RFCS Project RFSR-CT-2008-00040
Online Material Characterisation at Strip ProductionOnline Material Characterisation at Strip ProductionMathias Stolzenberg*, Rene Schmidt, Alvaro Casajus, Thomas Kebe, Magnus Falkenstrom,
Ane Martinez de Guerenu, Norbert Link, Henk Ploegaert, Frenk v. d. Berg
Consortium:Salzgitter Mannesmann Forschung (SZMF, Coordinator);
Arcelor Mittal Eisenhuettenstadt (AMEH);
Forschungs- und Qualitätszentrum Oderbrücke (FQZ);
ThyssenKrupp Steel AG (TKS);
Swerea KIMAB AB;
Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones Tecnicas de Gipuzkoa (CEIT);
VDEh Betriebsforschungsinstitut (BFI);
TATA SteelTechnology BV
TGS 9 09-11 June 2012 BFI, Düsseldorf, Germany
Duration: 01.07.2008 – 30.06.2011
Reporting Period: Final Report
Hysteresis featuresEddy current features
Remanence, coercitivity,
Speed of sound, damping, Reflections from phase borders
Elasticity, Scattering, absorption,
Measurable quantities by used methods
Direct signals
Physical properties
OMC Overview
Electromagnetic Ultrasonic
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Remanence, coercitivity, magnetic loss, differential permeability, impedance
Phase mixture, grain size, dislocation density, precipitation density, Phase composition ferrite / austenite
Elasticity, Scattering, absorption, Change in refractive index
Elastic properties, Hardness, Phase changes, Yield strength, Microstructure, Grain size,Phase changes, Defect detection
Material properties
OMC Overview
Project Structure
Ultrasonic Electromagnetic Destructive
Laser Ultrasonic
IMPOC Hacom Hysteresis Multi FrequencyImpedance Analyser (MFIA)
Online KIMAB, TKS, SZMF
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Online KIMAB, SZMF
TKS, FQZ, AMEH
SZMF
Samples KIMAB, SZMF
TKS, FQZ, AMEH
SZMF CEIT CEIT
Simulation TATA
Data Mining BFI SZMF CEIT TATA
Disturbance BFI
OBJECTIVES
Development of advanced online measurement techniques characterising the
structural parameters of the material to predict online the strip quality.
Development of measurement techniques and systems for production lines with
unfavourable conditions.
Online measurement data from the actual produced material for the adjustment of
process models to predict material quality with high resolution on the strip.
Evaluation algorithm relating the measured quantities to mechanical technological
OMC Overview
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Evaluation algorithm relating the measured quantities to mechanical technological
values.
Development of advanced methods like classification, neural networks or decision
trees to derive online interesting material quantities for quality control of production.
OMC Overview
Content
1 Basic Specifications
2 Application of Electromagnetic Methods
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2 Application of Electromagnetic Methods
3 Application of Ultrasonic Methods
4 Assessment of the Results and Discussion
1 Basic Specifications, Methods
Electromagnetic online Methods used in the project
Magnetizing Coils Measuring Coils
Running Strip
Magnetizing Coils Measuring Coils
Running Strip
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Ferromagnetic Strip
Idler RollersIdler Roller
Ferromagnetic Strip
Idler RollersIdler Roller
IMPOC (available system)Magnetic pulse, gradient of remanence
HACOM (available system)Sinusoidal magnetisation, harmonic analysis
1 Basic Specifications, Methods
Electromagnetic laboratory Methods used in the project
Hysteresis Curve for Working Distance 0 mm Hysteresis-like Curve, Working Distance: 0 mmB(T
)
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Single Sheet tester(available system)
Hysteresis Curve for Working Distance 0 mm
-8,000
-6,000
-4,000
-2,000
0,000
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
-1000 -800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 1000
H-Pulse in kA/m H
-Gra
die
nt
kA
/m²
gr-Hrns gr-Hrnm
gr-Hrn0
gr-Hrn09
gr-Hrnp9
Hc -Hc
I
II
III
IV
V
O
Multi Pulse Impoc (Development)Magnetic pulse cycles of different amplitude, gradient of remanence
H-Pulses (kA/m)
H-G
radie
nt (
kA/m
)
Hysteresis-like Curve, Working Distance: 0 mm
H-Pulses kA/m
Δµ
H (A/m)
1 Basic Specifications, Methods
Electromagnetic online methods developed in the project
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MFIA, Multi frequency impedance analyserchange of flux rate (eddy current)
