RECONSTRUCTION
Reuniting the Union
TIPS FOR UNDERSTANDING AND ENJOYMENT
• DO NOT COPY RED SLIDES or Red Words!!
• Always try to think, “How is this relevant to our world today.” The more you can answer this question the more you will understand the material.• If you can’t answer this please feel free to ask me to draw a connection!
Standards
• U.S. 3: Explain the impact of the Compromise of 1877, including: Jim Crow laws, lynching, disenfranchisement methods, the efforts of Benjamin “Pap” Singleton and the Exodusters, and the Plessy v. Ferguson decision. (C, G, H, P,T, TCA)
Unresolved Causes of the Civil War
Issues and Causes left somewhat unresolved by the conclusion of the Civil War.
Key Questions
1. How do webring the Southback into the
Union?
2. How do we rebuild the
South after itsdestruction
during the war?
3. How do weintegrate andprotect newly-emancipated
black freedmen?
4. What branchof governmentshould controlthe process ofReconstruction?
Consequences of the Civil War
Political
Economic
Social
Unresolved Causes of the Civil War
1. Federalism- the flow of power between the National and State Governments
– Federal Government (North) vs. States Governments (South)
– Issue Today?
Pre Civil War:
Loose Construction of the Constitution vs. Strict Construction of the Constitution
– Alexander Hamilton (Federalist- Loose Construction) vs. Thomas Jefferson(Democratic Republican- Strict Construction)
During the war:
The North / Union or pro strong Federalist or National Government side wins setting them in position to shape the next era.
Unresolved Causes of the Civil War
2. Slavery- As the Civil War winds down, there is many arguments over the roles of former slaves in the post Civil War America.
Pre Civil War:
-Cromises-3/5th’s, Missouri, 1850
-Abolitionist- wanted to end slavery (1840’s)
Frederick Douglas- Biography
Henry David Thoreau- Civil Disobedience
-Popular Sovereignty- people decide
Kansas Nebraska Act- Stephen Douglas
Dred Scott Court Case-
Lincoln Douglas Debate-
During the War: Slaves were free from Southern States through military occupation, Northern States from prior bans, yet slavery still existed in the border states.
Objectives
A) Define Reconstruction.
What is Reconstruction?
• The era following the Civil War in which the
union, economy, and infrastructure are
reformed and reconnected.
Why is Reconstruction needed
• To Reunite the Union (states) politically.
• To Rebuild the industrial infrastructure
– (Industry vs. Agriculture) REGIONALISM
• To answer the Federalist question.
– state power vs. national government power
WHO CONTROLS THIS FOLLOWING
THE CIVIL WAR?
PLANS FOR
RECONSTRUCTION
• Many leaders start fighting to ensure their vision
is carried out in the implementation of
Reconstruction.
Reconstruction Plans
Who Liked it Who
Disliked It
What was
different
Lincoln’s
Plan
Wade Davis
Act
Johnson’s
Plan
Reconstruction
Act of 1867
Plan’s for Reconstruction
• Lincoln’s 10% Plan- (1863)
– 10% of a states population had to swear an oath to
the United States for a state to reenter union.
• High Ranking officials and war criminals excluded
• Very easy on South
– Plan liked by many in North and South.
– Plan upset Radical Republicans (Republicans that
wanted to punish the South and remove political
power from former slave-owners)
Lincoln’s Plan falls through
• Lincoln’s Plan is countered by Radical Republicans .
• Radical Republicans- members of Congress
that want to not only reshape the South
(economically, politically, and culturally), but also
want to punish the Southern Leaders for their
role in the Civil War.
• Tennessee, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Virginia enter
under Lincoln’s plan.
Reconstruction Plans
Who Liked it Who
Disliked It
What was
different
Lincoln’s
Plan
Northern & South
moderatesRadical
Republicans
Extremely easy on
South both as
individuals and as
states.
Wade Davis
Act
Johnson’s
Plan
Reconstruction
Act of 1867
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)
SenatorBenjamin
Wade(R-OH)
CongressmanHenry
W. Davis(R-MD)
Plans for Reconstruction
• Wade Davis Act- (1864)
– Created by Radical Republicans
– Ex Confederates had to swear a PAST and Future
oath stating they never raised arms vs. the United
States.
