EXPERIMENT :DNA EXTRACTION
some kind of popular science
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SCI SCIaugust 2013
some kind of popular science
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A GREAT GENIOUS:NIKOLA TESLA
II. SCIENCE PICNIC IN ZAGREB
EXPERIMENT:DNA EXTRACTION
ABOUT ANTIBIOTICS
about cats
Photo: Heart muscle capillary http://education.denniskunkel.com/
Author: Elif KoyuncukPublished by: Mladinski center Dravinjske dolineContact: [email protected]Žička cesta 4a3210 Slovenske KonjiceSloveniaEdition: 2/ September-October 2013Copies: 100
Tesla: A Great Genious
3 6
Astronomy:Quasars
8
Experiment:DNA extraction
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II. Science Picnic
in Zagreb
14
Did you know?
17
Google Science Fair 2013
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Let’s Learn Turkish
23
Science Pages
24
World Records
26
Working Brain
28
Editor’s page
2
I N D E X :
Antibiotics
INDEX
Second edition of SCI Popular Science Magazine is again full of
interesting themes like first one. From this edition, SCI will be
published once in two months. As you can see on cover page, you
are reading now September-October edition.
On 15th of September we were in Zagreb to see Second Science
Picnic. It was a great event and I wrote an article to share my
experiences with you. Maybe next year you also want to attend it
and learn too many things about different kind of topics in science.
Specially youngsters will be inspired to make experiments after
they read about Science Picnic. They can find a DNA extraction
experiment after Science Picnic article. It is very easy to make and
they need just simple materials which they can find at home. If they
have their original ideas, maybe they can think about to attend
Google Science Fair with their projects, specially after they know
about prizes. They can read about Google Science Fair 2013 in this
edition.
There is also a wide range of topics so that you can find
something interesting, depending on your interests, such as
astronomy, health, mathematics, langauge...
Enjoy!
Elif Koyuncuk
Author and Designer of SCI
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EDITOR’S PAGE
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TESLA: A GREAT GENIOUS
Nikola Tesla was a genious scientist
who had a lot of theories and inventions
which changed the world. He was one of
the greatest electrical inventors who
ever lived.
Education He was born on 10th of July 1856 in
Croatia. He was a Serbian by origin but
he spent most of his life in USA. He was
fourth of the five children in his family.
His father wanted him to be a priest like
himself, but fortunately he did the right
choice and decided to be a scientist. He
studied at Politechnik School in Graz, Austria and later he
continued his education in Prague Technical University. besides his
langauges Serbian and German, he also learned foreign langauges
such as English, French and Italian to be able to understand
technical books in other langauges.
Great inventions All his life he invented numerous great new things, most of them
were revolutionary. He had around 700 patents for his inventions.
One of his greatest invention of was AC-induction motor. In the
beginning of 20th century, scientists didn't even dream about any
alternative for direct currency. He surprized them with his works
on alternative current and also devised motor which works with
alternative current.
Nikola Tesla, 1983
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Tesla's AC-induction motor is widely
used troughout the world in industry
and household devices. This new
device started the industrial
revolution at the turn of the century.
Tesla was so far ahead of his time
that many of his ideas are only
appearing today. His legacy can be
seen in different devices from
microwave ovens to MX missiles.
Besides this, Tesla's life inspires us to believe that anything that we
imagine can be accomplished, especially with electricity.
USA years His early discovery of the alternating current motor led him to
USA to seek a venue for his discovery. There he developed the
polyphase AC system of power transmission, which drives every
home and industry in the country. He invented Tesla coil to create
high-frequency electricity, neon and florescent lighting, radio
transmission, remote control and hundreds of other devices which
are now an essential part of our everyday lives.
His technological achievements transformed USA from a nation
of isolated communities to a
country connected by power grids
where information was available
upon demand.
He met with Thomas Edison and
started to work with him in his
company in 1884. He was
improving Edison’s motors and
generators to get higher level of
efficiency until they had a
disagreement about money.
