Download - Role of States Training Guide - Coastal Resilience Center · Lea Sabbag Master's Candidate, Department of City and Regional Planning (2016) Research Assistant, Department of Homeland

TheRoleofStatesinDisasterRecovery

VideoTrainingGuide

DepartmentofHomelandSecurity’sCoastalResilienceCenterofExcellence

UniversityofNorthCarolinaatChapelHill

Authors

GavinSmith,Ph.D.,AICPDirector,DepartmentofHomelandSecurity’sCoastalResilienceCenterofExcellenceResearchProfessor,DepartmentofCityandRegionalPlanningTheUniversityofNorthCarolinaatChapelHillLeaSabbagMaster'sCandidate,DepartmentofCityandRegionalPlanning(2016)ResearchAssistant,DepartmentofHomelandSecurity’sCoastalResilienceCenterofExcellenceTheUniversityofNorthCarolinaatChapelHill

AshtonRohmerMaster'sCandidate,DepartmentofCityandRegionalPlanning(2017)ResearchAssistant,DepartmentofHomelandSecurity’sCoastalResilienceCenterofExcellenceTheUniversityofNorthCarolinaatChapelHill

Acknowledgements

ThisguideisbasedonresearchsupportedbytheDepartmentofHomelandSecurity,ScienceandTechnologyDirectorateandtheDHS-fundedCenterofExcellence–CoastalHazardsCenter(contract#2008-ST-ND0006)aswellastheFederalEmergencyManagementAgency(contract#HSHQDC-10-A-BOA37).Theviewsandconclusionscontainedinthisdocumentarethoseoftheauthorsandshouldnotbeinterpretedasnecessarilyrepresentingtheofficialpolicies,eitherexpressedorimplied,oftheU.S.DepartmentofHomelandSecurity.

Sincetheawardofthiscontract,theCoastalHazardsCenterhasended.TheUniversityofNorthCarolinaatChapelHillhasbeenawardedafive-yeargrantfundedbytheDepartmentofHomelandSecurity,ScienceandTechnologyDirectoratetoleadtheCoastalResilienceCenterofExcellence.FormoreinformationontheCRCandacopyoftheRoleoftheStateinRecoveryvideo,seehttp://coastalresiliencecenter.unc.edu/crc-projects/the-role-of-states-in-disaster-recovery.

TableofContents

Overview............................................................................................................................1

DefiningDisasterRecovery....................................................................................1

StateRolesinDisasterRecovery............................................................................1

PurposeofTrainingGuideandVideo.................................................................................2

TargetAudiences................................................................................................................4

HowtoUsethisGuide........................................................................................................5

OverviewofTrainingVideoandAssociatedThemes.............................................5

LimitationsofthisGuide........................................................................................6

TrainingIntroductionandThemes.....................................................................................6

GeneralIntroduction.............................................................................................6

AddressingShort-TermRecoveryIssues................................................................7

ProcuringFederalandStateFunding.....................................................................8

EstablishingaStateRecoveryCommittee..............................................................9

ProvidingHousingAssistance...............................................................................10

IncorporatingHazardMitigationintoRecovery...................................................10

CoordinatingtheTimingofAssistance.................................................................11

PlanningforRecovery...........................................................................................12

LeadingDisasterRecoveryEfforts........................................................................13

TrainingWrapUp.............................................................................................................14

IntegratingThemeswithFederalTrainingMaterials.......................................................14

FEMA’sE209Course,StateLong-TermRecoveryPlanningandCoordination.....14

NationalDisasterPreparednessTrainingCenterCourse,AdvancedDisasterRecoveryStrategiesforLocalCommunities..........................15

IntegratingThemeswithotherVenues,IncludingProfessionalAssociations,TrainingCenters,andUniversityDegreeProgramsandCertificates...............................15NationalGovernorsAssociation..........................................................................16

AmericanPlanningAssociation………………………………………………………………………..16EmergencyManagementInstitute.....................................................................16NationalEmergencyManagementAssociation..................................................16InternationalAssociationofEmergencyManagers............................................16NavalPostGraduateSchool................................................................................17Conclusion........................................................................................................................17

References........................................................................................................................17

AppendixA:Resources.....................................................................................................18

JournalArticles,BookChaptersandReports.....................................................18

FederalGuidanceMaterials................................................................................19

AppendixB:InterviewSubjectsandAssociatedRoles.....................................................19

NorthCarolina.....................................................................................................19

JamesB.Hunt,Jr.–GovernorofNorthCarolina.....................................19

BillyRayHall–Director,NorthCarolinaRedevelopmentCenter.............19

GavinSmith–AssistantDirector,NorthCarolinaDivisionofEmergencyManagement............................................................................................20

FayeStone–ExecutiveDirector,NorthCarolinaCommissiononVolunteerismandCommunityService.....................................................20

NormaHouston–NorthCarolinaRedevelopmentCenter;SenatorMarcBasnight’sLegalCounsel...........................................................................20

Mississippi.............................................................................................................20

HaleyBarbour–GovernorofMississippi..................................................20

MikeWomack–Director,MississippiEmergencyManagementAgency..20

GavinSmith–ExecutiveDirector,Governor’sOfficeofRecoveryandRenewal....................................................................................................21

AshleyEdwards–Governor’sOfficeofRecoveryandRenewal...............21

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Overview

Fordecades,thestudyandpracticeofdisasterrecoveryremainedlesswell-understoodthanpreparedness,response,andhazardmitigationactivities(SmithandWenger2006;Rubin2009).FollowingHurricaneKatrina,asignificantefforthasbeenmadebyresearcherstostudythephenomenawhilethefederalgovernmentcreatedtheNationalDisasterRecoveryFrameworkinordertofulfilltheintentofaCongressionally-mandatednationaldisasterrecoverystrategy.

Therolethatstateagenciesandgovernorsplayindisasterrecoveryremainsevenlesswell-understood(Smith2011;SandlerandSmith2013).Thislackofknowledgeispresentinbothresearchandpractice,resultinginalimitedunderstandingofstaterolesinrecoveryandreactivepolicy-makingfollowingdisasters.Onewaytobetterunderstandthisprocess,andimprovedisasterrecoveryoutcomes,istoseekinsightsfromstateofficialswhohaveexperiencedmajordisasters,includinglessonsthatcanbesharedwiththeirpeers.Thisguideisintendedtohelpinformtheuseofavideotoachievetheseaims.

DefiningDisasterRecovery

Disasterrecoverycanbedefinedasthe“differentialprocessofrestoring,rebuilding,andreshapingthephysical,social,economic,andnaturalenvironmentthroughpre-eventplanningandpost-eventactions”(SmithandWenger2006,p.237).Thisdefinitionaddressesseveralkeythemesthatwillbediscussedthroughoutthisguide:

1)Disasterrecoveryoccursatdifferingratesfordifferingsegmentsofsocietybasedonseveralpre-eventconditions,includingdifferentialaccesstoinformationandresources,previouslevelsofdisasterexperience,differinglevelsofdisasterrecoverypreparedness,andvariedaccesstopoliticalpowerandinfluence.

2)Recoveryismorethanthereconstructionofthebuildingsandinfrastructure–italsoentailsthereconstitutionofsocialnetworks,themodificationofexistingorganizationsorthecreationofnewones,thereestablishmentoftheeconomy,andtherepairorpreservationofthenaturalenvironment.

