RESPITEWORKINGGROUPREPORT
AREVIEWONTHESTATEOFTHEARTONRESPITEPREPAREDFORHEATHROWAIRPORTLTDDRAFTEDDECEMBER2015PUBLISHEDJUNE2016
RESPITEWORKINGGROUPREPORT:AREVIEWONTHESTATEOFTHEARTONRESPITEOurRef:2694_FINALREPORT_2-0_JUNE2016.DOCX
Client: HeathrowAirportLtdCompassCentre
Reportby: AndersonAcousticsLimited3TrafalgarMews15-16TrafalgarStreetBrightonEastSussexBN14EZwww.andersonacoustics.co.ukT:01273696887
Date:
DraftedDecember2015.PublishedJune2016.
Report.ref: 2694_Final_2.0
Status:
FinalIssued
Author NicolePorterDianaSanchezClaireHolgateAndersonAcousticsLtd
December2015
Reviewed&Approved
AndyKnowlesAndersonAcousticsLtd
RichardNormanHeathrowAirportLtd
December2015
Thisdocumenthasbeenpreparedusingallreasonableskillandcare.AndersonAcousticsLtdacceptsnoresponsibilityorliabilityforanythirdparty
datapresentedinthisreport,orusedforthebasisofdrawinganyconclusions.Thisdocumentisconfidentialtothenamedclientaboveand
AndersonAcousticsLtdacceptsnoresponsibilityorliabilityresultingfromthirdpartyuseofthisdocumentorforapurposeotherthanforwhichit
wascommissioned.
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REVISIONHISTORY
Version Comments Changesmadeby Approvedby
1.0 DraftissuedtoRespiteWorkingGroup AEK
2.0 AmendmentsfromRWGCommentsLouisaJohnsandNicolePorter
AEK/RN
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSTheRespiteWorkingGroup(RWG)wassetupbyHeathrow’sNoiseForum(HNF)inOctober2014andwastaskedtoproduceapaperoncurrentstateoftheartonrespitefromaircraftnoise.
HeathrowAirportappointedAndersonAcousticstochairandactassecretariattotheRWG.AspartofthisprocessAndersonAcousticsalsoconductedadeskstudyandtookontheresponsibilityforreflectingthefindingsanddiscussionoftheGroupintothisReport.WewouldliketothankHeathrowAirportLtd,theHeathrowNoiseForumandtheRWGmembersfortheirsupportwiththeworkreportedhere.WearegratefultotheRWGmembersforcontributingtheirtimeandexpertopinions.TheyhaveapprovedthecontentofthispaperwhichAndersonAcousticshavepreparedontheirbehalf.
MemberofRWG Organisation
NicolePorter(Chair) AndersonAcoustics
DianaSanchez AndersonAcoustics
CaptainDeanPlumb BritishAirways
DrDarrenRhodes CivilAviationAuthority,UK
TimMay DepartmentforTransport
JohnStewart HACAN
BrendanCreavin HeathrowAirport
RickNorman HeathrowAirport
RachelThomas HeathrowAirport
RobGibson HounslowBoroughCouncil
DrIanFlindell IanFlindellAssociates
GerryO’Connell IATA
CarrieHarris NATSEnvironment
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PAGELEFTINTENTIONALLYBLANK
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CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION 11
2 CONTEXT:THENEEDTOBETTERUNDERSTANDTHECONCEPTOFRESPITE 12
3 APPROACH 17
4 REVIEWOFEVIDENCEON“CURRENTSTATEOFTHEARTOFRESPITE”CONSIDEREDBYRESPITEWORKINGGROUP 19
5 CONCLUSIONSOFTHERESPITEWORKINGGROUP 32
6 RESEARCHPRIORITIESRECOMMENDEDBYTHERESPITEWORKINGGROUP 39
7 RESEARCHPROPOSAL 40
8 BIBLIOGRAPHY 39
APPENDIX1:HEATHROWRESPITEWORKINGGROUPTERMSOFREFERENCE 45
APPENDIX2:LISTOFAIRPORTSANDSOURCESOFINFORMATIONFORREVIEWWORK 47
APPENDIX3:TABLEOFDEFINITIONSOFRESPITEUSEDBYDIFFERENTSTAKEHOLDERS 48
APPENDIX4:SUMMARYOFOPERATIONALINFORMATIONACROSSAIRPORTS 51
APPENDIX5:GRAPHICSOFRESPITEMETRICSUSEDATDIFFERENTAIRPORTS 56
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EXECUTIVESUMMARYINTRODUCTIONTheconceptofprovidingrespitehasbeenmovinguptheagendainrecentyears,asausefulandeffectivestrategyforprovidingabreakfromaviationnoise.However,therearenospecificguidelinestoexplainwhatrespitefromaircraftnoisemeansandhowitshouldbeimplemented.
TheRespiteWorkingGroup(RWG)wassetupinOctober2014toprovideadvicetotheHeathrowNoiseForumonthemanagementandassessmentofrespitefromaircraftnoise.ThisreportpresentsthefindingsoftheRWGinlookingatthecurrentunderstandinganddefinitionsofrespiteandhowitmightbesuccessfullyadoptedbyHeathrowAirport.
Thisreportalsoprovidesananalysisofthecurrentstateoftheartinrelationtoimplementingrespitefromaircraftnoiseaspartofanoisemanagementstrategy,andprovidesaproposalforareasoffutureresearch.
CONTEXT:THENEEDTOBETTERUNDERSTANDTHECONCEPTOFRESPITE
Therearethreemaindriversinthepushforabetterunderstandingofwhatrespitefromaircraftnoisemeansandhowtodeliverit:
Communitydemandforrespite: There is a consistent call from residents living under flightpaths for a break from aircraft noise. This has intensified due to the negative reaction towards recent trials of revised airspace design. It is important to understand what the communities themselves (both those currently overflown and those not) consider effective respite to be and how that could be achieved in reality.
TheAirspaceModernisationProgramme: The implementation of Performance Based Navigation (PBN) as part of the Airspace Modernisation Programme will result in much greater consistency and accuracy of aircraft flight paths. This will result in a concentration of noise along flight paths. This improved accuracy generates an opportunity for the pattern of flightpaths to deliver shared concentration1 but raises a question as to whether respite can be provided through safe rotation of flightpaths.
TheUKpolicycontext: The UK Aviation Policy Framework cites the principle of respite as a measure for reducing the impact of aircraft noise. However, there is currently no guidance on its definition, implementation or delivery. The member states of ICAO’s have adopted a “Balanced Approach” to noise management and while not explicitly mentioned in the Balanced Approach, respite is one of the operational measures which should considered in that context
APPROACH
TheRespiteWorkingGroup(RWG)wassetupinOctober2014toprovideadvicetotheHeathrowNoiseForumonthemanagementandassessmentofrespitefromaircraftnoise.HeathrowAirportappointedAndersonAcousticstochairandactassecretariattotheRWG.Thegroupmetregularly
1 Shared concentration is a term that has been used to describe the use of multiple PBN Standard Instrument Departure routes (SIDs) within a Noise Preferential Route (NPR swathe) – or indeed beyond. This could result in the concentration of noise along several different PBN SIDS which can be alternated so that noise is shared. In theory this concept may also be applied to arrivals.
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betweenOctober2014andMay2015.AndersonAcousticsledthereviewofevidenceonthestateofartonrespite,providingtheevidencetobeconsideredbytheRWGateachmeeting.Thefollowingapproachwastakentothework:
• Collationofinformationonresearchandairportcasestudies
• Reviewofdefinitions
• Reviewofrespiteimplementationatselectedcasestudyairports.
• Reviewofrelevantscientificresearch.
• Agreementofkeyissuesandchallenges.
• PresentationstoHeathrowNoiseForum.
• Draftingofscopingreport,recommendationsandagreementofmainmessageswiththeRWG.
REVIEWOFEVIDENCEON“CURRENTSTATEOFTHEARTOFRESPITE”CONSIDEREDBYRESPITEWORKINGGROUP
DEFINITIONSOFRESPITE
Itwasestablishedthattherearenouniversaldefinitionsofrespite.Forthepurposesofthisproject,theGroupdevelopedthefollowingworkingdefinitionsforinternaluseforthiswork;
Box1:WorkingDefinitionsusedbytheRWGforthepurposesofthiswork
Reliefcanbedefinedasabreakfromorareductioninaircraftnoise.
Respitecanbedefinedasascheduledrelieffromaircraftnoiseforaperiodoftime.
REVIEWOFOTHERAIRPORTS
ThispartofthereviewlookedathowseventeencasestudyairportsfromacrossEurope,theUnitedStatesandAustraliahaveimplementedrespiteorreliefintotheiroperationsandhowtheyhaveapproachedPBNimplementation.Itwasfoundthatwhilstrespitehasbeenusedasamethodformitigation,thereisnoconsensusonwhatconstitutesrespite:
• Differentairportsmeasureandquantifytheprovisionofrespiteindifferentwayswithnouniqueandconsistentapproacheitherspatially,temporallyoroperationally.
• Acommonwaytoproviderespiteistospatiallyalternateflightpathswithsomeairportscombiningrouteandrunwayrotation.Thisprovidesmoremodesofoperationandmoreopportunitiesforrelieffromnoise.
• PBNimplementationhasgenerallyintroducedanincreasedconcentrationofnoisealongroutecentrelineswithgreaterconsistencyandaccuracyoftracksflown.AirportshavenotgenerallyusedPBNtoimproverespite.InsomecountriesPBNroutesareimplementedbythe“AviationAuthority”(e.g.theFAAintheUSA)ratherthantheairport.Themoresuccessfulimplementationshaveproactivelyengagedandconsultedwithlocalcommunities.
• Thereisagenerallackofproactivefeedbackbeingsoughttounderstandtheviewsofthelocalcommunity.Whenthereisproactivecommunication,forexamplewhenaskedwhetherthey’venoticedandunderstandthatthereisascheduleofreliefetc.,respiteseemsbepositivelyreceived.
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REVIEWOFSCIENTIFICRESEARCHONRESPITE
Thereviewincludedthelatestresearchonrespiteinrelationto:
• theeffectsofaircraftnoisechangesoncommunityperception• thepotentialhealthbenefitsfromtheprovisionofnoisebreaks,and• theeconomicvaluationofrespiteandtranquillity.
CONCLUSIONSOFTHERESPITEWORKINGGROUP
Overall,thefollowingkeyconclusionsweredrawnbytheRWGbasedonthereviewevidence:
• Thereiscurrentlynoclear,consistentoruniversallyaccepteddefinitionofrespite.TheRWGagreedontheworkingdefinitionsaboveforthepurposesofthisproject.Therearemanyfactorsaffectingtheperceptionofrespiteandadditionalworkisrequiredtofurtherdefine'aperiodoftime',‘break’and'reduction'intermsofcommunityperception.
• Whatthecommunityvaluesasrespiteisnotfullyunderstood.Despiteanumberofrelatedstudiesandimplementationexamples,thereisatpresentnoclearunderstandingofwhatthecommunityvaluesaseffectiverespite2.Effectiveprovisionofrespitedependsnotonlyonoperationalfeaturesbutalsospecificallyonhowthecommunityperceivesandvaluesrespite.Community-levelunderstandingisthereforeapriorityindevelopinganeffectiverespitestrategyforHeathrowAirport.
• Thereisnouniversalformulaforthesuccessfulimplementationofaneffectiverespitestrategyandoperationaldesignforrespiteneedstoconsideroperationalconditionsatanairport.
Theeffectiveprovisionofrespitedependsontherelativepositionofthelocalcommunitytothedifferentflightpathsthatmightbeused,andhowofteneachflightpathisactuallyused.Theoperationalconditionsatanairportwilldeterminewhichoptionsmaybefeasibleintermsofdeliveringrespite.Thesecouldincludefactorssuchassafety,efficiency,aircraftandavioniccapabilitiesandcontrollers’workload,amongstothers.
• Thereiscurrentlynosingleacousticmetricthatcanadequatelydescriberespite.Ourreviewworkhasshownthatonlyafewmetricshavebeenusedtoobjectivelydescriberespite.Sinceitisnotclearwhatthecommunitydeemsaseffectiverespite,andthereforewhichparametersareusefulindescribingitskeyelements,itisnotpossibletochooseasuitablemetricthatisfitforpurposeatthistime.Instead,theGrouphassuggestedalistofguidingprinciplesandacandidatelistofmetricstodescribethenoiseenvironmentintermsofofferingrespite.
• Furtherworkisneededtodevelopaclearerunderstandingofwhichparametersareusefulindescribingrespite,inawaythatisvaluedbythecommunity.
Usingthisinformationwecanthentestthesuitabilityofourcandidatemeasures.Wealsoneedtounderstandtherelativeimportanceofacousticandnon-acousticmetricsinevaluatingrespite,sothatwecanputtheusefulnessandlimitationsofanyacousticmetricincontext.
• Astrongandeffectivecommunicationstrategyandgoodcommunityengagementisessentialforthesuccessfulimplementationofrespite.Fromthecasesanalysed,twoconclusionsweredrawn:multi-stakeholderengagementisfundamentalandmoreeffortsincommunicationareneeded.Itiskeytoengageallstakeholdersduringallphasesofrespitedesignandimplementation.Communicationshouldensurethatthoseinvolvedunderstandthelikelyimplicationsandassociatedtrade-offsofrespiteimplementation.
2 Although the term community refers to the population of overflown residents, it is worth noting that the opinions may not be entirely unanimous and that residents may have differing opinions on effective respite.
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Oncewehaveaclearerunderstandingofhowthecommunityvaluesrespite,researchcanthenfocusontheselectionofthemostsuitableengagementmethodforcross-sectorinvolvement,howtoidentifythekeyinformationtoshare,howbesttodescribeandpresentthatinformationandthemosteffectivecombinationsofmediatousetodisseminatetheinformation.
• Thereiscurrentlyinsufficientinformationonthebenefitsofrespitetohealthandontheeconomicvalueoftheeffectsofrespite.
Thereisclearlynoone-size-fits-allsolution,everyendsolutionwillvary-thereisaneedforfurtherresearch.RESEARCHPRIORITIESRECOMMENDEDBYTHERESPITEWORKINGGROUPInadditiontothekeylessonslearnedlistedabove,theGroupidentifiedthreepriorityareaswheregreaterunderstandingisrequiredinordertoimplementeffectiverespitefromaircraftnoise,theseshouldbeprioritisedinthenextphasesofresearch:
• Whatdoesthecommunityvalueaseffectiverespite?
• Howcanrespitebedeliveredbyanairportthatisbothoperationallyfeasible,costeffectiveaswellasvaluedbythelocalcommunity?
• Whataretheobjectivemeasurestodescriberespiteinawaythatreflectscommunityperception?
NEXTSTEPS:RESEARCHPROPOSAL
TheGroupagreedthatprioritymustbegiventogainingabetterunderstandingofhowthecommunityvaluesrespite,beforeconsideringoperationalfeasibility,cost-effectivenessandthedevelopmentofmetrics.ThefollowingkeyobjectivehasbeenidentifiedforHeathrow:TobetterunderstandthekeycharacteristicsofaneffectiverespitestrategyforHeathrowAirportanditslocal
communities,consistentwithefficientoperations.
Tworesearchphaseshavebeenproposed:
• Phase1:TodevelopasetofprinciplesforprovidingeffectiverespitefromaviationnoiseatHeathrow.Twokeyquestionshaveemerged.Thefirstiswhatspatialvariationinroutesisrequiredtomakeaperceiveddifferenceandbenefit,intermsofheightandpositionforbotharrivalsanddepartures;thesecond,whataretheoptimumtemporalseparationsorpatternsrequiredinorderforthecommunitytovalueitaseffectiverespite?
• Phase2:TestpracticalimplicationsforairspacedesignoftheemergingprinciplesfromPhase1above.Thiswouldinvolvecommunitysubjectiveresponseresearchandoperationaltestingofoptions.