Tesla AC Electric Motor-1888
Transmitter and Laboratory, 1901-1905, located in Wardencliffe
ScientistTesla: A great inventor
4
Tesla finished working with him after Edison refused to give him
money which he promised for a task which Tesla achieved. After
that case, they became competitors. Tesla started to search new
business partners or investors to support his works.
In 1886 he found investors and formed his own company called
Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing. But it didn’t work out on
long term and investors didn’t want to support his ideas any more.
After almost one year without money and good job, he met with
Charles Peck and Alfred Brown and they made an aggreement to
work together. They established Tesla Electric Company. Finally,
they built a research laboratory for him in West Broadway. In this
laboratory he worked on his new discoveries and in a short time he
got a lot of patents. His ideas were so original and ingenious, so
that he was never rejected. Also Westinghouse made a deal with his
company to use Tesla’s AC motor idea and to have the license for
this invention.
Tesla's goal was to make new inventions and to take humanity
one step further. He didn't care about prizes or money at all. He
spent money which he earned from his inventions and patents
again on new experiments.
He spent his last years of life alone in hotel rooms. Because he
didn't care about the money, he could't make enough savings for
him. When he died, in New Yorker Hotel in USA, all his hand
writings and papers were taken by US government.
In 1960, in honour of Tesla, the General Conference on Weights
and Measures for the International System of Units dedicated the
term "tesla" to the SI unit measure for magnetic field strength.
Sources http://www.teslasociety.com/index.html
http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla
http://www.pbs.org/tesla/
http://www.yurope.com/org/tesla/5e.htm
http://www.elektrikport.com
http://www.croatianculture.org
ScientistTesla: A great inventor
5
Discovery Quasars or quasi-stellar radio sources are objects which shine
with an enormous energy from so far of the universe. Astronomers
named this objects quasi-stellar radio source when they first time
observe them in 1960's, because they saw that they were objects like
stars and that they give off radio signals. Actually after more
research they understood that a few of them emmit radio signals,
but they didn't change their name. In addition to radio waves, they
emmit also visible light, ultraviolet rays, infrared waves, x-rays
and gama rays. Despite of their brightness and high energy, it is
very hard to observe them by telescope because of their distance.
Properties Quasars are galaxies which
have very active galactic nuclei at
the center. It is generally
accepted that quasars are
powered by accretion around the
central supermassive black hole.
Evidence for the black hole
includes the high degree of
emission emanating from a small
central area. And there are also
accretion disc and jet formation areas in central region. Although
quasars appear faint when viewed from Earth, the fact that they are
visible at all from so far is due to quasars being the most luminous
objects in the known universe.
QUASARS: A LITTLE KNOWN OBJECTS IN THE UNIVERSE
6
A beautiful quasar drawing which is drawn due to photos captured by telescopes
They can be trillion times brighter than sun because of their
enormous energy. They give off more energy and have luminosity
more than 100 normal galaxies combined. A typical quasar has 39 26
luminosity of about 10 watts. The Sun’s luminosity is about 4*10
watts. Energy which they release in one second could satisfy
electrical energy needs of Earth for next whole billion years.
How far? They are the most distant objects detected until now. Because
they were born in early times of the universe. Light from quasars
takes billions of years to reach the
atmosphere of the Earth. We know how
they looked like billions of years ago. The
light we see coming from them was
produced when the universe was only one
tenth of its present age. It means, if you
observe a quasar, you observe childhood
of the universe.
We know that we can determine the
distances of celestial objects from us
based on the red-shifting of their light. All
observed quasar spectra have red shifts
due to their distances. For example Quasar 3C 273, has a red shift
of 0.158. It means it is 2 billion years away from us.
Sources Jones, G., Quasar Jets on Parsec and Kilopasec Scales, 2012
http://www.universetoday.com
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasar
http://www.britannica.com
AstronomyQuasars: A little known objects in the universe
Quasar 3C 273
7
II. SCIENCE PICNIC IN ZAGREB II. Science Picnic was organized on 15th September in Zagreb,
Croatia and has brought together a lot of science lovers from
several different countries. People from various science centers
worked on preparing and implementation of this event. It was
possible to find a lot of experiments and
exhibitions refering to every field of
science. Children, families and participants
of all ages could find opportunity to observe
and make experiments on various topics in
different fields such as biology, physics,
chemistry and paleontology.
