ROBOTICS

• THE WORD ROBOTICS IS USED TO COLLECTIVILY DEFINE A FIELD IN ENGINEERING THAT COVERS THE MIMICKING OF VARIOUS HUMAN CHARACTERISTICS.

• SOUND CONCEPTS IN MANY ENGINEERING DISCIPLINES IS NEEDED FOR WORKING IN THIS FIELD

• Speed.• It can work hazardous/dangerous environment.• To perform repetitive task.• Efficiency• Accuracy• Adaptability

What is a Robot ? “A re-programmable, multifunctional

manipulator designed to movematerial, parts, tools, or specialized devices through various programmedmotions for the performance of a variety of tasks.”

• Wheeled• Legged

• Climbing• Flying

A robot must have the following essential characteristics:

Mobility: It possesses some form of mobility. Programmability: It can be programmed to

accomplish a large variety of tasks. After being programmed, it operates automatically.

Sensors: on or around the device that are able to sense the environment and give useful feedback to the device.

Mechanical capability: enabling it to act on its environment rather than merely function as a data processing or computational device (a robot is a machine).

Flexibility: it can operate using a range of programs and manipulates and transport materials in a variety of ways.

oStructure oPower sourceoActuation oSensing oManipulation oLocomotion oController

STRUCTURE• The structure of a robot

is usually mostly mechanical and can be called a kinematic chain.

• The chain is formed of links (its bones), actuators (its muscles), and joints which can allow one or more degrees of freedom

POWER SUPPLY• Suitable power supply is needed

to run the motors and associated circuitry

• Typical power requirement ranges from 3V to 24V DC

• 220V AC supply must be modified to suit the needs of our machine

• Batteries can also be used to run robots

• Actuators are the "muscles" of a robot, the parts which convert stored energy into movement.

• The most popular actuators are electric motors.

SENSORS Sensors are the parts that act

like senses and can detect objects or things like heat and light and convert the object information into symbols or in analog or digital form so that computers understand. And then Robots react according to information provided by the sensory system

MANIPULATOR

• Robots which must work in the real world require some way to manipulate objects; pick up, modify, destroy, or otherwise have an effect.

• Thus the 'hands' of a robot are often referred to as end effectors, while the arm is referred to as a manipulator.

LOCOMOTION• It is concerned with the

motion of the robot.• Robot contains different

types of drives:- o Differential driveo Car typeo Skid steer driveo Synchronous driveo Pivot driveo Articulated drive

MOTORS

Robots are driven by different motors :- DC Motors Stepper Motors Servo Motors

• DC MotorsoAs the name

suggests, a motor which uses a DC (Direct Current) power

oCan run in both directions

oSpeed Controllable

• Stepper Motorso Used for measured

rotationo Can be held at a

particular position of the shaft

o Ideal for many autonomous robots requiring higher precision

• Servo Motors :o Used in closed loop

control systems in which work is the control variable.

o An integral feedback device (resolver) or devices (encoder and tachometer) are either incorporated within the servo motor or are remotely mounted, often on the load itself

CONTROLLER

Controllers are programmable, cheap, small, can handle abuse, require almost zero power, and there are so many varieties to suit every need. This is what makes them so useful for robotics - they are like tiny affordable computers that you can put right onto your robot.

• Revolution in Medical science and Health care systems.

• New & wide scope in Education & Training.• A good help in Nuclear industry.• Used tremendously in Sports activities.• Play the role of an efficient assistance in

Research and Development sciences.• Can very well handle household business.

• Scientists say that it is possible that a robot brain will exist by 2019 .

• Vernor Vinge has suggested that a moment may come when computers and robots are smarter than humans.

• In 2009, some robots acquired various forms of semi-autonomy, including being able to find power sources on their own.