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1 INTRODUCTION
Theconceptofprovidingrespitefromaircraftnoisetoaffectedcommunitieshasbecomeincreasinglyimportantinrecentyears.Aswellasincreasinglydemandedfromthoseindividualsaffectedatthecommunitylevel,respiteisalreadyreferredtoingovernmentpolicyandwithinthecontextoftheairspacemodernisationprogramme.However,whatisourunderstandingofrespite?Howisitvaluedbycommunitiesandhowshoulditbedelivered?Areallcommunitiessupportiveofit?Therearefew,ifany,specificguidelinesonwhatrespitemeansandhowitshouldbeimplemented.HeathrowAirporthasacknowledgedtheimportanceofunderstandingtheseissuesinthecontextofdevelopingitsnoisemanagementstrategy.InOctober2014,theRespiteWorkingGroup(RWG)wassetuptoreviewcurrentstateoftheartonrespitefromaircraftnoiseandprovideadvicetotheHeathrowNoiseForum.Thisreportbringstogetherthefindingsofthatreview,aswellasaproposalforfutureresearch.Inparticular:Section2setsthecontextandlooksatwhyweneedtogainabetterunderstandingofrespiteanditsimplications.Section3outlinestheapproachtakenbytheRespiteWorkingGroupduringthisproject.Section4presentsasummaryofreviewevidenceonthestateoftheartonrespiteconsideredbytheRWG.Section5outlinestheconclusionsoftheRespiteWorkingGroup.Section6outlinestheprioritiesforresearchrecommendedbytheRespiteWorkingGroup.Section7recommendsnextstepsandaproposalforfutureresearch.
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2 CONTEXT:THENEEDTOBETTERUNDERSTANDTHECONCEPTOFRESPITE
Therearethreemaindriversinthepushforabetterunderstandingofwhatrespitefromaircraftnoisemeansandhowtodeliverit:
1. CommunityDemand2. Airspacemodernisationprogramme3. UKPolicyContext
CommunityDemandThereisaconsistentcallfromresidentslivingunderflightpathsforabreakfromaircraftnoise.Thishasintensifiedduetothenegativereactiontowardsrecentchangesinairspacedesign.Itisimportanttounderstandwhatcommunitiesthemselvesconsidereffectiverespitetobeandhowthatcouldbeachievedinreality.3
2.1.1 CommunityengagementWhilstasignificantreductioninareaandpopulationwithinnoisecontourshasbeenachieved,itiscommonlyreportedthatadversecommunityreaction4towardsairportoperationsandexpansionhasincreasedovertimebutthisgeneraltrendmaynotasrobustaspreviouslythoughtandfurtherresearchisinprogress(Gjestlandetal2014).Providingperiodsofrespiteorabreakfromaircraftnoisehasbecomeacrucialissueinmakingairportoperationsmoretolerable,inparticularforthepopulationdirectlyundertheflightpaths.Withtheadventofsocialmedia,localresidentswithincommunitiesaremakingtheirfeelingsknowninreal-timeandcommunityengagementdirectlywithairportsontheseissuescontinuestogrow.Anexampleofaco-ordinatedcommunitymovementonthesubjectofrespiteistheHeathrowAssociationfortheControlofAircraftNoise(HACAN).HACANcampaignsagainstHeathrowexpansionandhasmorerecentlyfocuseditsworkontheconcentrationandconstantnumbersofoverflightstoandfromtheairport,andthepersistentdisruptionitcausestopeople’squalityoflife.TheincreasesinconcentrationoversomeareashasledtocallsformoreofficialperiodsofrespiteforthoseaffectedandhasraisedthecriticalimportanceoftherunwayalternationsystemanditsimpactoncommunitiesinWestLondon(Stewart.,2013).
2.1.2 ReactiontoPBNTheinterestinprovidingrespitehasgatheredpaceduetothesignificantnegativereactiontowardsrecentchangesinairspacedesign.ThelatestPBNimplementationtrialsatHeathrowandelsewhereresultedinanunprecedentedincreaseinthenumberofpeoplecomplaining,mostofthemduetotheconcentrationofnoiseoversomeareaswhichwerepreviouslyoverflownmuchlessfrequently.Residentsraisedconcernsaroundfairnessandthedistributionofaircraftoverflights.(HACAN,2015)
3 It is worth also noting that some communities may have a real or perceived disbenefit from a respite solution due to changing noise patterns. 4 Although the term community refers to the population of overflown residents, it is worth noting that the opinions may not be entirely unanimous and that residents may have differing opinions on effective respite.
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HACANsurveyshaveshownthatpeoplefavoursharingthenoisearoundsothatnocommunitysuffersconstantnoise,aslongasitisdoneinafairandtransparentway.Abroadercommunityreactionhasnotbeenwidelyexplored.Typicalcommentsreportedonlocalcommunitywebsitesinclude:”Wenttobedearlytotryandbeattheearlymorningwakeupfromtooloud,toolowflyingplanesat
unearthlyhours,onlytostillhaveplanesflyingovermyhouseat11.30.pm.It'sridiculous.Theyshould
varythepathsomoreresidentsareaffectedlessoften.”
“SeeminglyconstantnoisefromaircraftoverClaphamJunction.Itstartedat4.30thismorning(and
everymorning).Icanusuallystillhearplanesuntil11.30atnight.Itmassivelyeffectsthequalityofour
sleep.Whycan'ttheflightpathbealteredoccasionallytogiveresidentssomerespite?“
“Whycan'ttheyalternatetheflightpathsliketheydoinothercountrieslikeSydney?”
Peoplereportaperceivedbenefitfromapredictedbreakfromoverflights.Somestudieshaveshownthatrunwayalternationcouldreduceannoyance,althoughthereisnorobustquantificationoftheextentofsuchareduction(Brooker,2010)(Gelderblom,Gjestland,Gramdoein,&Taraldsen,2014)(I.Flindell,2014).
Airspacemodernisationprogramme
TheimplementationofPerformanceBasedNavigation(PBN)aspartoftheAirspaceModernisationProgrammeresultsinmuchgreaterconsistencyandaccuracyofaircraftflightpaths.Thisleadstoaconcentrationofnoisealongflightpaths.Thisimprovedaccuracygeneratesanopportunityforthepatternofflightpathstodeliversharedconcentration5butraisesaquestionastowhetherrespitecanbeprovidedthroughrotationofflightpaths.
2.2.1 BackgroundTheEuropeanCommissionlaunchedtheSingleEuropeanSky(SES)initiativetoreformthearchitectureofEuropeanairtrafficmanagement.Throughaproposedpackageoflegislationitaimstomeetfuturecapacity,improvesafetyandincreasetheoverallefficiencyofEuropeanairspace(EuropeanCommission,2014).UndertheframeworkoftheSES,theUKGovernmentestablishedtheFutureAirspaceStrategy(FAS),aprogrammeaimedatmodernisingtheairspaceandairtransportroutenetwork.ThemodernisationofUKairspaceaimstostrengthentheresilienceofairportsinreactingeffectivelytodisruptionandaccommodatingtrafficgrowthinamoresustainableway.ItishopedthattheimplementationofFASwillhelptoachievetime,fuelandCO2savingsbyadoptingmoredirectroutingsandincreasingefficiency,aswellasachievingnoisereductionsasaresultoffeweraircraftbeingheldatlowaltitudes(CAA,2011).
5 Shared concentration is a term that has been used to describe the use of multiple PBN routes within a specific Standard Instrument Departure (SID). This could result in the concentration of noise along several different PBN routes within that SID, which can be alternated so that noise is shared.
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Themodernisationprogrammeissupportedbythetransitiontosatellite-basedperformancenavigation(PBN)routes,whicharemoreflexibleandprecisethanconventionalroutesusinggroundbasednavigationaids.AlthoughPBNallowstheUK’scomplexairspacetobere-designedinthisway,thiscanleadtogreaterconcentrationsoftrafficalongnewandexistingroutecentrelines.Whilefewerpeoplemaybeexposedtoaircraftnoise,someofthosewhoarecurrentlyexposedmightexperienceanincreaseindisturbanceduetoagreaterconcentrationofflights.ResponsestorecentPBNimplementationshavehighlightedthispointinthemediaandonsocialnetworkingsites,referringto‘noiseghettos’andwithquotessuchas"It’snotaboutthemanybutwhatyoudotothefew".
2.2.2 PBNandrespite
IfPBNistobeusedtoenablerespite,amajorquestionforpolicymakersiswhethertoconcentrateflightsoverspecificareasand/orusemultipleroutestoproviderespite.Apolicythatwillresultingreaternoiseconcentrationmayneedtobepresentedhand-in-handwitharespitepolicythatprovidesbreaksfromnoiseandoverflightstotheaffectedcommunity.However,thiscouldbeatoddswithcurrentUKpolicyoflimitingandwherepossiblereducingthenumberofpeoplesignificantlyaffectedbyaircraftnoise.Withinthecontextofairspacere-design,itisimportanttonotethatanychangestoairspacedesignneedstotakeintoaccountmanycomplexissues,andanydevelopmentofaneffectiverespitestrategyneedstogiveprioritytothesefactorsfromtheoutsetforanypracticalrespiteoptionstobeimplemented.Theissuestoconsiderinclude:
• Safety
• Airspacedesignlimits
• Efficiencyandresiliencerequirements
• Aircraftcapabilitiesandavionics
• Considerationoftrackmiles,fuelburnandassociatedcost
• Aircrafttrafficcontrolandcontrollersworkload
• Pilot’sworkload
• TradeoffwithotherenvironmentalfactorsTherecentpaperoftheAirportCommission’sSeniorDeliveryGrouponPBNimplementationhasreflectedmanyofthepointsraisedinthissection(SDG,TechnicalReportNo1,2015).ItconfirmsthattheaccuracyofPBNroutescreatesthepotentialtointroducealternativeflightpathsthatcanbeswitchedonandofftoprovideareasthataredisturbedbyaircraftnoisewithsomerespitefromoverflights.Thepaperconfirmsthatairportsandairtrafficcontrolareexploringtheuseofrespiteroutesthatdonotleadtoasignificantnumberofnewpeoplebeingaffectedbynoise,butthereareoperationalconstraintsonthenumberofsuchpossibleroutes.
TheUKPolicyContext
TheUKAviationPolicyFrameworkcitestheprincipleofrespiteasameasureforreducingtheimpactofaircraftnoise.However,thereiscurrentlynoguidanceonitsdefinition,implementationordelivery.
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2.3.1 CurrentgovernmentguidanceTheUKGovernment’soverarchingpolicyis“tolimitandwherepossiblereducethenumberofpeopleintheUKsignificantlyaffectedbyaircraftnoise”(DfT,2013).Thishasmeant,inpracticalterms,thataircraftareincreasinglyconcentratedalongthefewestpossiblenumberofspecifiedroutes,avoidingdenselypopulatedareasasfaraspossible.Asaresult,andowinginparttoimprovementsinaircrafttechnologyandusingtailoredoperationalprocedures,annualLdenandsummeraverageLAeq,16hr
6noisecontourareashavereducedovertime.(CAA,2014)Providingoptionsfordeliveringanyformofrespitefromaircraftnoisehasbecomeakeyissueinthenoisepolicyagenda.ThememberstatesofICAO’shaveadopteda“BalancedApproach”tonoisemanagementthroughtheexplorationoffourprincipalelements,namelyreductionatsource(quieteraircraft),land-useplanningandmanagement,noiseabatementoperationalproceduresandoperatingrestrictions,withthegoalofaddressingthenoiseprobleminthemostcost-effectivemanner.WhilenotexplicitlymentionedintheBalancedApproach,respiteisoneoftheoperationalmeasureswhichshouldconsideredinthatcontext.TheEUhasalsoadoptedtheBalancedApproachandhasrequiredtheuse7ofPBNtosecuretheemissionefficientandsafeuseofairspace.
2.3.2 NoisepolicyintheUKTheAviationPolicyFramework(APF)includesrespiteasameasuretoreduceandmitigatenoiseincommunitiesalreadyexposed.Itrecommendsexploring“optionsforrespitewhichsharenoisebetweencommunitiesonanequitablebasis,providedthisdoesnotleadtosignificantnumbersofpeoplenewlyaffectedbynoise”.Itdoesnotdefineneworsignificantly.Italsohighlightstheimportanceofensuringpredictabilitytolocalcommunitiesinairspaceplanning(DfT,2013,p.62).TheCivilAviationAuthority(CAA)includesrespiteasoneoffourkeyareasforimprovingaircraftoperationsinordertobettermanageaviationnoise,inparticularinthecontextofexpandingcapacity(CAA,2014).TheAirNavigationGuidance,producedbytheDepartmentforTransportandCAA,suggestsexploringoptionsforrespitewithlocalcommunitiesbydesigningdifferentroutesthatcanbeusedalternately.However,itincludesacaveatthatthisshouldbeachievedwithoutsignificantlyincreasingthenumberofpeoplenewlyexposedtonoise(DfT,2014,pp.28,29).TheAirportsCommissionintheUKalsoconsidersrespiteasakeystrategytomitigatenoiseimpactsonthepopulation.ItsAppraisalFrameworkevaluatesthenoiseimplicationsofapplyingdifferentrespitestrategiestoeachofthethreeshortlistedoptionsforincreasinglong-termcapacityintheUK(AirportsCommission,2014and2015).
6
LAeq = Equivalent Continuous Noise Level. This is generally described as the average noise level over a specified period of time. 7 The European Commission adopted on 27 June 2014 the Regulation (EU) 716/2014, making binding the implementation of certain standardised navigation functions, entitled Extended Arrival Management and Performance Based Navigation in high density airspace, across Europe. This is expected to improve the precision of the approach trajectory to major airports and facilitate traffic sequencing at an earlier stage, thus reducing fuel consumption and environmental impact in descent/arrival phases of flight;
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Noneoftheabovereferencesofferspecificguidanceonwhatrespitemeans,norhowitshouldbeimplementedordelivered.ThisisinlinewithGovernmentandInternationalpolicyguidancewhichpromoteslocalsolutionsforlocalproblems,
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3 APPROACH
PurposeandObjectives
TheRespiteWorkingGroup(RWG)wassetupinOctober2014toprovideadvicetotheHeathrowNoiseForumonthemanagementandassessmentofrespitefromaircraftnoise.ThetermsofreferenceandmembershipoftheRWGaresetoutinAppendix1.Thegroupcomprisescross-sectorrepresentativeswithaninterestintheprovisionofrespite,includinggovernment,theaviationregulator,airtrafficcontrol,airlines,thelocalauthority,thelocalcommunity,Heathrowairport,independentresearchersandindustryexperts.Thepurposeofthegroupwassetout:“ToprovideadvicetoHeathrowAirportonthemanagementandassessmentofrespitefromaircraftnoise”.Themainobjectivesaddressedinthisinitialreviewwereto:
• Understandandagreeformaldefinition(s)ofrespite;
• Investigatecurrentpracticeinthemanagementofrespite;
• Identifyindicatorsforthemanagementofrespiteincludingmeasuresofsuccess;
• Identifyanygapsinknowledgeforthemanagementofrespite;
• EstablishacommonlevelofunderstandingbetweendifferentstakeholdersofthescopeandopportunitiestoimplementrespiteaspartofnoisemanagementprogrammesatHeathrow.
• ProposeactionstoHeathrowNoiseForum.
ReviewMethodology
HeathrowAirportappointedAndersonAcousticstochairandactassecretariattotheRWG.ThegroupmetregularlybetweenOctober2014andMay2015,withagreedthemesateachmeeting:Figure1:RespiteWorkingGroupMeetingPlan(2014-2015)
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Thefollowingapproachwasadopted:
• Collationofinformationonresearchandairportcasestudies:membersoftheGroupsupplieddetailsofcurrentrespiteimplementationexamples,usefulairportcontacts,relevantscientificpapers,otherrelevantpublicationsandwebsitelinks.