It’s always better to make experiments by
oneself, because that’s the best way to learn. In addition it makes
more fun!
This kind of events are perfect to make children and youngsters
like science and discover their favorite field. They can get inspired
by observing and carrying out
experiments. Perhaps they can
choose their future profession after
this experience.
As science lovers we were also
there to see what is going on. We
observed, applied, and took photos.
Experiments were well-chosen for
learning and enjoying. Everything
was clearly understandable for a
wide age range. Each part was full of people.
Besides science children also had fun
Mitochondria model to explain energy production in cell
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We could select among a wide variety of topics and every one of
them was educational and enjoyable. There was walking on a liquid
surface, making batteries, static electricity tests, determining
density difference between liquids, making origami, paleontology
researches, usage of solar energy, learning about photosynthesis,
discovering robot technologies and 3D printers, energy production
in mitochondria, making soap, observing reaction between baking
powder and lemon juice...
To get more information, we made a small interview with Bruno
Blumenschen, who was employee of science picnic.
SCI: What is the purpose of this event?
B.B.: Through this event we want to
popularize sience. This event is a big
opportunity for NGO's and science
organisations to promote their
programs. This event also promotes a
great science center, ZEZ, which will be
built in Zagreb in two and a half years.
Now, we organize science picnic outside
without a roof, but finally we will have a science center and
everyday will be a science picnic for us under its roof.
SCI: How was the feedback after first science picnic?
B.B.: Last year around 10,000 people visited our science picnic. We
made a questionnaire with 2000 people and totally we got 4,7
points out of 5. For this year our prediction is 20,000 visitors.
SCI: Who is your target group?
B.B.: Target group of the science picnic is mostly families with
children, but also of course every person who are interested in
science. The 60% of visitors are children between 8-13 years old. It
will be almost same in ZEZ Science Center but also teenagers and
adults will be a big target group and they will find a lot of interests
in it.
Visiting the science picnic was a great experience for us. We
refreshed our knowledge, learned new things and had fun. We wish
this event will continue with more and more visitors each year.
ExplorerII. Science picnic in Zagreb
Children found opportunity to see different inventions
9
walking on liquid
making batteries
density difference of liquids
static electricity
paleontology
observing micro structures
ExplorerII. Science picnic in Zagreb
10
A short look at DNA As you allready know, DNA is a macromolecule which exist in
every cell and has genetic codes. Long DNA chain consists of
nucleotide monomers which have one phosphate, one five-carbon
sugar and one organic base. This organic bases are adenine,
guanine (purines) and cytosine, thymine (primidines).
Proliferation is one of the essential properties of life. DNA is the
material which every living organism need for proliferation. When
prokaryotic organisms like bacteria, viruses and blue green algae
have their DNA exist in cytoplasm, in eukaryotic cells it is
packaged as chromosomes and located in nucleus. Each
chromosome refers to one long DNA
chain. Length of the DNA can change
between a few and 10 centimeters. One
part of the first chromosome of human
is 7.3 cm length. A macromolecule with
this length, must be folded perfectly to
be able to locate in nucleus of a cell.
This perfect folded DNA structure is
called the deoxynucleoprotein. In this
structure there are DNA, histone
proteins and other proteins. As you can
see on the picture, all double strand
DNA folds and gets packaged in its
special way and became a chromosome
structure.
Experiment Time for Youngsters:DNA Extraction
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DNA extraction Experiment time for youngsters
Each species has their own chromosome number. Onion which
we will use for DNA extraction, has 16 chromosomes, dog has 78
and human has 46 chromosomes. Don’t forget, genetic properties of
an organism doesn't depend on cromosome number, they depend on
information which their DNA codes have inside.
DNA extraction from onion We choosed an extraction method which you can try out at home
with regular materials.
