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Sedative-Hypnotics
Benzodiazepines
Megan TrimbleDoctor of Pharmacy Candidate
April 2006
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What areSedative-Hypnotics?
Tranquilizers may be a more familiar term
used to describe sedative-hypnotic agents
(1)
Downer drugs
Drugs that take the edge off
Calm your mood when you are feeling
anxious Induce sleep (1)
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Benzodiazepines
Most frequent class of
drugs that have a
tranquilizing-type effectPrescription drugs (1)
http://www.drugfree.org/Portal/Drug_Guide/Prescription%20Sedatives%20Tranquilizers (2)
http://www.drugfree.org/Portal/Drug_Guide/Prescription%20Sedatives%20Tranquilizershttp://www.drugfree.org/Portal/Drug_Guide/Prescription%20Sedatives%20Tranquilizershttp://www.drugfree.org/Portal/Drug_Guide/Prescription%20Sedatives%20Tranquilizershttp://www.drugfree.org/Portal/Drug_Guide/Prescription%20Sedatives%20Tranquilizers7/28/2019 Sedative HypnoticsMay071306 (1)
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Taking the Drugs
This class of drugs is fairly safe when
taken for their intended use and not used
in excess (1)
Most sedatives come in capsules or
tablets
Multi-colored
Liquid and injection forms are also
available (2)
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Taking the Drugs
The use of benzodiazepines can lead to
abuse, whether they are taken properly or
for the wrong reasons
http://www.drugfree.org/Portal/DrugIssue/Features/Prescription_Medicine_Misuse Accessed May 2, 2006.
http://www.drugfree.org/Portal/DrugIssue/Features/Prescription_Medicine_Misuse%20Accessed%20May%202http://www.drugfree.org/Portal/DrugIssue/Features/Prescription_Medicine_Misuse%20Accessed%20May%2027/28/2019 Sedative HypnoticsMay071306 (1)
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Prescription Benzodiazepines
Chlordiazepoxide (Librium)
Diazepam (Valium)
Temazepam (Restoril)
Triazolam (Halcion)
Clonazepam (Klonopin)
Lorazepam (Ativan)
Alprazolam (Xanax) (1,3)
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Why Do People Use
Benzodiazepines?
Reduce anxiety levels
Helps people to cope with stress (1)
Trouble sleepingIn combination with amphetamine-like
drugs
Many people use sedatives to calm
themselves back down from the rush
associated with amphetamine use
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Why Do People Use
Benzodiazepines?
To get away from
this!
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.long-island-hypnotherapy.com/images/anxiety Accessed May 2, 2006.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.long-island-hypnotherapy.com/images/anxiety%20Accessed%20May%202http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.long-island-hypnotherapy.com/images/anxiety%20Accessed%20May%202http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.long-island-hypnotherapy.com/images/anxiety%20Accessed%20May%202http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.long-island-hypnotherapy.com/images/anxiety%20Accessed%20May%202http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.long-island-hypnotherapy.com/images/anxiety%20Accessed%20May%202http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.long-island-hypnotherapy.com/images/anxiety%20Accessed%20May%2027/28/2019 Sedative HypnoticsMay071306 (1)
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Short-Term Effects
(Low Doses)
Euphoria
Being in a happy world
Fatigue
Feeling drowsy
Shallow breathing
Not being able to take full, deep, normalbreaths (2)
Trouble coordinating your movements
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Short-Term Effects
(High Doses)
Paranoia
Having an unrealistic perception of
something, someone, or some place in
relationship to the world and you
Aggression
Easily agitated
Difficulty remembering
Irritability (2)
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Effects in Overdose
Unconsciousness
Respiratory depression
Collapse of heart and heart functionsWalking difficulty
CNS depression
Shallow breathing Not being able to take full, deep, normal
breaths (1,2)
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Long-term Effects
Rebound effects
Over use of these drugs can cause a reversal effect
Seizures can occur; calm and relaxed feelings dissipate
Tolerance develops, resulting in dependence
Must have more and more of the drug to feel an even minor
effects
Higher risk of overdose
Withdrawal
This leads to dependence as well
No one wants to feel the unpleasant withdrawal effects, so
continues use (2)
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Cognitive Effects
Memory impairment/Amnesia
Confusion
Sleepiness (1)
http://images.google.com/images?svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&q=sleeping+cartoon Accessed May 2, 2006.
http://images.google.com/images?svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&q=cognitiveAccessed May 2, 2006.
