School-Wide Positive Behavior Support:
What Is It?
George SugaiOSEP Center on PBIS
Center for Behavioral Education & Research
University of ConnecticutApril 27, 2007
www.pbis.org www.swis.org
PURPOSEEnhance capacity of school psychologists to provide the best
behavioral supports for all students…...
School Psychologist Role
MAIN OUTCOME OBJECTIVES
• Define SWPBS
• Provide rationale for SWPBS
• Build working knowledge of SW-PBS practices & systems
• Describe SWPBS outcomes
www.pbis.org
SW-PBS Logic!Successful individual student behavior support is linked to host environments or school climates that are effective, efficient, relevant, & durable(Zins & Ponti, 1990)
Rose, L. C., & Gallup. A. M. (2005). 37th annual Phi Delta Kappa/Gallup poll of the public’s attitudes toward the public schools. Kappan, September, 41-59.
TOP FOUR 2005
• Lack of financial support (since 2000)
• Overcrowded schools
• Lack of discipline & control
• Drug use
#1 SPOT
• >2000 lack of financial support
• 1991-2000 drug use
• <1991 lack of discipline
Context Matters!
Examples
Individual Student
vs.
School-wide
“Reiko”Assessments indicate that Reiko performs in average to above average range in most academic areas. However, her teacher has noticed Reiko’s frequent talking & asking & answering questions without raising her hand has become an annoying problem to other students & to teacher.
What would Sch Psy do?
“Kiyoshi”Kiyoshi is a highly competent student, but has long history of antisocial behavior. He is quick to anger, & minor events quickly escalate to major confrontations. He has few friends, & most of his conflicts occur with peers in hallways & cafeteria & on bus. In last 2 months, he has been given 8 days of in school detention & 6 days of out of school suspension. In a recent event, he broke glasses of another student.
What would Sch Psy do?
“Mitch”Mitch displays a number of stereotypic (e.g., light filtering with his fingers, head rolling) & self-injurious behaviors (e.g., face slapping, arm biting), & his communications are limited to a verbal vocabulary of about 25 words. When his usual routines are changed or items are not in their usual places, his rates of stereotypic & self-injurious behavior increase quickly.
What would Sch Psy do?
“Rachel”Rachel dresses in black every day, rarely interacts with teachers or other students, & writes & distributes poems & stories about witchcraft, alien nations, gundams, & other science fiction topics. When approached or confronted by teachers, she pulls hood of her black sweatshirt or coat over her head & walks away. Mystified by Rachel’s behavior, teachers usually shake their heads & let her walk away. Recently, Rachel carefully wrapped a dead squirrel in black cloth & placed it on her desk. Other students became frightened when she began talking to it.
What would Sch Psy do?
Fortunately, we have a science that guides Sch Psy to…
• Assess these situations
• Develop behavior intervention plans based on our assessment
• Monitor student progress & make enhancements
All in ways that can be culturally & contextually appropriate
Crone & Horner, 2003
However, context matters….
What factors influence our ability to implement what we know with accuracy, consistency, & durability for students like Rachel, Reiko, Mitch, & Kiyoshi?
“141 Days!”Intermediate/senior high school with 880 students reported over 5,100 office discipline referrals in one academic year. Nearly 2/3 of students have received at least one office discipline referral.
Reiko is in this
school!
5,100 referrals =
76,500 min @15 min =
1,275 hrs =
159 days @ 8 hrs
“Da place ta be”
During 4th period, in-school detention room has so many students that the overflow is sent to the counselor’s office. Most students have been assigned for being in the hallways after the late bell.
Kiyoshi is in this
school!
“Not me”
Middle school principal must teach classes when teachers are absent, because substitute teachers refuse to work in a school that is unsafe & lacks discipline.
Kiyoshi is in this
school!
“Cliques”
During Advisory Class, the “sportsters” sit in the back of the room, & “goths” sit at the front. Most class activities result in out of seat, yelling arguments between the two groups.
Mitch is in this
classroom!
“a, b, c, h, b, o, m, t, v….”
Principal indicates that 40% of kindergarteners are at serious risk for reading failure because they lack knowledge of alphabet & unable to produce individual sounds that make up words.
“Four corners”
Three rival gangs are competing for “four corners.” Teachers actively avoid the area. Because of daily conflicts, vice principal has moved her desk to four corners.
Rachel is in this
school!
“FTD”
On 1st day of school, a teacher found “floral” arrangement on his desk. “Welcome to the neighborhood” was written on the card
You are in this
School!
Questions!• What would behavior support look
like if Mitch, Rachel, Kiyoshi, & Reiko were in these classrooms & schools?
