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Chapter 4
Reproduction
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Sexual & Asexual Reproduction
Reproduction : production of a new
generation of individuals (offsprings) from
pre-existing ones (parents)
Importance : ensure continuity
Two types :
1. Asexual
2. Sexual
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Sexual & Asexual Reproduction (contd)
Asexual
Formed from one parent
Genetically identical to each other and to the
parent
Five major types:
1. Binary fission
2. Budding3. Spore formation
4. Vegetative reproduction
5. Rejuvenation
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Binary fission
Unicellular organisms divides into two parts
Example : amoeba, paramecium
Budding
Parents produces an outgrowth of bud, detached to become new individual
Examples : yeast, Hydra
Spore formation
Seen in bacteria, fungi
Formed in spore-bearing structure - sporangium
Each spore become new individual
Rejuvenation
Replacement of parts that are lost due to injury
Results to two or more individual
Vegetative reproduction
Part of a plant detached and grows into new plants
examples of parts : roots, stem, leaf, bud
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Sexual & Asexual Reproduction (contd)
Sexual
By fusion of specialised sex cells (gametes)
Male gamete (sperm) fuses with female
gamete (ovum/egg) during fertilisation
form zygote
2 types of fertilisation
Internal fertilisation External fertilisation
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Sexual & Asexual Reproduction
Similarities
Involves the production of a new generation ofindividuals of the same species
Asexual Differences Sexual
One Number of parents
involved
Two
No Gametes involved Two; male and female
Identical with parents Genetic make-up ofoffspring
Different, show geneticvariation
Large amount of offspring Offspring Fewer offspring
Rapid Speed of reproduction Less rapid
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THE MALE & FEMALEREPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
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Male Reproductive System
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Male Reproductive System (contd)
Organ Function
Testis Produce sperms
Scrotum
Holds the testes outside the body
Protects the testes
PenisPlaces sperms in the vagina during sexual
intercourse
Urethra Carries sperm and urine out of the body
Sperm ducts Carry sperms from the testes to the urethra
Seminal vesicleProduces fluid that provides nutrients to the
sperms
Prostate glandProvide fluid which neutralises the acidity of urine
and female vagina
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Female Reproductive System
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Female Reproductive System (contd)
Organ Function
Ovary Produce ovum (eggs) and female hormones
Uterus (or womb) Place where the embryo develop
Fallopian tubeCarries ovum from the ovary to the uterus
Fertilisations happens here
VaginaPlace where sperm are deposited
Birth canal
CervixSecrets mucus which enhances sperm movement to
the uterus
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Male & Female Gametes
Male gametes
Sperm
Consists of a head, a
middle piece and a long
tail
Role : swim towards the
female gamete (ovum)
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Male & Female Gametes (contd)
Female gametes
Ovum
Larger than sperm
Spherical shaped
Only one ovum is
produced every menstrual
cycle
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Male & Female Gametes (contd)
Aspect Male gameteFemale
gameteNotes
Size Very small Larger
Size of ovum = 0.1 mm
Size of sperm = 0.0025 mm (at
the widest region of the head)
Number Large numbers Very few
A healthy male produce about
300 millions sperm per day
Only an ovum is produced every
menstrual cycle
Mobility Motile Non-motile
Whip-like movement of the tail
propels the sperm towards the
ovum
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Changes in the male and female during
puberty
Male Female
Moustache and beard Produce ovum
Release semen
Show interest in females
Produce semen &
Enlargement of breasts and buttocks
Larger bones and muscles
Begins to menstruate
Pubic and armpit hair
Show interest in males
Accumulation of fats under the skin
Voice become hoarse
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The Menstrual Cycle
Menstrual cycle
Repeated cycle of event
Occur every 28 days from puberty (when ovum
production begins) to menopause (when ovum
production stops)
Discharge of dead ovum, blood and uterus wall
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The Menstrual Cycle
Personal hygiene during menstruation
Wear a clean sanitary pad
Change the sanitary pad frequently
Bathe as usual to maintain body cleanliness
Wrap used sanitary with a paper or plastics
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FERTILISATION AND PREGNANCY
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Fertilisation and Pregnancy
Fertilisation sperms meet ovum in the
fallopian tube
Will form zygote, the move through the Fallopian
tube
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Fertilisation and Pregnancy
Upon reach the uterus, it will become embryo
Implantation the embryo sticking to the
uterus wall
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Fertilisation and Pregnancy
Placenta place where exchange of
substances occur Umbilical cord connects embryo to the
placenta
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Fertilisation and Pregnancy
At placenta
Food and oxygen move from mother to the
baby
Waste products like carbon dioxide and urea is
eliminated
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