Materials: 1 middle-sized onion, salt, detergent, ethanol
(70%), coffee filter, funnel, jar (500 ml), 2 big bowls, pasteur pipette
(5 ml), an experiment tube or a small glass.
Method: · Cut the onion into small pieces and put pieces in the jar.
· Solve 1 teaspoon of salt in 100 ml water and add 10 ml
detergent. Mix gently, without making bubbles. This
solution is called lysis solution and it will disintegrate cell
and nucleus membrane and DNA will be outside of the cell, so
we will be able to collect it.
· Pour this solution on onion particles.o
· Prepare approximately 55 C hot water in a large and deep
bowl and put the jar in it. Jar needs to stay in this hot water
bath 10 minutes. Meanwhile smash onion pieces gently with
a spoon, without making bubbles. After hot water bath, put ojar in 0 C icecold water. At this moment, be careful! Jar can
crack when you put it from hot water to cold water. To
prevent this, you can make it a little bit cool in tap water.
After you put it in cold water, again wait around 10 minutes
and at the same time smash onions with spoon.
· Put a coffee filter in funnel and pour the onion mix in it.
During filtration don't mix or shake, just let gravity work.
Mix will be strained in 5-6 minutes.
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· Take 5 ml of strained liquid with pasteur pipette and pour it
in experiment tube. Slowly add ethanol on it around 1 cm
tickness. Don't mix. Ethanol will stay at the top of the liquid.
In a few minutes you will see thin white strings are coming
up. After 10 minutes, all DNA will be collected in ethanol side
of the tube. You can easily take this white cluster with a rod.
· DNA is water-soluble but it can not be solved in alcohol.
That’s why when you add alcohol, DNA strands get together
and became visible. If you see that in the tube, you extracted
DNA succesfully. Congratulations!
As you can see in the picture above, we succesfully extracted DNA at home and got a good result. Now it is your turn to try!
13
Experiment time for youngstersDNA extraction
page no
When we are sick or have an infection in some part of our body, we usually use antibiotics to heal. Today, they are among most frequently prescribed medications in modern medicine. Altough it seems an ordinary medicine today, before discovery of antibiotics, a lot of people died because of simple diseases or injures. Antibiotics are chemicals produced by or derived from microorganisms, such as bacteria or fungi. In the beginning they have been produced from these microorganisms. Now they are produced synthetically. First discovery After first antibiotic was d iscovered by Alexander Fleming, a Scotch scientist, in 1928, millions of lifes had been saved. When Flemming was working on some bacteria which causes skin disease, he noticed that some fungi from air, destroys this bacteria. This fungi was Penicillium and chemical which is product of this microorganism called 'penicillin'. Antibiotics were a significant breakthrough for medical science. But until 1939 Flemming couldn't produce this chemical because of financial difficulties. In 1939 with help of two scientists Sir Howart Florey and Ernest Boris Chain, Flemming worked on clinical trials in Oxford University. After trials, penicillin began to be produced in USA. Besides normal life, during second world war, people were saved from death of simple injures or sicknesses. For this discovery, Flemming earned Nobel Medical price in 1945.
THEIR DISCOVERY, CHARACTERISTICS AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
ANTIBIOTICS:
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Alexander Flemming
Antibiotics
How antibiotics work? Some antibiotics are 'bactericidal', meaning that they work by killing bacteria. Killing process can be done by several ways. Some a n t i b i o t i c s d a m a g e t h e peptidoglucane layer of cell membrane, by working like detergent. Therefore bacteria can not keep its shape and die. Another way of destroying cell membrane is s t o p p i n g p e p t i d o g l u c a n e producing mechanism and
activating otolityc enzymes. Some of them might inhibit bacterium's ability to turn glucose into energy, or its ability to construct its cell wall. When this happens, the bacterium dies instead of reproducing. Other antibiotics are 'bacteriostatic', they stop multipying of bacteria by breaking nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) synthesis mechanism. They can’t reproduce themselves and our immune system can fight with them easily.