3)Recoveryinvolvesanimportanttemporalelementtiedtotasksundertakenbothbeforeandafteradisasteroccurs,includingplanningandpolicymaking.

StateRolesinDisasterRecovery

Statesassumeseveralimportantrolesindisasterrecoveryinbothpre-andpost-disastertimeframes.AccordingtotheFederalEmergencyManagementAgency(FEMA)’sPre-DisasterRecoveryPlanningGuidanceforStates,whichfocusesondisasterrecovery,importantrolesinclude:

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• Establishingclearleadershiproles,includingtheGovernor’soffice,formoredecisiveandearlyleadership.

• Improvingpublicconfidenceinstatesleadershipthroughearly,ongoingandconsistentcommunicationofshort-andlong-termpriorities.

• Avoidingoften-difficult,ad-hocprocessofpost-eventdiscoveryofnewroles,resourcesandroadblocks.

• Gainingsupportfromwhole-communitypartnershipsnecessarytosupportindividuals,businessesandcommunities.

• Improvingstakeholderandsurvivorinvolvementaftertheeventthroughadefinitionofoutreachresourcesandtwo-waycommunicationmethodsthestatewillemploy.

• Maximizingfederal,privatesectorandnon-governmentaldollarsthroughearlyandmoredefinedstatefundingprioritiesandpostevent-planningactivity.

• Creatingmorerapidandeffectiveaccesstofederalresourcesthroughbetterunderstandingoffundingresourcesandrequirementsaheadoftime.

• Enablingstateleadershiptobringtobearallstatecapability,andmoreeasilyidentifygaps,throughacoordinationstructureanddefinedroles.

• Creatingbetterleverageandapplyinglimitedstateandnon-governmentalresourceswhenthereisnofederaldisasterdeclaration.

• Maximizingopportunitiestobuildresilienceandriskreductionintoallaspectsofrebuilding.

• Speedingidentificationoflocalrecoveryneedsandresourcesandultimatelyreducingcostsanddisruptionthatresultfromchaotic,ad-hocorinefficientallocationofresources.

• Improvingcapabilityoflocalgovernmentsthroughpre-identificationofwhenandhowthestateofferssupportforlocalgovernmentpost-eventplanning,capacityneeds,recoverymanagementandtechnicalassistance.

• Proactivelyconfrontingrecoveryandredevelopmentpolicychoicesinapre-eventenvironment.

• ImprovingtheabilitytointerfacewiththefederalRecoverySupportFunctionstructure.

PurposeofTrainingGuideandVideo

Thisguideandaccompanyingvideohighlighttherolesplayedbystateagencyofficials,leadersofstaterecoveryorganizations,andgovernorsindisasterrecoveryfollowingextremeevents.1Theguideandvideoareintendedto:

1) SupplementexistingandemergingguidanceprovidedbyFEMA,professionalassociations,anduniversities.

1Thevideocanberetrievedathttp://coastalresiliencecenter.org.

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2) Enhanceourunderstandingofdisasterrecoveryamongpractitioners,universityfaculty,andstudents.

3) Enhancestatecapacityandcommitmenttoaddressrecoveryissuesandchallenges.4) Fosterinnovativethinkingamongstateofficials.5) Improverecoveryoutcomes.6) Enhancedisasterresilienceatthecommunitylevel.

ParticipantsinthevideorepresenttheStatesofNorthCarolinaandMississippifollowingHurricanesFloyd(1999)andKatrina(2005),thetwoworstdisastersineachstate’srespectivehistory.2Thepurposeofthevideoistosharethelessonsofthesetwostateswithothers.

ThevideoisdesignedtosupplementFederalEmergencyManagementAgencycourses,includingE209:StateRecoveryPlanningandCoordination,andAdvancedDisasterRecoveryStrategiesforLocalCommunities(developedforFEMAbytheNationalDisasterPreparednessTrainingCenter).Thevideomayalsobeusedaspartofeducationaleffortsdeliveredbyprofessionalassociations(e.g.,NationalEmergencyManagementAssociation,NationalGovernor’sAssociation)andincorporatedintouniversitycourses,degreeprograms,andcertificates.3

Itisimportantforstateofficialsandgovernorstogainagreaterunderstandingofthecomplexitiesofdisasterrecoveryaswellastheirroleintacklingtechnical,administrative,andpoliticalchallenges.Thevideostrivestoaccomplishthisobjectivebyrelyingonasetofinterviewquestionsthatareundergirdedbytheacademicliteratureandtheinsightsderivedfrompractitionerswhohaveexperienceddisasterrecoverypolicymaking,planning,andoperations.

Anotheraimoftheguideistohelpstatesdevelopanenhancedlevelofcapacityandcommitmenttoaddressdisasterrecoveryissues.Thisisachievedbydrawingontheknowledgeandexperienceofstatestoincludehowtheymettargetedgoals.Examplesincludeaddressinglocalneeds,coordinatingthetimingofassistance,improvingtheintegrationofhazardmitigationintorecovery,andfosteringgreaterinter-organizationalcoordination.

Onewaytoimproverecoveryoutcomesandenhanceresilienceatthelocallevelistoexploreandemulateinnovativestateactivities.Theguideincludesanumberofrolesandassociatedactions,someofwhichareuniquetothestatesdiscussedinthisdocument.TwoexamplesincludethecreationofnewstaterecoveryprogramsintheStateofNorthCarolinaandthecreationoftemporaryhousingalternativesintheStateofMississippi.Theseexamplesare

2SeeAppendixBforalistofthoseinterviewedinthevideo,includingtheirtitlesandrolesinrecovery.3ThevideohasbeenincorporatedintotheUniversityofNorthCarolinaatChapelHill’sGraduateCertificateinNaturalHazardsResilience.Formoreinformationseehttp://planning.unc.edu/nhrcp.

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foundinthe“ProcuringFederalandStateFunding”and“ProvidingHousingAssistance”sectionsofthevideo.

Keyelementsofresilienceincludethecreationandmaintenanceofanorganizationalcapacitythatisabletoreboundfromashockinatimely,yetthoughtfulmanner.Inmostcircumstances,thisincludesreturningtoa“newnormal”thatislessvulnerableandmoreadaptabletofutureevents.Drawingonlessonsfrompastexperiencesandactingonthatinformationtochangebehaviorandadapttonewconditionsisalsocriticallyimportant(Beatley2009).Thisguideisintendedtohelpenhanceresiliencebybuildingandsustainingstate-levelcapacityandcommitmenttoincludetransferringdisasterrecoverylessonsfromthosewhohaveexperiencedamajordisastertothosestateofficialswhomayfaceadisasterinthefuture.4Theselessonsareintendedtohelpstatesthinkthoroughhowtheycanmoreproactivelyundertakeactionsthatassistcommunitiesbecomemoredisaster-resilient.

