Risk Education under the Mine Ban TreatyImmediate and Effective Warning

Risk Groups

In both rural and urban areas

Delivery Methods

Children

In rural areas

AfghanistanAngola

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Colombia

CroatiaDemocratic

Republic of CongoIraqMali

In refugee and IDP camps

CambodiaChad

EthiopiaMauritania

AfghanistanAngola

Democratic Republic of Congo

IraqMali

Nigeria Palestine

Afghanistan–TajikistanEcuador–Peru

Thailand–MyanmarTurkey–Syria

Colombia

Across borders In indigenous reserves

Target Areas

Women and girlsPeople living in poverty and lacking viable livelihoods alternatives

Other risk groups in 2019• Peoplelivinginhumanitarianandemergencysettings:

provision of risk education in response to landmine/ERW accidents,flashfloods,orarmedconflict.

• Provisionofriskeducationtohumanitarianaidstaff.• Personwithdisabilities:riskeducationintegratedwith

victim assistance projects; risk education materials using braille,signlanguageorsubtitles.

Men

Migrants and itinerant workers

IDPs, refugees, and returnees

Mass and digital media

Notes:ERW=explosiveremnantsofwar;andIDP=internallydisplacedpeople.StatesnotpartytotheMineBanTreatyareindicatedinitalics.

SomaliaSouth Sudan

ThailandYemen

NigeriaPalestineSomalia

South SudanUkraine

NigerSenegalSri Lanka

Sudan

Community volunteers or networksMaintains risk education in hard-to-reach areas and is providedbytrustedcommunitymembers.

Integrated into the humanitarian and protection sectorsCombinesriskeducationwithotherhumanitarianandstabilizationactivities.

Integrated into survey and clearance activitiesSupports community understanding of clearance activities andreportingofordnance.

Partnership with the national police or emergency servicesSupports national police and emergency services to provide safetymessagesandadvice.

School-basedImplementedintooroutsideoftheformalcurriculum.

• Oftenprovidedbyspecializedliaisonteams.• Distributionofsmallandprintedmaterials,suchas leafletsandposters.

• Mixedgenderteamstoensurethatallageandgendergroupsinthepopulationareadequatelyreached.

• Provisionthroughinteractivemeans,suchasmobile cinema,puppetshows,andtheatre.

Challenges in face-to-face delivery include: poor road infrastructure, lack of trust, insecurity and ongoing conflict, and wide range of languages and dialects spoken.

Interpersonal

• Deliveryofriskeducationusingmassmedia,suchas billboards,radio,andTV.

• Increasinginterestintheuseofdigitalmediaandmobileapplications,particularlyinremoteandchallengingcontexts.

Challenges in the use of mass and digital media include: limited communication infrastructure, lack of mobile networks, and limited access to and use of social media.

Pastoral and nomadic communities

APRIL 2021monitor2@icblcmc.orgwww.the-monitor.org

@MineMonitor

• Growingupincontaminatedareas.• Lackofknowledgeofthewaranditslegacy.• Rolesthattakethemintocontaminatedareas.• Pronetopickingupandplayingwithitems.

• Primaryriskgroupwithregardtoantipersonnelmines.• Livelihoodrolesandresponsibilitiesputthematrisk, suchas:animalherding,farming,fishing,orhunting.

• Lesslikelytoengageinunsafebehaviorsortotravelasfarfromthehomeasmen.

• Canpromotesaferbehavioramongmen,children,andpeers.• Insomecontextswomenarehardertoreachfor riskeducation.

• Lackoffamiliaritywiththeareastheymovethrough.• Returningtofamiliarareasthathavebeencontaminated.• Jobscarcityandlivelihoodinsecuritymayforcethemto engageinintentionalrisk-takingactivities.

• Enteringandworkinginunfamiliarareas.• Crossingborders,oftenatinformalcrossingpoints.• Driversareparticularlyatriskduetothecontaminationonroadsanduseofshort-cuts.

• Transitacrosslargeareasofland,includingcontaminatedareas,lookingforgrazingandwaterfortheircattle.

• Povertyforcespeopletoknowinglyaccesscontaminatedareas.• Increaseddemandforlandmaypushpoorerhouseholdsintocontaminatedareas.