• Are these environments safe, caring, & effective?
Context Matters!
Messages Repeated!1. Successful Individual student
behavior support is linked to host environments or schools that are effective, efficient, relevant, & durable
2. Learning & teaching environments must be redesigned to increase the likelihood of behavioral & academic success
2 Worries & Ineffective Responses to Problem
Behavior
• Get Tough (practices)
• Train-&-Hope (systems)
Worry #1“Teaching” by Getting Tough
Runyon: “I hate this f____ing school, & you’re a dumbf_____.”
Teacher: “That is disrespectful language. I’m sending you to the office so you’ll learn never to say those words again….starting now!”
Immediate & seductive solution….”Get Tough!”
• Clamp down & increase monitoring
• Re-re-re-review rules
• Extend continuum & consistency of consequences
• Establish “bottom line”
...Predictable individual response
Reactive responses are predictable….
When we experience aversive situation, we want select interventions that produce immediate relief
– Remove student
– Remove ourselves
– Modify physical environment
– Assign responsibility for change to student &/or others
When behavior doesn’t improve, we “Get Tougher!”
• Zero tolerance policies
• Increased surveillance
• Increased suspension & expulsion
• In-service training by expert
• Alternative programming
…..Predictable systems response!
Erroneous assumption that student…
• Is inherently “bad”
• Will learn more appropriate behavior through increased use of “aversives”
• Will be better tomorrow…….
But….false sense of safety/security!
• Fosters environments of control
• Triggers & reinforces antisocial behavior
• Shifts accountability away from school
• Devalues child-adult relationship
• Weakens relationship between academic & social behavior programming
Science of behavior has taught us that students….
• Are NOT born with “bad behaviors”
• Do NOT learn when presented contingent aversive consequences
……..Do learn better ways of behaving by being taught directly & receiving positive feedback….consider function
Non-examples of Function-Based approach
“Function” = outcome, result, purpose, consequence
• “Lantana, you skipped 2 school days, so we’re going to suspend you for 2 more.”
• “Phloem, I’m taking your book away because you obviously aren’t ready to learn.”
• “You want my attention?! I’ll show you attention,…let’s take a walk down to the office & have a little chat with the Principal.”
Worry #2:“Train & Hope”
REACT toProblemBehavior
REACT toProblemBehavior
Select &ADD
Practice
Select &ADD
Practice
Hire EXPERTto TrainPractice
Hire EXPERTto TrainPractice
WAIT forNew
Problem
WAIT forNew
Problem
Expect, But HOPE for
Implementation
Expect, But HOPE for
Implementation
Competing, Inter-related National Goals
• Improve literacy, math, geography, science, etc.
• Make schools safe, caring, & focused on teaching & learning
• Improve student character & citizenship
• Eliminate bullying
• Prevent drug use
• Prepare for postsecondary education
• Provide a free & appropriate education for all
• Prepare viable workforce
• Affect rates of high risk, antisocial behavior
• Leave no child behind
• Etc….
SYST
EMS
PRACTICES
DATASupportingStaff Behavior
SupportingStudent Behavior
OUTCOMES
Supporting Social Competence &Academic Achievement
SupportingDecisionMaking
4 PBS Elements
Primary Prevention:School-/Classroom-Wide Systems for
All Students,Staff, & Settings
Secondary Prevention:Specialized Group
Systems for Students with At-Risk Behavior
Tertiary Prevention:Specialized
IndividualizedSystems for Students
with High-Risk Behavior
~80% of Students
~15%
~5%
CONTINUUM OFSCHOOL-WIDE
INSTRUCTIONAL & POSITIVE BEHAVIOR
SUPPORT
http://rtckids.fmhi.usf.eduKutash, K., Duchnowski, A. J., & Lynn, N. (2006). School-based mental health: An empirical guide for decision makers. Tampa, FL: University of South Florida. Louis De la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute, Department of Child & Family Studies, Research & Training Center for Children’s Mental Health.
http://cfs.fmhi.usf.eduDuchnowski, A. J., Kutash, K., & Romney, S., (2006). Voices from the field: A blueprint for schools to increase involvement of families who have children with emotional disturbances. Tamp, FL: University of South Florida, The Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute, Department of Child and Family Studies.