• Reviewofdefinitions:Alistofdifferentdefinitionswascompiledandexamined,baseduponinsightsfromGroupmembers,aswellasfindingsfromonlinesearchesacrossgovernment,regulatory,industryandcommunitygroups’websites.
• Reviewofrespiteimplementationatselectedcasestudyairports:AreviewofcurrentpracticesfortheimplementationofrespitewasundertakenbyAndersonAcousticsacrossseventeendifferentairportsinEurope,theUnitedStatesandAustraliaandthefindingspresentedtotheRWG.TheselectionoftheairportswasbasedupontheknowledgeofandrecommendationsfrommembersoftheGroup.Appendix2presentsalistoftheairportsstudiedandthemainsourcesofinformationusedintheanalysis.
Thefollowingstandardinformationwasgatheredforeachofthecasestudyairports:
Airport/CaseName
1.Definition 8.Howitwasmeasured?
2.Whyrespitewasimplemented? 9.Measuresofsuccess
3.Partiesinvolved 10.Communicationstrategy
4.Legalstatus 11.Perceptionfromthecommunity
5.Levelofimplementation 12.Summarykeyfindings
6.Operationalinformation 13.Sourcesofinformation
7.Newcommunitiesexposed
• Reviewofrelevantscientificresearch:TheevidencebasedreviewworkbyAndersonsandpresentedtotheRWGalsoincludedareviewofthelateststudiesinrelationtotheeffectsofaircraftnoisechangesoncommunityperception,thepotentialhealthbenefitsfromtheprovisionofnoisebreaksandtheeconomicvaluationofrespiteandtranquility.Anoverviewofrespitefromnon-aviationsourceswasalsoincluded.Themainpurposeofthisreviewwastobuildabetterunderstandingoftheconceptsofnoiserespiteandhowithasbeenaddressedinsectorsotherthanaviation.Itdidnotaimtoformacomprehensiverevieworprovidedefinitiveconclusions.
• Agreementofkeyissuesandchallenges:TheGroupagreedontheneedtoanalysethelessonslearnt,keychallengesandgapsinknowledgeinrelationtorespitefromaircraftnoise.
Identificationofpriorities:TheGroupidentifiedthekeyresearchneedsforthefutureandagreedasuggestedwayaheadforHeathrowAirporttoconsiderindevelopingastrategicplanforrespiteimplementation.TheGroupcompiledascopeofresearchworktobeconsideredbytheHeathrowNoiseForum(HNF).
• PresentationstoHeathrowNoiseForum:ProgressoftheworkfromtheRWGwaspresentedtotheHeathrowNoiseForum(HNF)onabi-monthlybasis.
• Draftingofscopingreport,recommendationsandagreementofmainmessageswiththeRWG:AllthefindingsandrecommendationshavebeencollatedandorganisedintothisreportbyAndersonAcoustics,onbehalfoftheRWG.ThemainmessageswereagreedbytheRWGandsubsequentlypresentedtotheHNF.Beforepublication,thisreportwascirculatedtoRWGmembersforcommentsandrevisedasrequired.
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4 REVIEWOFEVIDENCEON“CURRENTSTATEOFTHEARTOFRESPITE”CONSIDEREDBYRESPITEWORKINGGROUP
ThissectionpresentsasummaryofthecollatedfindingsfromallofthereviewworkpreparedbyAndersonAcousticsandpresentedtotheRWG.Foreachtopicreviewed,asummaryofkeyfindingsisgivenandillustratedwithpertinentexampleswhereappropriate.Insummarythefollowingwasinvestigated:
Definitionsofrespiteusedanddeterminedaworkingdefinition Howotherairportsconsiderrespiteincludinghowitisimplemented,howitisdescribed,communityperceptionandengagement;
Reviewofscientificresearchincludingotherindustries(construction),healthbenefitsandvaluation.
Definitionsofrespite
TheRWGconsideredthecomprehensivereviewofdefinitionsofrespiteusedbymanydifferentstakeholders,includinglocalcommunities,government,regulators,academics,airportsandtheaviationindustry8.Appendix3givesmoredetailaboutthedefinitionsidentifiedduringthisreview.
4.1.1 ExistingdefinitionsFromtheUKGovernmentandUKregulatoryperspective,respiteisgenerallyunderstoodasakeymeasuretomitigatetheimpactofaircraftnoiseovercommunitiessignificantlyexposedtoaircraftnoise.However,thereisnospecificdefinitiontohelpmeasure,quantifyorimplementrespite.NoiseQuest9providesspecificguidanceonwhatrespitemeansandhowtodefineit.Theyexplicitlysuggestthatrespiteisrelatedtotherelieffromaircraftnoiseeventsoveraperiodoftime.However,theynotethatrespiteshouldbelocallydefinedtofittheneedsofanycommunityorstudyarea(FederalAviationAdministration(FAA),2015).Fromthecommunityandresidents’perspective,respiteishighlightedasacrucialfactortoconsiderwhenplanningflightpaths.AccordingtoJohnStewart,ChairofHACAN,respiteisrelatedtotheprovisionofpredictableperiodsofrelieffromthenoiseoftheplaneslandingandtakingoffatHeathrow.Inhisownwords,theseareperiodswherethereshouldbenoplanesoverhead.SomeofthepeoplecomplainingaboutaircraftnoiseatHeathrowAirporthighlighttheimportanceofsharingandfairness10inthedistributionofthenoiseandtheneedforrespiteperiods(Stewart,2015).
8 In some cases, a definition of respite was inferred based on the context of information provided. 9 Noise Quest is an online initiative sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and Transport in Canada. 10 Note: There may be a lack of definition of what constitutes fairness and sharing; it may be sharing noise across communities that already have some overflight or may be across the whole community including those that do not have overflights
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4.1.2 DefinitionsusedbyairportsAsummaryofthedefinitionsofrespiteidentifiedfromtheairportcasestudiesisprovidedinBox2:
4.1.3 Theoreticaldefinition
Followingthereviewprocess,theRWGestablishedthattherearenouniversaldefinitionsofrespite.ForthepurposesofthisprojecttheGroupdevelopedthefollowingworkingdefinitions:
Box3:WorkingDefinitions
• Reliefcanbedefinedasabreakfromorareductioninaircraftnoise.
• Respitecanbedefinedasascheduledrelieffromaircraftnoiseforaperiodoftime.
Reviewofotherairports
ThereviewconsideredhowseventeencasestudyairportsfromacrossEurope,theUnitedStatesandAustraliahaveimplementedrespiteintotheiroperationsandhowtheyhaveapproachedPBNimplementation.SeeAppendix2forfurtherdetailaboutthesourcesused.
4.2.1 ImplementationThissectionincludesanalysisofhowrespitewasimplementedatthecasestudyairportsinoperationalterms.
Box4:Summaryoffindingsofoperationalinformationfromcasestudyairports
• Acommonwaytoprovidereliefistospatiallyalternateflightpaths.• Someairportscombinerouteandrunwayrotation,givingmoremodesinwhichthe
airportcancontinuetooperatewhilstprovidingaperiodofrespitetolocalcommunities.• Timeofdayrestrictionscanlimittheflexibilityandcapacityofairports.• PBNimplementationhasgenerallyintroducedincreasedconcentrationofnoisearound
routecentrelineswithgreaterconsistencyandaccuracyoftracksflown.• AirportshavenotgenerallyusedPBNtoimproverespite.
Box2:Summaryoffindingsondefinitionsofrespitefromcasestudyairports
• Thereisnoconsensusamongtheairportsstudiedonwhatconstitutesrespite.• Respiteissometimesusedasamethodformitigation.• Themajorityoftheairportsanalysedmakenoreferencetorespiteasaconcept(e.g.
BrusselsandDenver),butforsomeanimplieddefinitionwasidentified(e.g.Brisbane).• Someairportssuggestadefinitionthroughdesignandoperationoftheirairspace,such
asalternationofroutesandrunways(e.g.SchipholorFrankfurt).• Sydneyairportdefinesrespiteasacontinuedperiodoftime(clockhours)whenthereare
nomovementsonaparticularflightpath.• TheproposalsubmittedbyHeathrowAirporttotheAirportsCommissionforanew
runwaypresentsadefinitionofrespite.
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FrankfurtandBrisbanecombinebothrouteandrunwayrotation,givingmanymoremodesinwhichtheseairportscanoperateandprovideascheduledrelieftotheircommunities.OtherEUairportshavealsoconsideredtheintroductionofregulationsforrunwayuseorrestrictionstooperations,suchasatVienna,SchipholandHeathrow,particularlyatsensitivetimes,forexampleatnight.Itisacknowledgedthatprovidingabreakfromnoisecanlimittheflexibilityandcapacityofairports.Alternatingroutesisthemostcommonwaytoprovideabreakfromaircraftnoiseamongstthecasesanalysed.Thishasbeenusedtodistributenoiseawayfromdenselypopulatedareasduringperiodsoftheday,andsoreducingtheeffectonsomepopulatedareasbysharingimpactwithneighbouringpopulatedareas.ThecasesanalysedforGatwickandHeathrowrelatedtorecenttrialstotestdifferentwaysforprovidingrespite.Gatwicktestedtheprovisionofrespiteatnightbyalternatingflightpaths,whileHeathrow’sDOKEN11trialtestedtheuseofPBNtodeliverscheduledrespitetocommunitiessitedbeneathdifferentdepartureroutes.AlloftheUSairportsstudiedusePBNaspartoftheNextGenmodernisationprogramme,ledbytheFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)ratherthantheairportsthemselves.ThemaindriverofthisprogrammereliesonimprovingthesafetyandefficiencyoftheUSairspace.Thereviewsuggeststhatalthoughrespitewasnotinitiallyintended,itispossibletoinferthatreliefwasdeliveredinsomecases,duetohowtheflightpathsweredesigned.Brisbane,PerthandSydneyairportsproviderespiteorreliefaspartoftheircurrentoperations,basedonanoisesharingapproach.Thethreecasesaresomewhatdifferent.ForBrisbane,respitehasbeenpartoftheirdailyoperationsandithasbeenusedinprincipleforthedesignoftheirnewrunway.InthePerthcase,respitewasimplementedfollowingrecommendationfromtheNoiseOmbudsmantoreduceflightsoveranareaandsharethenoise.ForSydney,changeshavebeenimplementedduetoasignificantadversereactiontotheopeningofSydney’sthirdrunwayin1994,whichledtotheairportadoptinganewnoisesharingapproachdesignedtoremoveconcentrationofnoiseoverthesuburbstothenorthoftheairport.Thisnoise-sharingplanisbasedupontenoperationalmodesthatarealternatedthroughouttheday.Appendix4providesdetailedoperationalinformationonrespiteimplementationforeachcasestudyairport.
4.2.2 Describingrespite:metricsandmeasures
Box5:Summaryoffindingsofrespitemetricsandmeasuresfromcasestudyairports
• Differentairportsmeasureandquantifytheprovisionofrespiteindifferentwayswithnouniqueandconsistentapproacheitherspatially,temporallyoroperationally.
• Thisisoneofthekeygapsintermsofrespitemanagement.Onlyfiveoftheseventeencasestudyairportshavespecificmetricsonrespite.
• Thosemetricsidentifiedarerelatedtoperiodsoftime(e.g.days,clockhours)inwhichabreakinnoiseisprovidedthroughusinganalternativeflightpathandanabsenceofoverflights.
• Thereisnoclearoruniversaldefinitionofwhatconstitutesanoverflightnortheseparationdistancesrequired.
11 http://www.heathrow.com/file_source/HeathrowNoise/Static/DOKEN_report_FINAL.pdf
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Thereviewofairportsidentifiedanumberofwaystodescribeinformationonbreaksfromnoise.Itisworthnotingthatnoonehas‘verified’thesemetricsasprovidingrespiteorrelief,theyaresimplymeasuresthatmonitorhowamanagementtoolhasbeenimplementedi.e.%runwayalternationetc.Thesemetricsaredescribedbelow:
Metrics Example12 Comments
DedicatedRunwayOperations(DROps)
AtFrankfurttheprovisionofrespiteismonitoredwiththedailyuseofDROpsviaradarplotsandreportsfromnoisemonitoringstations.
TheDROpsestablishedguidelinesonhow,whenandwheretoprovidenoisebreaks.Theairportprovidesperiodsofreliefthroughtheirdedicatedrunwaysoperationsprocess,currentlyfordeparturesintheearlymorningwherebyrunwaysandroutesvarybetweenoddandevendays.
Numbersofdayswithintheperiodoftimewhentheflightpathislikelytoexperiencenoflights
BrisbaneAirportreportsonthepercentageofdayswithnoscheduledflightsforeachflightpath,whichisreferredtoasrespite.Theinformationispresentedbytimeofday,dayofweekandseason,inconjunctionwithN7013contours.
Somecriticismhasarisenthatcalculatingrespiteonindividualflightpathsdoesnotgiveanaccuratepictureofwherethenoiseisactuallyaudible.Thatis,respiteunderoneflightpathisdisturbedbymovementsonanotherflightpath,particularlythecaseinareasclosetoanumberofdifferentpaths.
%clockhourswhentherearenooverflights
Sydneyhasdevelopedthismetrictoquantifyrespite.Sensitiveclockhourshavebeendefined,followingextensivetriallingandcommunityengagement.Theseare6-7amand8-11pmonweekdaysand6am-11pmatweekends.
Themetrichasalimitationinthatitonlyaccountsforrespiteinwholehoursandthustendstounderstaterespitee.g.ifanareareceivesnoflightsbetween13:05and14:55,norespitewillberecordedeventhoughtheareainquestionreceivednearly2hoursofrespite.Thereisalsoanaudibleissueaswellasdescribedabove.
Numberabove(NA)differencesbypostcode
TheDOKENtrialatHeathrowprovidedusefulinsightsonhowtomeasurethenoiseenvironmentinordertounderstandrespiteusingN65andpresentingdataatpostcodelevel.
Forthistrial,N65(8hr)>25andN65(16hr)>5014appeartoprovidemoresignificantandclearerdifferencesinexposurethanLeqdifferencesastheycombineanelementofnoiselevelandanelementrelatedtothedegreeofoverflightandthereforecouldbeusedpotentiallytoidentifyareasthatmaybeaffordedsomerespite.
%oftimeanareaisoverflown
TherunwayalternationsystematHeathrowAirportismonitoredbythepercentageofarrivalsanddeparturesusingtheirpreferentialrunway(inalternation)fordayandnightrotationperiods.Inaddition,thenumberofdaysanareais“overflown”canbederived.
TheproposalforathirdrunwayatHeathrowpredictedrespiteusingasimpleprocedurebasedonwhetherornotanareawasoverflown(oneflightwouldbeconsideredoverflown),takingintoaccountthedifferentmodesofrunwayoperationsandrouteuse.
Calculatingrespiteonindividualflightpathsdoesnotgiveanaccuratepictureofwherethenoiseisactuallyaudible.Thatis,respiteunderoneflightpathisdisturbedbymovementsonanotherflightpath,particularlythecaseinareasclosetoanumberofdifferentpaths
12 Appendix 5 provides graphical representations of some of these metrics 13 Number Above is the number of noise events that reach or exceed a certain dB(A) Lmax threshold within a given time period. In the above example, an Lmax value of 70 dB(A) is adopted. 14 When reviewing changes resulting from the rotation pattern a time period, T, of 8 hours was selected to reflect the period in which each runway/route combination occurred as well as the 16 hour day. In particular the N65(hour)>25 contours were used and N65(16 hour)>50.