– Disliked by moderates in North and South who felt
the act was too harsh.
– Lincoln allows bill to die with a pocket veto.
Reconstruction Plans
Who Liked it Who
Disliked It
What was
different
Lincoln’s
Plan
Northern & South
moderatesRadical
Republicans
Extremely easy on
South both as
individuals and as
states.
Wade Davis
Act
Radical
Republicans
Northern & South
moderates
Excluded most
Southern men from
any political power
during Reconstruction.
Johnson’s
Plan
Reconstruction
Act of 1867
1865 an important year
• Civil War ends April 3rd 1865.
• Lincoln is Assassinated on April 15th 1865 by
John Wilkes Booth. (impact on
Reconstruction)
• 13th Amendment is passed by congress Jan 31st
and ratified Dec 6th, 1865- Bans Slavery in
America
President Andrew Johnson
Jacksonian Democrat.
Plans for Reconstruction
• Johnson’s Plan- (May 1865)
– Pardoned Southerners who swore allegiance to the Union.
– Excluded high-ranking officials
– States required to void secession, abolish slavery, and pay
War Debt.
– Not liked by North or Radical Republicans.
– Nine states accept Johnson’s plan but are not acknowledged
by congress.
– Overturned by Radical Republicans
Reconstruction Plans
Who Liked it Who
Disliked It
What was
different
Lincoln’s
Plan
Northern & South
moderatesRadical
Republicans
Extremely easy on
South both as
individuals and as
states.
Wade Davis
Act
Radical
Republicans
Northern & South
moderates
Excluded most
Southern men from
any political power
during Reconstruction.
Johnson’s
Plan
Southern
Individuals
(somewhat)
North/ Radical
Republicans
War Debts made this
impossible to be
followed through
Reconstruction
Act of 1867
Freedman’s Bureau (1866)
• Created for newly freed African American slaves
as they adjust to freedom. Included schools,
jobs, and social clubs.
Black Codes (1866)
• Established by Southern Governments to
Restrict African American Rights as a response
to the 13th Amendment and Freedman’s Bureau.
– Curfews
– Laws- not working- fined / whipped / forced to work for
free
– Labor Contracts- one year contracts not paid if you quit or
get fired.
– Land Restrictions- African Americans can only live in rural
areas (often on former Plantations
Shift in Reconstruction Control
• Angered at Johnson’s vetoes and the
establishment of Black Codes the
moderate and Radical Republicans
start working together to swing control
of Reconstruction in the hands of
Congress and not president
Plans for Reconstruction
• Reconstruction Act of 1867-
– Created by Radical Republicans (after Black Codes) to
cause social changes and punish South.
– Placed military generals in charge of five military
divisions.
– African Americans gain right to vote
– Martial Law
Reconstruction Plans
Who Liked it Who
Disliked It
What was
different
Lincoln’s
Plan
Northern & South
moderatesRadical
Republicans
Extremely easy on
South both as
individuals and as
states.
Wade Davis
Act
Radical
Republicans
Northern & South
moderates
Excluded most
Southern men from
any political power
during Reconstruction.
Johnson’s
Plan
Southern
Individuals
(somewhat)
North/ Radical
Republicans
War Debts made this
impossible to be
followed through
Reconstruction
Act of 1867Radical
Republicans
Northern & South
moderatesMilitary
Control
Politics during Reconstruction
• Carpetbaggers- Northerners who move south
to take advantage of horrible Southern
economy.
Politics during Reconstruction
• African American Political Vote
– Absence of Democrat voters allows for the
election of African Americans in the South.
• P.B.S. Pinchback- 1st African American Governor
(LA)
• Hiram Revels- 1st African American Senator (1870-
Mississippi)
• Blanche K. Bruce- former slave elected to Senate
(Mississippi)
Compromise of 1877
• Rutherford B. Hayes (Rep) vs.
Samuel Tilden (Dem)
• Tilden wins pop vote lost
electoral college by one vote.
Congress makes Hayes
president through a deal.
• Removes military from South
and ends federal intervention.
Compromise of 1877
• What is
evident in
the
electoral
map?