TargetAudiences

Theintendedusersofthisguidearestateofficials,includinggovernors;federalofficialsinvolvedindisasterrecoverypracticeandtraining;professionalassociations;anduniversityfacultyandstudents.Thisguidemayalsobeusedbyothersasitisimportantforthelargernetworkoforganizationsinvolvedintherecoveryprocesstobeawareofthecriticalrolesthatstatesplay.Forinstance,statesoftenserveasa“linchpin”betweenfederalagenciesandtheirassociatedprogramsandlocalgovernments,manyofwhomareoverwhelmedfollowingdisastersastheytrytomakesenseofthearrayofpoliciesandfundingsources.Statesoftenhelptranslatetheprogrammaticintentoffundingandotherassistancestrategiesandbuildlocalcapacitythroughtraininginitiatives.

Manystatesandtheirgovernorshavelimitedexperiencewithdisastersandassociatedrecoverychallenges.Eveninthecaseofexperiencedstates,thedegreetowhichtheydocumentandsharetheselessonswithnewstateemployeesandincominggovernors-orinstitutionalizetheselessonsinplansandpolicies-variessignificantlyandoftenfailstospanadministrations.Asstatesdevelop,exercise,andimplementstaterecoveryplansovertime,itiscrucialtodrawlessonsfromthosestatesthathaveexperiencedmajordisastersandincorporatetheselessonsintotheirplans,policies,andoperationsbeforeandafterdisasters.

TheFEMA’sCommunityPlanningandCapacityBuildingSectionassistsstatesandlocalgovernmentstoenhancetheircapacitytorecoverfromdisasters,andthisguideisdesignedtoassistFEMAinthiseffort.Amoredetaileddescriptionofhowthisvideocanbeintegratedwithfederaltrainingmaterialsisdiscussedlaterinthisdocument.

4Thereport,StateDisasterRecoveryGuide,providesamoreextensivediscussionoftheconnectionbetweendisasterresilienceandstate-leveldisasterrecoveryplanning(seeSmithandSandler2012).TheStateDisasterRecoveryGuideisavailableathttp://coastalresiliencecenter.org.

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InadditiontoFEMA,thereareseveralprofessionalassociationsthatplayanimportantroleinimprovingdisasterrecoveryprocesses.TheseincludetheAmericanPlanningAssociation’sHazardMitigationandDisasterRecoveryPlanningDivisionandtheNaturalHazardsPlanningCenter5;NationalEmergencyManagementAssociation(NEMA);NationalGovernor’sAssociation(NGA);InternationalAssociationofEmergencyManagers(IAEM);andAssociationofStateFloodplainManagers(ASFPM).Eachoftheseorganizationsmayusethistrainingvideoatworkshops,annualconferences,andothervenues.

Theguideisalsointendedtosupplementcoursecurriculaintherapidlygrowingnumberofdegreeandcertificateprogramsaddressingnaturalhazardsanddisasters.Manyoftheseprogramsplacelessemphasisondisasterrecoverywhencomparedtothestudyofpreparedness,hazardmitigation,andresponse(Smith2011).Ofthosedegreeandcertificateprogramsthatdoaddressdisasterrecovery,manytendtofocusontherolesoffederalandlocalstakeholders,withalimiteddiscussionoftherolethatstatesplay.Thisguideandassociatedvideoisintendedtohelpbegintoaddresstheseshortfalls.Formoreinformationontheseorganizations,see“IntegratingThemeswithotherVenues,IncludingProfessionalAssociations,TrainingCenters,andUniversityDegreeProgramsandCertificates”onpage15.

HowtoUsethisGuide

Theuseofthisguideispredicatedonabasicunderstandingofdisasterrecoveryandtherolestatesplayinthisprocess.Thedefinitionsandrolesdescribedearlierinthisdocumentprovideageneraloverviewandhelpframethemorespecificlessonsderivedfromthevideoandassociatedthemes.Ifamoredetailedunderstandingoftheroleofstatesinrecoveryisdesired,asetofresourcesarelistedinAppendixA.

OverviewofTrainingVideoandAssociatedThemes

Thevideoisframedbykeyconceptsincludingtherolethatstatesplayinlinkingavailableresourcesandlocalneeds,thetimingofassistance,andinter-organizationalrelationships.Theseconceptsareconnectedtoasetofpracticallessonsforstates.

Ineachofthethemesasetoflearningobjectivesareidentified.Learningobjectivesaredefinedaskeylessonsthatparticipantsshouldtakeawayfromthevideoasdescribedwithineachtheme.Eachoftheobjectivesandconceptsarefurtherclarifiedbyasetofdiscussionquestionsandknowledgechecks.Thisapproachisintendedtostimulatereflectionanddiscussioninaclassroomortrainingsetting.

5SeePlanningforPost-DisasterRecovery:NextGeneration,publishedbytheAmericanPlanningAssociation.Thisreportprovidesguidanceacrossarangeoftopicsincludingtheimportanceofpre-eventplanning,adiscussionoftheplanningprocess,developinglong-termgoalsandpolicies,thechallengesofplanimplementation,andadescriptionofhowplanningcanleadtogreaterresilience(Schwab2014).

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LimitationsofthisGuide

Whiledisasterrecoveryrequiresastrongcommitmenttoharnessingtheresourcesofalargenetworkofplayers,thevideofocusesontherolesthatstatesplayinthisprocess.FEMAreferstothecollectionofstakeholdersasthewholecommunityconcept.Formoreinformationonthewholeofcommunity,seeAWholeCommunityApproachtoEmergencyManagement:Principles,Themes,andPathwaysforAction(FEMA2011).Formoreinformationonthestakeholdersinvolvedindisasterrecovery,seePlanningforPost-DisasterRecovery:AReviewoftheUnitedStatesDisasterAssistanceFramework(Smith2011).TrainingIntroductionandThemes

Next,wediscusstheintroductionofthevideofollowedbythetrainingthemes.Foreachthemeweprovideasummary,asetoflearningobjectives,andaseriesofquestionstoassesslearningandelicitadialogueamongparticipants.Knowledgechecksareintendedtoassesswhereyourstateororganizationstandsintermsofidentifiedlearningobjectives.Thisapproachalsoallowsforeducatorstousethisinformationtoguideclasslecturesandgroupdiscussion.

GeneralIntroduction

Thevideobeginsbydescribingtheintentofthevideo,outliningthethemestobediscussed,andprovidingintroductorystatementsmadebyGovernorsBarbourandHunt.

Themes

Eachofthethemesrepresentdiscretesectionsasnotedbelow,toincludethetimeinwhichitappearsinthevideo.Thisallowstheviewerorinstructortotailortheviewingofmaterialthatmaybeofinterestortouseaspartoftheirowntrainingoreducationalcoursematerialsanddiscussion.

• AddressingShort-TermRecoveryIssues Time: 2:05• ProcuringFederalandStateFunding Time: 7:30• EstablishingaStateRecoveryCommittee Time: 11:50• ProvidingHousingAssistance Time: 15:50 • IncorporatingHazardMitigationintoRecovery Time: 19:22• CoordinatingtheTimingofAssistance Time: 22:28• PlanningforRecovery Time: 27:02 • LeadingDisasterRecoveryEfforts Time: 29:28

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AddressingShort-TermRecoveryIssues

Summary:

Thisthemefocusesonsomeoftheactionstakenbystatesintheimmediateaftermathofadisaster(manyoftheactionsdiscussedinthisthemeandothersareideallydevelopedbeforeadisasteroccurs).Actionsdescribedinclude:1)developingstatepoliciestohelpcoordinatevolunteersanddonations,includingVolunteerOrganizationsinDisasters(VOAD),creatingaGovernor’sReliefFundandassociatedhotlinetoacceptfinancialdonationsandcreategrantsfornon-profitrelieforganizationstohelpwithrecovery;2)coordinatingtheactionsofthestate’slegislativeandexecutiveleadership,includingmembersoftheminorityparty;3)transitioningfromresponsetoshort-termrecovery;4)documentinglossesandidentifyinglocalneedsunmetbyfederalprograms;and5)seekingstateappropriationstoaddressunmetneedstoincludetheroleofthegovernorinthisprocess.