1 Basic Specifications, Methods
Ultrasonic methods used in the project
Laser UltrasoundExcitation by Laser-pulse Detection by Interferometer
Ultrasound of different wave modes
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2 Application of Electromagnetic Methods, High Speed Impoc
High speed IMPOC installation at the CAL in Dortmund
Shape of magnetisation coils, amplitude andfrequency of pulses changed,
Results: No difference in shape of signals,good correlation to mechanical valuesfor IF and MA steel
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High speed IMPOC installation at the CGL2 in Eisenhüttenstadt
Shape of magnetisation coils, amplitude and frequency of pulses changed,
Direct comparison with two systems in the same line with different lift off
skin pass milltension leveller
(exit looper)
s1 s2
IMPOC orHighSpeedImpok
system 1 system 2
Results: A distance reduction (66 mm to 50 mm) increases the signal amplitude by app. 10%The change of IMPOC to HighSpeed IMPOC decreases the signal amplitude by 5 - 7%An adaptation of the system at a production line and/or the change of system type is possible
2 Application of Electromagnetic Methods, MFIA
MFIA Installation at TATA Steel Ijmuiden
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Ferrite fraction governs magnetic permeability:
2 Application of Electromagnetic Methods, MFIA
Developments:
• MFIA sensor + Instrumentation electronics
• Software and firmware to control the MFIA-sensor, to evaluate the results, to present basic measurements
MFIA output for a low C/Mn steel grade
Magnitude
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to present basic measurements
• Results from sensitivity studies on samples (in lab)
• An industrial housing to protect the sensor on the mill in a very hostile environment
• Initial result from a production HSM
Phase
speed influence of H360LA steel grade
10300
10400
10500
10600
IMP
OC
-valu
e [
A/m
2]
Data
Linear (Data)
2 Application of Electromagnetic Methods, Disturbing Influences
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y = -1,2887x + 10607
R2 = 0,8576
10000
10100
10200
10300
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
line speed [m/min]
IMP
OC
-valu
e [
A/m
2]
line speed dependence
-1,20
-1,00
-0,80
-0,60
-0,40
-0,20
0,00
IM
PO
C c
hange p
er
speed c
hange [A
min
/m3]
BH1
IF3
IF2
relative IMPOC change
-2,50%
-2,00%
-1,50%
-1,00%
-0,50%
0,00%
IF_1 IF_2 IF_3 BH_1 BH_2 BH_3 LA_1 LA_2 DP
rela
tiv c
hange o
f IM
PO
C p
er
100 m
/min
line s
peed c
hange [A
min
/ m
3]
900V
400V
2 Application of Electromagnetic Methods, Disturbing Influences
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0,2
- 0,
39
0,4
- 0,
59
0,6
- 0,
79
0,8
- 0,
99
1,0
- 1,
19
1,2
- 1,
39
1,4
- 1,
59
1,6
- 1,
79strip thickness [mm]
IM
PO
C c
hange p
er
speed c
hange [A
min
/m
-3,00%
-2,50%
Steel group
rela
tiv c
hange o
f IM
PO
C p
er
100 m
/min
line s
peed c
hange [A
min
/ m
The signal change with speed depends on Strip Thickness and Material
2 Application of Electromagnetic Methods, Modelling
Prediction of coarse grain from HACOM values at strip material
oven temperatures
HACOM Signals
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<- Strip length ->
Grain Structure
Multi Pulse IMPOC measurements, effects of skin pass treatment, different steel grades
2 Application of Electromagnetic Methods, Micro Structure Characterisation
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
H-G
rad
ien
t in
kA
/m²
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
Grad
ien
t k
A/m
²G
rad
ien
t (
kA/m
)
Gra
die
nt (
kA/m
)
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-10,0
-8,0
-6,0
-4,0
-2,0
0,0-800 -700 -600 -500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
H-Pulse in kA/m
H-G
rad
ien
t in
kA
/m²
0,00%
0,50%
1,00%
1,50%
2,00%
-60,0
-50,0
-40,0
-30,0
-20,0
-10,0
0,0
-800 -700 -600 -500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
H Impuls kA/m
Grad
ien
t k
A/m
²
0,00%
0,50%
1,00%
1,50%
DC56D+ZHCT340X+Z
H-Pulses (kA/m)H-Pulses (kA/m)
H-G
rad
ien
t (
H-G
rad
ien
t (
Skin pass level (%)Skin pass level (%)
Set 2- Cold strip galvannealed– HCT340X+Z – Annealing trials
-2 -1 0 1 2-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
B (
T)
UD1
UD2
UD3
UD4
UD 0º
Magnetic properties can be directly related to mechanical properties.