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Metrics Example12 Comments
Changesinflighttrackdensityorheightofoverflights
Gatwickusedradartrackdatatoreviewtheeffectsoftheirtrialperiodintermsofdensity/heightofoverflightsandhoweffectivelytheseoverflightswereeliminatedfromtheareasidentifiedandredistributed,relativetoanypopulatedareas(notjustthoseidentifiedforrespite).
Intheirtrialsproposaldocument,itwassuggestedthatqualitativefeedbackshouldbesoughtfromthoseinthe“respiteareas”andalsofromanyareaswhichmighthavehadanincreaseintheflighttrackdensityorachangeinheightsofoverflights,andalsotoreviewanyregisteredcomplaintsreceivedduringthetrialperiod.
MedianQuietInterval(MQI)
TheFAAthroughitswebsiteNoiseQuest,providesexamplesonhowrespitecanbemeasured.Forinstance,theysuggestusingthe“MedianQuietInterval(MQI)”tomeasurerespitefrom“intrusive”noiseevents.TheMQIindicatestheaveragetimebetweenaircrafteventsthatexceedaselectedthreshold.
ItiscalculatedusingtheTimeAbove(TA)andNumberAbove(NA)metrics.Forexample,ifTA65=30andNA65=100,thenMQI=14.1minutes,meaningthattherewouldbeoneeventabove65dBoccurringevery14.1minutes(FederalAviationAdministration(FAA),2015)15.
TimeAbove(TA) Seeabove.
Section5buildsuponthesefindingsandsuggestsarangeofprinciplesforobjectivelymeasuringrespite.
4.2.3 CommunityPerceptionofRespite
Akeyissuewhenanalysingthecasestudyairports,wastounderstandwhethercommunitiesareawareofrespiteandhowtheyperceiveandvaluethebenefits.
Box6:Summaryoffindingsofcommunityperceptionfromcasestudyairports
• Therearealackofproactivestrategiestoseekfeedbackoraskthecommunityfortheirviewsabouttherespiteimplementationnearthem.
• Thereisalackofknowledgeaboutthevalueofrespitetoaffectedcommunities,compared,forexample,withothermitigationmeasures.
• Themoresuccessfulimplementationshaveproactivelyengagedandconsultedwithlocalcommunities.
• OnlytheHeathrowDOKENTrialdidasystematicevaluationofcommunityperception.Resultsfromthisevaluationindicatedthatanoisebreak,providedbyalternationofPBNroutes,issignificantlyvaluedbythecommunity16.
Basedonthecasesanalysed,theGroupcanconcludethatthereisnoproactivestrategyforunderstandinghowcommunitiesperceiveandvaluetheinitiativesthataimtoprovideabreakfromaircraftnoise.
15
Based on the calculation; (24 hours total time - 0.5 hours above 65 dB) / (100 events above Lmax of 65 dB) = 0.235 hours or 14.1 minutes. It is important to understand that this example assumes that 100 aircraft events (that exceed the 65 dB threshold for 30 minutes of a full 24-hour day) are equally spaced out in time over 24 hours. 16 Since the drafting of this report, a noise respite project commenced around Frankfurt Airport and includes a survey of residents perception, results are due to be published around mid 2016.
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Fromthecasesanalysed,onlytheHeathrowDOKENTrialcarriedoutasystematicevaluationofthecommunityperceptionandvaluationofrespite.Thisinvolvedthecommissioningofanindependentresearchprojecttoseekthecommunity’sattitudestodifferenttypesofnoiserelief(I.Flindell,2014)17.ResultsfromFlindell’sresearchsuggeststhatnoiserelief,issignificantlyvaluedbythecommunity.Accordingtothisstudy,residentshaveexpressedapreferenceforflightpathdispersion,asopposedtotheuseofonesingularflightpath.Althoughthereisnoevidencethatscheduledrespiteprovidesanyadditionalperceivedbenefit,itissuggestedthatitcancontributetopositiveattitudestowardstheairport.
4.2.4 Communicationandengagementstrategies
Thereviewexaminedthemostcommonstrategiesthatairportshaveadoptedforcommunicatingandengagingwithcommunitieswithrespecttorespiteand/ortheimplementationofairspacechanges.
Box7.Summaryoffindings:communication&engagementstrategiesatcasestudyairports
• Goodcommunicationandtransparentengagementisoneofthemostimportantissuesforsuccessfulimplementationofrespite.
• Insomecases,respitehasbeenimplementedwiththeinvolvementofthelocalcommunityinthedesignprocess.
• Atsomeairportstheremaybeinadequaterepresentationoflocalresidentswithintheengagementprocesses.
Communitydemand-drivenengagementLookingattheairportcasestudies,insomecasesimplementationofrespitewasledbydemandfromthelocalcommunity,whichmeantthatthecommunitywereincludedintherespitedesignprocess.InFrankfurt,thereisavoluntaryExpertNoiseAbatementGroupthatmonitorscurrentperformance,reviewsnewproposalsandmakesrecommendationsforimplementation.Representativesfromtheindustry,theGovernmentandthelocalcommunityparticipateinthegroup.InSchipholtheengagementprocessincludedtheestablishmentofanindependentbodytoprovideguidance,participateinthedecisionmakingprocessandbuildtrustwiththelocalcommunity.Thisgroup,theAldersTable18,hasbeeninvolvedinthedesignofrespiteprocedures,providingdirectengagementandcommunicationwithcommunities.RegulationstoprovideperiodsofrelieftocommunitiesnearViennaAirportweretheresultofamediationprocessatthetimeofdesigningthethirdrunway.Differentrepresentativesparticipatedinthemediation,includingacitizen’sinitiativeagainstthethirdrunway,mayorsofthemostaffectedmunicipalities,environmentaladvocatesofViennaprovinces,researchersandtheairportitself.
17 See footnote above 18
The Alders Table is a consultation body that provides advice to government on how to achieve a balance between the growth of Schiphol, noise annoyance mitigation measures and the quality of the environment, for the period up to 2020.
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ArespitetrialatGatwickwasimplementedinresponsetorequestsfromcommunitiesandindividualslivingintheareasaroundtheairportforapredictableformofrespitefromaircraftnoise.TheGatwickAirportConsultativeCommittee19andtheNoiseandTrackMonitorGroup20sharedviewsonthedesignofthetrial.Heathrow’sDOKENtrialwasdevelopedwiththeHeathrowNoiseForum’sinputonthecommunicationstrategyandtoinvestigateifcommunitymemberswereawareofthetrial.Althoughtheairportprovidedinformationtothecommunity,particularlythroughsocialmediaandwebpages,itwasfoundthatalthough55%ofrespondentsclaimedtohavebeenawareofchangestoflighttracks,qualitativeresearchrevealedthatnoresidentswereawareoftheexactdetails,andalmostnobodywasawareofPBNasaconcept(I.Flindell,2014).BenefitsofproactivecommunityoutreachAmongtheUSairportsstudied,theDenvercasestandsoutduetoitsextensiveoutreachefforts,whichincludedscopingmeetings,individualmeetingswithlocalauthorities,planningandnoiseofficers,andpublicconferencesintheneighbourhood.AccordingtotheanalysisofdifferentPBNimplementationcasesbyconsultancyfirmHMMH,Denver’suniquesuccessislargelyattributedtothreefactors:(HMMH,2014)
• Peopleandcommitment:ThecollaborativeeffortsoftheWorkingGroupanditsmultiplestakeholders.Theyputtheirownagendasasidetosolveaproblem.
• Strong,comprehensive/interdisciplinaryknowledgebasewithinthegroupabouttechnicalissuesofairportsoperationsandairspacesissues,planningdevelopmentsandregulationandonimpacts(andneeds)ofthecommunityandenvironment.
• Financialincentiveforsuccess,fromnoisefines(duetoconstrainingnoiselimitsat101points,anexceedanceofwhichcarriesacostly/significantpenaltyof$500Kperannualoccurrence).
Section5.5takesintoaccountthelessonslearnedheretorecommendsomegeneralprinciplesforsuccessfulcommunicationandengagementstrategies.
Reviewofscientificresearchonrespite
Thereviewincludedthelatestresearchonrespiteinrelationto:
• theeffectsofaircraftnoisechangesoncommunityperception
• thepotentialhealthbenefitsfromtheprovisionofnoisebreaks,and
• theeconomicvaluationofrespiteandtranquility.Italsogivesanoverviewofhowrespitefromnoiseismanagedandpresentedinnon-aviationindustries,inparticularinrelationtoconstructionnoise.
19
The Gatwick Airport Consultative Committee (GATCOM) advises Gatwick Airport's Managing Director about issues that concern the local communities, travellers and other users of the airport. 20
The noise and track monitoring advisory group (NATMAG) brings together representatives from DfT, NATS, airlines, Gatwick Airport and local authorities. The group discusses a wide range of noise and track-keeping issues and monitors track-keeping performance, night engine testing and ground noise complaints.
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4.3.1 Aviationnoiseandrespiteresearch
Box8.Summaryoffindingsonaviationnoiseandrespiteresearch
• Differencesbetweensoundlevelscanresultfromaircraftatdifferentheightsanddistancefromreceiver.
• Atagivenlateraldistancefromanaircraft,aircraftatloweraltitudesmaybequieterthanthoseathigheraltitudes.
• Overallannoyancecanbeaconsequenceofthemaximumlevelandthenumberofnoiseevents.
• Theextentofadverseresponseisnotdeterminedbyaveragenoiselevelsalone.
• Therearemultiplenon-acousticfactors,suchasperceivedfairnessandthecapacitythatpeoplehavetocopeandcontrolthenoise,thatdetermineannoyanceandadversereactiontoaircraftandairportnoise.
• Thenumberofnoiseeventsisverysignificant;anincreaseinnumbercanhaveasignificanteffectonannoyanceeveniftheoverallaveragenoiselevelissimilar.
• Theeffectofimprovingsoundqualityisasyetnotclear.
Arecentstudyexaminedtheeffectofaltitudeonthelateraldispersionofaircraftnoise(Rhodes,2015).Itwasnotedthatforagivenaircraft,thenoiselevelonthegroundisdeterminedbythedistancefromtheaircrafttothereceiver,groundabsorptionandshielding,scatteringandrefractioneffects.Whentheanglebetweenthegroundandtheaircraftislessthan60degrees,shieldingfromtheaircraftengines,atmosphericrefractionandscatteringeffectcanreducenoisebyupto6dBmorethanthatcausedbyanincreaseinpropagationalone.Furtherreductionsoccurwhentheangleislessthan15degrees.Thisresultmeansthataboveacertainlateraldistance,aircraftatloweraltitudesmaybequieterthanthoseathigheraltitudes.Forexample,beyond2,000mtothesideoftheflightpath,anaircraftat6,000ftisnoisierthanoneat1,000ft.Thissuggeststhataltitudeandlateraldispersionshouldbetakenintoaccountwhendesigningnewflightroutes.
Figure2:Elevationangle(Source:Rhodes,2015)
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Anotherrecentlabstudyregardingtheeffectsofaircraftnoisechangesonhumanperception,annoyance,disturbanceandperformanceinvestigatedtwochangescenarios(J.Lambert,2015):
• byreducingthenumberofaircraft(byhalf)comparedtoatypicalfleetmix.
• byimprovingthesoundqualityofindividualaircraft.BothscenariosweredesignedtoensurethatthepassengernumbersandLAeqwereconstantandweretestedinhome-likeenvironments,createdinthreelaboratoriesinFranceandHungary.ThestudyconcludedthatareductioninaircrafthasasignificantchangeinannoyancedespiteasimilarLAeqandhigherLAmax.Nocleareffectwasidentifiedfollowingchangesinsoundquality.Furthermore,thestudyshowedthatneitherreducingthenumberofmovements,norimprovingthesoundqualityofaircrafthasaneffectonperformance(usingamemorytest).Thissuggeststhatanevent-basedindexmaybeamoreappropriatedescriptorforaircraftannoyancethananenergy-basedindex.However,theauthoraddsacaveattosaythatthefleetmixusedmightincludeaircraftdeemedtobemoreannoyingthanothersthatwerenotincluded.
4.3.2 Respitemanagementintheconstructionindustry
Box9.Summaryoffindingsonconstructionnoiseresearch
• Respitefromconstructionnoiseisofferedthroughtheceasingofallactivities.Thisisnotpossibleforaviationunlessacurfewisimplemented.
• ThenoisecontrolonconstructionsitesinAustraliaandtheUKincludestheprovisionofrespiteperiodsthroughcontrolledworkinghours.
• Thesecontrolsarebasedontypeofarea,sensitiveperiodsandwhennoiselevelsexceedacertainthreshold.
• Thetotaldurationofaconstructionprojectcanbeextendedinexchangeforprovidingperiodsofrespite.Thisisusuallynegotiateddirectlywiththecommunity.
Thenoisecontrolandmanagementonconstructionsitesincludesregulationandcodeofpracticesthatprovidesguidanceonworkinghoursandrespiteperiods,basedonsensitivetimesandthetypeofarea.Ingeneral,respitefromconstructionnoiseisusuallyofferedthroughtheceasingofallactivities,oratleastthosethatareaudibleatthesiteboundary.Thisisnotpossibleforaviationunlessacurfewisimplemented.AnexampleistheInterimConstructionNoiseGuidelinesinAustralia.Thesesetoutparametersforwhenandhowtoprovideperiodsofrespitefromconstructionnoiseforresidentialareas.Whennoiselevelsexceed75dBduringstandardhours(MondaytoFriday,between0700-1800)thesiteisrequiredtoproviderespiteperiods,throughrestrictingthehoursduringwhichthesenoisyactivitiescanoccur.Inaddition,theguidelineshighlightthatanyrestrictionimposedshouldtakeintoaccountthepreferenceofthecommunitywithregardtosensitiveperiods(timeofdayordayofweek)andtheacceptanceofthelikelyincreaseintotaldurationofthewholeconstructionprojectinexchangefortheagreedperiodofrespite(DepartmentofEnvironmentandClimateChangeNSW,2009).IntheUK,theBritishStandardcodeofpracticefornoisecontrolonconstructionandopensites(BS5228)providesexamplesonhowregulationsareinfluencedbythetypeofareawheretheconstructionistakingplace,aswellassensitivetime-periods.Forinstance,whilethenoisecontrolof
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theCityofLondonrequiresanoisebreakoftwohours,twiceaday(1000-1200;1400-1600)duringweekdays,controlsatresidentialareasaimtoprotectpeoplefromnoiseatnightandweekends.Thistakesintoaccountthatthenoisewouldcausespeechinterferenceinanofficeduringthedaybutwouldcausenoprobleminthesameofficeatnight(BSI,2014).TheWestminsterNoiseStrategysuggeststhatnoisecontrolregulationsshouldtakeintoaccountthatsomeperiodsofthedaywillbemoresensitivethanothers.Itsuggeststhatnoisecontrolforeveningandovernightshouldbestricterthanfordaytime,andthattheconsiderationofofferingnoisebreaksisimportant(CityofWestminster,2010).
4.3.3 Thehealthimpactsofrespite
Box10.Summaryoffindingsonrespiteandhealthresearch
• Littleresearchexistsonthepositivehealtheffectsofrespitefromnoise.
• However,therearestudiesintothebenefitsoftranquilareasonqualityoflife,whichcanhelptoinformfutureresearchandmanagementofrespite.
• Studiessuggestthataccesstoquietareasthatofferabreakfromman-madenoisecanhavepositiveeffectsonhealthandwellbeing.
• Scheduledrelieffromanoisesourceappearstobevaluedbythecommunity.
• Benefitsarenotonlyrelatedtolowernoiselevels,butalsototheprovisionofanalternativeenvironment,awayfromthenoise.
• Non-acousticfactorssuchasvisualaspectscanhaveamajoreffectoncommunityperception.