Academic Systems Behavioral Systems
1-5% 1-5%
5-10% 5-10%
80-90% 80-90%
Intensive, Individual Interventions•Individual Students•Assessment-based•High Intensity
Intensive, Individual Interventions•Individual Students•Assessment-based•Intense, durable procedures
Targeted Group Interventions•Some students (at-risk)•High efficiency•Rapid response
Targeted Group Interventions•Some students (at-risk)•High efficiency•Rapid response
Universal Interventions•All students•Preventive, proactive
Universal Interventions•All settings, all students•Preventive, proactive
Designing School-Wide Systems for Student Success
Main Messages
Good Teaching Behavior Management
STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT
Increasing District & State Competency and Capacity
Investing in Outcomes, Data, Practices, and Systems
Agreements
Team
Data-based Action Plan
ImplementationEvaluation
GENERAL IMPLEMENTATION
PROCESS: “Getting Started”
CO PBS
FCPS
BehavioralCapacity
Priority &Status
Data-basedDecisionMaking
Communications
Administrator
TeamAdministratorSpecialized Support
Student
Community
Non-Teaching
Teaching
Family
Representation
Start withTeam that “Works.”
Team-led Process
Meetings
Initiative, Project,
Committee
Purpose Outcome Target Group
Staff Involved
SIP/SID/etc
Attendance Committee
Character Education
Safety Committee
School Spirit Committee
Discipline Committee
DARE Committee
EBS Work Group
Working Smarter
Initiative, Committee
Purpose Outcome Target Group
Staff Involved
SIP/SID
Attendance Committee
Increase attendance
Increase % of students attending daily
All students Eric, Ellen, Marlee
Goal #2
Character Education
Improve character
Improve character All students Marlee, J.S., Ellen
Goal #3
Safety Committee
Improve safety Predictable response to threat/crisis
Dangerous students
Has not met Goal #3
School Spirit Committee
Enhance school spirit
Improve morale All students Has not met
Discipline Committee
Improve behavior
Decrease office referrals
Bullies, antisocial students, repeat offenders
Ellen, Eric, Marlee, Otis
Goal #3
DARE Committee
Prevent drug use High/at-risk drug users
Don
EBS Work Group Implement 3-tier model
Decrease office referrals, increase attendance, enhance academic engagement, improve grades
All students Eric, Ellen, Marlee, Otis, Emma
Goal #2
Goal #3
Sample Teaming Matrix
3-4 YearCommitment
Top 3 School-Wide
Initiatives
Coaching &Facilitation
DedicatedResources
& Time
AdministrativeParticipation
3-Tiered Prevention
LogicAgreements &
Supports
Self-Assessment
EfficientSystems of Data
Management
Team-basedDecisionMaking Evidence-
BasedPractices
MultipleSystems
ExistingDiscipline
DataData-based Action Plan
SWIS
0
5
10
15
20
Ave R
efe
rrals
per
Day
Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
School Months
Office Referrals per Day per MonthLast Year and This Year
0
10
20
30
40
50
Num
ber
of O
ffic
e R
efe
rrals
Bath RBus A Bus Caf ClassComm Gym Hall Libr Play G Spec Other
School Locations
Referrals by Location
Referrals by Problem Behavior
0
10
20
30
40
50
Num
ber
of R
efe
rrals
Lang Achol ArsonBombCombsDefianDisruptDressAgg/fgtTheftHarassProp D Skip Tardy Tobac Vand Weap
Types of Problem Behavior
Referrals per Prob Behavior
Referrals per Location
0
10
20
30
40
50
Num
ber
of O
ffic
e R
efe
rrals
Bath RBus A Bus Caf ClassComm Gym Hall Libr Play G Spec Other
School Locations
Referrals by Location
Referrals per Student
0
10
20
Num
ber
of R
efe
rrals
per
Stu
dent
Students
Referrals by Time of Day
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Num
ber
of R
efe
rrals
7:00 7:30 8:00 8:30 9:00 9:30 10:0010:3011:00 11:3012:0012:30 1:00 1:30 2:00 2:30 3:00 3:30
Time of Day
Referrals by Time of Day
Office Discipline Referrals
• Definition– Kid-Teacher-Administrator interaction
– Underestimation of actual behavior
• Improving usefulness & value– Clear, mutually exclusive, exhaustive definitions
– Distinction between office v. classroom managed
– Continuum of behavior support
– Positive school-wide foundations
– W/in school comparisons
Do we need to tweak our action plan?
• How often?
• Who?
• What?
• Where?
• When?
• How much?
If problem,
• Which students/staff?
• What system?
• What intervention?
• What outcome?
