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J A C K I E S A R A L E G U I
Chemiosmosis
andATP Synthase
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The Stages of Aerobic Respiration
1. Glycolysis 2. Formation of
acetyl CoA 3. The Krebs
Cycle 4. Oxidative
Phosphorylation(this is where
chemiosmosisand ATP synthasecome into play)
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Most of the energy (ATP) produced during cellrespiration occurs in the mitochondria duringstage 4: oxidative phosphorylation
in this stage, electrons are transferred from electroncarriers to oxygen, resulting in ATP synthesis
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The Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
As electrons are removed from molecules of glucosethey are transferred to readied hydrogen carriermolecules: NADH and FADH2
NADH and FADH2shuttle electrons to the ETC, andthe hydrogen atoms are split into hydrogen ions andelectrons:
H22H++ 2e-
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ETC cont
The high-energy electrons from NADH and FADH2are passed down the ETC, which is a series of proteincarrier molecules that are embedded in the cristae(the membrane along the inner membrane of amitochondrion)
the electrons travel down the ETC until they reachthe final electron acceptor, oxygenwater is formed
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Chemiosmosis
Some of the energy released from the ETC is used topump hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrialmembrane to the intermembrane space
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Chemiosmosis cont
The pumping of hydrogen ions into theintermembrane space creates a pH gradient, orproton gradient
the potential energy established in this gradient isresponsible for the production of ATP
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ATP Synthase
These hydrogen ions can diffuse across the innermembrane only by passing through channels called
ATP synthase (or ATP synthetase)
the flow of protonsthrough these channelsproduces ATP by
combining ADP and Pion the matrix side ofthe channel
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Chemiosmosis and ATP Synthasein Photosynthesis
Like in aerobic respiration, during photosynthesis
Energy from the ETCs help create a proton gradientof H+ ions
These H+ move through the ATP synthase pump tophosphorylate ADP into ATP (chemiosmosis)
ATP is made crossing an inner membrane
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Chemiosmosis and ATP Synthasein Photosynthesis cont
BUT- in aerobic respiration, the ATP synthase isfound on the inner mitochondrial membrane in themitochondria and in photosynthesis it is found onthe thylakoid membrane in the chloroplasts
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Chemiosmosis is the key to the production of ATP in bothphotosynthesizing and non-photosynthesizing organisms
The process is similar to how a hydroelectric plant converts
the enormous
potential energy of water
flowing through a dam to
turn turbines and generate
electricity
Stage 4 produces 32 ATP!
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Another Helpful Diagram:
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Citations
Campbell, Neil A., and Jane B. Reece.Biology. SanFrancisco: Pearson, Benjamin Cummings, 2005. Print.
Goldberg, Deborah T. "Chemiosmosis."AP Biology.Hauppauge, NY: Barron's Educational Series, 2010. N. pag.
Print.
Magloire, Kim. "Chemiosmosis." Cracking the AP BiologyExam. New York: Random House, 2010. N. pag. Print.
"Chemiosmosis." - Definition from Biology-Online.org.
N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Dec. 2013.
http://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/photosyn/fg5.html
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Image citations
http://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/atpsynthase_il.htm
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/bio%20101%20lectures/cellular%20respiration/cellular.htm
http://library.thinkquest.org/27819/ch4_7.shtml http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lectures/respi
ration.htm http://www2.nau.edu/~fpm/bio205/u4fg36.html
http://cnx.org/content/m46451/latest/ http://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/photo
syn/fg5.html
http://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/atpsynthase_il.htmhttp://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/atpsynthase_il.htmhttp://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/bio%20101%20lectures/cellular%20respiration/cellular.htmhttp://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/bio%20101%20lectures/cellular%20respiration/cellular.htmhttp://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/bio%20101%20lectures/cellular%20respiration/cellular.htmhttp://library.thinkquest.org/27819/ch4_7.shtmlhttp://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lectures/respiration.htmhttp://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lectures/respiration.htmhttp://www2.nau.edu/~fpm/bio205/u4fg36.htmlhttp://cnx.org/content/m46451/latest/http://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/photosyn/fg5.htmlhttp://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/photosyn/fg5.htmlhttp://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/photosyn/fg5.htmlhttp://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/photosyn/fg5.htmlhttp://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/photosyn/fg5.htmlhttp://cnx.org/content/m46451/latest/http://cnx.org/content/m46451/latest/http://www2.nau.edu/~fpm/bio205/u4fg36.htmlhttp://www2.nau.edu/~fpm/bio205/u4fg36.htmlhttp://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lectures/respiration.htmhttp://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lectures/respiration.htmhttp://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lectures/respiration.htmhttp://library.thinkquest.org/27819/ch4_7.shtmlhttp://library.thinkquest.org/27819/ch4_7.shtmlhttp://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/bio%20101%20lectures/cellular%20respiration/cellular.htmhttp://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/bio%20101%20lectures/cellular%20respiration/cellular.htmhttp://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/bio%20101%20lectures/cellular%20respiration/cellular.htmhttp://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/bio%20101%20lectures/cellular%20respiration/cellular.htmhttp://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/atpsynthase_il.htmhttp://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/atpsynthase_il.htmhttp://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/atpsynthase_il.htm