Probably you have seen some explanation on package of antibiotics which you have used, such as broad spectrum or narrow spectrum. 'Broad-spectrum' antibiotics are used to treat a wide
range of infections. 'Narrow spectrum' antibiotics are used to treat a few types of bacteria.
Antibiotic resistance Bacteria are capable of developing resistance to antibiotics. After they get resistance, they can not be killed by commonly used antibiotics. When bacteria are exposed to the same antibiotics over and over, they can change and are no longer affected by the drug. Actually bacteria naturally have a resistance mechanism of antibiotics. It is called natural resistance. They can also develop resistence to antibiotics in time by some mutations. Bacteria have number of ways how they become antibiotic-resistant.
Health
During II. World War penicilin saved thousands of life
15
For example they can possess an internal mechanism of changing their structure so the antibiotic no longer works, they develop ways to inactivate or neutralize the antibiotic. Also bacteria can transfer the genes coding for antibiotic resistance between them. One more resistance mechanism that bacteria have is decreased membrane permeability to antibiotics. Resistance to antibiotics can cause serious problems, because some infectious deseases become more difficult to treat. Resistant bacteria don't response to antibiotics any more and continue to cause infection. Some of these resistant bacteria can be treated with more powerful medicines, but there some infections that are difficult to cure even with new or experimental drugs. According to the ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), antibiotic resistance continues to be a serious public health threat worldwide. In a statement issued in 19th November 2012, the ECDC informed that an estimated 25,000 people die each year in the European Union from antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. Specially in hospitals, uncontrolled use of antibiotics can cause antibiotic resistance. This becames first reason of hospital infections. Resistant bacteria can survive and proliferate despite existence of antibiotics and this situation makes treatment process longer. The worst is that sometimes patient’s life can not be saved. After hospital infections staying at hospital gets longer and between 2-8 days and treatment costs become higher.
Sources Tübitak Bilim ve Teknik Dergisi, May 2013, edition 546 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Flemming http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/10278.php
16
HealthAntibiotics
DID YOU KNOW? How much caffeine can be harmful? Most of us drink a cup of coffee to get out of bed every morning.
When we meet with a friend we order a cappuccino. In summer time
we take a can of cold coke to refresh ourselves. But if we consume
too much caffeine in a short time, we can have serious hearth or
nervous system problems.
There are 85-150 mg caffeine in one cup of coffee, 100-130 mg
caffeine in one liter of coke. When you have caffeine in your body,
its rate in your blood increases highest level in first 15-20 minutes.
In 5 hours you use and remove at least half of caffeine which you
have in your body. Caffeine increases fatty acids in your blood, they
are turned into energy and it makes your body resistance higher. It
stimulates your nervous system, supports your attention, makes
you resistant to sleep.
If a person drinks 6-7 cups of coffee in a short time, feels
restlesness, sleeplessness, has diarrhea and abnormal heart
rhythm. In addition to high blood pressure, heartburn and
headache can happen. But for caffeine poisoning a person should
drink 80-110 cups of coffe or 200 cans of coke. But this is not
practically possible. Symptoms of caffeine poisoning are vomiting,
heart palpitation and coma. Death is also possible because of
respiratory failure and heart attack. If you directly take caffeine
powder to your body, 5-10 grams of it is enough to kill you. Of
course you wouldn't like to try! Just enjoy your morning coffee.
17
Curious mindDid you know?
How microwave ovens cook? In a normal oven, heat comes from its inner walls and transfers
inside of oven by conduction. It means first of all oven heats air
inside of it, after heat transfers from surface of food to interior.
That's why, if you heat oven more than food needs, you burn surface
of food but inner side of it still stays raw. On the contrary in
microwave oven heat is everywhere at the same time. Because heat
doesn't travel by conduction. Energy in microwaves reaches each
part of food at the same time. Waves specially effect water and fat
molecules inside of food.
