntine
generative (sperm)generative (sperm)cell (n)cell (n)
vegetative cell (n)vegetative cell (n)
MeiosisMeiosis
1313
POLLEN GRAINPOLLEN GRAIN
Characteristics of the ExineCharacteristics of the ExineImportanceImportance
Exine PorosityExine Porosity
Characteristics of the IntineCharacteristics of the IntineImportanceImportance
1414
MEGASPOROGENESISMEGASPOROGENESISandand
MEGAGAMETOGENESISMEGAGAMETOGENESIS
1515
OvaryOvary
OvuleOvule
OvuleOvuleIntegumentsInteguments
ArchesporialArchesporialcell (2n)cell (2n)
OvaryOvary
OvuleOvule
Embryo SacEmbryo Sac
NucellusNucellusFuniculus
AntAnt í í podalspodals (n)(n)
MicropyleMicropyle
SynergidsSynergids (n)(n)
EggEgg cellcell (n)(n)
Polar nuclei (2n)Polar nuclei (2n)
IntegumentsInteguments
FunctionalFunctionalMegasporeMegaspore
1616
TYPESTYPESSELFSELF--POLLINATION:POLLINATION:citrus, lettuce, tomato, okra,citrus, lettuce, tomato, okra,
tobacco, eggplant, cotton, soybean, rice, wheat,tobacco, eggplant, cotton, soybean, rice, wheat,peanut, field beanpeanut, field bean
CROSSCROSS--POLLINATION:POLLINATION:maize, rye,maize, rye,CrotalariaCrotalaria juncea juncea ,,sorghum, onion, cabbage, carrot, passion flower,sorghum, onion, cabbage, carrot, passion flower,castor bean, sunflower, cucurbits,castor bean, sunflower, cucurbits,brassicasbrassicas
POLLINATIONPOLLINATION
1717
POLINNATIONPOLINNATIONAGENTSAGENTS
WIND:WIND:pollen characteristics and flower structurepollen characteristics and flower structure
Pearl MilletPearl Millet1818
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INSECTS:INSECTS:pollen characteristics and dispersionpollen characteristics and dispersionCrotalariaCrotalaria juncea juncea , sunflower, onion, carrot,, sunflower, onion, carrot,cabbage, passion flower, cucumber cabbage, passion flower, cucumber
LPV/USPLPV/USP
1919
BIRDS; BATS; HUMAN; WATER
POLLINATIONPOLLINATION
male flowers
femaleflowers
Plant ofPlant ofVallisneriaVallisneria sp.sp.((BhojwaniBhojwaniee Bhatagnar Bhatagnar , 1976), 1976) 2020
POLLINATIONPOLLINATIONDIFFICULTIESDIFFICULTIES
DICHOGAMYDICHOGAMY
-- PROTANDRY:PROTANDRY:maize, carrot, onion, pecanmaize, carrot, onion, pecan
-- PROTOGYNY:PROTOGYNY:mango, pearl millet, cauliflower mango, pearl millet, cauliflower
GENETIC OR MORPHOLIGICAL SELF INCOMPATIBILITYGENETIC OR MORPHOLIGICAL SELF INCOMPATIBILITY::cabbage, Crotalaria, passion flower, sunflower, radish,cabbage, Crotalaria, passion flower, sunflower, radish,rye, orangerye, orange
2121
POLLINATIONPOLLINATIONIMPORTANCEIMPORTANCE
Male sterility:Male sterility:maize, cabbage, carrot
GENETIC PURITYGENETIC PURITYCrop isolationCrop isolationWind directionWind direction
Proportion of parental linesProportion of parental lines
Split:Split:maize, tomato, sorghum
Cucumber Cucumber :: monoeciousmonoecious,, androeciousandroeciousandandgynoeciousgynoeciousflowering habitsflowering habits
2222
2323
Hybrid Corn Hybrid Sorghum
2424
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Hybrid Pearl Millet
2525
POLLINATIONPOLLINATIONIMPORTANCEIMPORTANCE
PRODUCTIONPRODUCTION
Temperature x pollen viabilityTemperature x pollen viability
Presence of insectsPresence of insects
Geography of AreaGeography of Area
Insect controlInsect control
Sowing date and climate duringSowing date and climate duringflowering and fruit developmentflowering and fruit development
2626
PetalsPetalsPistilPistil StamensStamens
OvaryOvarySepalsSepals
AbscissionAbscissionlayer layer
