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Page 1: Scattering line polarization and Hanle effect in weakly ... · A gentle introduction: scattering line polarization, the Hanle effect and horizontal transfer effects in pictures Equations,

   

Scattering line polarization and Hanle effect in weakly inhomogeneous 

atmospheres

Beaulieu 2007

Page 2: Scattering line polarization and Hanle effect in weakly ... · A gentle introduction: scattering line polarization, the Hanle effect and horizontal transfer effects in pictures Equations,

   

A gentle introduction: scattering line polarization, the Hanle effect and horizontal transfer effects in pictures

Equations, equations, equations...

The method: linearization, harmonic analysis, numerical solution

Conclusions: it works

The talk, briefly:

Page 3: Scattering line polarization and Hanle effect in weakly ... · A gentle introduction: scattering line polarization, the Hanle effect and horizontal transfer effects in pictures Equations,

   

Scattering line polarization: the classical (springs) model

Q > 0U = 0

Page 4: Scattering line polarization and Hanle effect in weakly ... · A gentle introduction: scattering line polarization, the Hanle effect and horizontal transfer effects in pictures Equations,

   

The Hanle effect: the classical (spring & hops) model

B

Q < Q0 U = 0/

Page 5: Scattering line polarization and Hanle effect in weakly ... · A gentle introduction: scattering line polarization, the Hanle effect and horizontal transfer effects in pictures Equations,

   

Scattering line polarization: horizontal illumination

Q < Q0U = 0

Page 6: Scattering line polarization and Hanle effect in weakly ... · A gentle introduction: scattering line polarization, the Hanle effect and horizontal transfer effects in pictures Equations,

   

Scattering polarization: oblique illumination

Q < Q0 U = 0/

Page 7: Scattering line polarization and Hanle effect in weakly ... · A gentle introduction: scattering line polarization, the Hanle effect and horizontal transfer effects in pictures Equations,

   

Scattering polarization: oblique illumination

Q < Q0 U = 0/

As the Hanle effect!

Page 8: Scattering line polarization and Hanle effect in weakly ... · A gentle introduction: scattering line polarization, the Hanle effect and horizontal transfer effects in pictures Equations,

   

(unpolarized lower level)

Scattering line polarization: radiative transfer equations

Page 9: Scattering line polarization and Hanle effect in weakly ... · A gentle introduction: scattering line polarization, the Hanle effect and horizontal transfer effects in pictures Equations,

   

Scattering line polarization: radiative transfer equations

Page 10: Scattering line polarization and Hanle effect in weakly ... · A gentle introduction: scattering line polarization, the Hanle effect and horizontal transfer effects in pictures Equations,

   

Scattering line polarization: statistical equilibrium

Page 11: Scattering line polarization and Hanle effect in weakly ... · A gentle introduction: scattering line polarization, the Hanle effect and horizontal transfer effects in pictures Equations,

   

Radiation field tensors

Page 12: Scattering line polarization and Hanle effect in weakly ... · A gentle introduction: scattering line polarization, the Hanle effect and horizontal transfer effects in pictures Equations,

   

Planeparallel geometry: We know how to solve it (either using of statistical tensors, or with equivalent phase matrix formalism)

2D & 3D geometries are hard, but it can be done nonetheless (Manso Sainz 2002, Manso Sainz & Trujillo Bueno 1998)

Here we consider a restricted case (easier, more transparent, more fun):2D case with weak fluctuations

1. Linear problem2. 3D problem can be reduced to this 2D case

Page 13: Scattering line polarization and Hanle effect in weakly ... · A gentle introduction: scattering line polarization, the Hanle effect and horizontal transfer effects in pictures Equations,

   

A note on symmetry of a 2D scattering atmosphere

Therefore:

Let y be the invariant direction (i.e., things vary along x), then a reflexionon the y­z plane  leaves the system invariant. Therefore:

x x

yy

z z

Page 14: Scattering line polarization and Hanle effect in weakly ... · A gentle introduction: scattering line polarization, the Hanle effect and horizontal transfer effects in pictures Equations,

   

Radiation field tensors

Page 15: Scattering line polarization and Hanle effect in weakly ... · A gentle introduction: scattering line polarization, the Hanle effect and horizontal transfer effects in pictures Equations,