Learningobjectives:

• Coordinatingvolunteerdonations,includingworkingwiththestateVOAD.• Workingcollaborativelywithstatelegislativeandexecutivebranches.• Documentinglossesandlocalneeds.• Procuringstate-leveldisasterrecoveryappropriations.

Discussionquestions/knowledgecheck:

• DoesyourstatehaveinplacetheproceduresandorganizationalcapacitytocoordinatewiththestateVOADeffectively?

• Doesyourstatehaveinplaceprocedurestocoordinatefinancialdonations,suchasaGovernor’sReliefFundandassociatedhotlinetoincludeadequatestaffingandaprocesstodistributethefunds?

• Doesyourgovernorcoordinatewithyourstatelegislature,includingrelevantcommitteesregardingdisasterrecoverypoliciesandfundinginitiatives?

• Doesyourstatehaveinplaceprocedurestotransitionfromresponsetoshort-termrecovery?

• Doesyourstatehaveinplacethemeanstodocumentdisasterlossesandlocalneeds,comparethemtoavailablesourcesoffederalassistance(bothStaffordActandsupplementalappropriations),anddevelopstate-levelpoliciesandprogramstoaddressthegapinassistance?

• DoesyourstatehaveinplaceprocedurestoseeksupplementalCongressionalappropriationsthatmayrequirepolitical,administrative,andtechnicalskills?

• Isyourgovernorpreparedtoseekstateappropriationstoaddressidentifiedgapsinfederalassistance?

• Havestaterecoveryprogramsbeendevelopedinanticipationoffutureunmetneeds?

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ProcuringFederalandStateFunding

Summary:

Thisthemeaddressestheapproachtakenbystatestoseekfederalandstate-levelassistance.Specificactionsinclude:1)buildingbackbetter(e.g.,reducedhazardrisk,enhancedresilience)thanwhatwasinplacebeforethedisasterandtoobtainsupplementaltypesoffundingtoachievethisaim;2)engagingwithFEMA,Congress,theWhiteHouse,andmembersofthestatelegislaturetoseekfederalassistance;3)identifyingpost-disasterassistancethroughtheStaffordAct,determiningidentifiedshortfalls,anddevelopingasupplementalCongressionalrequestforadditionalassistance;4)coordinatingthetimingofrequestsforassistancewiththePresident’sproposedplanforpost-disasterrelief;5)developingafundingproposalthatidentifiesneedsandhowthefundsaretobeused;and6)developingastateappropriationproposal,whichmayincludedrawingfromstatereservesandstateagencybudgetsorincreasingtaxes.

Learningobjectives:

• Procuringfederalfunding,includingmoneytoinjecthazardmitigationintodisasterrecovery.

• EngagingFEMA,Congress,andtheWhiteHouseaspartofalargerprocurementstrategy.

• Identifyingshortfallsandthefundstoaddressthem,includingdevelopingasupplementalappropriationrequest.

• Developingstateprogramsthatarelinkedtoidentifiedneeds.


• Doesyourstatehaveaspecificstrategyinplacetousepost-disasterprogramsandassociatedfundingtorebuilddamagedcommunitiesbetterthanwhattheywerebeforethedisaster?Thismayincludereducingfuturelosses,addressingequity,improvingeconomicopportunities,andrepairingorrestoringdamagedenvironmentalsystems.

• DoesyourgovernorhaveastrategytoengageFEMA,otherfederalagencies,membersofCongress(particularlymembersofrelevantappropriationscommittees),WhiteHousestaff,andthePresident?

• Doesyourgovernorhaveastrategytocollaboratewithmembersofyourstatelegislature,includingmembersofbothparties?Thismayincludedescribinglosseseffectivelyandclearlyarticulatingastrategytoaddressunmetneeds.

• Doesyourgovernorhaveinplaceastrategytosolicitstatereserves,drawfromstateagencybudgets,orobtainfundingfromotherrevenuegeneratingsourcesasameanstofundstatedisasterrecoveryinitiativesandprograms?Aretheseprogramscodifiedinlaw?

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EstablishingaStateRecoveryCommittee

Summary:

Thisthemeaddressessettingupastaterecoverycommitteeanditsassociatedrolesandresponsibilities.Specificactionsdiscussedinclude:1)developingastateorganizationthatcomplementsexistingfederalandstateemergencymanagementsystems;2)identifyingunmetneedsinpartnershipwiththoseatthelocallevel;3)exposingpeopletodifferentideasthatmaybepursued;4)advisingthegovernorandcabinetonlong-termrecoverypolicyissues;5)conductingtraining,education,andoutreachefforts(capacity-building),recognizingthatinformation(e.g.,estimatedlosses,granteligibility)issubjecttochangeovertime;6)managingandcoordinatingfederalandstateassistance;7)servingaslocaladvocates;8)fosteringavisionofthefuture;and9)engenderinghopeandconfidence.

Learningobjectives:

• Developingastaterecoveryorganization.• Identifyingunmetlocalneeds.• Engagingincapacity-buildingefforts.• Managingandcoordinatingfederalandstateassistance.• Fosteringavisionofthefuture.• Engenderinghopeandconfidence.


• Doesyourstatehaveinplaceanorganization(e.g.,committee/commission)oragencytaskedwiththeoversightoflong-termdisasterrecoveryactivities?Doesithaveasoneofitsresponsibilitiesidentifyingunmetlocalneeds?Howaboutlocalcapacity-buildingthrougheducation,outreachandtrainingefforts?

• Arethedutiesofyourstaterecoverycommitteeclearlydefined,includingbeforeandafterdisasters?Howoftendotheymeet?Aretheseactivitiescodifiedinlaw?Doesyourstatehaveadequatesupportstaff,toincludestateemployeeswithdesignatedrecoveryduties,on-callcontractors,andareservistcadre(oftenretiredformerstateorlocalemployees).Doesyourstatehavethecapacitytorapidlyincreasestaffingpost-disaster,drawingontheexamplesjustmentioned?

• Doyouhaveinplaceaclearstate-levelvisionforrecovery?Howdoesthisvisioncomplementfederalprogramsandsupportlocalplansandprograms?Areyoupreparedtomodifyyourstatevisionforrecoveryfollowingadisasterbasedonuniquepost-disastercircumstances?

• Howdoesyourgovernorandstateagencyleadersplantoengenderhopeandconfidencefollowingadisasterasawaytofacilitaterecoveryatthelocallevel?

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ProvidingHousingAssistance

Summary:

Thisthemeaddressesthecentralrolethathousingplaysinmanyfacetsofdisasterrecovery.Specificactionsdiscussedinclude:1)creatingstateprogramstocomplementfederalhousingassistance;2)conductingpost-disasterhousingassessments;3)addressingthepoliticalimportanceofactivelyaddressinghousingissues;4)consideringalternativehousingoptionsbeyondthosetraditionallyprovidedbyFEMA.

