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EcosystemsChapter 21

Table of Contents

Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes

Section 2 Aquatic Ecosystems

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Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes

Chapter 21

Objectives

• Identify the eight major biomes.

• Compare tundra with taiga.

• Compare the different kinds of forests.

• Compare the different kinds of grasslands.

• Describe the adaptations of desert organisms.

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Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes

Chapter 21

The Major Biomes

• The major types of terrestrial ecosystems, known as

biomes, are tundra, tropical forest, temperate forest,

taiga, temperate grassland, savanna, chaparral, and

desert.

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Chapter 21

Earth’s Major Biomes

Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes

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Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes

Chapter 21

Tundra

• Tundra is a cold biome characterized by permafrost

under the surface of the ground.

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Chapter 21

Tundra

Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes

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Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes

Chapter 21

Forests

• Tropical Forests

– Tropical forests receive abundant rainfall and

have stable temperatures.

– They have a greater species richness than any

other biome.

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Chapter 21

Tropical Rain Forest

Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes

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Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes

Chapter 21

Forests, continued

• Temperate Forests

– Temperate forests have coniferous trees, which

bear seeds in cones, or deciduous trees, which

shed their leaves each year.

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Chapter 21

Forests, continued

• Temperate Deciduous Forests

– The trees in temperate deciduous forests shed

all of their leaves in the fall.

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Chapter 21

Temperate Deciduous Forest

Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes

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Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes

Chapter 21

Forests, continued

• Taiga

– Taiga is cold but is warmer than tundra and

receives more precipitation.

– Taiga is dominated by coniferous forests.

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Chapter 21

Taiga

Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes

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Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes

Chapter 21

Grasslands

• Temperate Grasslands

– Temperate grasslands occur in areas with cold

winters and hot summers.

– They are dominated by grasses and herds of

grazing animals.

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Grasslands, continued

• Savanna

– Savannas are tropical grasslands with alternating

wet and dry seasons.

– They are dominated by herds of grazing animals.

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Chapter 21

Savanna

Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes

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Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes

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Grasslands, continued

• Chaparral

– Chaparral is found in coastal regions with warm,

dry summers and mild winters.

– It is dominated by dense, spiny shrubs.

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Chapter 21

Grassland

Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes

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Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes

Chapter 21

Deserts

• Deserts receive less than 25 cm (9.9 in.) of

precipitation per year.

• Desert inhabitants have adaptations for conserving

water.

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Chapter 21

Desert

Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes

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Section 2 Aquatic Ecosystems

Chapter 21

Objectives

• Identify the major ocean zones.

• Compare the aphotic zone with the photic zone.

• Compare the neritic zone with the oceanic zone.

• Describe estuaries.

• Compare eutrophic lakes with oligotrophic lakes.

• Explain the significance of gradient in rivers and streams.

• Describe freshwater wetlands.

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Section 2 Aquatic Ecosystems

Chapter 21

Ocean Zones

• The photic zone in the ocean receives light, but the

aphotic zone does not.

• Other zones of the ocean are defined based on their

relative locations.

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Section 2 Aquatic Ecosystems

Chapter 21

Ocean Zones, continued

• The Intertidal Zone

– In the intertidal zone, organisms must be able to

tolerate drying and pounding by waves.

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Chapter 21

Intertidal Zone

Section 2 Aquatic Ecosystems

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Section 2 Aquatic Ecosystems

Chapter 21

Ocean Zones, continued

• The Neritic Zone

– The neritic zone receives nutrients from the

bottom of the ocean and from land. It is the

ocean’s richest zone in terms of the number of

species and individuals.

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Chapter 21

Neritic Zone

Section 2 Aquatic Ecosystems

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Section 2 Aquatic Ecosystems

Chapter 21

Ocean Zones, continued

• The Oceanic Zone

– Production in the oceanic zone is limited by a

shortage of nutrients.

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Chapter 21

Oceanic Zone

Section 2 Aquatic Ecosystems

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Section 2 Aquatic Ecosystems

Chapter 21

Ocean Zones, continued

• Estuaries

– Estuaries are very productive areas where rivers

and streams flow into the sea.

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Section 2 Aquatic Ecosystems

Chapter 21

Freshwater Zones

• Lakes and Ponds

– Oligotrophic lakes are clear and lacking in

nutrients.

– Eutrophic lakes are rich in nutrients and are often

murky.

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Chapter 21

Three Lake Zones

Section 2 Aquatic Ecosystems

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Section 2 Aquatic Ecosystems

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Freshwater Zones, continued

• Rivers and Streams

– Rivers and streams are bodies of water that flow

down an elevation gradient within a watershed.

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Section 2 Aquatic Ecosystems

Chapter 21

Freshwater Zones, continued

• Freshwater Wetlands

– Freshwater wetlands are areas of land, such as

marshes and swamps, that are covered with fresh

water for at least part of each year.

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Chapter 21

Freshwater Biomes

Section 2 Aquatic Ecosystems