   

Assuming weak horizontal fluctuations:

Then:

The RTE for intensity:

Page 16: Scattering line polarization and Hanle effect in weakly ... · A gentle introduction: scattering line polarization, the Hanle effect and horizontal transfer effects in pictures Equations,

   

Assuming weak horizontal fluctuations:

Then:

The RTE for Stokes Q:

Page 17: Scattering line polarization and Hanle effect in weakly ... · A gentle introduction: scattering line polarization, the Hanle effect and horizontal transfer effects in pictures Equations,

   

Assuming weak horizontal fluctuations:

Then:

The RTE for intensity:

Page 18: Scattering line polarization and Hanle effect in weakly ... · A gentle introduction: scattering line polarization, the Hanle effect and horizontal transfer effects in pictures Equations,

   

Harmonic Analysis

Let's assume:

Then, due to linearity, every Stokes parameter I, Q & U satisfies: 

Page 19: Scattering line polarization and Hanle effect in weakly ... · A gentle introduction: scattering line polarization, the Hanle effect and horizontal transfer effects in pictures Equations,

   

A note on the symmetries of the sinusoidal fluctuations

Page 20: Scattering line polarization and Hanle effect in weakly ... · A gentle introduction: scattering line polarization, the Hanle effect and horizontal transfer effects in pictures Equations,

   

Therefore:

(and analogously for Q and U)

Page 21: Scattering line polarization and Hanle effect in weakly ... · A gentle introduction: scattering line polarization, the Hanle effect and horizontal transfer effects in pictures Equations,

   

Therefore:

Page 22: Scattering line polarization and Hanle effect in weakly ... · A gentle introduction: scattering line polarization, the Hanle effect and horizontal transfer effects in pictures Equations,

   

Hence, for the sinusoidal fluctuation:

Page 23: Scattering line polarization and Hanle effect in weakly ... · A gentle introduction: scattering line polarization, the Hanle effect and horizontal transfer effects in pictures Equations,

   

The 2D transfer equation for the fluctuations:

Two coupled (pseudo) 1D transfer equations for the amplitudes:

Page 24: Scattering line polarization and Hanle effect in weakly ... · A gentle introduction: scattering line polarization, the Hanle effect and horizontal transfer effects in pictures Equations,

   

Derivation:

QEDIdentify cos & sin terms.

Page 25: Scattering line polarization and Hanle effect in weakly ... · A gentle introduction: scattering line polarization, the Hanle effect and horizontal transfer effects in pictures Equations,

   

Numerical method of solution

Formal solution based on short­characteristics integration (but for two coupled equations)

Angular quadrature: Gaussian for inclination (as always), and trapezoidal rule for azimuth

Iterative method: variation on ALI or GS including inversion of a tridiagonal matrix

More details: soon

Page 26: Scattering line polarization and Hanle effect in weakly ... · A gentle introduction: scattering line polarization, the Hanle effect and horizontal transfer effects in pictures Equations,

   

Amplitudes of the radiation field tensor fluctuations

Page 27: Scattering line polarization and Hanle effect in weakly ... · A gentle introduction: scattering line polarization, the Hanle effect and horizontal transfer effects in pictures Equations,

   

Emergent profiles along the sinusoidal fluctuations

0.1

0.2

0.30.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.2

.

0.3 0.4

0.5

/ = 0.1

Page 28: Scattering line polarization and Hanle effect in weakly ... · A gentle introduction: scattering line polarization, the Hanle effect and horizontal transfer effects in pictures Equations,

   

As long as we keep linear:

A 3D problem reduces to several 2D problems (Fourier transform on the horizontal plane + rotations of radiation tensors)

A 2D problem reduces to 2 coupled plane­parallel problems

The 1D problem is easily (fast and accurate) solved numerically  

Summarizing...

Page 29: Scattering line polarization and Hanle effect in weakly ... · A gentle introduction: scattering line polarization, the Hanle effect and horizontal transfer effects in pictures Equations,

   

So, now what?Further generalizations:

Magnetic field (Hanle effect)     easy

Perturbation of other parameters (other than B and k)    easy

From normal Zeeman triplet to transitions with lower level atomic polarization    ha!