Mostoftheresearchonnoiseandhealthisfocusedonthepotentialnegativeeffectsfromcontinuedexposuretoenvironmentalnoiseonhealthandqualityoflife.Therehasbeenlittleresearchdirectlycarriedoutonthepositiveeffectsofrespitefromnoise(fromanysource).Thereare,however,anumberofstudiesfromwhichthefindingsmayhelpinformfutureresearchonrespite.Themainareasofresearchincludeinvestigationsintothebenefitsoftranquilareasonqualityoflife.Researchinthisfieldhasgenerallyconcentratedontheimportanceofrespiteprovidedbyquietareasinurbanenvironments.Inthiscontext,theconceptofrespitetakesintoaccountothercharacteristicsofthespaceincludingaesthetics.Thissectionattemptstoreviewthesestudiesalongsideothercasestudiesofrespiteandhighlightthekeyrelevantfindings.WealsoincludetheresearchintoresponsetochangesinaviationnoiseandspecificsocialsurveyworkaroundHeathrowairportduringrecenttrials.QuietareasFindingsfromtheRANCHproject(RoadtrafficnoiseandAircraftNoiseexposureandchildren'sCognitionandHealth),highlighttheroleofquietareasforpsychologicalrestorationandhealthbenefitsinchildrenexposedtoaircraftnoise.Thestudysuggeststhatofferingaccesstoquietareasorquietperiodstochildrenexposedtohighnoiselevelsmightserveasaprotectivefactorforreducingannoyanceatschoolandsleepdisturbancesymptomsasaresultofcontinuedexposuretoaircraftnoise(S.Stansfeld,2010)(C.Clark,2007).
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Researchhasalsosuggestedthataccesstoquietareasthatofferabreakfrommanmadesoundcanhaveapositiveeffectonhealthandwellbeing.Somestudieshaveshownthataccesstoquietnessisakeyfactorformodifyingresidents’noiseresponses.Thehealthbenefitsofquietspacescanbelinkedmainlytostressreleasesandphysiologicalandpsychologicalwell-being21.
“Quietsides”Inparticular,thebenefitsofquietfaçadesorquietsidesofbuildingswhichfacilitatethepossibilityofrespitefromroadtrafficnoisehavebeenanalysed(Gidlöf-Gunnarsson,2010).Thishasindicatedthatthosewithaccesstoaquietsideoftheirdwellingexperiencedabenefitofbetween30%to50%fordifferentdisturbancetypeswhilstimprovingsleepandphysiologicalandpsychologicalwellbeing.Itissuggestedthatinareaswheretheexposurelevelishigh(LAeq,24hr>65dB),aquietsidecouldhelptoreducetheadverseeffectsofnoise,whereasinnewdevelopmentsorinareaswheretheroadtrafficnoisedoesnotexceed60dBtheconceptcouldbeusedtocreatebettersoundingenvironments.Itcanbeinferredthataccesstoaquietareaprovidesabreakfromnoiseandincreasestheperceivedcontrolofthenoiseexposure,whichhasbeenshowntohaveamodifyingeffectinannoyanceresponses.Theroleofnon-acousticfactorsItisimportanttohighlightthattheresponsetonoise(intermsofannoyancejudgments)isinfluencedbymanynon-acousticfactors,whichmightbeveryrelevantforrespite.Forexample,peoplehavereportedahighlevelofannoyancewhentheycanvisualisethenoisesource.Thisfeedsintothedebatethatperceivedrespitemightnotbetotallylinkedtothenoiselevel,butalsotothefactthatanoverflyingaircraftisthereatall(evenifitissometimesalongdistanceaway).VisualfactorsThe“visual”factorshavebeenwellstudied.Forexample,theannoyancejudgmentsduetoroadtrafficnoisewereinfluencedbythevisualjudgmentsoftheattractivenessofquietcourtyard(whenanalysingtheeffectofquietsidesonwellbeingandrestorationonpeopleexposedtoroadtrafficnoise).Thevisualjudgmentswerealsoaffectedbywhatpeopleheard22.RespiteinhealthcaresettingsThebenefitofquietperiodshasalsobeeninvestigatedwithinhealthcareenvironments.Itwasfoundthatbyintroducingtwo-hourperiodsofquiettimeinintensivecareunitsduringtheday,patientsweremorelikelytobefoundasleep4(Dennisetal.,2010).Sleepisessentialforenergyrestorationandphysicalrecuperationwhichiscrucialforthehealingprocess.Duringeachperiod,telephonevolumeswerereduced,staffwereaskedtoconversequietly,radiosandtelevisionswereturnedoffandwherepossible,tests,proceduresandconsultswereconductedoutsidethequiethours.Theprobabilityofpatientsbeingasleepduringthesequiettimeswerefourtimeshigherthanduringthehalfhourbeforetheperiodstarting.Asimilarinvestigationwasconductedbutratherthanfocusingoncriticalcareunits,periodsofscheduledquietwereintroducedinacutecaresettingswheresimilaroutcomeswereestablished(Gardneretal.,2009).Resultssuggestthatscheduledquiettimewouldbeapositivelyperceivedinterventionwiththerapeuticbenefit.Interestingly,Dennisetal.alsonotedthatthenursesvaluedthe
21 Studies referenced: (A. Gidlöf-Gunnarsson E. Ö., 2010), (A. Gidlöf-Gunnarssona, 2007), (E. O ̈hrstro ̈m, 2006), (T. Kihlman, 2001), (Schulte-Fortkamp, 2002) 22 Studies referenced: (A. Gidlöf-Gunnarsson E. Ö., 2010) (A. Fyhri, 1999) (A. Gidlöf-Gunnarsson E. Ö., 2007)
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quiettime,commentingtheseperiodsprovidedrespitefromahecticpace,offeringanopportunityto‘refocusandre-prioritise’.QuietperiodsTheQuietCityProjectisareportpreparedbytheCityofLondonDepartmentofEnvironmentalServicestoinvestigatehownoiseaffectsresidentsandworkersintheCityofLondonandtodeterminewhetherthereisaneedtoprotectquietandtranquilareas.Amongotherquestions,residentsandworkerswereaskedwhatstepscouldbetakentoreducethenoise.Unprompted,about25%ofworkerssuggestedtheenforcementofquiethours,theintroductionofquietzonesorotherrestrictionofconstructionworks(TheCityofLondon,2010).Thissuggeststhattheideaofrespitemightbewelcomedbytheworkersinthecity.Thebenefitsofquietperiods–asignificantreductioninnoiseforanallottedamountoftime-appeartogoaboveandbeyondthebenefitsderivedfromageneralreductionofhighnoiselevels,providinganopportunityforimprovingphysiologicalandpsychologicalwell-being.Althoughnoiselevelsarecentraltotheconceptofaquietarea,thereareanumberofotherfactorsincludingitsvisualaestheticswhichmayhelptodeterminewhetheranareaisdeemedquietortranquil.
4.3.4 Theeconomicvalueofrespite
Box11.Summaryoffindingsonrespiteanditseconomicvalue
• Therearefewstudiesthatprovidesomeindicationoftheeconomicvaluationofrespiteandtheseareairportspecific.
• Thesestudieshavedevelopedamethodologyforvaluingrespite.
• Evidencesuggeststhatrespitecanmakesomecontributiontopositiveattitudestowardstheairport.
• Furtherworkisneededandshouldbeairportspecific.
Therehasbeenlimitedmonetaryvaluationoftheeffectsofdeliveringrespitethroughtheuseofhypotheticalquestioningonly.Noattemptshavebeenmadetomonetisethevalueofa“happy”community,positivecommunityrelations,orindeedthecosttotheoperatorsofimplementingarespitestrategy.TheeconomicvalueoftranquillityWhileadverseeffectsofnoisehavebeenextensivelystudied,thebeneficialeffectsoftranquilareasandprovisionofrespitearelessunderstood.AreportcommissionedfortheDepartmentforEnvironment,FoodandRuralAffairs(Defra)intheUKattemptedtoplaceavalueonthebenefitofquietareas(URS/ScottWilson,2011).Thestudysetoutthreegoals:todefinewhatconstitutesaquietarea,tounderstandthebenefitsofquietareasandultimately,toestimatetheeconomicvaluederivedfromavisittoaquietarea.Itconcludedthatalthoughthereisnosingledefinition,anumberofcriteriamaybeusedtojudgetowhetheraspaceisconsideredquiet.Theseinclude:naturalsoundsbeingaudibleandnotmaskedby
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man-madesounds,theareabeinglessnoisythanitssurroundings,havingamaximumLdayvalueof55dBandbeingpubliclyaccessible.Basedonareviewof80studies,thereportindicatesthatthebenefitsofquietcanbeclassifiedintofourcategories:
• Healtheffects:psychologicalandphysiologicalwellbeing,restorationandrecovery
• Amenity:reducedannoyance,relaxation,andrecreation
• Productivity:creativity,problemsolving,cognitivedevelopment
• Environmental:betterhabitatforbiodiversityandairqualityThatworksuggeststhatthebenefitsofquietgobeyondthosefromareductioninhighnoiselevels.Thesebenefitsmaybederivedfromtheamenityofthespaceandtheimprovedqualityoflife,thepossibilityofrelaxationandescapefromthe‘hustleandbustle’ofnoisiersurroundingareasandreducedannoyance.Thesepositivebenefitshaveimportanteconomicimplications,providingsavingsonhealthcosts,increasedworkproductivity,animpactonpropertypricesandcostsavingsfromthepreventionofecosystemsdecline.Althoughhighlycaveated,thestudyplacesavaluebetween£1.18and£7.40pervisittoagreenspacewhichwasextrapolatedtoatotalvaluebetween£19.02millionand£1.4billionperyearforallvisitstoquietareasinEngland.However,thestudydoesstressthatthereisnouniqueorabsolutepriceofquiet,andthatanyattempttoputapriceonitunderminestheveryrichnessofthecharacteristicsofaplace.Whilethestudyconcludesthatmoreeffortisrequiredtoensurethatacousticfactorsareaccountedforwhenconsideringpublicspaces,itmaybeworthhighlightingtheconverse;whenconsideringrespitefromaviationnoise,non-acousticfactorssuchastheamenityorvisualaestheticoftheareasaffectedbyaircraftnoiseshouldbetakenintoaccounttoimprovecommunityresponse.TheeconomicvalueofrespiteAspartoftheDOKENtrial,HeathrowAirportcommissionedindependentresearchprojectstounderstandthecommunity’sattitudestodifferenttypesofnoiserelief(I.Flindell,2014).Theresearchteamconductedaqualitativestudyofresidentsoncompletionofthesix-monthtrialinareastotheeastandwestoftheairportthathadbeenexpectedtobemostaffectedbythetemporarychangeinoperations.Thestudysuggeststhatnoiserelief,howeveritisdelivered,issignificantlyvaluedbythecommunityandwhetheritisscheduledornotmakeslittledifference.Thestudyalsostressestherelevanceofeffectivecommunicationtoresidentsregardingthistypeofinitiative.Itiskeythatresidentsunderstandthatawaytoprovidescheduledrespiteexistsandcanbeofbenefittothem.Thestudypresentedrelativemonetaryvaluesforspecificoptionsbetweendispersedflights,alternatingroutesorimplementationofonesingleroutetorespondents.Theauthorsaddedacaveatontheuseofthesemonetaryestimatesbecauseoftherelativelysmallsamplesizeused.Althoughitwouldbefeasibleforpolicymakerstomakeuseofthesevalueswithinevaluationsofdifferentoperationalpoliciesataspecificairport,itiskeytobearinmindthateverysituationisunique.Nosingleapproachwillprovideacompletesolutiontotheproblem.
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5 CONCLUSIONSOFTHERESPITEWORKINGGROUP
TheGroupagreedonthefollowinglessonslearnedreviewworkpresentedintheprevioussection:
Thereiscurrentlynoclear,consistentoruniversallyaccepteddefinitionofrespite.
Definingrespiteisachallengingtaskinvolvingcomplexconceptsandmultiplefactors,asillustratedbelow.Figure3:Illustrationofconceptstoconsiderinrelationtorespitefromaircraftnoise
Theneedtodevelopacommonworkingdefinitionwasagreedfromtheoutset.Thefollowingprioritieswereidentifiedasaguidefordefiningrespite:
• Theneedtoincludeconceptsofscheduledorpredictableperiodsofrelief.
• Abilitytoextendanydefinitiontoincludesharing,events,overflights,noiseandthecommunity/itspeople.
• Abilitytodifferentiatebetweenrespiteandrelief,sincesomestakeholdersusebothtermsinterchangeably.Thissuggestsaneedfortwoseparatedefinitions.
• Definitionsshouldnotbeover-prescriptiveattheoutset.
• Itisimportanttobuildacommonunderstandingofwhat“overflight”means.
• Anydefinitionshouldbeeasytounderstandbythecommunity.
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Basedontheseprioritiesandforthepurposeofthisproject,theGroupagreedthefollowingworkingdefinitions,outlinedinSection4.1:“Reliefcanbedefinedasabreakfromorareductioninaircraftnoise.”“Respitecanbedefinedasascheduledrelieffromaircraftnoiseforaperiodoftime.”Forpracticaluse,supplementarystatementscouldbeincludedtotakeintoaccountlocalcircumstancesandputtheseworkingdefinitionsintocontext,butthatisbeyondthescopeofthisproject.Additionalworkisneededtofurtherdefine“aperiodoftime”,“break”and“reduction”intermsofcommunityperception.
Whatthecommunityvaluesasrespiteisnotfullyunderstood.
Despiteanumberofrelatedstudiesandimplementationexamples,thereisatpresentnoclearunderstandingofwhatthecommunityvaluesasrespite.Thereisnoone-size-fits-allapproachandthevalueofrespitedependsonlocalcircumstancesandisairportdependent.Therehasbeennospecifictargetedresearchintothisandassuch,informationcanonlybeinferredfromthevariousrelatedstudiesoractivities.TheGrouphasidentifiedsomeissuesthatmightaffectorarerelatedtotheperceptionofrespitefromaircraftnoise.
• Subjectivevaluationofbenefitsordrawbacks
• Predictability
• Temporalvariationsinexposure
• Whetheraircraftarearrivingordeparting
• Newversusexistingcommunityoverflight
• Airportswithstaticorgrowingcapacity
• Monetaryvalueofrespite
• Roleofnon-acousticfactors
• Trustandtolerancetowardsairportsauthoritiesandoperators
• Roleoftranquilareas
• Importanceoflocalissuesindeterminingextentofresponsetoaircraftnoise
• Relevanceofnumberofmovementsvs.averagednoiselevels
• Communicationandengagement.Effectiveprovisionofrespitedependsnotonlyonoperationalfeaturesbutalsospecificallyonhowthecommunityperceivesandvaluesrespite.Thevalueofrespitedependson,butisnotlimitedto,keynon-acousticfactorsincludingtrust,timeofdayetc.,suchthattheimportanceoftheacousticcharacterisationofthenoiseitselfisoftennotparamount.ActiveengagementwithallinterestedcommunitygroupsandconsiderationofallcommunityinterestsarethereforeprioritiesindevelopinganeffectiverespitestrategyforHeathrowairport.
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Successfulcommunityengagementcanhelptomodifysomeofthenon-acousticfactorsdrivinganyadverseresponsetonoise,andthatengagementisalsonecessaryforanyairport’songoingsociallicencetooperateand,whereapplicable,grow.
Thereisnouniversalformulaforthesuccessfulimplementationofaneffectiverespitestrategyandoperationaldesignforrespiteneedstoconsideroperationalconditionsatanairport.