http://images.google.com/images?svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&q=sleeping+cartoonhttp://images.google.com/images?svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&q=cognitivehttp://images.google.com/images?svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&q=cognitivehttp://images.google.com/images?svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&q=sleeping+cartoonhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.orgsites.com/oh/victorybap/cartoon011tn.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.myspace.com/koops&h=233&w=250&sz=10&tbnid=kEAmbZFqFo8yyM:&tbnh=98&tbnw=106&hl=en&start=15&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsleeping%2Bcartoon%26svnum%3D10%26hl7/28/2019 Sedative HypnoticsMay071306 (1)
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Psychological Effects
Relaxation
Helps with the daily stresses of life/relieves tension
Anxiety from school and peer stresses
Drowsy Easier to sleep/induces sleep (1,2)
Distracts you from other problems going on
around you and in your own life
Just a temporary fix; the problem never goes away
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Benzodiazepine Pharmacology
CNS Depressant (1)
The major action of the benzodiazepine drug
class is focused in the brain
Can cross the blood brain barrier (BBB)
Easy access to the brain where the drugs exert
their effect
Affects other body systems as well Heart
Acts on different sites (receptors) of the heart (1)
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Benzodiazepine Pharmacology
Benzodiazepines act
on the GABA system in
the brain Increase function (1)
http://www.stayinginshape.com/3chsbuffalo/libv/m02.shtml Accessed May 2, 2006.
http://www.stayinginshape.com/3chsbuffalo/libv/m02.shtml%20Accessed%20May%202http://www.stayinginshape.com/3chsbuffalo/libv/m02.shtml%20Accessed%20May%2027/28/2019 Sedative HypnoticsMay071306 (1)
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Duration of Benzodiazepines
These prescription drugs are long acting
Even after the effects wear off, the drug is
still in your system for a long period of time
Hours
Days
Weeks
During this lengthy period of time, these drugs will
show up in blood tests and drug screens (1, 2)
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Danger: Caution
It is extremely dangerous to use these
drugs in combination with alcohol
Since these drugs stay in your
body for a long period of time, drinking
can effect your body even when you
are not feeling the effects of the sedative
type drug.
Slowed breathing/decrease lung function
Decrease heart rate (1,2)
http://images.google.com/images?q=alcohol&hl=en Accessed May 2, 2006.
http://images.google.com/images?q=alcohol&hl=enhttp://images.google.com/images?q=alcohol&hl=enhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/teenworkers/images/alcohol.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/teenworkers/hazards_alcohol.html&h=180&w=158&sz=29&tbnid=srwazAQFQWDuFM:&tbnh=96&tbnw=84&hl=en&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dalcohol%7/28/2019 Sedative HypnoticsMay071306 (1)
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Caution: Overdosing
Due to the tolerance that develops with
benzodiazepines and the lengthy duration
in the body, overdosing can have an all of
a sudden effect
Overdose symptoms may not be felt until 12-
36 hours after overdose has already occurred
(1,2)
http://images.google.com/images?svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&q=overdosingAccessed May 2, 2006.
http://images.google.com/images?svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&q=overdosinghttp://images.google.com/images?svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&q=overdosinghttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.rit.edu/~jmw9523/lj/Overdose.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.vampirefreaks.com/u/pOeTiC_dEcAy&h=266&w=400&sz=43&tbnid=ajGACwiWBt_ncM:&tbnh=79&tbnw=120&hl=en&start=4&prev=/images%3Fq%3Doverdosing%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den7/28/2019 Sedative HypnoticsMay071306 (1)
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Withdrawal Symptoms
Tachycardia increase in heart rate
Severe headaches
Panic attacks can occur
Tremors
Changes in perception not fully in tune with, or
aware of, everything going on around you
Weight lossParasthesias
Pins and needles/tingling feeling (1)
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Summary
Benzodiazepines is a class of drugs that have an effecton the brain that, in turn, induces sleep and causesfeelings of relief, relaxation and a state of euphoria.
Benzodiazepines should only be taken as prescribed by
your physician. Although this class of drugs is one of thesafest classes of prescription drugs, consuming thesedrugs should not be taken lightly. If anything, greatercaution should be taken.
Although the initial and intended feelings from use are
almost always addicting. Continuing and exceeding usefor this reason can only lead to trouble. Respiratory,heart and psychological problems can occur, as well aswithdrawal, overdosing and even death.
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References
(1) Goldfranks Toxicologic Emergencies. 7th ed. c2002. The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. Chapter 63 Sedative-Hypnotic Agents April 10th 2006
[Date accessed]. Available from STAT!Ref [database on the Internet]
(2) Prescription Sedatives and Tranquilizers. [about 2 screens] The
Partnership for a Drug-Free America. [Internet Website] c2006. Partnershipfor a Drug-Free America. [in association with] 10 April 2006 [date accessed]
(3) Drug facts and comparisons. St. Louis: Facts and Comparisons, c2005[cited 2006 May 1]. Diazepam; [about 7 screens]. Available from: Facts &
Comparisons 4.0 [proprietary database on in Internet].
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