• What are
some
possible
guesses to
explain
exceptions?
Compromise of 1877
• With Compromise Hayes becomes
President and military leaves South
ending Reconstruction.
Reconstruction
• Was Reconstruction a success or failure?
– In what ways was it a success?
– In what ways was it a failure?
GILDED AGE
• THE GILDED AGE
ObjectivesAA) Define Gilded Age
Gilded Age
Thin layer of gold covering poverty and corruption.
What would look appealing about the gilded age?
Coined by Mark Twain
ObjectivesBB) Analyze the operation of the Political Machines.
◦ What are Political Machines
◦ Why are they created
◦ Significant change to American Government and Citizen relationship
CC) Define Graft
DD) Evaluate Boss Tweed and the Tammany Hall Political Machine.What was the Tammany hall Political Machine?
What purpose did Boss Tweed have in running it?
Should Political Machines be allowed?
EE) Summarize how Thomas Nast destroyed the Tweed Ring.
Political Machines (Boss
System) A city organization
designed to keep a grasp on political power of a party in a city. Often provided aid to people in the city that could not be provided “legally”
Organization of Control
A) Boss
B) Ward Bosses
C) Precinct Captains
Political machines
Dependence on Immigration-
The political machines would provide services for
immigrants in return the immigrants would often
vote for the machine
Political Machines
Political Machines:
i. Schemes
1. Election Fraud
Dependence on Immigration-
1. The political machines would provide services for immigrants in return the immigrants would often vote for the machine.
2. Graft
i. Using elected jobs for personal financial gain
ii. Often by over charging cities for construction jobs
ii. The Tweed Ring (next slide)
The Tweed Ring
William M. Tweed ~ “Boss Tweed”
a. New York City Democratic political machine (1869-
1871)
b. Tammany Hall- Tweed’s Political Machines name.
Getting started by rigging elections (buddy runs in the
other party’s primary)
Using positions for Graft (NYC Courthouse)
C. Thomas Nast (next slide)
• Thomas Nast’s Political
Cartoonsi. Most immigrants could not read but could understand
political cartoons
ii. Nast used cartoons to sway public against Tweed and lead to his arrest in which he escaped to Spain
iii. Nast cartoons helped Spanish locate and arrest Tweed
POLITICAL MACHINES
TODAY
DO POLITICAL MACHINES EXIST TODAY?
ObjectivesBB) Analyze the operation of the Political Machines.
◦ What are Political Machines
◦ Why are they created
◦ Significant change to American Government
CC) Define Graft
DD) Evaluate Boss Tweed and the Tammany Hall political machine
◦ What was the Tammany hall political machine
◦ Why did Boss Tweed run it
◦ Should Political Machines be allowed
EE) Summarize how Thomas Nast destroyed the Tweed Ring.
The Gilded Age
• Garfield’s assassination, the Pendleton Civil Service Act, and the end to the Spoils System.
ObjectivesFF) Define Spoils System
GG) Define Civil Service
HH) Analyze how Garfield’s Assassination led to the Pendleton Civil Service Act.◦ What does the Pendleton Civil Service Act do.
◦ Why was it passed (how did the assassination lead to it’s passing)
◦ Significant change to American politics?
Spoils System
Embedded by Jackson
Opposing Political Parties (partisanship)
Republicans- North, Industry, Blue Laws
Democrats- South, West, Farmers
Causes American Politics to slow down and often become
ineffective
Spoils System
Hayes tries to end Spoils System
(Compromise of 1877?)
Wants to shift to Civil Service (jobs given by tested aptitude)
Garfield (1880) elected president also dislikes the spoils system,
but his vice president Chester A. Arthur favors Spoils.
Spoils System
Charles Guiteau- assassinates Garfield because he feels he
owes him a job for support
Arthur becomes president, changes his mind, and passes the
Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883)
Tested applicants fitness for jobs- federal employees could not be
fired due to politics
Replaces Spoils System
ObjectivesHH) Analyze how Garfield’s Assassination led to the Pendleton Civil Service Act.◦ What does the Pendleton Civil Service Act do.
◦ Why was it passed (how did the assassination lead to it’s passing)
◦ Significant change to American politics?
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