Note:TheMississippiAlternativeHousingProgramdescribedinthisvideorepresentsapilotprogramthathasnotbeenusedinsubsequentdisasters.TheprogramwasfundedthroughaCongressionalappropriationfollowingHurricaneKatrina.Theintentofdocumentingthisprocessistoshowanexampleofaninnovativeideachampionedbythestate,includingprocuringthefundstoconstructanddeploytheunitsaswellasdescribingwhythestatesoughttodevelopimprovedtemporaryhousingalternatives.

Learningobjectives:

• Assessinglocalhousingneeds.• Creatingstatehousingrecoveryprogramsbasedonneeds.• Discussingthepoliticalimportanceofaddressingidentifiedhousingissues.• Developinghousingalternatives.


• Doyourstateofficialsandgovernorrecognizetheimportanceofproactivelyaddressinghousingissuesandthepoliticalimplicationsoffailingtodoso?Doyouhaveanexplicitstrategytoaddressunexpectedhousingissuesthatmayemergepost-disaster,toincludethoseissuesthatmayormaynotbecoveredbyfederalprograms(seebelow)?

• Doesyourstatehaveinplaceahousingstrategytoincludethedevelopmentofstate-levelprogramstoaddressfederalshortfallsinpost-disasteremergency,temporary,long-term,andpermanenthousing?

• Doesyourstatehaveinplacethemeanstoconductpost-disasterhousingassessmentsandbasedonthatassessmentimplementfederalandstatehousingprograms?

IncorporatingHazardMitigationintoRecovery

Summary:

Thisthemeaddresseshazardmitigationaspartofthelargerdisastermanagementcycle,toincludewaysthathazardmitigationcanbeinjectedintopost-disasterrecoveryefforts.Specificactionsdiscussedinclude:1)takingadvantageoftheopportunitytoincorporatehazard

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mitigationintorecovery;2)leadinghazardmitigationeffortstoincludestate-levelhazardmitigationactivitiesandbuildinglocalcapacity.6

Learningobjectives:

• Incorporatinghazardmitigationintodisasterrecovery.• Maximizingtheuseoffederalpost-disastermitigationprograms.• Assessinghowexistingstateprogramsandpoliciescouldbeusedtohelpreducefuture

losses.Thismayrequiremodifyingtheseprogramstoachievethisaim.• Developingnewstateprogramsandpoliciestohelpreducefuturelosses,toinclude

howtheseprogramscanbesustainedovertime/codifiedinstatelaw.


• Doesyourstateuseyourstatehazardmitigationplantoinformhowtoincorporatehazardmitigationintothepost-disasterrecoveryandreconstructionprocess?

• Doesyourstatehaveinplacestatehazardmitigationprograms?Dotheycomplementfederalmitigationefforts?Examplesmayincludestate-levelgrantsandpoliciesaswellasoutreacheffortstoencouragetheadoptionofmorerigorousriskreductionpoliciesandtheimplementationoftargetedhazardmitigationprojectsatthelocallevel.

CoordinatingtheTimingofAssistance

Summary:

Thisthemeaddressestheroleofthestateincoordinatingthetimingofdisasterrecoveryassistance.Specificactionsdiscussedinclude:1)recognizingthespeedwithwhichfederaldisasterrecoveryprogramsareimplemented;2)strikingabalancebetweenrapiddisasterrecoveryassistanceandthetimeneededtocreatestate-levelprogramspost-disaster,toincludehowstateprogramswillbedelivered;3)speedingupthedeliveryofpost-disasterhazardmitigationfunding;and4)developingpost-disasterreconstructionguidanceandstandardsbasedonthelatestunderstandingofhazardrisk(recognizingthatthismayslowrecoverywhileachievingimportantbenefitssuchasreducingfuturelossesandenhancingresilience).

Learningobjectives:

• Balancingthedeliveryoffederalandothertypesofdisasterassistancewiththetimerequiredtodevelopstateprograms.

• Coordinatingthetimingofassistanceacrossmultipleprogramsandorganizations,includingfederalandstateagencies.

6SeetheRoleoftheStateinBuildingLocalCapacityandCommitmentforHazardMitigationPlanning(Smith,LylesandBerke2013).

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• Doesyourstatehaveproceduresinplacethatcoordinatethetimingofassistanceacrossfederalandstateprogramsaswellasotherresourceproviders?

• Doesyourstatehaveinplacewaystospeedupthedeliveryofhazardmitigationprogramspost-disaster?Ifso,whatarethey?Aretheyeffective?

• Doesyourstatehaveinplaceplanstoamendcodesandstandardsthatareexposedasoutdated(e.g.,donotreflectanaccurateestimationofrisk)ordonotreflectthelatestuseoftechnologicaladvances(e.g.,analyticaltoolsandmappingtechniques)andnewdata?Doyouhavethepoliticalsupportinplaceneededtoadoptmorerigorousregulations?Inmanycases,itisthecombinedresultoftechnicalandadministrativecapacity,defensibledata,andpoliticalsupportthatenablesastatetoimplementchangespost-disaster.

PlanningforRecovery

Summary:

Thisthemefocusesontheroleofplanningfordisasterrecoverybeforeandafteradisaster.Specificactionsdiscussedinclude:1)buildingthestate’sinstitutionalinfrastructuretoaddresslong-termrecoveryissues;2)developingthestate’slegalauthoritytoact,toincludeimplementingstaterecoveryprograms;3)creatingthestructurethatwillbeusedintheaftermathofadisastertoincludeidentifyingthepersonnelassignedtotheorganization,thetimeframesinwhichvariedprogramswillbeimplemented,andthemeansbywhichtheorganizationwillbeactivatedanddirectedafterdisasters;4)recognizingandaddressingthenegativeeffectsoffailingtoplanforrecoveryaswellasthebeneficialeffectsofplanningtoincludeharnessingthevariedresourcesmaintainedbyvariousstakeholders;and5)developingarecoveryplanincoordinationwithothers,fundingtheprocessandprogramstoensureitsimplementation,andexercisingtheplanovertime.

Learningobjectives:

• Buildingthestate’sdisasterrecoveryinfrastructure.• Developingarecoveryplan.• Ensuringstate-levellegalmechanismsareinplacetoimplementpoliciesandprograms.• Recognizingthebenefitsofplanningforrecovery.


• Doesyourstatehaveinplacetheinstitutionalinfrastructureneededtomanagethecomplexitiesofdisasterrecovery?

• Doesyourstatehaveanadequatenumberoftrainedpersonnelthatareabletoimplementthepoliciesandprogramsfoundinyourstaterecoveryplan?

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• Doesyourstatehaveinplacearobustrecoveryplan,developedbyabroadsetofrelevantstakeholdersthatisregularlyexercised?

• Doesyourstatehavethelegalstanding/authoritytoimplementstaterecoverypoliciesandprograms?

