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ZSL Camera Trap Analysis Tool
RAJAN AMIN – LUCY TALLENTS – TIM WACHER – KEVIN DAVEY
ZSL CAMERA TRAPPING
• BIODIVERSITY SURVEY AND MONITORING
• RESEARCH IN ANALYTICAL METHODS
• TRAINING IN FIELD IMPLEMENTATION
• ANALYTICAL PROCESSING TOOLS
• RANGE OF SPECIES, HABITATS & CONSERVATIONOBJECTIVES
• ALGERIA
• KENYA
• TANZANIA
• LIBERIA
• GUINEA
• NIGER
• SAUDI ARABIA
ZSL CAMERA TRAPPING
• MONGOLIA
• NEPAL
• THAILAND
• INDONESIA
• RUSSIA
• Et al.
KENYA: ADERS’ DUIKER
COASTAL FOREST• Critically endangered species• Poor knowledge of wildlife in the area
NEPAL: TIGER
• National level surveys, highly threatened flagship species
GRASSLAND AND FORESTS
MONGOLIA: GOBI BEAR
DESERT• Highly threatened flagship species• Very little known about it
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ALGERIA – SAHARAN CHEETAHS
Farid Belbachir, Nathalie Pettorelli, Tim Wacher, Amel Belbachir-Bazi, Sarah M. Durant 2015.Monitoring Rarity: The Critically Endangered Saharan Cheetah as a Flagship Species for aThreatened Ecosystem. PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0115136 January 28, 2015
SAUDI ARABIA : ARABIAN GAZELLE
• Highly threatened species• Monitoring reintroduction efforts
Why is an analysis tool needed?
WA La rge-spotte dGene t
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Hr.
Ev
en
ts
Bour lon's Genet
0
12
3
4
56
7
8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Hr.
Ev
en
ts
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Days of Camera trapping
NS
pec
ies
Observed Discovery Rate
Minus 1 sd
Plus 1 s d
Div ersity estimate (Jacknife 1)
MANUAL PROCESSING:MULTI-SPECIES STUDIES
45 cameras x 150days x c.30sp
• Camera arrays – Create very large data sets
• Multiple species
• Multiple data manipulations required
• Lack of central data management system
• High potential for errors in manual data handling
• Files tend to proliferate during manual analysis
• Lack of standardisation in manual analysis
• Very slow, loss of data, incomplete analyses/reports
• No equivalent package available (when projectstarted..)
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What does it do? Phase 1• Targetedat processingdata from camera arrays
• Manages multiplesurveys within a single database
• Calculates and reports survey effort
• Permits data filtering, image checking, processing andcorrection
• Provides standardised data model
• Outputs:
– Species lists (sortable by Class, trophic level etc.)
– Species richness
– Trapping rates (user defined‘events’)
– Occupancy analysis
– Plots distributionof records
– Activity patterns
– Temporal trends
ZSL– Camera Trap Data Process
ZSL Camera Trap Tool
Field variables
Ana
Note: Requires appropriate ‘R’ packages pre-loaded (but no manipulation of ‘R’ necessary)and computer date/time formatharmonised – See manual
Back up
Analysis package
Crowdsourcing?
IMAGEPROCESSING
CONVERTS THIS….TO MANAGED DATA SYSTEM:
IMAGE CHECKING, SORTING & EDITING…
SUMMARY REPORTS:SAMPLE EFFORT….