RelativepositionofthecommunityTheeffectualprovisionofrespitedependsontherelativepositionofthelocalcommunitytothedifferentflightpathsthatmightbeused,andhowofteneachflightpathisactuallyused.Forpeoplelivingindifferentareasaroundanairport,theactualamountofnoisereliefachieveddependsontherelativedistancestothedifferentflighttracksthatmightbeusedandhowoftenandwheneachflighttrackisactuallyused.Thepotentialbenefitsofschedulednoiserespitedependonthemagnitudesofthedifferencesinthephysicalacousticcharacteristicsofthenoiseandnumbersofoverflightsbetweentworespitescenarios.TheGroupacknowledgesthatthedeliveryofrespiteforonecommunitymayresultinanincreaseinnoiseforothers.Forresidentialareaswherealternatedflighttracksarerelativelyclosetogether,thedifferencesinsoundlevelsmightbesmallorevennegligible,andthereforetheremightbenobenefitfromofferingscheduledalternationtoprovidenoiserespite.However,forresidentialareaswherethedistancesbetweenalternatedflighttracksareconsiderable,thedifferencesinsoundlevelscouldalsobeconsiderableandprovidingscheduledrespitecouldthenbeveryworthwhile.
OperationaldesignThemainoperationalchallengesidentifiedarerelatedtotheprovisionofrespitewithinthecontextofPBNimplementation.TheuseofPBNhasledtothegreaterconcentrationofflighttracksovernarrowerpathsandanincreasednegativecommunityreaction.PBNwillbeimplementedworldwideandthisworkhasconfirmedtheneedtoconsidersupplementarystrategiestoprovideabreakfromthesemoreconcentratedoverflights(andhenceincreasednoiseexposure),andtoconsiderfairnessasaconcept.Thisworkhasalsoraisedtheissueofhowtodisperserouteswhileflighttracksaremoreconcentratedonindividualpathsandhasidentifiedariskofoverlapping“respiteareas”asoneofthemainobstaclesfordeliveringeffectiverespite.UKGovernmentPolicynowneedstoconsideritsimpliedpositiononsharedconcentrationforarrivalsanddepartures,asthiscouldimpacthowrespiteisimplemented,througheitherrotatingasmallnumberofroutesorspreadingaircraftoutoveralargernumberofroutes.ItisworthnotingthatSydney’sapproachwithtenoperationalmodesisamodelHeathrowisunlikelytoemulate.TheircomplexsystemreliesonthefactSydneyhasnointeractionswithanyothermajorairport.
Anystrategicplanshouldalso,atanearlystage,takeintoaccountthefollowingissues:
• Safety
• Airspacedesignandlimits
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• Efficiencyandresiliencerequirements
• Aircraftcapabilitiesandavionics
• Considerationoftrackmiles,fuelburnandassociatedcost
• Aircrafttrafficcontrolandcontrollers’workloads
• Pilots’workloads
• Trade-offswithotherenvironmentalfactorsInaddition,thefollowingprincipleshavebeenidentifiedasthelikelyelementsofasuccessfulrespitestrategy.Anystrategyforachievingrespitewill:
• becontextualisedtothespecificairport(s)towhichitrefers,
• bevaluedbythecommunity,
• includeplanningandoperationalprinciples,
• includenon-acousticfactors,
• takeintoaccountthatalternatingroutescanbeasuitablecompromisebetweenbenefitsofefficiency,safetyandfairness,
• ensuretheroleoftheregulator/airportauthorityisopenandengaged,
• involvedifferentstakeholdersthroughoutthewholeprocess(planning,designandimplementation),withthecommunityandlocalresidentsbeingwellrepresented,
• strikeafairbalancebetweenconcentrationanddispersalofnoiseamongstthepopulationexposed,includinganynewpopulationaffectedasaresultofrespiteimplementation,and
• bedevelopedinatransparentway,buildingonothers’experiencetoavoid“reinventingthewheel”.
RoutedesignImplementationexampleshaveshownthatrespitehasbeenofferedthrougheitherrouteorrunwayrotation,orboth.Routedesignscanbeoptimisedbyconsideringoverflyingtheleastpopulatedareas,andpotentiallyadoptingdifferentproceduressuchascurvedapproaches.
Thereiscurrentlynosingleacousticmetricthatcanadequatelydescriberespite.
Thereviewworkhasshownthatonlyafewmetricshavebeenusedtoobjectivelydescriberespite.Frankfurt,BrisbaneandSydneyairportscurrentlyhavespecificindicatorsforquantifyingandassessingrespite.Simpleindicatorssuchasthepercentageofrunwayuse,thepercentageoftimeinwhichaflightpathisexpectedtobeoutofuseortheclockhoursapproachfromSydney,canbeusedasexamples.Theseappeartobesensibleastheyrelatetothespecificlocaloperationsanddefinitionsdescribedbytheindividualairportsinrelationtoprovidingrespite.Theyprovideaclearmeasurethatistransparenttothecommunity.However,althoughwehavemeasuresthatessentiallymonitorhowamanagementtoolhasbeenimplemented,andcouldbeassumedtoindicaterespite,thereisnovalidationofthelinkbetweenthesemeasuresandperceivedrespiteandhoweffectivethemanagementinterventionisinprovidingrespite.
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Sinceitisnotclearwhatthecommunitydeemsaseffectiverespite,andthereforewhichparametersareusefulindescribingitskeyelements,itisnotpossibletochooseasuitablemetricthatisfitforpurposeatthistime.Itisimportanttoconsidersomefundamentalissuesfirst.
GeneralconsiderationsForwhatpurposeareobjectivemeasuresused?Inrelationtorespite,thepurposeofametricis:“toprovideaclear,transparentandmeaningfulphysicaldescriptionoftheenvironment,toshowtheactualdifferencebetweenrespiteoptionsandhowtheyaffectdifferentlocationsontheground”.Thisworkhasseenmetricspresentedintabularform,ascontoursonmaps,asgridvaluesorbypostcodepoints.Communitieswhoareinterestedinverylocaldatamayfindthatinformationatthepostcodelevelmaybeofgreatestuse.However,inconsideringoptionsaroundanentireairport,itislikelythatstrategicdecisionswillrequireacombinationofdifferentmetrics.Metricscaneitherbegeneraldescriptions(e.g.thenumberofoverflightsperhouretc.)oracousticallybased(relatedtoameasureofacousticenergy).Acousticmetricscanonlyeverdescribeanoiseenvironmentandnottheresponsetoit,sincecommunityresponsetonoiseiscomplicatedanddependsonmanyvariablesotherthanthephysicalsoundcharacteristics.Individual,economicandsocialfactorsareoftenmoreimportantthansoundlevelfordetermining“acceptability”.Giventheweakstatisticalcorrelationbetweenacousticmetricsandcommunityresponsethatexistsforageneralcase,therewillalwaysbelimitationstohowmuchanymetriccandeterminealevelofresponse.Theoverallaimofanacousticmetricforrespiteisnottomeasuretheoverallamountofnoisebutsimplytoimproveorsimplifythedescriptionoftheactualchangeinoperations(duetoimplementingarespitestrategy)asitaffectsdifferentlocationsontheground.Theuseofanymetricmustthereforebering-fencedanditslimitationsclearlyexplainedsothatitisnotusedoutofcontext.Frompreviousworkonmetrics(N.Porter,2014)metricshavebeenclassifiedasstandardandsupplementary,asshowninFigure4below.Metricsusedtoinformonrespiteareunlikelytobebasedonstandardtypessuchasaverageenergyvalues;theyaremorelikelytobeasupplementarytype,eventbasedandbymodeofoperation.GuidingprinciplesBasedontheexperienceandunderstandingthusfar,theGroupproposesanumberofguidingprinciplesfordefiningmetricstomeasurerespitefromaircraftnoise.Anymetricshould:
• befitforpurpose,
• reflectwhatisnoticedorvalued,
• bemeaningfultocommunities,
• beclearandtransparent,
• facilitatepolicymaking/strategicdecision-making,and
• reflectchange.
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Figure4:Metrics
CandidatelistofmetricsTheGroupsuggeststhefollowingcandidatelistofobjectivemeasurestodescribethenoiseenvironmentintermsofofferingrespite.ThislistcouldbesupplementedbyanyofthemeasuresshowninFigure4:
• DROps.
• Numbersofdayswithintheperiodoftimeonwhentheflightpathislikelytoexperiencenoflights.
• Percentageofclockhourswhentherewerenooverflights.
• Numberabove(NA)differencesbypostcode.
• Percentageoftimeanareaisoverflown.
• Changesinflighttrackdensityorheightofoverflights.
• MedianQuietInterval(MQI).
• TimeAbove(TA).
Furtherworkisneededtodevelopaclearerunderstandingofwhichparametersareusefulindescribingrespiteinawaythatisvaluedbythecommunity.
Usingthecollatedmetricinformation,thesuitabilityofthelistofcandidatemeasurescanbetested.Wealsoneedtounderstandtherelativeimportanceofacousticandnon-acousticmetricsinevaluatingrespite,sothatwecanputtheusefulnessandlimitationsofanyacousticmetricintocontext.
Astrongandeffectivecommunicationstrategyandgoodcommunityengagementisessentialforthesuccessfulimplementationofrespite.
Fromthecasesanalysedtwoconclusionsweredrawn:multistakeholderengagementisfundamental,andmoreeffortsincommunicationareneeded.Itiskeytoengagewithallstakeholdersthroughoutallphasesoftherespitedesignandimplementation.
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TheGroupdiscussedthatcommunicationshouldgobeyondtheprovisionofinformation.Itshouldbuildonpeople’sunderstandingofthelikelyimplicationsandassociatedtrade-offsresultingfromrespiteimplementation.TheGroupnotedthatcommunityreactiontoachangingflightpathwouldlikelybedifferentthanfortheopeningofanewrunway,andthereforedifferentapproachesincommunicationandengagementshouldbeundertaken,tailoredaccordingtotherespiteimplementationbeingconsidered.Arangeofprinciplescanbedrawnfromtheexperienceandlessonslearntfromthecasestudyairportsanalysed,specificallyinrelationtocommunicationandengagementwithlocalcommunities:
• Itiskeytoinvolvedifferentstakeholdersintherespitedesignprocessinatransparentandopenway,includingcommunity,industry,regulatorsandlocalauthorities.Whenonesinglepartydetermineschanges,trustfromtheotherpartiesmaybelost.Communityinvolvementhasbeenshowntobesuccessfulasitensureschangesarenotsolelymotivatedbyefficiency.
• Communicationstrategiesshouldaccountfordifferentcontextsandtherelativepositionofaffectedcommunities.
• Adirectapproachandtheuseofsimpleandunderstandablelanguageiscriticalinestablishingcommongroundbetweenpartiesandforenablingmeaningfuldialogue.
• Effectivecommunicationandengagementisneededbefore,duringandafterachangehappens.
• Itisimportanttopresentandexplainthecontextofanychanges.Oncethereisaclearerunderstandingofhowthecommunityvaluesrespite,researchcanthenfocusontheselectionofthemostsuitableengagementmethodforcross-sectorinvolvement,howtoidentifythekeyinformationtoshare,howbesttodescribeandpresentthatinformationandthemosteffectivecombinationsofmediatousetodisseminatetheinformation.
Thereiscurrentlyinsufficientinformationonthebenefitsofrespitetohealthandontheeconomicvalueoftheeffectsofrespite.
Theworkhasshownthatbenefitsofrespitetohealthandontheeconomicvalueoftheeffectsofrespiteisnotclear.Thereisclearlynoone-size-fits-allsolution–thereisaneedforfurtherresearch.
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6 RESEARCHPRIORITIESRECOMMENDEDBYTHERESPITEWORKINGGROUP
DrawingonthelessonslearnedinSection5,theGroupidentifiedthreepriorityareaswheregreaterunderstandingisrequiredinordertoimplementeffectiverespitefromaircraftnoiseatHeathrow.ThesearesummarisedinFigure5below.Figure5:Summaryresearchpriorities:Keyareastounderstandtoimplementeffectiverespite
Priority1:WhatdoesHeathrow’slocalcommunityvalueaseffectiverespite?Centraltodevelopinganyimplementationstrategyondeliveringeffectiverespiteistofocusonwhatthecommunityvaluesaseffectiverespite.Priority2:HowcanrespitebedeliveredbyHeathrowthatisoperationallyfeasible,costeffectiveaswellasvaluedbythelocalcommunity?Asetofemergingprinciplesisrequired,basedonhowthecommunityvalueeffectiverespite.Theseneedtotakeintoaccountthespatialseparationofrespiteroutesandthetemporalvariationsthatneedtobeofferedtobeeffective,whilstconsideringtheoperationalconstraintsandcosts.
Priority3:Arethereanyobjectivemeasuresthatcandescribethenoiseenvironmentthathelpsreflectcommunityperception?ResearchwillconsidertheguidingprinciplesandthecandidatelistofmetricsagreedbytheGroupanddescribedaboveinsection5.4.
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7 RESEARCHPROPOSAL
Basedontheresearchprioritiesidentifiedabove,theRWGhasdevelopedalistofactionsinordertoaddresstheprioritiesandmoveforwardwithresearch:1. Understandwhatthecommunityvaluesaseffectiverespiteasapriority,beforeanyotherworkis
undertaken.2. Clarifythedefinitionsfor:'aperiodoftime','break','reduction'intermsofcommunityperception.3. Determinehowfarroutesneedtobechangedtomakeaperceiveddifferenceandbeofpotential
benefitintermsofheightandposition,forarrivalsanddepartures.4. Understandmoreclearlywhichparametersareusefultodescriberespiteinawaythatisvaluedby
thecommunity.5. Testthelistofcandidatemeasuresafterfurtherresearchiscompleted.6. Identifytherelativeimportanceofacousticmetricsandnon-acousticmetrics.7. Withaclearerunderstandingofhowthecommunityvaluesrespite,conductfurtherresearch,
focussingon:
• Selectingthemostsuitableengagementprocesswithallstakeholders(community,industry,regulator,etc.)
• Identifyingthekeyinformationtoshare
• Describingandpresentingthatinformationinthemostsuitablewayforallparties
• Identifyingthemosteffectivecombinationsofmediatouse
• Selectingtheoptimumtemporalseparationsorpatternsrequired
TheGroupagreedthatprioritymustbegiventogainingabetterunderstandingofhowthecommunityvaluesrespite,beforeconsideringoperationalfeasibility,cost-effectivenessandthedevelopmentofmetrics.Thefollowingkeyobjectiveforresearchwasidentified:
Twophasesofresearchwereidentifiedinrelationtothiskeyobjective:Phase1:Todevelopasetofprinciplesforprovidingeffectiverespitefromaviationnoise.Phase2:Totestoutpracticalimplicationsforairspacedesignofemergingprinciplesfrom(1).Thesephasesaresummarisedbelow.
KEY RESEARCH OBJECTIVE TobetterunderstandthekeycharacteristicsofaneffectiverespitestrategyforHeathrowAirportanditslocalcommunities,consistentwithefficientoperations.
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Phase1:TodevelopasetofprinciplesforprovidingeffectiverespitefromaviationnoiseatHeathrow
Thisobjectivecanbebrokendownintotwokeyquestionsthatneedtobeexplored:
Question1:Whatspatialvariationisrequiredtoroutestomakeaperceiveddifferenceandbeofpotentialbenefitintermsofheightandpositionforbotharrivalsanddepartures?Thefirstkeyquestioncouldbeinvestigatedthroughlaboratoryexperimentstoexplorethediscernibledifferences(asperceivedontheground)betweenthenoisecharacteristicsofflightoperationsreflectingarangeofheightandlateraldistancesfromthereceiver,andtoexploretheperceivedbenefitorimportanceofthesedifferenceswhenprovidingeffectiverespiteoptions.Itisenvisagedthatthelaboratorytestswouldrequireasoundsimulationpresentationsystemusingrangeofstimulitotakeintoaccountdifferencesinacousticfeaturesatdifferentheights,distancesandanglesfromlistenertoaircraftposition.Question2:Whataretheoptimumtemporalseparationsorpatternsrequiredinorderforthecommunitytovalueitaseffectiverespite?