+ If many students are making same mistake, consider changing system….not students+ Start by teaching, monitoring & rewarding…before increasing punishment
Nonclass
room
Setting S
ystems
ClassroomSetting Systems
Individual Student
Systems
School-wideSystems
School-wide PositiveBehavior Support
Systems
1.Common purpose & approach to discipline
2.Clear set of positive expectations & behaviors
3. Procedures for teaching expected behavior
4.Continuum of procedures for encouraging expected behavior
5. Continuum of procedures for discouraging inappropriate behavior
6. Procedures for on-going monitoring & evaluation
School-wide Systems
• Classroom-wide positive expectations taught & encouraged
• Teaching classroom routines & cues taught & encouraged
• Ratio of 6-8 positive to 1 negative adult-student interaction
• Active supervision• Redirections for minor, infrequent behavior errors• Frequent precorrections for chronic errors• Effective academic instruction & curriculum
ClassroomSetting Systems
• Positive expectations & routines taught & encouraged
• Active supervision by all staff– Scan, move, interact
• Precorrections & reminders
• Positive reinforcement
NonclassroomSetting Systems
• Behavioral competence at school & district levels
• Function-based behavior support planning
• Team- & data-based decision making
• Comprehensive person-centered planning & wraparound processes
• Targeted social skills & self-management instruction
• Individualized instructional & curricular accommodations
Individual StudentSystems
School Rules
NO Food
NO Weapons
NO Backpacks
NO Drugs/Smoking
NO Bullying
Redesign Learning & Teaching Environment
Few positive SW expectations defined, taught, & encouraged
Exp
ecta
tions
Expectations & behavioral skills are taught & recognized in natural context
Teaching Matrix
SETTING
All Settings
Hallways Playgrounds CafeteriaLibrary/
Computer Lab
Assembly Bus
Respect Ourselves
Be on task.Give your best effort.
Be prepared.
Walk. Have a plan.
Eat all your food.Select healthy foods.
Study, read,
compute.
Sit in one spot.
Watch for your stop.
Respect Others
Be kind.Hands/feet
to self.Help/share
with others.
Use normal voice
volume.Walk to
right.
Play safe.Include others.Share
equipment.
Practice good table manners
Whisper.Return books.
Listen/watch.Use
appropriate applause.
Use a quiet voice.
Stay in your seat.
Respect Property
Recycle.Clean up after self.
Pick up litter.
Maintain physical space.
Use equipment properly.
Put litter in garbage can.
Replace trays &
utensils.Clean up
eating area.
Push in chairs.Treat books
carefully.
Pick up.Treat chairs appropriately
.
Wipe your feet.Sit
appropriately.
Exp
ecta
tions
Teaching Matrix Activity
Classroom Lunchroom Bus Hallway Assembly
Respect Others
• Use inside voice• ________
• Eat your own food•__________
• Stay in your seat•_________
• Stay to right• _________
• Arrive on time to speaker•__________
Respect Environment & Property
• Recycle paper•_________
• Return trays•__________
• Keep feet on floor•__________
• Put trash in cans•_________
• Take litter with you•__________
Respect Yourself
• Do your best•__________
• Wash your hands•__________
• Be at stop on time•__________
• Use your words•__________
• Listen to speaker•__________
Respect Learning
• Have materials ready•__________
• Eat balanced diet•__________
• Go directly from bus to class•__________
• Go directly to class•__________
• Discuss topic in class w/ others•__________
Expected behaviors are visible
Sirrine Elementary June 8, 2004 SC
RAH – at Adams City High School(Respect – Achievement – Honor)
RAH Classroom Hallway/
Commons
Cafeteria Bathrooms
Respect Be on time; attend regularly; follow class rules
Keep location neat, keep to the right, use appropriate lang., monitor noise level, allow others to pass
Put trash in cans, push in your chair, be courteous to all staff and students
Keep area clean, put trash in cans, be mindful of others’ personal space, flush toilet
Achievement
Do your best on all assignments and assessments, take notes, ask questions
Keep track of your belongings, monitor time to get to class
Check space before you leave, keep track of personal belongings
Be a good example to other students, leave the room better than you found it
Honor Do your own work; tell the truth
Be considerate of yours and others’ personal space
Keep your own place in line, maintain personal boundaries
Report any graffiti or vandalism
RAH – Athletics
RAH Practice Competitions
Eligibility Lettering Team Travel
Respect Listen to coaches directions; push yourself and encourage teammates to excel.
Show positive sportsmanship; Solve problems in mature manner; Positive inter-actions with refs, umps, etc.
Show up on time for every practice and competition.
Show up on time for every practice and competition; Compete x%.
Take care of your own possessions and litter; be where you are directed to be.
Achievement
Set example in the classroom and in the playing field as a true achiever.
Set and reach for both individual and team goals; encourage your teammates.
Earn passing grades; Attend school regularly; only excused absences
Demonstrate academic excellence.