08
/06
/20
13
01
/06
/20
13
25
/05
/20
13
18
/05
/20
13
11
/05
/20
13
04
/05
/20
13
27
/04
/20
13
20
/04
/20
13
13
/04
/20
13
06
/04
/20
13
30
/03
/20
13
23
/03
/20
13
16
/03
/20
13
09
/03
/20
13
02
/03
/20
13
23
/02
/20
13
16
/02
/20
13
09
/02
/20
13
02
/02
/20
13
26
/01
/20
13
19
/01
/20
13
12
/01
/20
13
05
/01
/20
13
29
/12
/20
12
22
/12
/20
12
15
/12
/20
12
08
/12
/20
12
01
/12
/20
12
24
/11
/20
12
17
/11
/20
12
Nu
mb
er
of
Sam
plin
gC
am
era
Sta
tions
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
No. CAMERAS WORKING ON EACH DAY OF SURVEY : TERMIT NOV-JUN 2013
Camera Station Latitude Longitude Ca
me
ra
reco
very
Ca
me
ras
etu
p
Oth
er
-b
lan
k
Oth
er
-
cam
era
mo
un
t
mo
ve
me
nt
Oth
er
-in
sect
Wild
life
Wild
life
-
un
ide
nti
fia
ble
Wild
life
-
un
ide
nti
fie
d
TOTAL
C1_BN-01-01 001° 39' 11.82" S 041° 16' 25.51" E 26 15 69 6 0 942 0 0 1058
C2_BN-01-02 001° 38' 20.88" S 041° 16' 02.30" E 48 18 57 0 3 945 0 0 1071
C3_BN-01-03 001° 37' 29.87" S 041° 15' 16.32" E 6 12 21 0 0 2358 0 0 2397
C4_BN-01-04 001° 36' 34.56" S 041° 14' 35.83" E 51 15 228 0 0 1332 0 0 1626
C5_BN-01-05 001° 35' 33.80" S 041° 14' 02.13" E 42 12 33 0 0 1227 0 0 1314
C6_BN-01-06 001° 34' 45.37" S 041° 13' 31.94" E 18 18 51 0 0 111 0 0 198
C7_BN-01-07 001° 33' 49.56" S 041° 12' 55.63" E 0 24 30 0 0 672 15 0 741
L1_BN-01-08 001° 39' 49.14" S 041° 15' 34.58" E 24 15 33 0 0 573 24 0 669
L2_BN-01-09 001° 38' 53.46" S 041° 15' 05.06" E 90 12 39 0 0 669 27 0 837
L3_BN-01-10 001° 37' 58.37" S 041° 14' 28.23" E 23 6 24 0 0 462 0 0 515
L4_BN-01-11 001° 37' 09.01" S 041° 13' 49.49" E 34 9 12 0 0 1149 0 0 1204
L5_BN-01-12 001° 36' 14.99" S 041° 13' 15.60" E 25 15 123 0 0 669 39 0 871
L6_BN-01-13 001° 35' 19.15" S 041° 12' 40.04" E 10 5 60 0 0 2685 42 0 2802
R1_BN-01-14 001° 33' 49.53" S 041° 12' 55.59" E 32 24 30 0 0 546 21 0 653
R2_BN-01-15 001° 38' 37.09" S 041° 17' 29.86" E 0 12 15 0 0 390 24 0 441
R3_BN-01-16 001° 37' 47.82" S 041° 16' 51.96" E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
R4_BN-01-17 001° 36' 49.29" S 041° 16' 08.53" E 42 12 18 0 0 888 9 0 969
R5_BN-01-18 001° 36' 00.77" S 041° 15' 35.49" E 24 12 189 0 0 5283 54 0 5562
R6_BN-01-19 001° 35' 00.47" S 041° 15' 03.60" E 26 12 36 0 0 1137 9 0 1220
R7_BN-01-20 001° 34' 08.37" S 041° 14' 27.62" E 51 12 21 0 0 1029 9 3 1125
TOTAL: 572 260 1089 6 3 23067 273 3 25273
SUMMARY REPORTSPHOTO TYPE TOTALS….