2 Application of Electromagnetic Methods, Micro Structure Characterisation
Step 1 and 2 Step 3 and 4
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290
300
310
320
330
340
350
1 2 3 4Annealing treatment
Yie
ld s
tren
gth,
Rp
0,2
(MP
a)
0º
45º
90º
UD
-2 -1 0 1 2H
t (kA/m)
700
750
800
850
900
950
1 2 3 4
Annealing treatment
Hc
(A/m
)
0º45º90ºUD
y = 4.2709x - 531.81
R2 = 0.9992
750
770
790
810
830
850
870
890
910
930
305 310 315 320 325 330 335 340
Yield Strength (Rp0.2)H
c (
A/m
)
DP600-90º
UD1/UD2 Banded microstructures
UD3/UD4 Equiaxed microstructures
Rp
0,2
(M
pa)
Annealing step Annealing step
Hc
(A/m
)
Hc
(A/m
)Rp0,2 (Mpa)
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000 51CrV4
DD13
HCT340X+Z (D)
DX56D+Z (UI)
Correlations between coercive field and mechanical yield strength for all the studied samples.
2 Application of Electromagnetic Methods, Mechanical and Magnetic Quantities
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0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Hc
(A/m
)
Yield strength, Rp0.2 (MPa)
HCT340X+Z (D)
DX56D+Z (I)
HX380LAD+Z (EV)
HZ220YD+Z (IV)
SSAB
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
Br(T
)
51CrV4
DD13
HCT340X+Z (UD)
DX56D+Z (UI)
HCT340X+Z (D)
DX56D+Z (I)
HX380LAD+Z (EV)
HX220YD+Z (IV)
SSAB
No Correlations between magnetic hysteresis losses and remanent field
Hc,Br: different information about microstructure
2 Application of Electromagnetic Methods, Relations between Magnetic Quantities
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Correlation between magnetic hysteresis losses and coercive field
0.60 500 1000 1500 2000
Hc (A/m)
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Hyst
eres
is lo
ss (
J/m
3)
Hc (A/m)
51CrV4
DD13
HCT340X+Z (UD)
DX56D+Z (UI)
HCT340X+Z (D)
DX56D+Z (I)
HX380LAD+Z (EV)
HX220YD+Z (IV)
SSAB
Hc significantly affected by
carbon content, micro structural phase, grain size, dislocation density,
Br significantly affected by residual stresses, textureless by grain size, dislocation density
Hc,ML equivalent information about microstructure
3 Application of Ultrasonic Methods, Mechanical Models
LUS Ultrasound propagation
R
L
b1
G1G2
b2
R
L
b1 a1
G1G2
b2
R
G1
a1
a) b) c)
setups for velocity measurements.a) normal to surface, predefined thickness.b) different angles, velocity from comparison of different echo arrival times. c) A combination of a) and b)
iiE ii
LUS elastic constants
)(kkjj
ii
Young’s modulus Poisson’s ratio
SP
SP
VV
VV
2
2 SP
SPS
VV
VVV
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c) A combination of a) and b)
sfrequencielowf
sfrequenciehighf
fSpectrum
fSpectrumnattenuationormalised
_
_
)(
)(_
)(0 )()( LefUfU
fdK 1
AttenuationLUS-Parameter
d: grain diameter
v: exponent 2..4
4 in case of Rayleigh scattering
Setup of LUS measurements at the annealing simulator. The specimen is not visible due to the heat shielding
IF Steel
US-velocity at heated sample
3 Application of Ultrasonic Methods, Online Measurements
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not visible due to the heat shielding
Industrial installation of laser ultrasound at SSAB.Fibre coupled optical head in the format line.