Flower abortionFlower abortion
Anther Anther conecone
AA B
Tomato flower (A) and inflorescences with flower in different stTomato flower (A) and inflorescences with flower in different stages of development (B)ages of development (B)
P.C.T.P.C.T.MeloMelo2727 P.C.T. MeloP.C.T. Melo2929
FERTILIZATIONGERMINATION OF THE POLLEN TUBEGERMINATION OF THE POLLEN TUBE
embryo sacembryo sac
ovuleovule
pollenpollengerminationgermination
pollen tubepollen tube
ovaryovary
2929
PollinationPollination
Anther Anther
Sperm cellsSperm cells(n)(n)
Vegetative cellVegetative cell
Pollen TubePollen Tube
3030
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FERTILIZATIONFERTILIZATIONSYNGAMY:SYNGAMY:
TRIPLE FUSION:TRIPLE FUSION:
EMBRYOEMBRYO
ZYGOTE (2n)ZYGOTE (2n)sperm cell (n) + egg cell (n)sperm cell (n) + egg cell (n)
sperm cell (n) + polar nuclei (2n)sperm cell (n) + polar nuclei (2n)ENDOSPERMENDOSPERMNUCLEUSNUCLEUS(3n)(3n)
ENDOSPERM (?)ENDOSPERM (?)3131 TYPICAL EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT OF DICOTYLEDONOUS ANTYPICAL EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT OF DICOTYLEDONOUS ANMONOTYLEDONOUS SPECIESMONOTYLEDONOUS SPECIES(Copeland and McDonald)(Copeland and McDonald)3232
ENDOSPERM DEVELOPMENTENDOSPERM DEVELOPMENT
ENDOSPERM NUCLEUSENDOSPERM NUCLEUSdivisionsdivisions
differentiationdifferentiationENDOSPERMENDOSPERM
A) STORAGE TISSUEA) STORAGE TISSUE
ALBUMINOUS SEEDS :monocotyledonous, castor bean,monocotyledonous, castor bean,coffee, rubber tree, tomato, sugar beet, lettucecoffee, rubber tree, tomato, sugar beet, lettuce
GERMINATIONGERMINATION
3333
PericarpPericarp
EndospermEndosperm
Cotyledon (Cotyledon (scutellumscutellum):):protection of embryoprotection of embryoaxis and reserve transferaxis and reserve transfer
coleoptilecoleoptile
primary rootprimary root
seminal rootsseminal roots
plumuleplumule
coleoptilecoleoptile
coleorhizacoleorhiza
Seminal rootsSeminal roots((cotyledonarycotyledonarynodenode))
radradí í clecle
plumule (plumule (primary leavesprimary leaves))
MAIZE EMBRYOMAIZE EMBRYO3434
EMBRYO DEVELOPMENTEMBRYO DEVELOPMENT
EXALBUMINOUS SEEDS: in general, dicotyledonousleguminous,leguminous,malvaceousmalvaceous, cucurbits,, cucurbits,brassicasbrassicas
B) STORAGE TISSUEB) STORAGE TISSUE
3535
ENDOSPERM DEVELOPMENTENDOSPERM DEVELOPMENT
CotyledonsCotyledons
cotyledonscotyledons
primary rootprimary roothypocotylhypocotyl
HypocotylHypocotylRadicleRadicle
plumule + primary leavesplumule + primary leaves
PlumulePlumule
FIELD BEANFIELD BEANEMBRYOEMBRYO3636
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EMBRYO PARTSEMBRYO PARTS-- RADICLE: produces the seedling rootRADICLE: produces the seedling root-- HYPOCOTYL:HYPOCOTYL:part between the cotyledons and radiclepart between the cotyledons and radicle-- COTYLCOTYLÉÉDON(S):DON(S):
DicotyledonousDicotyledonous→→ storage of reserves or embryo leavesstorage of reserves or embryo leaves
MonocotyledonousMonocotyledonous→→ protection of embryo axis and transfer of protection of embryo axis and transfer of reserves from endosperm treserves from endosperm to embryoo embryo
-- PLUMULE:PLUMULE:mass of meristematic cellsmass of meristematic cells→→ major leaf bud of the seedmajor leaf bud of the seed
-- EPICOTYL:EPICOTYL:the portion of the embryo above the cotyledons;the portion of the embryo above the cotyledons;in general,in general,is present in the plumule, as a meristematicis present in the plumule, as a meristematictissue or is well developed and visibletissue or is well developed and visible