Camera recovery 4.9 %
Camera setup 3.68 %
Other - blank 4.59 %Other - camera mount movement 0 %
Other - insect 0 %
Wildlife 83.61 %Wildlife - unidentif iable 3.22 %
Wildlife - unidentif ied 0 %
Camera Station: R1_BN-01-14
Camera recovery 2.26 %Camera setup 1.03 %
Other - blank 4.31 %Other - camera mount movement 0.02 %
Other - insect 0.01 %Wildlife 91.27 %
Wildlife - unidentif iable 1.08 %Wildlife - unidentif ied 0.01 %
Camera Station: <All>
BONI FOREST – COASTAL KENYA 2010
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COMPILED SPECIES LISTS..Order Family or Subfamily Scientific Name Local Name
IUCNStatus Habitat Habit Trophic Level
Adult Wt.(kg)
Mammalia
Carnivora Canidea Lycaon pictus African wild dog EN Mixed T Carnivore 25
Carnivora Felidae Caracal caracal Caracal LC Mixed T Carnivore 16
Carnivora Felidae Panthera pardus Leopard NT Mixed T Carnivore 50
Carnivora Herpestidae Bdeogale omnivora Sokoke bushy-tailed mongoose VU Forest T Carnivore 1
Carnivora Herpestidae Helogale parvula Common dwarf mongoose LC Savanna T Omnivore 0.5
Carnivora Hyaenidae Crocuta crocuta Spotted hyaena LC Mixed T Carnivore 65
Carnivora Mustelidae Mellivora capensis Honey badger LC Mixed T Carnivore 10
Carnivora Viverridae Genetta maculata Central african large-spotted genet LC Forest T Carnivore 2
Cetartiodactyla Bovidae Cephalophus adersi Aders' duiker CR Forest T Herbivore 9
Cetartiodactyla Bovidae Cephalophus harveyi Harvey's duiker LC Forest T Herbivore 15
Cetartiodactyla Bovidae Nesotragus moschatus Suni LC Forest T Herbivore 5
Cetartiodactyla Bovidae Syncerus caffer African buffalo LC Desert T Herbivore 600
Cetartiodactyla Bovidae Tragelaphus scriptus Bushbuck LC Woodland T Herbivore 54
Cetartiodactyla Suidae Phacochoerus africanus Common warthog LC Mixed T Omnivore 100
Cetartiodactyla Suidae Potamochoerus larvatus Bushpig LC Woodland T Omnivore 100
Macroscelidea Macroscelididae Petrodromus tetradactylus Four-toed sengiLC Forest T Insectivore 0.2
Macroscelidea MacroscelididaeRhynchocyon chrysopygusssp. Golden-rumped sengi ssp
DD Forest T Carnivore 0.5
Primates CercopithecidaeCercopithecus mitisalbotorquatus Pousargues's Sykes's monkey
LC Forest A Herbivore 3
Primates Cercopithecidae Papio cynocephalus Yellow baboon LC Savanna T Omnivore 19
Primates Galagidae Otolemur crassicaudatus Thick-tailed greater galagoLC Forest Frugivore 2
Proboscidae Elephantidae Loxodonta africana African elephant VU Mixed T Herbivore 4000
Rodentia Hystricidae Hystrix cristata Crested porcupine LC Desert T Herbivore 20
Rodentia Nesomyidae Cricetomys gambianus Gambian giant rat LC Woodland T Omnivore 0.5
Tubulidentata Orycteropodidae Orycteropus afer Aardvark LC Grassland T Insectivore 50
Aves
Columbiformes Columbidae Turtur chalcospilos Emerald-spotted wood dove LC Forest G Herbivore 0.3
Passeriformes Phasianidae Francolinus afer Red-throated spurfowl LC Scrubland T Omnivore 0.4
Passeriformes Phasianidae Guttera pucherani Crested guinea-fowl LC Forest T Omnivore 0.5
Pelecaniformes Threskiornithidae Bostrychia hagedash Hadada ibis LC Mixed Omnivore 0.5
BONI FOREST – COASTAL KENYA 2010
SPECIES RICHNESS CURVES..