5600
5700
5800
5900
6000
6100
14:38:24 14:45:36
Time [hh:mm:ss]
P-w
av
eve
loc
ity
[m/s
]
Start
14:24:00 14:31:12
Stop
14:52:48 15:00:00
US-velocity over coil length
3 Application of Ultrasonic Methods, Laboratory Samples, Characterisation
LUS Measurement at hot strip samples heat treatment 950°C 1: 0 min, 2: 1min, 3: 10min, 4: 60min, 5: 240min
51CrV4Sou
nd v
elo
city
m/s
6000
LU
S-P
ara
mete
r
0.8
Sound Velocity LUS-Parameter
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0.4
0.3DD13
DD13
0 1 2 3 4 5
Annealing time/ min
0 1 2 3 4 5
Annealing time /min
Sou
nd v
elo
city
m/s
5700
6000
5700
LU
S-P
ara
mete
r
0.1
0.5
0.2
1 2 3 4 5
Annealing time/ min
1 2 3 4 5
Annealing time/ min
LUS Spectra at hot strip samples, a-h increasing Martensite content
3 Application of Ultrasonic Methods, Laboratory Samples, Characterisation
HSLA1 DP2 Mart.2
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Mart.3HSLA2
DP1
HSLA2 DP3
Mart.1
4 Assessment of the online results
Online System Type of line Position Structural
Parameters
Application Main disturbing
influence
IMPOCEM, gradient of
remanence
Continuous lines,
HDG, CAL, PL,
low/high speed
Treatment part
(little speed
changes)
grain size,
dislocations
Homogeneity,
yield / tensile
strength
strip speed, tension
compensation
models available
Online methods examined
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MFIAEM, impedance
Hot strip, annealing Roll out table,
oven sections
Changes in
impedance
Determination
of ferritic phase
fraction
Curie point, lift off
LUSUltrasound speed
and frequency
content
Slabs, Hot strip,
Pickling line,
Annealing line,
After finishing
stands, Oven
sections
Elastic constants,
grain size,
attenuation (phase
dependent)
Homogeneity,
grain size in hot
sections,
(phase fraction)
High attenuation
above 1170K,
laser instabilities,
scale, air
turbulences, steam
4 Discussion of the results
• Magnetic losses, coercive field, permeability are main features for micro structure characterisation, textural information more from remanence
• All examined EM methods related to features of the hysteresis loop. Single sheet tester base method to determine relations of magnetic to micro structural parameters.
• MFIA (permaebility) shows development of the phase fraction, IMPOC and
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• MFIA (permaebility) shows development of the phase fraction, IMPOC and HACOM (magnetic losses, coercive field) are sensitiv for features of micro structure and mechanical parameters
• Sound speed, attenuation and US-spectra give access to micro structure.Laser-exited ultrasound applicable for temperature dependent measurements. Characteristic features in the spectra change with micro structure.
• Determination of material quantities at elevated and high temperatures. Calibration to material states is necessary,
Thank you for your
TATA Steel
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Thank you for your attention
Acknowledgements:This project was funded by the Research Fund for Coal and Steel (RFCS) of theEuropean Union
FQZ Oderbrücke
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