ThailandZimbabwe

Risk Education, the Mine Ban Treaty, and the Oslo Action Plan 2019 Facts and Figures

TheMine BanTreaty requires States Parties to“provide an immediate and effectivewarning to the population” in relation to all areas under its jurisdiction or control in which antipersonnelmines are known or suspected to be emplaced. However, despite being a core pillar of mine action, risk education has often been considered as one elementofbroaderclearanceactivities,andasaresulthasoftennotreceivedadequateattentionorresources. In2019therewasanincreasedfocusonriskeducationduetothedramaticriseincasualties,particularlyintheMiddleEast.Recognizingtheimportanceofthismineactionpillar,theOsloActionPlan,adoptedinNovember2019,includes adedicatedsectionwithfiveconcreteactionpointsonriskeducationandriskreduction.

Other Risk Education Developments in 2019-2020

t TheestablishmentoftheExplosiveOrdnanceRiskEducation(EORE)AdvisoryGrouptoprovideoverallguidancetothesectorandtoidentifywaystoimprovetheintegration,effectiveness,efficiency,andrelevanceofriskeducation.

t TheupdateoftheInternationalMineActionStandards(IMAS)12.10onriskeducation.ThestandardswereapprovedbytheIMASreviewboardduringthefinalquarterof2020.

t Theconductofanumberofstudiestoprovidemodelsandmethodologicalguidancetothesector.ThisincludedastudyonthenewtechnologiesandmethodologiesforEORE.

t Theinstigationofin-depthdiscussionsandinformationsharingonCOVID-19andriskeducationmessagingthroughtheInternationalMineRiskEducationWorkingGroup(iMREWG)hostedbytheUnitedNationsChildren’sFund(UNICEF).

t ThethematicreportingonriskeducationbytheLandmineMonitorforthefirsttimesince2008.

t 28StatesPartiestotheMineBanTreatywereknowntohaveprovidedriskeducation to populations affected by antipersonnel mine contamination andotherexplosiveremnantsofwar(ERW).

t 15StatesPartiesreportedhavingriskeducationincludedwithintheirmineactionstrategyorasaseparatestrategyorworkplan.

t 18StatesPartieshadorweredevelopinganationalstandardon riskeducation.

t 22 States Parties had national institutions or mechanisms in place for coordinatingriskeducation.

t 20ofthe28mine-affectedStatesPartiesthatsubmittedanArticle7 transparencyreportfor2019reportedonriskeducation.However,theextentofdetailwasvaried.

t Cambodia, Chad, Ethiopia, Tajikistan, and Yemen all included risk education withintheirArticle5clearancedeadlineextensionrequests.OnlyEritreaandArgentinadidnot.

t 17donorsreportedspecificriskeducationfundingin2019andcontributedUS$13.3million.Thisrepresentsanincreasefrom2018when12donorscontributedacombinedtotalof$9.3million.

KEYRiskeducationcoordinationmechanismsinplaceatnationallevel.Riskeducationnationalstandardinplaceorindevelopment.Riskeducationstrategyorworkplaninplaceorindevelopment.

Cross-Border Risk Education

Incertaincontexts,riskeducationneedstoworkacrosscountries to ensure that populations living in or transiting through mine- contaminated border areas are informed of therisks.

AfghanistanAngolaBosnia and HerzegovinaCambodiaChadColombiaCroatiaDemocratic Republic of CongoEcuadorEthiopiaIraqMaliMauritaniaNigerNigeriaPalestinePeruSenegalSomaliaSouth SudanSri LankaSudanTajikistanThailandTurkeyUkraineYemenZimbabwe

TheSwissFoundationforMineAction(FSD)provides risk education to communities in the Panji valley in Afghanistan, accessing the areafromacrosstheborderinTajikistan.

OntheThailand-Myanmarborder,Humanity&Inclusion(HI)isthesoleriskeducationoperator in the nine camps in Thailand for refugeesfromMyanmar.

EcuadorandPeruworktogethertoproviderisk education activities on their shared border.

DanishRefugeeCouncil(DRC)/Danish DeminingGroup(DDG)providedrisk education to Syrian refugees in Turkey to ensureawarenessofcontaminationand safer behavior in Turkey and also for those returningtoSyria.