Sobs
Jackknife Order 1
Species Richness
Day
14514013513012512011511010510095908580757065605550454035302520151050
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
AUTOMATICALLY LAUNCHES ‘R’ TO RUN CALCULATIONOr export processed data e.g to EstimateS - Colwell 2013
TRAPPING RATES…
Mean number of independent photographic events per trap-day times 100
Ara
bia
nb
ab
ble
r
Ara
bia
ng
az
elle
Ba
t
Bla
ck
sta
rt
Bu
lbu
l
Bu
shy
-ta
iled
jird
Ca
me
l
Cap
eh
are
Ca
t
Co
llare
dd
ov
e
De
ser
th
ed
ge
ho
g
De
se
rtla
rk
Des
ert
mo
nito
r
Do
nke
y
Fo
x
Ge
rbil
Ho
opo
e
Ho
us
eb
un
ting
Hu
me
'so
wl
Ke
str
el
Lau
gh
ing
dov
e
Nu
bia
nib
ex
Re
dfo
x
Ro
ck
hy
rax
San
dpa
rtri
dg
e
Sh
oats
Sp
ani
sh
sp
arr
ow
Sp
iny
mo
us
e
Wh
ite-c
row
ne
db
lac
kw
he
ate
ar
Wo
lf
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Wadi Nukhaylan : Ibex Reserve Saudi Arabia
TEMPORAL SEQUENCES…
Species: Camel
08/0
6/2
013
01/0
6/2
013
25/0
5/2
013
18/0
5/2
013
11/0
5/2
013
04/0
5/2
013
27/0
4/2
013
20/0
4/2
013
13/0
4/2
013
06/0
4/2
013
30/0
3/2
013
23/0
3/2
013
16/0
3/2
013
09/0
3/2
013
02/0
3/2
013
23/0
2/2
013
16/0
2/2
013
09/0
2/2
013
02/0
2/2
013
26/0
1/2
013
19/0
1/2
013
12/0
1/2
013
05/0
1/2
013
29/1
2/2
012
22/1
2/2
012
15/1
2/2
012
08/1
2/2
012
01/1
2/2
012
24/1
1/2
012
17/1
1/2
012
Nu
mbe
rof
Ind
epe
nden
tPh
oto
gra
phic
Ev
ents
9
8.5
8
7.5
7
6.5
6
5.5
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
CAMELSNov.12 to Jun 13
EVENT FREQUENCY BY DATE
TERMIT - NIGERNov.12 to Jun 13
Species: Golden jackal
08/0
6/2
013
01/0
6/2
013
25/0
5/2
013
18/0
5/2
013
11/0
5/2
013
04/0
5/2
013
27/0
4/2
013
20/0
4/2
013
13/0
4/2
013
06/0
4/2
013
30/0
3/2
013
23/0
3/2
013
16/0
3/2
013
09/0
3/2
013
02/0
3/2
013
23/0
2/2
013
16/0
2/2
013
09/0
2/2
013
02/0
2/2
013
26/0
1/2
013
19/0
1/2
013
12/0
1/2
013
05/0
1/2
013
29/1
2/2
012
22/1
2/2
012
15/1
2/2
012
08/1
2/2
012
01/1
2/2
012
24/1
1/2
012
17/1
1/2
012
Nu
mbe
rof
Ind
epe
nden
tPh
oto
gra
phic
Ev
ents
4. 5
4
3. 5
3
2. 5
2
1. 5
1
0. 5
0
Species: Dorcas gaz ell e
08/0
6/2
013
01/0
6/2
013
25/0
5/2
013
18/0
5/2
013
11/0
5/2
013
04/0
5/2
013
27/0
4/2
013
20/0
4/2
013
13/0
4/2
013
06/0
4/2
013
30/0
3/2
013
23/0
3/2
013
16/0
3/2
013
09/0
3/2
013
02/0
3/2
013
23/0
2/2
013
16/0
2/2
013
09/0
2/2
013
02/0
2/2
013
26/0
1/2
013
19/0
1/2
013
12/0
1/2
013
05/0
1/2
013
29/1
2/2
012
22/1
2/2
012
15/1
2/2
012
08/1
2/2
012
01/1
2/2
012
24/1
1/2
012
17/1
1/2
012
Num
ber
ofI
nd
epen
dent
Pho
togr
aphi
cE
ven
ts
4 .5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
GOLDEN JACKALNov.12 to Jun 13
DORCAS GAZELLENov.12 to Jun 13
OCCUPANCY : SELECTED MAMMALSTERMIT MASSIF 2012-13: data output
(Equivalent to the basic ‘1 GROUP, CONSTANT P’ model of PRESENCE Hines 2006)Note: Presence/absence matrices exportable for separate analysis
SPECIES ‘OCCUPANCY’ DETECTION PROBABILITY
NaïveEstimate
ModelledEstimate
StandardError
Lower95% CI
Upper95% CI
Estimate StandardError
Lower95% CI
Upper95% CI
Barbary sheep 0.6 0.603 0.11 0.381 0.789 0.409 0.048 0.318 0.506
Camel 0.95 0.95 0.049 0.717 0.993 0.565 0.037 0.491 0.636
Cape hare 0.7 0.703 0.103 0.474 0.862 0.472 0.044 0.387 0.558
Dama 0.3 0.346 0.123 0.154 0.605 0.2 0.06 0.107 0.343
Dorcas gazelle 0.9 0.908 0.068 0.668 0.98 0.38 0.038 0.308 0.458