LeadingDisasterRecoveryEfforts

Summary:

Thisthemeemphasizestheroleofleadership,particularlythatprovidedbygovernors.Specificactionsdiscussedinclude:1)puttingsomeoneinchargeatthestatelevel;2)engagingintheprocessatthelocallevel,understandinglocalneeds,conveyingtheseneedstostateandfederalofficials,andtellingthemwhatshouldbedone;3)makingdecisionsandtakingaction;4)creatingarecoverycommission,providingadequatefundingandleadership,andholdingpeopleaccountable;5)leadingpeoplethatdon’treporttothem;and6)takingadvantageoftheuniqueopportunityadisasterpresentstohelptheirconstituents.

Learningobjectives:

• Identifyingthosethatshouldbeinchargeofstate-levelrecoveryefforts.• Takinganactiveroleinrecoverytoincludeaddressinglocalneedsnotmetbyfederal

programs(e.g.,seekingcongressionalandlegislativeappropriations,creatingagovernor’sfund).

• Creatingarecoverycommission,includingthenecessarypreconditionsrequiredforittosucceed(e.g.,funding,leadership,accountability).

• Ensuringthegovernorisawareofhowdisastersprovideanopportunitytoassisttheirconstituentsandrecognizingthepoliticalimplicationsoffailingtodoso.


• Doesyourstatehaveclearguidancedescribingleadershiprolesinrecovery,includingthoseofthegovernor,theheadofyourstaterecoverycommission,andotherkeystateagencies?

• Isyourgovernorpreparedtotakeaninformedandactiveroleinrecovery?Howhasyourgovernorbeenmadeawareoftheirresponsibilitiesandauthorities?Whataresomeoftheactionsyourgovernorispreparedtoundertake?

• Isthereaclearandcoordinateddecision-makingprocessinplacethatyourgovernorleads?Howwouldyoudescribethisprocess?

• Whatstrategiesdoesyourgovernorusetoleadthosethatdonotreporttothem?

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TrainingWrapup

Atthispoint,theinstructorshouldallowstudentstoexploreissuesthatwerenotaddressedinthegeneralquestionandanswersessionsandassociatedknowledgechecks.Followingageneraldiscussion,theinstructorshouldconsidertheinterrelationshipsacrossthemes.Integrativequestionsmightinclude:

• Whataretherolesofyourstaterecoveryorganizationregardingtheprocurementoffederalandstatefunding?Howaretherolesoftherecoverycommitteecoordinatedwiththegovernor’soffice?

• Howdotheactivitiesintheearlyphasesofrecovery(e.g.,damageassessments,identificationoflocalneeds)informwaystoincorporatehazardmitigationintorecovery?

• Whatroledoesyourstaterecoverycommitteeplayinthedevelopmentandimplementationofyourstaterecoveryplan?

• Howwouldyoudescribeyourstateshousingrecoverystrategy?Whatrolesdoesyourcommitteeandgovernorplayinthisprocess?

• Howdoesgubernatorialleadershipinfluenceeachofthethemesdescribedinthevideo?

IntegratingThemeswithFederalTrainingMaterials

Thethemesdiscussedintheaccompanyingvideoaredesignedtosupplementthefollowingfederalguidanceandcourses:1)E209StateRecoveryPlanningandCoordination,and2)NationalDisasterPreparednessTrainingCenter’sAdvancedDisasterRecoveryStrategiesforLocalCommunitiesCourse.Additionalopportunitiesforintegrationarediscussedinthenextsectionofthisguide.

FEMA’sE209Course,StateRecoveryPlanningandCoordination

Thisfour-daycourse,typicallyheldattheEmergencyManagementInstituteinEmmitsburg,Maryland,providesparticipantswithinformationthatwillsupportStatesinpre-andpost-disasterrecoveryplanning,managementandcoordination.Italsoprovidesapeer-to-peerlearningopportunity.

Keycourseobjectivesinclude:

• Describingtheprocessofpre-disasterrecoveryplanning.• Discussingcriticalstakeholdersandpartnersinrecoveryplanning.• Articulatingtostateagenciesandorganizationstheirroleinrecoveryplanningand

implementation.• DescribingconsiderationsinselectingaStateDisasterRecoveryCoordinatorand

developingastateRecoverySupportFunction(RSF)structure.

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• Describinghowstatescansupportlocalrecoveryplanningpre-andpost-disaster.• Developinganapproachtoengageandmaintainrecoverypartnershiprelationships.• Explaininghowtoidentify,coordinate,andmanagerecoveryresources.• Developingorrefiningastaterecoveryplan.7

Whilemanyofthe“RoleofStatesinDisasterRecovery”videothemesspanmultipleunitsinE209,someareasinwhichthethemes(notedinparenthesesbelow)couldbeintegratedintotheStateRecoveryPlanningandCoordinationcourseinclude:

• Day1,Unit2:Leadership(LeadingDisasterRecoveryEfforts,EstablishingaStateRecoveryCommittee);

• Day2,Unit3:InvolvingStakeholdersandBuildingPartnerships(PlanningforRecovery,AddressingShort-TermRecoveryIssues,IncorporatingHazardMitigationintoRecovery);and

• Day3:Resources(ProcuringFederalandStateFunding,CoordinatingtheTimingofAssistance,ProvidingHousingAssistance).

ThecourseandthedatesitwillbedeliveredattheEmergencyManagementInstitutecanbefoundinthecoursecatalogueathttps://training.fema.gov/emicourses/schedules.aspx.

NationalDisasterPreparednessTrainingCenterCourse,AdvancedDisasterRecoveryStrategiesforLocalCommunities

TheNationalDisasterPreparednessTrainingCenter,locatedattheUniversityofHawaiiatManoa,developsanddeploystrainingcoursesfortheFederalEmergencyManagementAgency.Oneofthecourses,AdvancedDisasterRecoveryStrategiesforLocalCommunities,includestheuseofvideosatthediscretionoftheinstructor.Examplesofcoursemoduleswherethevideothemesmaybemostappropriateinclude:

• Module2:IntroductiontoDisasterRecoveryPlanning• Module3:PartnersinDisasterRecovery

FormoreinformationontheNationalDisasterPreparednessTrainingProgram,includingcoursedeliveryschedules,seehttps://ndptc.hawaii.edu.

IntegratingThemeswithotherVenues,IncludingProfessionalAssociations,TrainingCenters,andUniversityDegreeProgramsandCertificates

ThevideoisdesignedtobeusedbyprofessionalassociationsandthegrowingnumberofuniversitydegreeandcertificateprogramsacrosstheUnitedStates.Thefollowingorganizationsrepresentexamplesofassociations,centers,anduniversitydegreeprogramsthat

7CourseobjectivesweredrawnfromtheEmergencyManagementInstitute’sE-0209StateRecoveryPlanningandCoordinationcourseannouncementdatedMay12,2016.

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appearpoisedtousethevideoaspartoftheirexistingtrainingprograms.Bynomeansisthisanexclusivelistandothervenuesareencouragedtousethevideo.

TheNationalGovernorsAssociation(NGA)isabipartisanorganizationcomprisedofthenation’sgovernorswhoseintentistorepresenttheirinterests,improvestategovernment,anddevelopinnovativesolutionstopublicpolicyissues.OneofthewaysinwhichthisisaccomplishedisthroughtheNGA’sCenterforBestPractices,inwhichtargetedinformationisprovidedtogovernorsandtheirstaff.TheNGACenterforBestPracticesHomelandSecurity&PublicSafetyDivisionprovidesinformation,research,policyanalysis,technicalassistance,andresourcedevelopmentforgovernorsandtheirstaffaboutemergingpolicytrendsacrossarangeofhomelandsecurityandpublicsafetyissues.Formoreinformation,seehttp://www.nga.org/cms/center/hsps.

