Rosemary Schiller 610 519-6813St. Mary’s 1st Floor, Office Hours Tue 11:30-1:30
http://www39.homepage.villanova.edu/rosemary.schiller/
Abdellah
“A systematic detailed attempt to discover or confirm facts that relate to a specific problem to improve the practice and profession of nursing.”
Ways to “use” nursing research:--journal clubs
--critique research for patient care purposes
--explaining research to clients
--data collection for others
--reviewing methodology for IRB
--finding research problems
--using research results in patient care or education
Evolution of Nursing Research Education/Recruitment
Administration/Staffing
Practice
Methodology/Theory based research
Current Trends Health Promotion Nursing Decision Making Effectiveness of Nursing Intervention
in Selected Health Problems Prevention Case Studies/Qualitative Research Ethnographic Studies Compliance
#1 through 1994 HIV Long term care Low birth weight Symptom management Nursing informatics Technology Health Promotion
#2 through 1999 Develop and test community based
nursing models Assess effectiveness of nursing
interventions with HIV Develop and test approaches to
remediate cognitive impairment Assess coping with chronic illness Methods for promoting
immunocompetence
Sources of Knowledge
Tradition or tenacity Authority Experience Intuition Trial and Error Logical Reasoning
– Induction– Deduction
Scientific Method
Tradition/tenacity
Something we know because we have always known it.
Advantages:
Efficient, provides a foundation of truths Disadvantages:
Most traditions have not been evaluated for their value
Authority
We know a thing because some authoritative source says it is so
Authorities are not infallible, so always question authority--what is the evidence that this is true?
Trial and error
Haphazard unsystematic inefficient usually unrecorded must make the same mistakes or
discoveries over and over again
Logical Reasoning Induction--developing generalizations
from specific observations
Induction
Specifics Generalizations
Deduction
Deduction--developing specific predictions from general principles
Order Systematic prescribed order in order to
have reproducibility and confidence in the results– problem identified– defined– predictions of oucome– information collected according to design– analysis – conclusion
Control
In trying to isolate relationships among phenomena, scientists must control phenomena and factors not under study.
Empiricism
Evidence rooted in objective reality and gathered directly or indirectly through the human senses.
Research is based in REALITY
Generalization
No research is ever done just to benefit the subjects, in order to have value it must be generalizable to a wider population.
Theoretical formulation
Theories are manner of organizing, integrating and deriving abstract conceptualization about the manner in which phenomena are interrelated.
LIMITS OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD
1. Values or ethics 2. Human complexity 3. Measurement problems 4. Control 5. Ethical considerations
PARADIGMS FOR NURSING RESEARCH ONTOLOGIC-What is the nature of reality? EPISTEMOLOGIC-What is the relationship
between the inquirer and that being studied?
AXIOLOGIC-What is the role of values in inquiry?
METHODOLOGIC-How should the inquirer obtain knowledge?
NATURALISTIC OR PHENOMENOLOGIC PARADIGM
Reality not fixed but exists within a context, many interpretations are possible. Nothing is absolutely true or false, only within a context.
Requirements for causality
concomitant variation
temporal sequencing
absence of competing explanations
CONCEPTUAL PHASE
1. Formulating and Delimiting the Problem
2. Reviewing the Literature 3. Developing a Theoretical
Framework 4. Identifying the Research Variables 5. Formulating Hypotheses
DESIGN AND PLANNING PHASE
6. Selecting a Research Design 7. Specifying the Population 8. Operationalizing the Variables 9. Conducting the Pilot
Study/Making Revisions
1. Define/Clarify Broad Topic 2. Review of the Literature? 3. Identify Site/Setting 4. Obtain Access 5. Obtain and Test Equipment 6. Begin Data Collection/Analysis 7. Identify Themes/Categories 8. Triangulation/Saturation 9. Formulate Hypotheses/Theories 10. Communicate Findings
TERMINOLOGY CONCEPTS/CONSTRUCTS CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OPERATIONAL DEFINITION VARIABLES DATA HYPOTHESIS (research or null/statistical) PROBLEM STATEMENT RESEARCH DESIGNS SAMPLE/POPULATION
Conceptual Framework
A series of concepts or ideas connected by statements about the relationships that exist among them
Operational Definitions
Specifications of the specific and explicit operations which the researcher must perform in order to collect the required information
“Operationalizing the concept”
Hypothesis
Research--A statement of the expectations of the researcher concerning the relationships of the variables under study HR
Null or Statistical--states that there is no relationship among the variables HO
Sample/Population
Sample--the subjects participating in the study
Population--the whole universe of possible subjects
Target population--the group to whom the researcher wishes to generalize the results of the study
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE, RESEARCH QUESTIONS, HYPOTHESES
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK SIGNIFICANCE OF PROBLEM
RESULTS
STATISTICAL TESTS USED VALUE OF THE STATISTIC STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE THEMES (Qualitative Research)
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