Golden jackal 0.8 0.811 0.091 0.574 0.931 0.413 0.041 0.336 0.495
Nubian bustard 0.3 0.3 0 0.3 0.3 0.072 0.046 0.02 0.231
Rueppell's fox 0.7 0.762 0.115 0.48 0.917 0.24 0.041 0.169 0.329
Striped hyaena 0.2 0.2 0 0.2 0.2 0.095 0.06 0.026 0.29
Wild cat 0.7 0.704 0.103 0.474 0.863 0.456 0.044 0.372 0.543
OCCUPANCY: SELECTED MAMMALSTERMIT MASSIF 2012-13: graphic output
Modelled EstimateNaïve Estimate
Barb
ary
shee
p
Cam
el
Cap
ehare
Dam
a
Dorc
as
gazelle
Nubia
nb
usta
rd
Ruepp
ell's
fox
Str
iped
hyaen
a
Wild
ca
t
Oc
cupan
cy
1
0.95
0.9
0.85
0.8
0.75
0.7
0.65
0.6
0.55
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
AUTOMATICALLY LAUNCHES ‘R’ TO RUN CALCULATIONS
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ACTIVITY PATTERNSSpecies : Giant e lephant shrew
Hour of the Day0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Num
ber
of
Inde
pende
ntP
hoto
gra
phic
Eve
nts
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Species: Four-toed elephant shrew
Hour of the Day0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Num
be
rof
Ind
epend
entP
hoto
gra
phic
Events
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
GIANT SENGI
BONI FORESTMar – Jun 2010
FOUR-TOED SENGI
BONI FORESTMar – Jun 2010
DISTRIBUTION OF RECORDSGoogle Earth (& ArcReader)…
AUTOMATIC INTERFACE WITH GOOGLE EARTHBARBARY SHEEP – TERMIT NOV-JUN 2013
4 STANDARD DATA INPUTS:
1. CAMERA LOCATION AND SITE COVARIATES
2. CAMERA MAKE & CONFIGURATION DETAILS
3. CAMERA SETUP, SERVICE & RECOVERY DATES
4. IMAGE DATA
DATA PREPARATION 1 - IMAGE DATA
META-DATA EXTRACTION
1 - IMAGE DATA
META-DATA EXTRACTION
DATA STANDARDISATION
• STANDARD ‘PHOTO TYPE’ CLASSES
• EXTENSIVE USE OF LOOK-UP TABLES IN THEDATA MODEL (FIXED AND EDITABLE COMPONENTS)
• SPECIES NAMES BASED ON IUCN REDLIST
• SEPARATE ‘COUNTRY TEMPLATES’ FOR SPECIES
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1. IMAGE DATA
1) LOAD META DATA FOR EACH CAMERA SEQUENTIALLY :
2) ENTER PHOTO TYPE & SPECIES BY HAND (MUST MATCH LOOK-UP TABLE OPTIONS)
2. CAMERA SITE NAME,POSITION, SITE VARIABLES
3. CAMERA CONFIGURATION4. SET-UP, SERVICE, RECOVERY &
FUNCTIONING HISTORIES
DEMONSTRATION CURRENT FUNCTIONS• standard import format and data model
• image checking, sorting & editing
• data exporting
• survey effort reports, Survey time,
photo type breakdown
• species reports Species list
Species richness
Temporal patterns
Trapping rates
Occupancy (basic)
Distribution maps
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ZSL Camera Trap Analysis Tool
Speci es: Four-toed e lephant shrew
Hour of the Day0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Num
ber
ofI
nde
pen
den
tPho
tog
raph
icEv
ents
3 0
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Modelled Es timate
Naïve Est imate
Bar
bary
she
ep
Cam
el
Ca
peh
are
Dam
a
Dor
cas
gaz
elle
Nub
ian
bus
tard
Rue
ppe
ll's
fox
Stri
ped
hyae
na
Wild
cat
Oc
cup
ancy
1
0.95
0.9
0.85
0.8
0.75
0.7
0.65
0.6
0.55
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
OCCUPANCY
ACTIVITY
Sobs
Jackknif eOrder 1
Species Richness
Day14514013513012512011511010510095908580757065605550454035302520151050
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SPECIES RICHNESS
TRAPPING RATE & LOCATION
WHAT ELSE CAN WE DO WITH THIS DATA?