TheAmericanPlanningAssociationapprovedtheHazardMitigationandDisasterRecoveryPlanningDivision(HMDR)in2015toinformlanduseplannersabouttheirroleinreducingfuturehazardslossesthroughhazardmitigationplanningandprovidethemwiththeinformationneededtodevelopandimplementstateandlocaldisasterrecoveryplans.Formoreinformationseehttps://www.planning.org/divisions/hazardmitigation.TheAmericanPlanningAssociation’sNaturalHazardsPlanningCenteradvancespracticesthatpromoteresiliencebyreducingtheimpactofnaturalhazardsoncommunitiesandregions.ThecenteriscloselyalignedwithHMDRandfrequentlyengagesinjointeducationalinitiatives.Formoreinformationseehttps://www.planning.org/nationalcenters/hazards.

TheEmergencyManagementInstituteprovidestrainingtoU.S.officialsinemergencymanagementtoenhancetheirabilitytopreparefor,respondto,mitigateagainst,andrecoverfromemergenciesanddisasters(seehttps://training.fema.gov/emi.aspx).EMIalsomaintainstheHigherEducationProgram,whichmanagestheannualHigherEducationSymposiumandlistofuniversityandcollegedegree,certificate,andminorsassociatedwiththestudyofnaturalhazardsanddisasters(seehttps://training.fema.gov/hiedu).

TheNationalEmergencyManagementAssociation,(NEMA)representsstateemergencymanagementdirectorsandtheiragencies.Thisassociationprovidesanaturalvenuetousethevideotoassistinthetrainingofstateemergencymanagementagenciestaskedwiththedevelopmentofstatedisasterrecoveryplansandtheadministrationofpre-andpost-disasterprograms.FormoreinformationontheNationalEmergencyManagementAssociation,seehttps://www.nemaweb.org.FormoreinformationaboutNEMA’sResponseandRecoveryCommittee,seehttps://www.nemaweb.org/index.php/response-and-recovery-committee.

TheInternationalAssociationofEmergencyManagers(IAEM),comprisedofmorethan9,000membersworldwide,isfocusedonadvancingtheprofessionofemergencymanagementtoincluderepresentingthosewhosemissionistoprotectlivesandpropertyfromtheeffectsofemergenciesanddisasters.FormoreinformationonIAEM,seehttp://www.iaem.com.

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TheNavalPostgraduateSchool(NPS)includesafocusonthetrainingofemergencymanagementprofessionals.TheNPShoststheExecutiveEducationSeminars,focusedonprovidingtrainingforhighrankinggovernmentofficials.TargetaudiencesatthestatelevelincludesGovernor’sandcabinet-levelexecutives.FormoreinformationontheExecutiveEducationSeminarprogram,seehttp://www.chds.us/?met.

Conclusion

Thisguideinformstheuseofavideothatfocusesontheroleofstatesindisasterrecovery,includinggovernors.Keythemesinclude:1)addressingshort-termrecoveryissues,2)procuringfederalandstatefunding,3)establishingastaterecoverycommittee,4)providinghousingassistance,5)incorporatinghazardmitigationintorecovery,6)coordinatingthetimingofassistance,7)planningforrecovery,and8)leadingdisasterrecoveryefforts.Learningobjectivesandmodule-specificquestions/knowledgechecksassistthosewhousetheguideaspartofatrainingoreducationaleffort.Bydrawingontheexperienceofgovernorsandstateagencyofficials,thepeer-to-peerexchangeofthisinformationcanhelpstatesbecomebetterpreparedtoaddressthecomplexitiesofdisasterrecoveryandassistintheeducationofothers,includingthenextgenerationofnaturalhazardsscholarsandpractitioners.

References

Beatley,Timothy.2009.PlanningforCoastalResilience:BestPracticesforCalamitousTimes. Washington,D.C.:IslandPress.

FederalEmergencyManagementAgency.2011(December).AWholeCommunityApproachto EmergencyManagement:Principles,Themes,andPathwaysforAction.FDOC104-008- 1.Accessedathttp://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1813-25045- 0649/whole_community_dec2011__2_.pdf

FederalEmergencyManagementAgency,E209:StateRecoveryPlanningandCoordination.

AdvancedDisasterRecoveryStrategiesforLocalCommunities.NationalDisasterPreparedness TrainingCenter.UniversityofHawaiiatManoa.

Rubin,C.2009.Longtermrecoveryfromdisasters—TheNeglectedComponentofEmergency Management.JournalofHomelandSecurityandEmergencyManagement,6(1):1-17.

Sandler,DylanandGavinSmith.2013.AssessingtheQualityofStateDisasterRecoveryPlans:ImplicationsforPolicyandPractice.JournalofEmergencyManagement.11(4):281-291.

Schwab,Jim.2015.PlanningforPost-DisasterRecovery:NextGeneration.Chicago:APAPress.Smith,GavinandDennisWenger.2006.SustainableDisasterRecovery:Operationalizingan

ExistingAgenda.Chapter14,pp.234-257.HandbookofDisasterResearch,editedbyHavidanRodriguez,E.L.QuarantelliandRussellR.Dynes.NewYork:Springer.

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AppendixA:Resources

Thefollowingreferencesincludejournalarticles,governmentreports,andpolicydocumentsfocusedonstaterolesinrecovery,someofwhichareduplicativeofthosecitedintheabovereferencesectionofthisreport.Thelimitedamountofinformationisindicativeoftheneedtoinvestmoretimeandeffortinthecreationoftrainingmaterialswhileconductingadditionalresearchinthisarea.

JournalArticles,BookChaptersandReportsSandler,DylanandGavinSmith.2013.AssessingtheQualityofStateDisasterRecoveryPlans:

ImplicationsforPolicyandPractice.JournalofEmergencyManagement.11(4):281-291.Smith,GavinandDennisWenger.2006.SustainableDisasterRecovery:Operationalizingan

ExistingAgenda.Chapter14,pp.234-257.HandbookofDisasterResearch,editedbyHavidanRodriguez,E.L.QuarantelliandRussellR.Dynes.NewYork:Springer.

Smith,Gavin.2011.PlanningforPost-DisasterRecovery:AReviewoftheUnitedStatesDisaster AssistanceFramework.Washington,D.C.:IslandPress.Smith,GavinandDylanSandler.July2012.StateDisasterRecoveryGuide.ChapelHill,North

Carolina:DepartmentofHomelandSecurityCoastalHazardsCenterofExcellence.Smith,Gavin,WardLyles,PhilipBerke.2013.TheRoleoftheStateinBuildingLocalCapacity

AndCommitmentforHazardMitigationPlanning.InternationalJournalofMassEmergenciesandDisasters.Vol.31,No.2:178-203.

Smith,Gavin,DylanSandler,MikeyGoralnik.October2013.VermontStateAgencyPolicy

Options.SmartGrowthImplementationAssistanceProgram:DisasterRecoveryandLong-TermResiliencePlanninginVermont.ChapelHill,NorthCarolina:DepartmentofHomelandSecurityCoastalHazardsCenterofExcellence.