Complete your assignments missed for team travel.
Honor Demonstrate good sportsmanship and team spirit.
Suit up in clean uniforms; Win with honor and integrity; Represent your school with good conduct.
Show team pride in and out of the school. Stay out of trouble – set a good example for others.
Suit up for any competitions you are not playing. Show team honor.
Cheer for teammates.
Remember you are acting on behalf of the school at all times and demonstrate team honor/pride.
Reviewing Strive for Five
• Be respectful.• Be safe.• Work peacefully.• Strive for excellence.• Follow directions.
McCormick Elem. MD 2003
PPerseverance
Holding to a course of action despite
obstacles
• Stay positive• Set goals
• Learn from mistakes
RRespectTo show
consideration, appreciation, and
acceptance
• Respect yourself• Respect others• Demonstrate
appropriate language and behavior
IIntegrity
Adherence to an agreed upon code
of behavior
• Be responsible• Do your own work
• Be trustworthy and trust others
DDiscipline
Managing ones self to achieve goals and meet
expectations
• Strive for consistency
• Attend class daily; be on time• Meet deadlines; do your homework
EExcellence
Being of finest or highest
quality
• Do your personal best
• Exceed minimum
expectations• Inspire
excellence in others
NEHS website, Oct. 26, 2004
Skill Name
Getting Help(How to ask for assistance for difficulty tasks)
Teaching Examples
1. When you’re working on a math problem that you can’t figure out, raise your hand and wait until the teacher can help you.2. You and a friend are working together on a science experiment but you are missing a piece of lab equipment, ask the teacher for the missing equipment.3. You are reading a story but you don’t know the meaning of most of the words, ask the teacher to read and explain the word.
Kid Activity
1. Ask 2-3 students to give an example of a situation in which they needed help to complete a task, activity, or direction.2. Ask students to indicate or show how they could get help.3. Encourage and support appropriate discussion/responses. Minimize attention for inappropriate responses.
After the Lesson(During the Day)
1. Just before giving students difficult or new task, direction, or activity, ask them to tell you how they could get help if they have difficulty (precorrection).2. When you see students having difficulty with a task (e.g., off task, complaining), ask them to indicate that they need help (reminder).3. Whenever a student gets help the correct way, provide specific praise to the student.
“Cool Tool”
Teaching Academics & Behaviors
DEFINESimply
DEFINESimply
MODELMODEL
PRACTICEIn Setting
PRACTICEIn Setting
ADJUST forEfficiency
ADJUST forEfficiency
MONITOR &ACKNOWLEDGE
Continuously
MONITOR &ACKNOWLEDGE
Continuously
“Traveling Passports”
• Precorrecting new kids in Tigard, Oregon
• Procedures
– Meet with key adults
– Review expectations
– Go to class
Character Education• Easy to change moral
knowledge..... ...difficult to change moral conduct
• To change moral conduct...
– Adults must model moral behavior
– Students must experience academic success
– Students must be taught social skills for success
1.Common purpose & approach to discipline
2.Clear set of positive expectations & behaviors
3. Procedures for teaching expected behavior
4.Continuum of procedures for encouraging expected behavior
5. Continuum of procedures for discouraging inappropriate behavior
6. Procedures for on-going monitoring & evaluation
School-wide Systems
Acknowledging SW Expectations: Rationale
• To learn, humans require regular & frequent feedback on their actions
• Humans experience frequent feedback from others, self, & environment– Planned/unplanned
– Desirable/undesirable
• W/o formal feedback to encourage desired behavior, other forms of feedback shape undesired behaviors
Cougar Traits in the Community
Student Name __________________________________
Displayed the Cougar Trait of: RespectResponsibilityCaringCitizenship
(Circle the trait you observed)
Signature _____________________________________________If you would like to write on the back the details of what you observed feel free! Thank you for supporting our youth.
OMMS Business Partner Ticket
6 7 8 Date: ________________Student Name __________________________________
For Demonstrating: Safety Ethics Respect (Circle the trait you observed)
Comments: ___________________________________________
Authorized Signature: ____________________________________
Business Name: ________________________________________
Minnesota 5/06
Are “Rewards” Dangerous?
“…our research team has conducted a series of reviews and analysis of (the reward) literature; our conclusion is that there is no inherent negative property of reward. Our analyses indicate that the argument against the use of rewards is an overgeneralization based on a narrow set of circumstances.”– Cameron, 2002
• Cameron & Pierce, 1994, 2002
• Cameron, Banko & Pierce, 2001
“Good morning, class!”
Teachers report that when students are greeted by an adult in morning, it takes less time to complete morning routines & get first lesson started.
