Richard AverbeckGeschäftsführer Entwicklung
EvoBus GmbH
Safety in Bus Traffic
VDA-PresseworkshopNutzfahrzeuge – Mobile Zukunft
Frankfurt 8./9. Juli 2004
Buses and coaches represent the by far safest meansof passenger transportation
Analysis
Persons killed per 1 billion passenger kilometersPersons killed per 1 billion passenger kilometers
0,1
3,2
4,3
7,7
Bus / Coach Aircraft Train Passenger Car
Bus / CoachAircraftTrainPassenger Car
protection systems
warning systems
assistance systems
automatic safety
systems
Safety Concept
Safety in buses is achieved only by a comprehensiveapproach
Passive Safety... „crashworthiness“
Active Safety.. „preventing accidents“
normal cruise
Crash
protection systems
Safety Concept
Regulations mainly target passenger protection inpost-crash phase
warning systems
assistance systems
automatic safety
systems
Passive Safety... „crashworthiness“
Active Safety... „preventing accidents“
normal cruise
Crash
Rollover stability ECE-R 66 in Germany by 05/05mandatory – already from 1992 onward introduced anddeveloped by German manufacturers
Passive Safety
ECE R66
height 800 mm
... and modern frame structure since 2000 (round ribbing concept)
Test-layout...
Considerable progress in passenger safety byoptimized seat structures and obligatory integration ofseatbelts –provided that they are used
Passive Safety
ECE R14/16
ECE R80
ECE R66
zone of deformation
zone for head impact
2 pointbelt
Outlook: Optimizations concerning frontal impactdesired – with limited conceptual possibilities
Passive Safety
ECE R14/16
ECE R80
ECE R66
Solid frame structureMass of drive trainSolid frame structureMass of drive train
Front endFrame structure, engine Front endFrame structure, engine
Front endFrameMass
Front endFrameMass
Solid frame structureMass of drive trainSolid frame structureMass of drive train
Front endFrame structure, engine Front endFrame structure, engine
Vehicle Passenger
Road Traffic
Weather
Target is to reduce or avoid accidents –driver is the “weak point” in the system
Source: DaimlerChrysler
Analysis
Driver
Safety Concept
From manufacturers‘ point of view active safety shouldhave priority towards increased passive safety
protection systems
warning systems
assistance systems
automatic safety
systems
Passive Safety... „ crashworthiness“
Active Safety... „ preventing accidents“
normal cruise
Crash
Target: early mitigation of dangerous situations.German manufacturers are working together onintroduction of Lane Departure Warning System, targetdate 2005
Warning Systems
DistractedInattentiveExhausted
DistractedInattentiveExhausted
SPA
Adaptive cruise control (ART) relieves driverconsiderably. It expands speed control (v = const) byan environment controlled brake and accelerationregulation
Assistance Systems
ARTBA
Adaptive cruise control in order toMaintain driver‘s conditionKeep safety distanceBrake engagement up to 2,5 m/s2
Distance warningwhen falling below critical distance
Adaptive cruise control in order toMaintain driver‘s conditionKeep safety distanceBrake engagement up to 2,5 m/s2
Distance warningwhen falling below critical distance
ARTBA
RealizationObject finding:pulse-dopplerDetermination run of curve:yaw rate or steering angle sensorLongitudinal control:software for signal analysis and speed controlDisplay concept:driver information
RealizationObject finding:pulse-dopplerDetermination run of curve:yaw rate or steering angle sensorLongitudinal control:software for signal analysis and speed controlDisplay concept:driver information
Adaptive cruise control (ART) relieves driverconsiderably. It expands speed control (v = const) byan environment controlled brake and accelerationregulation
Assistance Systems
German manufacturers traditionally play a leading roleconcerning the introduction of automatic safetysystems
Automatic Safety Systems
ABS
mandatory since 1991standard since middle of 80‘smandatory since 1991standard since middle of 80‘s
Commitment of German bus manufacturers to offerESP for all newly introduced coaches from 07/04
Electronic Stability ProgramABS ESPABS
ESP stabilizes bus by wheelselective brake engagement
Automatic Safety Systems
Further safety initiative of German manufacturers toIAA 2004: Introduction of permanent brake control(DBL) I/2005
DBLESPABS
Normale cruise: electronic cruise control
Downhill: low gear, retarder, brake control
Manipulation of tachograph discetc.Introduction of digital tachograph in2005
Manipulation of tachograph discetc.Introduction of digital tachograph in2005
DBL keeps vehicle on v = const.
Manipulation by actuation of clutch,idleManipulation by actuation of clutch,idle
Automatic Safety Systems
Future: automatic emergency brake systems avoidaccidents or limit the consequences
NBSDBLESPABS
Start of Braking *
Impact Energy**:
V = 0NBS
V = 22 km/h
BA
1 second
Fall from 26 m
Fall from 6,5 m
Standard
V = 43 km/h
64 mObstacleappears
1 second
supposition bus: weight 18 t, speed 100 km/, deceleration 6 m/s2 **PKW: 1,2 t
Automatic Safety Systems
Zusammenfassung
Buses and coaches represent the safest means of transporation
Regulations address post-crash phase (second best solution)— German manufaturers are usually in advance of regulation timeline,
examples from past are ECE-R-80, ECE-R-14/16, ECE-R-66
German manufacturers prefer safety systems in pre-crash phase inorder to – at best – avoid accidents
— ABS and ASR became standard years before being mandatory— Commitment of offering ESP for newly introduced buses from 07/04— from 2005 further warning and assistance systems are introduced like e.g.
adaptive cruise control (ART) and lane departure warning (SPA)— further target of development are automatic emergency braking systems
New safety initiative for IAA 2004:— Introduction of permanent brake control (DBL, I/2005)
Buses and coaches represent the safest means of transporation
Regulations address post-crash phase (second best solution)— German manufaturers are usually in advance of regulation timeline,
examples from past are ECE-R-80, ECE-R-14/16, ECE-R-66
German manufacturers prefer safety systems in pre-crash phase inorder to – at best – avoid accidents
— ABS and ASR became standard years before being mandatory— Commitment of offering ESP for newly introduced buses from 07/04— from 2005 further warning and assistance systems are introduced like e.g.
adaptive cruise control (ART) and lane departure warning (SPA)— further target of development are automatic emergency braking systems
New safety initiative for IAA 2004:— Introduction of permanent brake control (DBL, I/2005)
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