Smith,Gavin,DylanSandlerandMikeyGoralnik.2013.AssessingStatePolicyLinking

DisasterRecovery,SmartGrowthandResilienceinVermontFollowingTropicalStormIrene.VermontJournalofEnvironmentalLaw.15,67-102,http://vjel.vermontlaw.edu/files/2013/11/Smith.pdf.

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FederalGuidanceMaterials

FederalEmergencyManagementAgency.LongTermCommunityRecoveryPlanningProcess:A Self-HelpGuide.December2005.Accessedat:

http://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1538-20490-8825/selfhelp.pdfFederalEmergencyManagementAgency.December2011.AWholeCommunityApproachto

EmergencyManagement:Principles,Themes,andPathwaysforAction.FDOC104-008-1.Accessedathttp://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1813-25045-0649/whole_community_dec2011__2_.pdf

FederalEmergencyManagementAgency.Pre-DisasterPlanningGuidanceforStates,Tribesand Territories.2015.CapacityBuildingBranch,NationalDisasterRecoveryPlanning Division.FederalEmergencyManagementAgency.Pre-DisasterRecoveryPlanningGuidanceforStates (draft).April2016.CapacityBuildingBranch,NationalDisasterRecoveryPlanning Division.FederalEmergencyManagementAgency.IS-2900,NationalDisasterRecoveryFramework (NDRF)Overview.Thematerialscanbefoundat: http://training.fema.gov/is/searchis.aspx?search=2900

AppendixB:InterviewSubjectsandAssociatedRoles

ThefollowingisabriefsummaryofthoseinterviewedinthestatesofNorthCarolinaandMississippi,includingtheirtitlesandrolesindisasterrecovery.

NorthCarolina

JamesB.Hunt,Jr.–GovernorofNorthCarolina.Gov.Hunt(D-NC)wasinhisthirdtermwhenHurricaneFloydstruckin1999.Threeyearsearlier,HurricaneFranstruckthestate,andwasatthetimethecostliestdisasterinthestate’shistory.FollowingHurricaneFloyd,GovernorHuntcreatedtheNorthCarolinaRedevelopmentCenterandsuccessfullylobbiedthestatelegislaturetodraw$836millionfromthestate’srainydayfundandstateagencybudgetstocreate22staterecoveryprogramsdesignedtoaddressunmetneeds.GovernorHuntwasalsosuccessfulinprocuringCongressionalappropriationsfromWashingtonandlobbyingforthemodificationoffederalprograms.

BillyRayHall–Director,NorthCarolinaRedevelopmentCenter.BillyRayledtheNorthCarolinaRedevelopmentCenter,whichwastaskedwiththeidentificationoflocalneedsthatwerenotbeingmetbyfederalprograms,thecreationofstaterecoveryprograms,andthewritingoftherequestforsupplementalCongressionalassistance.

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GavinSmith–AssistantDirector,NorthCarolinaDivisionofEmergencyManagement.GavinledtheNorthCarolinaDivisionofEmergencyManagement’sHazardMitigationSection,advisedGovernorHuntonrecoverypolicy,andworkedwithBillyRayHalltodevelopstaterecoveryprograms,focusingonthosethataddressedhazardmitigation-relatedactivitiessuchastheStateAcquisitionandRelocationFundandtheStateofNorthCarolina’sFloodplainMappingProgram.Keyhazardmitigationinitiativesincludedtheacquisitionandrelocationofmorethan5,000homesandthecreationofthestateHazardMitigationPlanningInitiativewhichrequiredlocalgovernmentstodevelophazardmitigationplansinordertobeeligibleforHurricaneFloydrecoveryassistance.ThisrequirementinformedsimilarnationalrequirementsaspromulgatedundertheDisasterMitigationActof2000.

FayeStone–ExecutiveDirector,NorthCarolinaCommissiononVolunteerismandCommunityService.FayeworkedintheGovernor’sOfficefollowingHurricaneFloydwheresheledeffortstocoordinatevolunteersanddonations.Morespecifically,shehelpedcreatetheGovernor’sEmergencyHotlineandtheGovernor’sHurricaneFloydReliefFund,toincludeestablishingthemeansbywhichfundsandgoodsweredispersed.

NormaHouston–NorthCarolinaRedevelopmentCenter;SenatorMarcBasnight’s(SpeakeroftheStateSenate)legalcounsel.NormaworkedwiththeNorthCarolinaRedevelopmentCenterandmembersofthestatelegislaturetodraftNCSenateBill300,whichcodifiedmanyofthestatedisasterrecoveryprogramscreatedafterHurricaneFloydandestablishedathree-tiereddisasterdeclarationprocessthattriggereddifferinglevelsofstaterecoveryassistancebasedontheseverityoftheeventanditsassociateddamages.

Mississippi

HaleyBarbour–GovernorofMississippi.Gov.Barbour(R-NC)establishedtheGovernor’sCommissiononRecovery,RebuildingandRenewalseveralweeksafterHurricaneKatrina.TheCommissionhostedtheMississippiRenewalForum,oneofthelargestdesigncharretteseverheld,focusingonthecreationoflocaldesign-basedrecoveryplans.TheCommission’sreport,AfterKatrina:BuildingBackBetterthanEver,providesanassemblageofpolicyrecommendationsthatinformedthestate’srecoveryefforts.Uponthecompletionofthecommission’sreport,theGovernorcreatedtheGovernor’sOfficeofRecoveryandRenewal.Thegovernoralsoledthedevelopmentofthestate’srequestforsupplementalCongressionalassistance,includingfundsfortheconstructionandmanagementoftheMississippiAlternativeHousingProgram.

MikeWomack–Director,MississippiEmergencyManagementAgency.IntheaftermathofHurricaneKatrina,MikewastheDeputyDirectoroftheMississippiEmergencyManagementAgency.Hewaslaterpromotedtoserveasthestate’sdirector.Inthisroleheledstateemergencymanagementefforts,includingtheadministrationofStaffordActprograms.MikeworkedcloselywiththeGovernor’soffice,includingtheGovernor’sOfficeofRecoveryandRenewal,toincludemanagingtheMississippiAlternativeHousingProgram.

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GavinSmith–ExecutiveDirector,Governor’sOfficeofRecoveryandRenewal.Inthisrole,GavinledtheOfficeofRecoveryandRenewal,reportingtotheGovernor.SpecificrolesincludedidentifyingsourcesoffundingbeyondtheStaffordAct,identifyingwaystoimplementthecommission’srecommendations,advisingtheGovernorandhiscabinetonrecoveryissues,andconductingeducation,training,andoutreachactivitiesintendedtobuildlocalawarenessandcapacity.HealsoledthewritingoftheMississippiAlternativeHousingProposal.

AshleyEdwards–Governor’sOfficeofRecoveryandRenewal.AshleyworkedasamemberoftheOfficeofRecoveryandRenewal,ultimatelybecomingtheExecutiveDirector.Inhisinitialrolehehelpedtoconveyinformationtolocalofficialsregardingstateandfederalrecoverypolicy,soughtfeedbackfromlocalofficials,andhelpedtocraftandimplementstaterecoverypolicy.