Thiscouldbeinvestigatedthroughqualitativefieldworktoexplorethepreferencesfortemporaldistributionofoverflightsforofferingrespitefromaviationnoise,tobetterunderstandattitudinalsensitivitiestothesedifferenttemporaldistributions,andtoprovidepreliminarymonetaryvaluationofdifferentpossibleoptions.SincenoactualrespiteoptionsaretobeimplementedatHeathrowinthenearfuture,thisworkwouldhavetobebasedonhypotheticalchanges,buildingonmethodsdevelopedinpreviousresearchtobetterunderstandattitudinalsensitivitiesthroughqualitativeworkusingfocusgroups,indepthinterviewingtechniques,andStatedPreference(SP)techniques.
Phase2:TestpracticalimplicationsforairspacedesignoftheemergingprinciplesfromPhase1.
Onceanemergingsetofprincipleshasbeendeveloped,theycanbetestedtoestablishtheirpracticalimplicationsforexistingoperationsorfutureairspacedesign.Theexperimentaldesignofthisstagewillevolveandcouldincludecommunitysubjectiveresponseresearch,morefieldworkusingeitherresponsestohypotheticalchangesandoperationaltestingofoptionsthroughtrials.TheflowoftheproposedresearchissummarisedinFigure6below.
Figure6:Overallresearchflowsummary
Overall Objective To better understand the key characteristics of an effective respite strategy for
Heathrow Airport and its local communities, consistent with efficient operations………. But what is community valued respite?
Question 1 By how far do you need to
spatially change routes to make a perceived difference
Question 2 What are the optimal temporal
patterns required?
Stage 1
Development of a set of
principles for providing effective
respite to the community
from aviation noise
Laboratory Work Qualitative Fieldwork
To explore the discernible differences between noise characteristics of different
flight operations
To explore preferences for temporal distribution of overflights using focus
groups, in depth interviews and SP techniques
Stage 2
Testing of principles
Using the emerging set of principles from Stage 1, follow on work on practical implementation and assessment of
community engagement options
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8 BIBLIOGRAPHY
• A.Fyhri,R.K.(1999).Exploringtheimpactofvisualaestheticsonthesoundscape.ProceedingsofInterNoise99.InstituteofNoiseControlEngineering;Washington,DC,USA.
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• A.Gidlöf-Gunnarsson,E.Ö.(2007).Noiseandwell-beinginurbanresidentialenvironments:Thepotentialroleofperceivedavailabilitytonearbygreenareas.Landsc.UrbanPlann,83,115-126.
• A.Gidlöf-Gunnarssona,E.Ö.(2007).Noiseannoyanceandrestorationindifferentcourtyardsettings:Laboratoryexperimentsonaudio-visualinteractions.ProceedingsfromInternoise2007.28-31August,
Istanbul,Turkey.
• AirportWatch.(2015,May26).ChicagoO'Hareairportnewrunway&flightpathscreatinghugeoppositionbythosenowoverflown.Retrieved25June2015fromAirportWatchnews:http://www.airportwatch.org.uk/2014/05/chicago-ohare-airport-new-runway-flightpaths-creating-huge-opposition-by-those-now-over-flown/
• AirportWatch.(2015,March3).InUStheFAA'snewairtrafficcontrolsystemNextGeniscausing
majornoisepollution.Retrieved4April2015fromAirportWatchnews:http://www.airportwatch.org.uk/2015/03/25390/
• AirportsCommission.(2014).AppraisalFramework.London.
• AirservicesAustralia.(2014).BrisbaneAirport.Changestodepartureflightpaths.• AirservicesAustralia.(2015,June12).Perthnoiseimprovements2015.Retrieved25June2015fromAirservices.
• AirservicesAustralia.(2012).ReviewofBrisbaneAirport.NoiseAbatementProcedures.
• AirservicesAustralia.(2015).SydneyAirportOperationalStatisticsReportPreview.• BrisbaneAirport.(2014).Currentandfutureflightpathandnoiseinformationbooklet.BrisbaneAirportCorporation.
• Brooker,P.(2010).Aircraftnoiseannoyanceestimation:UKtime-patterneffects.ApplAcoustic,71(7),661-667.
• BSI.(2014).Codeofpracticefornoiseandvibrationcontrolonconstructionandopensites.Part1:Noise.BS5228-1:2009+A1:2014.TheBritishStandardsInstitutions.BSIStandardsLimited.
• C.Clark,S.S.(2007).Theeffectoftransportationnoiseonhealthandcognitivedevelopment:Areviewofrecentevidence.Int.JournalofCompararitivePsychology,20(2).
• C.M.Dennis,R.L.(2010).Benefitsofquiettimeforneuro-intensivecarepatients.JournalofNeuroscienceNursing,42(4),217-224.
• CAA.(2011).FutureAirspaceStrategy.Retrieved29May2015fromCivilAviationAuthority:http://www.caa.co.uk/FAS
• CAA.(2014).ManagingAviationNoise.CAA,London.
• CAA.(2014,0911).NoiseexposurecontoursaroundLondonairports.Retrieved25May2015fromGov.uk:https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/noise-exposure-contours-around-london-airports
• ChicagoDepartmentofAviation.(2015).AirportNoiseManagementSystem.ChicagoO'Hare
InternationalAirport.
• CityofWestminister.(2010).WestminsterNoiseStrategy2010-2015.
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• CNN.(2June2015).PhoenixsuesFAAover'extremediscomfort'fromairplanenoise.Retrieved25June2015fromCNNNews:http://edition.cnn.com/2015/06/02/travel/phoenix-sues-faa-airplane-noise/
• DepartmentofEnvironmentandClimateChangeNSW.(2009).InterimConstructionNoiseGuidelines.TheDepartmentofEnvironmentandClimateChangeNSWandStateofNSW.Australia.
• DepartmentofInfraestructureandRegionalDevelopment.(2014,079).Chpater3-Respite-Monitoringandreportingbreaksfromaircraftnoise.Retrieved10January2015fromDepartmentofInfrastructureandRegionalDevelopment.AustralianGovernment:http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/aviation/environmental/transparent_noise/expanding/3.aspx
• DfT.(1979).ActionAgainstAircraftNoise.• DfT.(2013).AviationPolicyFramework-APF.SecretaryofStateforTransportUK.TheStationeryOfficeLimited.
• DfT.(2014).GuidancetotheCivilAviationAuthorityonEnvironmentalObjectivesRelatingtothe
ExerciseofitsAirNavigationFunctions.London.
• E.Öhrström,A.S.-G.(2006).Effectsofroadtrafficnoiseandthebenefitofaccesstoquietness.J.SoundVib.,295,40-59.
• EuropeanCommission.(2014,1020).SingleEuropeanSky-Transport.Retrieved29May2015fromEuropeanCommission:http://ec.europa.eu/transport/modes/air/single_european_sky/index_en.htm
• FederalAviationAdministration(FAA).(2015).Noiseresearch-Respite.Retrieved10January2015fromNoiseQuest:http://www.noisequest.psu.edu/research-metricsunderinvestigation.html
• Flindell,I.(2014).NoiseRespite.Whatdoesitmean?NotefortheRWG.9October2014.
• Flindell,I.(2015).NoiseRespite:Whatdoesitmean?DocumentfortheRWG.
• ForestGlenCommunityClub.(2013,January28).LettertotheFAA.Re:FGCC'soppositiontoincreasedairtrafficoverForestGlen.
• G.Garner,C.C.(2009).Creatingatherapeuticenvironment:anon-randomisedcontrolledtrialofaquiettimeinterventionforpatientsinacutecare.Int.JNursStud.,46(6),778-86.
• GatwickAirport.(2013).NightNoise(Arrivals)Respitetrials.GATCOMBriefing18/04/13.
• Gelderblom,F.,Gjestland,T.,Gramdoein,I.,&Taraldsen,G.(2014).Theimpactofcivilversusmilitaryaircraftnoiseonnoiseannoyance.ProceedingsfromInternoise2014,16-19November.Melbourne.
• Godfrey,V.(1997).Proofofevidence.ThevitalimportanceofrunwayalternationatHeathrow.HACAN.
• HACAN.(2015,08).HACANLatestNews.Retrieved7September2015fromHACAN:http://hacan.org.uk/latest-news-2/
• HeathrowAirport.(2014).ResponsibleHeathrowPerformanceSummary2014.
• HeathrowAirport.(2014).DOKENtrial.ReportAnalysis.(InternalDocument).
• HMMH.(2014,October17).CasestudiesofPBNImplementationintheUS.Memorandumfrom
HMMHtoAndersonAcoustics.
• I.Flindell,P.L.(2014).TechnicalNote.NoiseRespiteWorkingGroup.Understandingthevalueofnoise
respite.SYSTRALtd.,Woking,Surrey.
• J.Lambert,P.C.(2015).Humanresponsetosimulatedairportnoisescenariosinhome-likeenvironments.AppliedAcoustics,90,116-125.
• N.Porter,A.K.(2014).Thenextgenerationofsupplementaryaviationnoisemetricsandtheiruseinmanagingaviationnoise.Proceedingsfrom43rdInternationalCongressonNoiseControlEngineering,
November16-19,2014.Melbourne.Melbourne.
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• P.LeMasurier,P.H.(2014).DOKENTrials.ImpactofPreciseNavigationFlight-PathsonOverflown
Residents.FinalReport.SYSTRA.
• PeterLaw.(2015,March9).Pertharicraftnoisetobeshiftetfurthersouthaftercomplaints.PerthNow.
• PhoenixInternationalAirport.(2015).FAAFlightPathChanges.RetrievedMay29,2015fromPHXSkyHarbour.InternationalAirport.:https://skyharbor.com/flightpaths/
• Rhodes,D.(2015).Effectofaltituteonlateraldispersionofnoise.NotepresentedtoRWG.
• S.Stansfeld,S.H.(2010).Nighttimeaircraftnoiseexposureandchildren'scognitiveperformance.Noise&Health,12(49),255-262.
• Schulte-Fortkamp,B.(2002).TheMeaningofAnnoyanceinRelationtotheQualityofAcousticEnvironments.NoiseHealth,4,13-18.
• Southgate,D.(2000).Rethinkingourapproachtoaircraftnoiseinformation-GoingbeyondtheANEF.AcousticsAustralia,28(1).
• Stewart,J.(2015).Respite:howtomakeitunderstandable.HACAN.
• Stewart.,J.(2013,129).RealRespitecanbeaReality.HACANClearskiesBlog.• SydneyAirport.(2014).MasterPlan2033.14.0NoiseManagement.
• T.Kihlman.(2001).Quietsideandhighfaçadeinsulation–meanstosolvethecitynoiseproblem.ProceedingsfromInternoise2001,Masastricht,TheNetherlands..
• TheCityofLondon.(2010).TheQuietCityProjectSocialSurveyReport.AssessinggeneralattitudestonoiseandtranquillityinCityofLondon.AppendixB:Generalattitudessurveureports.CityofLondonDepartmentofEnvironmentalServices.
• URS/ScottWilson.(2011).TheEconomicValueofQuietAreasFinalReport.ReportcommissionbyDEFRA.London:URS/ScottWilson.
• USAToday.(2015,June2).Travel.RetrievedJune25,2015fromhttp://www.usatoday.com/story/todayinthesky/2015/06/01/phoenix-sues-faa-over-flight-path-changes/28329559/
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APPENDIX1:HEATHROWRESPITEWORKINGGROUPTERMSOFREFERENCE
PurposeToprovideadvicetoHeathrowNoiseForumonthemanagementofaircraftnoiserespite.ObjectivesTheHeathrowRespiteWorkingGroupwill:
• Understandandagreeformaldefinition/sofrespite;
• Investigatecurrentpracticeinthemanagementofrespite;
• Identifyindicatorsforthemanagementofrespiteincludingmeasuresofsuccess;
• Identifyanygaps/knowledgeforthemanagementofrespite;
• Considerhowtodifferentiaterespitefromnoisesharing;
• Understandpredictabilityissues;
• ReviewthefindingsofthecommunityattitudinalsurveysandcomplaintsdatabaseaccompanyingthecurrentdeparturetrialsatHeathrowinordertobetterunderstandvariationsincommunityexpectationstorespite.
• EstablishacommonlevelofunderstandingbetweendifferentstakeholdersofthescopeandopportunitiestoimplementrespiteaspartofnoisemanagementprogrammesatHeathrow.
• ProposeactionstoHeathrowNoiseForum.PrinciplesMembersareexpectedtoabidebytheprinciplesoftheHeathrowNoiseForum.Membership
MemberofRWG Organisation
NicolePorter(Chair) AndersonAcoustics
DianaSanchez(Secretariat) AndersonAcoustics
CptDeanPlumb BritishAirways
DrDarrenRhodes CivilAviationAuthority,UK
TimMay DepartmentforTransport
JohnStewart HACAN
BrendanCreavin HeathrowAirport
RickNorman HeathrowAirport
RachelThomas HeathrowAirport
RobGibson HounslowBoroughCouncil
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MemberofRWG Organisation
DrIanFlindell IanFlindellAssociates
GerryO’Connell IATA
CarrieHarris NATSEnvironment
ThememberswillbeinvitedbyHeathrowAirportLtd,indiscussionwiththeHeathrowNoiseForumasawhole.Themaximumnumberofmemberswillnotexceed15.TheWorkingGroupwilloperateforaperiodofuptosixmonthsfromthedateofthefirstmeeting,whereuponitsongoingworkprogrammewillbereviewedbytheHeathrowNoiseForum.AndersonAcousticsaretoprovideChairandSecretariat.MeetingsMeetingswillbeheldsixtimesandmembersareexpectedtoattendallofthemeetings.Whereamemberdoesnotattendtwoconsecutivemeetings,Heathrowreservestherighttoinviteanalternativemembertorepresenttheinterestsoftherelevantstakeholdergroup.TheWorkingGroupwillbequoratewith10members,oneofwhomshallbetheChairorhis/hernominee.MeetingswillgenerallybeheldatHeathrowAirportLimited’soffices,thoughmayonoccasionbeheldinotherlocationswhererelevanttotheGroup’swork.Anypaperswillbecirculatedatleastthreeworkingdaysbeforethemeeting.OutputsTheWorkingGroupwillagreeaworkplanandregularlyreviewprogressagainstthis.AftereachmeetingoftheWorkingGroup,anupdatewillbeprovidedbytheChairtoHeathrowNoiseForum.Aformalreportofprogressagainsttheworkplanwillbeprovidedonaquarterlybasis.Allmaterialspublishedwillbefreelyavailablewiththeexceptionofanyspecificmaterialclearlyidentifiedasconfidentialduringameetingorinanycorrespondence.InteractionwithOtherGroupsTheHeathrowRespiteWorkingGroupwillinteractwithothergroupswhererequestedtodosobytheHeathrowNoiseForum.AmendmentstotheTermsofReferenceTheTermsofReferencemaybeamendedafterconsultationandagreementbymembersoftheWorkingGroup.
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APPENDIX2:LISTOFAIRPORTSANDSOURCESOFINFORMATIONFORREVIEWWORK
Airport Mainsourceofinformation
Europe
Brussels Directcontactwithairportandwithcommunitygroups
Frankfurt Directcontactwithairport
GatwickNighttimetrials
NightNoiseArrivalsRespiteTrialsReport(GatwickAirport,2013)
Heathrowa.DOKENTrialb.RunwayAlternationc.Proposalfor3rdRunwaytoAirportsCommission.
− HeathrowDOKENTrialsFinalReport(HeathrowAirport,2014)− SYSTRADOKENTrialsReport.(P.LeMasurier,2014)− HeathrowWebpageanddirectcontactwiththeAirport− EvidencesubmittedtoAirportsCommission
Schiphol Directcontactwithairport
StockholmArlanda DirectcontactwithSwedavia
StockholmBromma DirectcontactwithSwedavia
GothenburgCity DirectcontactwithSwedavia
Vienna Directcontactwithairport
US
BostonLoganInt. CasestudiesofPBNimplementationintheUS(HMMH,2014).