Besides establishing baselineindices…
• Determine factors affectingspecies distribution andabundance
• Information about behaviourand ecology
• Inter & Intra-specificinteractions
• Monitor environmental &seasonal changes
• Other impacts
OCCUPANCY WITH COVARIATES
Blue Duiker – Arabuko Sokoke Forest Bushy Tailed Mongoose
Gambian Rat Golden Rumped Sengi
Distance to PA boundary Distance to PA boundary
Distance to PA boundary Distance to PA boundary
BEHAVIOUR AND ECOLOGICAL INSIGHTS
• Territoriality, scent marking
• Reproduction
• Inter-specific interactions
• Time lapse- seasonalchanges
SCENT-MARKING – LARGE SPOTTED GENET, BONI F.R.
Reproductive behaviour- detection of breeding season
Nubian ibex, Saudi Arabia
0
5
10
15
20
25
Red River Hog
(n= 1950)
Brush-tailed
Porcupine
(n=1434)
Others (n=2463)
NIm
ag
es
wit
hb
ats
Observed
Expected
GUINEA:
INSECTIVOROUS BATSASSOCIATING WITH REDRIVER HOG GROUPSIN PREFERENCE TO OTHERNOCTURNAL SPECIES
19/03/2016
8
OTHER IMPACTS….
• Environmental events
• Human impacts- hunting, poaching
Camera Trapping Process
• 1) PROTOCOLS & BEST PRACTICES
• 2) TRAINING: SURVEY DESIGN & FIELD SET UP
• 3) TRAINING : DATA MANAGEMENT & ANALYSIS
• 4) COMPREHENSIVE REPORTING
IMPACT OF TRAINING
STANDARDISING CAMERAPOSITION
50% OF CAMERAS BEFORE TRAINING
95% OF CAMERAS AFTER TRAINING
Image meta-data processing module
Output standard reports
Community structure analysis
Additional statistical tests (χ2, circular stats. etc.)
Radial activity plots
Cross survey analyses
Occupancy modelling with covariates
Spatially explicit capture-recapture modelling (markedanimals)
Population estimates for unmarked animals (REM )
Activity modelling
Crowd sourcing
FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
Spe cie s: Rue ppe ll's f ox
Ho ur of the Day0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 1 3 14 15 16 1 7 1 8 19 20 21 2 2 2 3
Num
ber
ofIn
dep
end
ent
Pho
togr
aph
icE
vents
8
7 .5
7
6 .5
6
5 .5
5
4 .5
4
3 .5
3
2 .5
2
1 .5
1
0 .5
0
Spec ies : Golden jac kal
Hour of t he Day0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 2 3
Num
ber
ofIn
dep
end
ent
Pho
togr
aphi
cE
vent
s
1 6
1 5
1 4
1 3
1 2
1 1
1 0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
African ‘golden wolf’
Rueppell’s fox
DEVELOPMENT – PHASE 2e.g. Introduce radial plots to compare activity patterns
19/03/2016
9
QUESTIONS?
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