Monitoring DismissalMcCormick Elementary School, MD
“Bus Bucks”• Springfield P.S., OR
• Procedures– Review bus citations
– On-going driver meetings
– Teaching expectations
– Link bus bucks w/ schools
– Acknowledging bus drivers
“Super Sub Slips”
• Empowering subs in Cottage Grove, OR
• Procedures
– Give 5 per sub in subfolder
– Give 2 out immediately
“Positive Office Referral”
• Balancing positive/negative adult/student contacts in Oregon
• Procedures
– Develop equivalent positive referral
– Process like negative referral
“Piece of Paper”
In one month, staff recorded 15 office discipline referrals for rule violations, & 37 for contributing to safe environment
Team Managed
StaffAcknowledgements
ContinuousMonitoring
Staff Training& Support
AdministratorParticipation
EffectivePractices
Implementation
CO PBSFCPS
“80% Rule”
• Apply triangle to adult behavior!
• Regularly acknowledge staff behavior
• Individualized intervention for nonresponders
– Administrative responsibility
Primary Prevention:School-/Classroom-Wide Systems for
All Students,Staff, & Settings
Secondary Prevention:Specialized Group
Systems for Students with At-Risk Behavior
Tertiary Prevention:Specialized
IndividualizedSystems for Students
with High-Risk Behavior
~80% of Students
~15%
~5%
CONTINUUM OFSCHOOL-WIDE
INSTRUCTIONAL & POSITIVE BEHAVIOR
SUPPORT
“Golden Plunger”
• Involve custodian
• Procedure
– Custodian selects one classroom/ hallway each week that is clean & orderly
– Sticks gold-painted plunger with banner on wall
North Myrtle Beach Primary June 8, 2004 SC
“Staff Dinger”
• Reminding staff to have positive interaction
• Procedures
– Ring timer on regular, intermittent schedule
– Engage in quick positive interaction
“1 Free Period”
• Contributing to a safe, caring, effective school environment
• Procedures
– Given by Principal
– Principal takes over class for one hour
– Used at any time
“G.O.O.S.E.”
• “Get Out Of School Early”
– Or “arrive late”
• Procedures
– Kids/staff nominate
– Kids/staff reward, then pick
Agreements
Team
Data-based Action Plan
ImplementationEvaluation
GENERAL IMPLEMENTATION
PROCESS
Relevant &MeasurableIndicators
Team-basedDecision Making &
Planning
ContinuousMonitoring
RegularReview
EffectiveVisual Displays
EfficientInput, Storage, &
Retrieval
Evaluation
SWIS FRMS
Primary Prevention:School-/Classroom-Wide Systems for
All Students,Staff, & Settings
Secondary Prevention:Specialized Group
Systems for Students with At-Risk Behavior
Tertiary Prevention:Specialized
IndividualizedSystems for Students
with High-Risk Behavior
~80% of Students
~15%
~5%
CONTINUUM OFSCHOOL-WIDE
INSTRUCTIONAL & POSITIVE BEHAVIOR
SUPPORT
Sample websites (www.)• pbis.org
• swis.org
• pbismaryland.org
• Pbisillinois.org
• bethel.k12.or.us
• cde.state.co.us/pbs
• flpbs.fmhi.usf.edu
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FY05
Pre-Post SETs by Region
48 48
25 28
39 42
82 8488
808888
0102030405060708090
100
Ann
eA
rund
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Cen
tral
Eas
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n
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Tota
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iscip
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95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99School Years
Kennedy Middle School
FRMS Total Office Discipline ReferralsSustained Impact
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06
Academic Years
Tota
l ODR
s
Pre
Post
“Mom, Dad, Auntie, & Jason”
In a school where over 45% of 400 elem. students receive free-reduced lunch, >750 family members attended Family Fun Night.
I like workin’ at school
After implementing SW-PBS, Principal at Jesse Bobo Elementary reports that teacher absences dropped from 414 (2002-2003) to 263 (2003-2004).
“I like it here.”
Over past 3 years, 0 teacher requests for transfers
“She can read!”With minutes reclaimed from improvements in proactive SW discipline, elementary school invests in improving school-wide literacy.
Result: >85% of students in 3rd grade are reading at/above grade level.
ODR Admin. BenefitSpringfield MS, MD
2001-2002 2277
2002-2003 1322
= 955 42% improvement
= 14,325 min. @15 min.
= 238.75 hrs
= 40 days Admin. time
ODR Instruc. BenefitSpringfield MS, MD
2001-2002 2277
2002-2003 1322
= 955 42% improvement
= 42,975 min. @ 45 min.