-- ColeorhizaColeorhiza,, coleoptilecoleoptile, seminal roots (, seminal roots (cotyledonarycotyledonarynode)node) 3737
PERISPERMPERISPERM
Development of theDevelopment of thenucellar nucellar tissuetissue
Examples: coffee, sugar beetExamples: coffee, sugar beet
PerispermPerispermEndospermEndosperm
EmbryoEmbryo
Longitudinal section of a sugar beet seedLongitudinal section of a sugar beet seed3838
SEED COATSSEED COATSTESTATESTA(External)(External)PRIMINEPRIMINE
SECUNDINESECUNDINE TEGMATEGMA(Inner)(Inner)
FunctionsFunctions
-- Cohesion among the seed partsCohesion among the seed parts
-- Protection against the action of biotic andProtection against the action of biotic andabioticabioticfactorsfactors
-- Regulation of water and gaseous exchangeRegulation of water and gaseous exchange
-- Regulation of germination and dormancy mechanismsRegulation of germination and dormancy mechanisms
-- Control of seed dispersion: wings,Control of seed dispersion: wings,aculeusaculeus, hairs, mucilage, hairs, mucilage
3939 FRUIT AND SEEDFRUIT AND SEEDFRUIT A MATURE OVARY AND ASSOCIATED PARTS, WITA MATURE OVARY AND ASSOCIATED PARTS, WITONE OR MORE SEEDSONE OR MORE SEEDS
PARTSPARTS::
a) PERICARPa) PERICARP
EXOCARPEXOCARP
MESOCARPMESOCARP
ENDOCARPENDOCARP
b) SEEDb) SEED
SEED COATSEED COAT
ENDOSPERMENDOSPERM(?)(?)
EMBRYOEMBRYOAXISAXIS
COTYLEDON (s)COTYLEDON (s)4040
DRY FRUITS :DRY FRUITS :caryopsiscaryopsis((grassesgrasses).).acheneachene((suflower suflower ,, lettucelettuce),),schizocarpschizocarp((carrotcarrot)),, nutsnuts
FRUIT AND SEEDFRUIT AND SEED
4141
APOMIXISAPOMIXISASEXUAL DEVELOPMENT OF SEEDS WHOSE STASEXUAL DEVELOPMENT OF SEEDS WHOSE ST
IS SIMILAR TO THOSE PRODUCED AFTER THE FIS SIMILAR TO THOSE PRODUCED AFTER THE FTHE EGG AND SPERM CELLSTHE EGG AND SPERM CELLSSEEDS ARE FORMED FROM OVULE DIPLOID CELLS BY SEEDS ARE FORMED FROM OVULE DIPLOID CELLS BY MECHANISMS, BUTMECHANISMS, BUTFERTILIZATIONFERTILIZATIONDOES NOT OCCURDOES NOT OCCUR
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROCESSCHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROCESS-- REPRODUCTION IS REPLACED BY ASEXUAL MULTIPLREPRODUCTION IS REPLACED BY ASEXUAL MULTIPL
-- THERE IS NO FUSION BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE GTHERE IS NO FUSION BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE G
-- OCCURS IN PARTS OF PLANT USUALLY INVOLVOCCURS IN PARTS OF PLANT USUALLY INVOLVREPRODUCTIONREPRODUCTION4242
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EXAMPLES OF SEEDEXAMPLES OF SEEDSTRUCTURESTRUCTURE
4343
CotyledonsCotyledons
Embryo axisEmbryo axis
PEA SEEDPEA SEED4444
EMBRYO AXISEMBRYO AXIS
COTYLEDONCOTYLEDONSEED COATSEED COAT
PUMPKIN SEEDPUMPKIN SEED4545
Seed coatSeed coat
EndospermEndosperm
CotyledonsCotyledons
Embryo axisEmbryo axis
CASTOR BEAN SEEDCASTOR BEAN SEED4646
PlumulePlumule
CotyledonCotyledon
HypocotylHypocotyl--radicleradicleaxisaxisEndospermEndosperm
ONION SEEDONION SEED4747
SEEDSEEDMATURATIONMATURATION
5151
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SEED DEVELOPMENT OR MATURATIONSEED DEVELOPMENT OR MATURATION
Sequence of connected steps in preparation forSequence of connected steps in preparation forsuccessful germinationsuccessful germination
Very importantVery important relationship to proper harvestrelationship to proper harvesttime and seed physiological potentialtime and seed physiological potential