Frequence of waves is related to energy which they have. In a
microwave oven there are radiowaves which have frequence of
2500 megahertz, and are generated by a vacuum tube. This
frequence is 20 times more then FM radio frequences. Radio waves
have one electric field and one magnetic field and they change their
directions 2,450,000 times in one second. That change moves water
and fat molecules back and forth. This movement causes fraction
and it creates heat energy. While this waves are absorbed by water,
sugar or fat, they can’t be absorbed by oxygen and nitrogen. That's
why air in microwave stays in room temperature. Air doesn't make
food dry. This situation prevents a crusty surface and raw interior.
Like every waves, microwaves in oven has peaks and nodes.
Distance between two peaks refers to wavelength of waves. While
peaks of waves has greatest energy, nodes don’t. It means heat
energy focuses around peaks. That’s why microwave ovens turns
our food to heat every part of it. Still there can be some parts which
are heated too much or less. This happens because several parts of
food have different resistence to heat.
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no
Curious mindDid you know?
How glue sticks? Sticking is a simple chemical reaction. Actually, if you bring
closer enough two surfaces, they are supposed to stick eachother,
because anti poles of two different surfaces want to get together.
But it is practically impossible. Distance between two surfaces -7must be less than 10 milimeters. But even if a surface looks very
-4smooth, it has roughness around 4x10 milimeters depth. In this
case molecules can not get closer because of roughness. Glue fills
gaps between surfaces therefore much more molecules can make
bonds. Molecules of glue must have affinity to both of surface
molecules.
How can glue stay in tube without sticking itself? Most of glues
has two kinds of materials inside. When one of them pushes
molecules of glue to get together, second one (called stabilizer)
makes reverse effect. This situation makes a neutral medium and
there is stability inside the tube. When glue goes out of tube, air
eliminates effects of stabilizer. So, glue hardens and sticks on the
surface.
Actually human invented glue a long time ago. In prehistoric
ages different kind of materials such as blood, egg white or extracts
of water plants have been used by our ancestors to stick some colors
on cave walls. From BC 3500 Ancient Egyptians and Sumerians
invented stronger glues by using animal skin and bones. Today a
wide variety of glues are produced by chemical processes from
hundreds of chemical materials.
Sources http://healthmad.com
Korugan, T.,Lüzumsuz Bilgiler Ansiklopedisi, 2007
http://commons.wikimedia.org/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kp33ZprO0Ck
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Google Science Fair 2013 This year again Google Science Fair got young science lovers
and their brilliant ideas together from all around the world. Great
projects of future scientists between 13 and 18 years old gave
people inspiration and enthusiasm.
Grand award ceremony was held on 23th September in Google
Center California. 15 finalist were competing with their projects.
Google Science Fair Winner Award which is sponsored by Scientific
American, 50,000 USD and Voter's Choise Award, 10,000 USD went
to 17 years old Elif Bilgin from Istanbul, Turkey. Purpose of this
foundations is support further researches of young scientists. Her
project was ‘Creating bioplastic from banana peel’. 17 years old
Eric Chen from USA won Grand Prize and 17-18 Age Group Winner
Award with his project, ‘A New
Anti-flu Medicine’. Grand Prize
includes 10 days trip to
Galapagos Islands with National
Geographic Expeditions. In
addition 50,000 USD Google
scholarship is intended to
further the Grand Prize Winner's
education. Winner can choose a
hands-on experience at one of
these partner organisations: LEGO, CERN or Google.
15 years old Ann Makosinski from Canada won 15-16 Age Group
Winner Award with her ‘Battery-free Flashlight’ Project.
Viney Kumar, 14 years old, from Australia won 13-14 Age Winner
Award with his project, ‘A Signaling System for Emergency
Vehicles’.
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Google Science Fair 2013
Age group awards are these: A
scholarship worth 25,000 USD toward
each finalist's education costs. The
finalists have the second and third choice
of one of the remaining LEGO, CERN or
Google experiences. The finalists' schools
enjoy one year's free digital access to
Scientific American archives.