= 716.25 hrs
= 119 days Instruc. time
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Major Office Discipline Referrals (05-06)
0-1 '2-5 '6+
3%8%
89%
10%
16%
74%
11%
18%
71%
K=6 (N = 1010) 6-9 (N = 312) 9-12 (N = 104)
Mean Proportion of Students
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Major Office Discipline Referrals (05-06)Percentage of ODRs by Student Group
'0-1 '2-5 '6+
K-6 (N = 1010) 6-9 (N = 312) 9-12 (N = 104)
32%
43%
25%
48%
37%
15%
45%
40%
15%
Bethel School District Office Discipline Referrals
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
K Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 Grade 5 Grade 6 Grade 7 Grade 8 Grade 9 Grade 10 Grade 11 Grade 12
Grade Level
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
District-Wide SET ScoresBethel SET Scores K-12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Mean
% o
f Im
ple
men
tati
on
Po
ints
Fall 00
Spring 01
Spring 02
Spring 03
Spring 04
Spring 05
Spring 06
Spring 07
SWIS summary 05-06(Majors Only)1675 schools, 839,075 students
Grade Range
# Schools
# Students (mean)
Mean ODR/100/ school day (sd)
K-6 1010 439,932(435)
0.37 (50)
6-9 313 205,159(655)
1.02 (1.07)
9-12 104 102,325(983)
1.16 (1.37)
K-(8-12) 248 91,659(369)
1.53 (4.49)
SSS Mean Protective Factor Score: Illinois Schools 03-04 t = 7.21; df = 172; p < .0001
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Met SET Did Not Meet SET
Mea
n P
rote
ctiv
e Fa
ctor
Sco
re
N = 59 N = 128
12 schools 25 schools
SSS Mean Risk Factor Score: Illinois Schools 03-04 t = -5.48; df = 134; p < .0001
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Met SET Did Not Meet SET
Mea
n S
SS
Ris
k Fa
ctor
Sco
re
N = 59
12 schools
N = 128
25 schools
Elem With School-wide PBS
-5
0
5
10
15
20
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Schools
Ch
an
ge
fro
m 9
7-9
8 t
o 0
1-0
2
Elem Without School-wide PBS
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
1 2 3 4 5 6
Schools
Ch
an
ge
fro
m 9
7-98
to 0
1-02
4J School District
Eugene, Oregon
Change in the percentage of students meeting the state standard in reading at grade 3 from 97-98 to 01-02 for schools using PBIS all four years and those that did not.
Mean ODRs per 100 students per school dayIllinois and Hawaii Elementary Schools 2003-04 (No Minors)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
N = 87 N = 53
Met SET 80/80 Did Not Meet SET
Mea
n O
DR
/100
/Day
.64
.85
Schools using SW-PBS report a 25% lower rate of ODRs
Illinois 02-03 Mean Proportion of Students Meeting ISAT Reading
Standardt test (df 119) p < .0001
46.60%
62.19%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
PBIS NOT in place N = 69 PBIS IN place N = 52
Mea
n P
erce
ntag
e of
3rd
gra
ders
m
eetin
g IS
AT
Rea
ding
Sta
ndar
d
N =23 N = 8
Proportion of 3rd Graders who meet or exceed state reading standards (ISAT) in Illinois schools 02-03
t = 9.20; df = 27 p < .0001
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Not Meeting SET Meeting SET
Pro
po
rtio
n o
f S
tud
ents
Mee
tin
g
Rea
din
g S
tan
dar
ds
N = 23 N = 8
“We found some minutes?”
After reducing their office discipline referrals from 400 to 100, middle school students requiring individualized, specialized behavior intervention plans decreased from 35 to 6.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Mea
n P
ropo
rtio
n of
S
tude
nts
Met SET (N = 23) Not Met SET (N =12)
Central Illinois Elem, Middle SchoolsTriangle Summary 03-04
6+ ODR
2-5 ODR
0-1 ODR
84% 58%
11%
22%
05%20%
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Mea
n P
ropo
rtio
n of
S
tude
nts
Met SET N = 28 Not Met SET N = 11
North Illinois Schools (Elem, Middle) Triangle Summary 03-04
6+ ODR
2-5 ODR
0-1 ODR
88% 69%
08%
17%
04%14%
jRtI Logic
Teach w/ best curriculum & instruction
Intervene early at all levels
Use student behavior as
progress indicator
Screen universally &
frequently
Modify & specialize for
non-responders
RtI Applications
EARLY READING/LITERACY SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
TEAMGeneral educator, special
educator, reading specialist, Title 1, school psychologist, etc.
