Risa GluskinYork Mills CI
gluskin.caUsing Graphs in Social Science
Income Inequality in Canada
How to Read a Table and a Graph
Relative Income Inequality Percentage Distribution of Total Income of Canadian
Families by Quintiles, 1974, 1984, and 1996
Quintile 1974 (%) 1984 (%) 1996 (%)
Lowest 6.3 6.1 6.1
Second 13.1 12.3 11.9
Middle 18.2 18 17.4
Fourth 23.6 24.1 24.0
Highest 38.8 39.5 40.6
Bain, C., Colyer, J., DesRivieres, D., & Dolan, S. (2002). Transitions in Society: The Challenge of
Change. Toronto: Oxford University Press. (82)
Absolute Income InequalityAverage Total Income By Family Type, Select
Years, 1976 to 2008
Two-parent families with children
Female lone-parent
Male lone-parent
1976 77,400 28,000 53,300
1996 78,500 29,200 46,000
2006 95,200 39,800 65,000
2007 99,300 40,800 60,300
2008 100,200 42,300 60,400
Adapted from Statistics Canada. (2010). Average total income by family type, select years, 1976 to 2008. Retrieved March 3, 2011 from
http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/8903/2010001/article/11388/tbl/tbl003- eng.htm
Women Employed as a Percentage of All Occupations, 1987 and 2009
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Survey
Statistics Canada. (2012, Feb. 24). Women employed as a percentage of all occupations, 1987 and 2009. Retrieved Jan. 17, 2013 from
http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-503-x/2010001/article/11387/c-g/c-g007-eng.htm
Globalization
Hooks and ‘Ah hah’ Moments, Visual Confirmation of Concepts
Distribution of World Income
Conference Board of Canada. (2011, Sept.). World income inequality. Retrieved April 12, 2012 from http://www.conferenceboard.ca/hcp/hot-opics/worldInequality.aspx
% of total annual world income
Poorest, 1
Richest, 42
Other, 57
Poorest
Richest
Other
Income Distribution
Nation Master. (N.d.). Economy statistics. Income distribution; richest 10% (most recent) by country. Retrieved April 13, 2012 from
www.nationmaster.com
Richest 10%
0102030405060
Brazil
South
Afri
ca
Russia
Costa
Rica US
China
UK
Austra
lia
South
Kor
ea
Canad
a
Norway
Japa
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Sweden
Country
Per
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Demography: Baby Boom, Echo Boom
How to Choose the Right Graph to Represent a Concept
Canada's Population Growth During the Last 50 Years
Statistics Canada. (2009, Sept. 22). Canada’s population growth during the last 50 years. Retrieved Jan.
17, 2013 from http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/as-sa/97-550/figures/c1-eng.cfm
Population and Growth Components (1851-2001 Censuses)
Period
Total Population growth (thousands)
Births Deaths Immigration Emigration
1941-1951
2,141 3,186 1,214 548 379
1951-1956
2,433 2,106 633 783 185
1956-1961
2,157 2,362 687 760 278
1966- 1971
1,553 1,856 766 890 427
1996-2001
1,410 1,705 1,089 1,217 376
Adapted from Statistics Canada. (2005, Jan. 28). Census of Population.
Population Pyramid, 1996
Natural Resources Canada. (2004). The atlas of Canada; population pyramid 1996. Retrieved
April 25, 2012 from http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/auth/english/maps/peopleandsociety/age/age1996/can_graph.g if/image_view
PP 2006
Statistics Canada. (2009). 2006 Census: analysis series – findings. Figure 7: different cohorts among the age pyramid of the Canadian population in 2006. Retrieved April 25, 2012 from http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/as-sa/97-551/figures/c7-eng.cfm
PPs for 1966 and 2006
Canadian Institutes of Health Research. (2007). The future is aging. Retrieved April 25, 2012 from
http://www.cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/34013.html
Proportion of Persons Aged 65 Years and Over Among the G8 Countries in 2006
Statistics Canada. (2009, Sept. 22). Proportion of persons aged 65 years and over among G8 countries in
2006. Retrieved Jan. 17, 2013 from http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/as-sa/97-551/figures/c4- eng.cfm
Number of Persons Aged 65 and Over and Number of Children Aged Less Than 15 Years
in the Canadian Population 1956-2016
Statistics Canada. (2009, Sept. 22). Number of persons aged 65 and over and number of children aged less than 15 years in The
Canadian population 1956-2016. Retrieved Feb. 14, 2013 from http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/as-sa/97- 551/figures/c1-eng.cfm
Fertility and Fecundity
Using the Magic Pencil
Making a Scattergraph
World Population
World Fertility Rates
Births and Total Fertility Rates,
Canada, 1988 to 2008
Statistics Canada. (2011, April 29). Births and total fertility rates, Canada, 1988 to 2008. Retrieved Nov. 29,
2012 from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/84f0210x/2008000/ct006-eng.htm
Age-specific Fertility Rates, Canada, 1988 to 2008
Statistics Canada. (2011, April 29). Births and total fertility rates, Canada, 1988 to 2008. Retrieved Nov. 29, 2012 from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/84f0210x/2008000/ct002-eng.htm
Making Scattergraphs
X coordinate• Students receive data on fertility rates of
almost all countries ranging from lowest (1.2) to highest (8.0), and arranged in six groups. – They randomly choose six countries from
each of the six ranges. This gives them a sample of 36 that includes high, medium and low, as well developed and developing countries.
Y coordinate• Students are given two variables to plot
for their 36 countries.• Together we make educated guesses about whether
we think there will be a positive, negative, or no correlation between the X and Y coordinates, in other words between fertility rates and each proximate determinant.
– Per capita national income (GNI PPP per Capita)– Percent of married woman 15-49 using contraception (modern
methods)– Percentage of women economically active– Percentage of Females enrolled in Secondary School– Percentage of Women Married in the 15-19 age group– Childbearing under the age of 20 (measured in births per
1000)
Graphing
• They have to make two graphs by hand and fully label them (which I have already modeled for them at the beginning of the chapter when they make a graph for relationship between fertility rates and year of birth of the mother).
• They only draw their “line of best fit” in class when they meet with the other people who had the same graphs as them.
Correlation Not Causation
No Correlation
Proximate Determinants