Creating bioplastic from banana peels In this edition of SCI we will shortly introduce project of Elif
Bilgin, winner of of Science in Action Award and Voter's Choice
Award. Project's name is ‘Using banana peels in the production of
bio-plastic as a replacement of the traditional petroleum based
plastic’. Elif Bilgin describes her project shortly like this: 'I
developed a method for making plastic by using banana peels and
found new areas for the use of plastic that I manifactured: Using the
bioplastic in the making of cosmetic prosthesis and in the
insulation of cables. This project was done over a time period of 2
years. During this time period, I was able to succeed in my
endeavor to manifacture plastic that can actually be used in daily
life.'
She knew that she had to use a plant which is a good starch
source to produce bioplastic. Using banana peel in her project was
perfect reuse of organic source which is everyday thrown away.
This idea completely satisfies her sustainable and environmentalist
vision. Because she wants to live in a better environment like
everyone of us. For that, she decided to make something to change
the world. Elif says that succesful scientists inspired her for her
researches and experiments.
To see other finalists’ projects and winners of previous years,
please visit: www.googlesciencefair.com. You will see brilliant
projects which young intelligent brains achieved.
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Young scientists
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Marie Curie is her role model as a female scientist and Thomas
Edison’s working principle is her motivation. She never gave up
even if she didn’t have results which she expected.
Working hard She worked on her project more than two years to obtain a bioplastic which has appropriate characteristics. After a lot of researches and trials, finally she achieved. First of all she researched to find contents of banana peel to decide that if it is a good starch source or not. Her aim was to produce a bioplastic which can not easily decay and at the same time elastic. She used
propane 1-2-3 triol as a p las t i c i z ier which she researched and found in articles about bioplastic production. Bioplastic which she created in first trials, was decaying in few days. To prevent decaying of plastic she found a solution after a lot of trials. She dipped banana peels in 0.5% of Na S O 2 2 5
solution before boiling and mechanical smashing process
to make it stronger. It worked and material passed strength test and also it didn’t decay for weeks. During her trials she heard about Google Science Fair and decided to attend it with her project. After her long hard work and endeavor, finally she deserved prize.
Sources
https://www.googlesciencefair.com
http://www.scientificamerican.com/science-in-action
22
Elif was trying to find best method
Google Science Fair 2013
Young scientists
23
In August edition we learned Turkish alphabet, some different
letters in Turkish, numbers and some templates. It is time to learn
more. This time we will continue with some simple and useful
dialogues.
Dialogue 1 (Introduction)
A: Merhaba, benim adım Ali. (Hello, my name is Ali.)
E: Benim adım Ece. Tanıştığıma memnun oldum. (My name is
Ece. Nice to meet you.)
A: Ben de. (Me too.)
Dialogue 2 (Asking ages)
A: Kaç yaşındasın? (How old are you.)
E: Ben yirmi beş yaşındayım. Sen kaç yaşındasın? (I am twenty
five years old. How old are you?)
A: Ben otuz yaşındayım. (I am thirty years old.)
Dialogue 3 (Shopping)
C: Merhaba, bu kitabın fiyatı ne kadar? (Hello, how much is this
book?)
S: Sekiz avro. (8 Euros.)
C: Tamam, bunu alıyorum. (OK, I buy this one.)
S: Buyrun, teşekkürler. (Here it is. Thank you.)
C: Teşekkür ederim. İyi günler. (Thank you. Have a good day.)
S: İyi günler. (Have a good day.)
LEARNING
TURKISH
LEARNING TURKISH
LET’S LEARN TURKISH
TURKISH
24
SCIENCE PAGES http://www.worldometers.info In this web page you can find istatistics
about a lot of different topics such as
economics, water, energy, population
growth, health, food... Constantly
changing numbers can make you
confused but I am sure that you will find
very useful informations. Sources of
every statistical data in this page are
specified. It means, by reaching source
page you can read more information about the topic which you have
chosen. When I first discovered this page, I was impressed
especially by birth and death statistics, energy consumption and
remained energy sources.
When you sometimes compare some information which can be
correlated with eachother, it is possible to find very intersting
results. For example, you can obtain this contradiction: when
23,000 people dies of hunger in one day, there is more than half
million obese people in the world!
www.johnkyrk.com This page is very useful for students before their biology exams.