4949
DeloucheDelouche(1971)(1971)
Seed maturationSeed maturationis a process whichis a process whichincludes a sequence of morphologicalincludes a sequence of morphologicalphysical, biochemical and physiologicphysical, biochemical and physiologicachanges from ovule fertilization to thchanges from ovule fertilization to thpoint when the seed becomespoint when the seed becomesphysiologically independent of the parenphysiologically independent of the parenplantplant
5050
SEED DEVELOPMENTSEED DEVELOPMENT
1. Variations of seed moisture content1. Variations of seed moisture content
Seeds in fleshy or in dry fruitsSeeds in fleshy or in dry fruits
5151
M O I S T U R E C O N T E N T ( % )
M O I S T U R E C O N T E N T ( % )
TIMETIME
DryDry
FleshyFleshy
Variations in moisture content during seed maturation iVariations in moisture content during seed maturation ifleshy and dry fruitsfleshy and dry fruits
++ 8080
5252
R6R6R5R5
2. Seed size changes2. Seed size changes
Development of soybean seeds and legumes (Ritchie et al., 1994)Development of soybean seeds and legumes (Ritchie et al., 1994)R6 R7 R8
5353
3.3.SeedSeeddrydryweightweight
Dure III (1975)Dure III (1975)DaysDaysafter after floweringflowering
E m
b r y o
E m
b r y o
d r y
d r y w e i g
h t
w e i g
h t
CELL DIVISION ANDCELL DIVISION ANDEXPANSIONEXPANSION
((PHASES I e IIPHASES I e II))
DRY MATTER ACCUMULATIONDRY MATTER ACCUMULATION(PH(PHASEASEIIIIII))
DESiCCATIONDESiCCATION(PH(PHASEASEIVIV))
MoistureMoisturecontentcontent
5454
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4. Germination4. Germination
5. Vigor 5. Vigor
SEED DEVELOPMENTSEED DEVELOPMENT
5555
moisture contentseed size
vigor
germination
dry weight
General alterations of seed characteristics during maturationGeneral alterations of seed characteristics during maturation((CarvalhoCarvalhoand Nakagawa, 2000)and Nakagawa, 2000)
5656
DETERMINATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITYDETERMINATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY
5757
SEED MATURITY x HARVEST TIMESEED MATURITY x HARVEST TIME
-- Physiological Maturity: IdentificationPhysiological Maturity: Identification
Black layer Black layer
Milk lineMilk line
SoybeanSoybean
Wheat, barley, oatWheat, barley, oat
Vegetables, FruitsVegetables, Fruits5858
-- Physiological Maturity: identificationPhysiological Maturity: identification
AnaAnaNovembreNovembre5959
-- Determination of harvest timeDetermination of harvest time
ParametersParameters
SEED MATURITY x HARVEST TIMESEED MATURITY x HARVEST TIME
Seed moisture contentSeed moisture content
Seed and plant characteristicsSeed and plant characteristics
6060
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CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONCROP TECHNOLOGYCROP TECHNOLOGYClimate, sowing time, sowing management, inspections, harvestClimate, sowing time, sowing management, inspections, harvest
BASIS FOR DIAGNOSIS AND HARVEST DECISIONSBASIS FOR DIAGNOSIS AND HARVEST DECISIONS
PRE AND POST HARVEST SEED MANAGEMENTPRE AND POST HARVEST SEED MANAGEMENT
POLLINATION CONTROLPOLLINATION CONTROL
SEED TESTING:SEED TESTING:routine analysis androutine analysis and““in housein house”” quality controlquality control
BIOTECHOLOGYBIOTECHOLOGYSomaticSomaticembryogenyembryogenyArtificial seedsArtificial seeds 6161
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