General educator, special educator, behavior specialist, Title 1, school
psychologist, etc.
UNIVERSAL SCREENING
Curriculum based measurement SSBD, record review, gating
PROGRESS MONITORING
Curriculum based measurementODR, suspensions, behavior incidents, precision teaching
EFFECTIVE INTERVENTIONS
5-specific reading skills: phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, comprehension
Direct social skills instruction, positive reinforcement, token economy, active supervision, behavioral contracting,
group contingency management, function-based support, self-
management
DECISION MAKING RULES
Core, strategic, intensive Primary, secondary, tertiary tiers
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100 BL CI/CO
CI/CO +75%
CI/CO +80%
CI/CO +90%
Helena
School Days
Per
cen
t of
Int
erva
ls E
nga
ged
in P
robl
em
B
ehav
ior
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Jade
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Farrell
Began meds.
Class B Results
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100 BL CI/CO
CI/CO +75%
CI/CO +80%
CI/CO +90%
Helena
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Jade
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Farrell
Began meds.
School Days
Per
cen
t of
Int
erva
ls E
nga
ged
in P
robl
em
Beh
avi
or
Class B Results + Composite Peers
Peer
Peer
Peer
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Ben
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Marcellus
BL CI/CO
CI/CO75%
CI/CO80%
FB plan
FB plan 2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Blair
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Olivia
Per
cen
t of
Int
erva
ls E
nga
ged
in P
robl
em
Beh
avi
or
Study 2 Results
School Days
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Olivia
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Marcellus
BL CI/CO
CI/CO75%
CI/CO80%
FB plan
FB plan 2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Ben
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Blair
School Days
Per
cen
t of
Int
erva
ls E
nga
ged
in P
robl
em
Beh
avi
or
Peer
Peer
Peer
Peer
Study 2 Results + Composite Peer
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Sep-04 Oct-04 Nov-04 Dec-04 Jan-05 Feb-05 Mar-05 Apr-05 May-05 Jun-05
Months
Num
ber
of M
ajor
and
Min
or O
ffic
e D
isci
plin
e R
efer
rals
CICO begins 11/15
What is function based support?
• Foundations in behavioral theory, applied behavior analysis, & pbs
• Attention to environmental context
• Emphasis on “purpose” or function of behavior
• Focus on teaching behaviors
• Attention to implementers (adult behaviors) & redesign of teaching & learning environments.
٭
Behavior Support Elements
Problem Behavior
Functional Assessment
Intervention & Support Plan
Fidelity of Implementation
Impact on Behavior & Lifestyle
*Response class*Routine analysis*Hypothesis statement*Function *Alternative behaviors
*Competing behavior analysis *Contextual fit*Strengths, preferences, & lifestyle outcomes*Evidence-based interventions
*Implementation support*Data plan
*Continuous improvement*Sustainability plan
• Team-based• Behavior competence
FunctionsProblemBehavior
Obtain/GetSomething
Escape/Avoid
Something
SocialTangible/Activity
Adult
Stimulation/Sensory
Peer
Pos Reinf Neg Reinf
% Intervals w/ P.B. for Bryce
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41
Sessions**Data points with arrows indicate no medication
% I
nte
rva
ls w
/ P
.B.
Baseline
Contra-IndicatedIndicatedContra-
IndicatedIndicated
% Intervals w/ P.B. for Carter
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27
Sessions
% In
terv
als
w/ P
.B.
Baseline IndicatedIndicated Indicated Modified
Contra-ndicated
Contra-Indicated
Lessons Learned: White House Conference on School Safety
• Students, staff, & community must have means of communicating that is immediate, safe, & reliable
• Positive, respectful, predictable, & trusting student-teacher-family relationships are important
• High rates of academic & social success are important
• Positive, respectful, predictable, & trusting school environment/climate is important for all students
• Metal detectors, surveillance cameras, & security guards are insufficient deterents
Lessons Learned: White House Conference on School Safety
Early Correlates/Indicators
• Significant change in academic &/or social behavior patterns
• Frequent, unresolved victimization
• Extremely low rates of academic &/or social success
• Negative/threatening written &/or verbal messages
• Measurable & justifiable outcomes
• On-going data-based decision making
• Evidence-based practices
• Systems ensuring durable, high fidelity of implementation
PBIS Messages
To Conclude• Create systems-based preventive continuum of
behavior support
• Focus on adult behavior
• Establish behavioral competence
• Utilize data based decisions
• Give priority to academic success
• Invest in evidence-based practices
• Teach & acknowledge behavioral expectations
• Work from a person-centered, function-based approach
• Arrange to work smarter
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