Videos about a lot of topics in biology will be very educational
either for highscoolers and undergraduate students. Animations
and informations which you can find here will make you
understand some biological processes and cell metabolism better.
no
Science pagesEditor’s suggestion
When you look at pictures, if you
put cursor on one part, you will
see explanations beside picture.
In addition, I am sure that after
watching, you will love biology
more. You will find very common
topics such as DNA translation
and transcription, meiosis, crebs
cycle, photosynthesis, energy
productuion in cell and more.
There are seven different langauge options.
www.thenakedscientists.com I always think that science doesn't have to be so serious! Creators of this page made a perfect combination by bringing together science, fun and creativity. Don't be afraid of the name of web page. Creators of it can be little bit crazy but there are too many serious scientific articles besides crazy ones. In articles it is possible to find very good ones about different kind of fields such as maths, chemistry, space, physics, biology, technologhy and other topics. In kitchen science part you can have fun with small tricks which you can easily make at home.
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Longest-standing maths problem Since the 1995 proof of Fermat's Last Theorem, a problem which stood for 365 years, the current longest-standing maths problem is the conjecture posed by Christian Goldbach (1690-1764), a Russian mathematician, in 1742. Goldbach's Conjecture states that every even positive integer greater than 3 is the sum of two (not necessarily distinct) primes. No one has succeeded in proving
or disproving the validity of this conjecture in 257 years.
First use of smallpox as biological weapon
The earliest documented use of the smallpox virus being used as a biological weapon was during the French and Indian
Wars between 1754 and 1767. British soldiers fighting in North America at that time distributed blankets that had been contaminated with smallpox amongst the native American Indians. Epidemics followed, killing more than 50% of the affected tribes. Smallpox is extremely lethal to populations that are not vaccinated against it. Death usually occurs within 2 weeks.
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TEM image of Smallpox virus education.denniskunkel.com
WORLD RECORDS
Longest fur on a cat Colonel Meow, a Himalayan-Persian cross-breed holds the world
record for longest fur on a cat. The 2 year old has fur that reaches
22.87 cm. The incredible feline
from Seattle, Washington, USA was
named 'Colonel Meow' by his
owners, Anne Marie Avey and Eric
Rosario, because of his “epic frown
and fur”.
It was adopted as a rescue cat from
the Himalayan & Persian Society,
needs his fur brushed 2–3 times a
week, and it takes both Anne and
Eric to complete the job. The couple
say that they never use products on Colonel Meow's fur, applying
only water and brushes if he gets dirty. Colonel Meow has his own
facebook page, if you want to send him a message!
Longest ears on a dog ever The longest ears on a dog measured 34.9 cm and 34.2 cm for the
right and left ears, respectively, on 29 September 2004. They
belong to Tigger, a bloodhound, who
is owned by Bryan and Christina
Flessner of St Joseph, Illinois, USA.
Tigger has won many show titles and
over 180 Best of Breed awards. He
was inducted into the Bloodhound
'Hall of Fame' in 2003. Unfortunately
Tigger passed away in October 2009.
Source http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com
Science& animalsWorld records
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SEND + MORE = MONEY
In equation above, each letter
refers one different number.
Find numbers.
2
We have a number which has 5
digits. Number in first digit equals
to sum of last two digits. Second
digit is 2 times of first digit, at the
same time it is 3 times of fourth
digit. If sum of all digits is 16,
what is our number?
3
Answers:1.1: (6+8)*(8/4)=281.2: 6*(9-5/2)=392: 9567 + 1085 = 106523: 36421
WORKING BRAINSOME MATHEMATICS TO HAVE GOOD TIME
1.2
1.1Calculate 28
with numbers 4,6,8,8
Use each number just once.
Calculate 39
with numbers 2,5,6,9
Use each number just once.
1.2
28
Photo: http://education.denniskunkel.com/
Helicobacter pylori
Helicobacter pylori
The Eskimo Nebula from Hubble and Chandrahttp://apod.nasa.gov/
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