ChicagoO’Hare Onlinesearch:FAA,ChicagoO’Hareandmedia:(ForestGlenCommunityClub,2013)(ChicagoDepartmentofAviation,2015)(AirportWatch,2015)
DenverInt. CasestudiesofPBNimplementationintheUS(HMMH,2014).
PhoenixSkyHarbourInt. OnlinesearchatPhoenixAirportandmedia.(CNN,2105)(PhoenixInternationalAirport,2015)(AirportWatch,2015)
Seattle-TacomaInt. CasestudiesofPBNimplementationintheUS(HMMH,2014).
Australia
Brisbane BrisbaneAirportNoiseBooklet.(BrisbaneAirport,2014)AirServicesAustralia(AirservicesAustralia,2014)
Perth AirservicesAustralia.(AirservicesAustralia,2015)(PeterLaw,2015)
Sydney Directcontactwithairport
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APPENDIX3:TABLEOFDEFINITIONSOFRESPITEUSEDBYDIFFERENTSTAKEHOLDERS
Stakeholder Organisation Definitionusedorinferred
Regulatorandgovernmentperspective
UKDepartmentforTransport(DfT)
TheDfTrecogniserespiteasakeymitigationmeasuretosharenoise,whichhasbeenvaluedbythecommunities.
TheBookletAgainstAircraftNoisepublishedin1979makesreferencetorunwayalternationasasystemthatprovidesafairsharingofperiodsofrelativequietamongthecommunitiesaffectedbyaircraftnoise.Thesamebooklethighlightsthatthesystemhasbeenregardedasthemosteffectiveofcurrentnoiseabatementmeasuresoftheairport(DfT,1979).
IntherecentlypublishedGuidancetotheCAAonenvironmentalobjectivesrelatingtoairnavigation,theDfTsupportstheuseofrespiteasaninnovativetechniquetomitigateaircraftnoiseamongcommunitiesalreadysignificantlyaffectedbyaircraftnoise.DfTgavespecialattentiontothosepopulationswherethefrequencyofmovementshasincreasedovertime.Theprovisionofrespiteisofmajorimportanceinthecontextofairspacechanges(DfT,2014)
UKAviationPolicyFramework(APF)
TheAPFconsidersrespiteasameansofmitigatingtheimpactofaircraftnoise.Itreinforcestheimportanceofexploringoptionsforrespitewhichallowsnoisetobesharedbetweencommunitiesonanequitablebasis,providedthisdoesnotleadtosignificantnumbersofpeoplenewlyaffectedbynoise.Thusitdoesnotdefinewhatneworsignificantlymeans.Also,ithighlightsthatregardlessofthepreferredoptionfordeliveringrespite;thoseresponsibleforplanninghowairspaceisusedshouldensurethatpredictabilityisaffordedtolocalcommunities,totheextentthatthisiswithintheircontrol(DfT,2013).
CivilAviationAuthority,UK(CAA)
Respiteisconsideredasaoneoftheobjectivesthatguidesoneofthefourtypesoftheoperationalmeasurestolimitnoise(basedonICAOBalancedApproach)(CAA,2014).
FederalAviationAdministrationandTransportCanada
Respiteingeneraldependsonthenatureandfrequencyoftheaircraftoperations.Respiteisreferredtoasrelieffromaircrafteventsforaperiodoftime.However,theywarnthatitshouldbelocallydefinedtofittheneedsofanycommunityorstudyarea.Examplesofpossibledefinitionsare“thetotalrelieffromanyaircrafteventforanhour,amorning,oranearlyevening”or“therelieffromaircrafteventsthatwouldotherwiseinterferewithoutdooractivities”(FederalAviationAdministration,2015).
Communityperspective
HACAN AccordingtoJohnStewart,chairofHACAN,respiteorreliefisrelatedwiththeprovisionpredictableperiodsofrelieforbreaksfromthenoiseoftheplanesatHeathrow.Theseareperiodsduringthedayorweekwhentherewillbenoplanesoverhead.(Stewart,2015)
AccordingtoVirginiaGodfrey,anotherHACANrepresentative,respiteisrelatedwithpredictableperiodsofreliefallowingtheburdenofaircraftnoisetobesharedamongpopulationexposed.Shegoesastepfurtherandproposesawayofquantifyingrespite;inherownview,alternationisameanstoproviderespiteandshouldbedescribedasHalfDayNoiseRelief.(Godfrey,1997)
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Stakeholder Organisation Definitionusedorinferred
MessagesfrompeoplecomplainingatHeathrowduetoaircraftnoise
SomeofthecomplaintssubmittedtoHeathrowAirportmentionedrespiteandtheimportanceofafairdistributionofnoiseaskeyissue.Forexample,
• “Expectaircraftnoise,butconstantnoisewithoutrespiteisnotacceptableorreasonable”
• “Newtrialsareunfair.Othersshouldsharetheburden”
• “Thenoiselevelisunchanged,butthefrequencyhasincreasedwithnoletup”
Airportsperspective
Brussels Noestablisheddefinition
Frankfurt ThenoisemanagementatFrankfurtincludestheprovisionofrespiteperiodsthroughtheuseofrunwaysandroutesoptions,whichvarybetweenoddandevendays.Inthissense,respiteisdescribedasscheduledandpredictablenoisebreaksforheavilypopulatedareasonspecificdays.
Gatwick Implieddefinition:approachsuggeststhatrespiteisconsideredasscheduledandwithpredictablenoisebreaks.
Heathrow Forcurrentoperations,includingrunwayalternationandDOKENtrialstherewasnoobjectivedefinition.
FortheAirportsCommissionrespitewasdefinedbyoverflight,usingacorridor1KmwidecentredontheSIDcentreline,upto20milesfromtheAirport.Respitewasdefinedbypercentageoftimeoverflowntakingintoaccountthedifferentmodesofrunwayoperations.
Schiphol Nodefinitionusedorimplied.
Arlanda,Bromma&Gothenburg)
Donotdirectlyrefertorespite,howeverhaveoperationalmeasuresaimedtoprovideakindofreliefforsomecommunities
Vienna Implieddefinition:predictableandspecificperiodsofreliefforpopulatedareasfromnight-timeaircraftnoiseandmovements.
BostonInternational*
Noestablisheddefinition
ChicagoO’Hare* Noestablisheddefinition
DenverInternational*
Noestablisheddefinition
Phoenix* Noestablisheddefinition
Seattle–Tacoma*
Noestablisheddefinition
Brisbane Nofirmdefinitionprovided,theircloseststatedprincipleis“Principle3:Noiseexposureshouldbefairlysharedwherepossible”.Agovernmentreportaboutfutureoperationsattheairportstatesrespiteasakeynoiseconcern,particularlyatnightandweekends.
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Stakeholder Organisation Definitionusedorinferred
Perth Noactualdefinitiongiven,itisimpliedthatitisareductioninflightsoveranareabyprovidingalternateroutesforaircraft.Noiselevelseemstobethemeasure,notasingularlytimebasedmeasurelikeSydney.
Sydney Respitecanbedefinedasacontinuedcontinuousperiodoftime(clockhours)whentherearenomovementsonaparticularflightpath.Forexampleiftherewerenomovementsonaparticularflightpathduring50clockhoursina100clockhourperiodthenitwouldbereportedas‘RespiteHours50%’.
Academicsperspective
Independentresearcher(IanFlindell)
“…Residentsreceiverelieffromaircraftnoisewhenaircraftarenotflyingoverhead.Whennoisereliefoccursaccordingtoapre-arrangedschedule,thisisdefinedasnoiserespite...…”.(Flindell,NoiseRespite:Whatdoesitmean?,2015)
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APPENDIX4:SUMMARYOFOPERATIONALINFORMATIONACROSSAIRPORTS
Airport OperationalinformationAlternationof
Newcommunities
Route Runway
Brussels Since,thereisnoagreementonalong-termaviationplanningpolicy,whichdeterminesconsistentflightpathsandroutes,itisnotcurrentlypossibletoplanandprovidepredictablerespitetocommunities.TheissueofflightpathsatBrusselshasmovedupanddowntheBelgianpoliticalagendaoverthepastcoupleofdecades.Flightpathsareconstantlychanging.Mostrecentlyinearly2014,therewasare-routingofflightpathsoverthecitytoeasepressureontheFlanderscommunities.
Insert1:Brusselsflightpathchanges
� �
Frankfurt Theairportprovidesperiodsofrelieftoheavilypopulatedareasthroughthe“DedicatedRunwaysOperations”process.Thisiscurrentlyusedfordeparturesroutesintheearlymornings.Runwaysandroutesvarybetweenoddandevendays.Thishasallowedforascheduleddesignfornoiserespite.Forthefuture,itisexpectedthatcurvedapproachestocreatenoisereliefatpeaktimesfordenselypopulatedareaswillbeintroduced.
� �
Gatwick(Nighttimerespitetrial)
Atrialtotesttheprovisionofrespitefromnight-timearrivalnoisewasconductedduringsummer2013.Flightpathswererotatedtoremoveoverflightsfromarrivals(below6,000feet)frompre-agreednoiseimpactedareas(mostdenselypopulated),onapre-determineddate/timebasis.
� �
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Airport OperationalinformationAlternationof
Newcommunities
Route Runway
HeathrowDOKENTrial
AtrialtotesttheuseofPBNtoprovidepredictablerespitetocommunitiessitedbeneathWesterlydeparturesflightswasundertakenduring2014.Flightpatternswerechangedresultinginmovingfromasharingofnoisewithgeneraldispersionabove4,000feetpre-trialtoapatternofsharedconcentrationofnoisealongthenewroutes.Tworotationpatternswereconsistentlyappliedthroughthetrial.Asaresult,respitewasprovidedprincipallythroughrunwayalternation.
Insert2:Tracksofalldepartingaircraftfrom27Land27RbeforethetrialwiththoseflyingtheconventionalMidhurstrouteshownin
green.
Insert3:Tracksofdepartingaircraftfrom27Land27RduringthetrialwiththoseflyingonDOK1A1B1Cand1Dshownindifferentcolours.
� �
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Airport OperationalinformationAlternationof
Newcommunities
Route Runway
HeathrowRunwayalternation
Heathrowhasestablishedarunwayalternationmechanismtosharethenoiseburdenandtogivecommunitiesperiodsofrelieffromaircraftnoisewhentheairportisonwesterlyoperations.Thisrunsinatwo-weekcyclegivingresidentslivingunderflightpathspredictablerelieffromthenoiseforhalftheday.AnannualscheduledispublishedonHeathrow’swebpage.
• Day-timerunwayalternation:followsadailycycleandfortnightlycycle.Inthemorningsonerunwayisusedfortakeoffsandtheotherforlandings.At15:00theyswapover.Thispatterniscontinuedfortherestoftheweek,andswitchcompletelyinthefollowingone.
• Night-timerunwayrotation:sincethereareveryfewmovementsatnight,therearefouroptionstooperatealternationonafourweeklycycle.
�
SchipholAmsterdam
Anewdepartureflightpathwasimplementedinordertodistributenoiseawayfrommoredenselypopulatedareas.Respiteisprovidedbyalternatinguseofrunwayaccordingtopre-determinednoiselimitssetat35locationsaroundtheairport.
�
SwedenAirportsArlanda,Bromma&Gothenburg
Althoughthereisnospecificrespiteprogrammeorinitiative,thethreeSwedishairportshaveinplaceoperationalmeasuresthatpotentiallycanprovideakindofrelieftosomeoftheircommunities,followingconditionsstatedintheEnvironmentalPermit.Forinstance,Arlandahasimplementedcurvedapproachestoreducenoiseoverthepopulationsouthoftheairport.BrommainStockholmisclosedatnightandtherearesuggestionsforusingflightalternationatGothenburgAirport.
�
Vienna TheAirporthasspecificregulationsforalternatingandusingrunwaysfornight-timeperiods.TheseregulationsareaimedatprovidingreliefovertheareasouthofVienna.Itincludesasinglerunwayuse,preferentialrunwayuseandamovementcap(between2330-0530).
�
BostonLoganInt.*
EightAreasNavigation(RNAV)procedureswereimplementedtoavoidloweroverflightsfromdeparturesabovepopulatedareas,bydeviatingaircraftoverthesea.Also,threeadditionalStandardArrivalsRoute(STARs)wereimplemented,concentratingarrivalsroutesoveronecorridor.ItcanbeinferredthatPBNprovidedachangeinpatternofexposure,leadingtoachangeinnoiseexposureforsomespecificcommunities.However,itisnotclearifanytypeofrespiteorreliefwasprovided.Duetorunwayconfiguration,therewasariskofoverlappingexposureareaswhichmaylimittheareasreceivingpotentialrelief.
�
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Airport OperationalinformationAlternationof
Newcommunities
Route Runway
ChicagoO’Hare*
Flightpathswerechangedtoimprovesafetyandreduceriskofcollisions.PBNwasusedtoimplementnewflightpaths,whichconcentratednoiseoveronecorridoratnight.Thisgeneratedmoreandconstantnoiseforsuburbsimmediatelywestandsouthwestoftheairport,leadingtoasignificantincreaseinthenumberofcomplaints.Communitieswereopposedtothesenewflightpaths,duetothelackofrelieffromaircraftnoise.
�
DenverInt.*
NewRNAVSTAR(17)andRNAVStandardInstrumentDepartureRoute(SIDs)(16)wereintroducedtoimprovetheefficiencyofDenver’sairspace.Theroutesweredesignedtominimisenoiseimpactsandnoise-relatedpenalties.AniterationoftheproposedRNAVSIDs,suggestedthatakindofreliefmightbeprovidedtocommunitiesoverflownbydepartingaircraft.Theimplementationprocessinvolvedawidergroupofstakeholdersfollowingafour-year(2010-2014)design,analysis,andenvironmentalassessmentperiod.ThishasbeenrecognisedasanexemplaryimplementationofNextGenprocedures.Insert4:ComparisonofflighttrackdensitiesondeparturesafteradoptionofPBN
�
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Airport OperationalinformationAlternationof
Newcommunities
Route Runway
PhoenixSkyHarbourInt.*
OnSep2014PBNwasimplementedinordertoincreaseefficiencyandsafetyonroutes.FlightpathstoandfromtheAirportwerechanged,concentratingmovementsoveracorridorabovehistoricresidentialneighbourhoods.Aircraftbegantheirnorthboundturnsatacloserpointtotheairportthanundertheoldflightpath.Duetothehugeamountofcomplaints,FAAisexpectedtoreleaseanupdateonthechanges.
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Seattle-TacomaInt.*
NewRNAVproceduresweredefinedforarrivals,maximisingflightsoveralessdensepopulatedareanorthoftheairportwhileavoidingchangestotheeastwherepopulationdensitiesandthelikelihoodofcontroversyweremuchhigher.TwonewSTARswereapproved,including21newRNPandRNP-to-ILSproceduresthatprovidedprecisioncurvedapproachpaths.OptimizedProfileDescents(OPDs)werealsoimplemented,allowingaircrafttostartidle-descentsat38,000ft.However,theriskofoverlappingroutes(whilealternatingflightpaths)reducestheprobabilityofdeliveringrespitetocommunitiesoverflown,inparticularforthoseunderthefinalapproach.
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Brisbane Respiteisprovidedundercurrentoperationsbyrunwayandflightpathalternationsystem.Thereare6operationalmodes,includingreciprocalrunway,whichprovidesthehighestrateofrespitebutisdependentonweatherconditions.Asmarttrackingsystemisbeingproposedtoincreasetheoptionsforrespite,allowingtheuseofflightpathsandnoise-sharingproceduresthatwouldnormallyonlybepossibleinhigh-visibility,daytimeconditions.
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Perth Atrialwasimplementedtoreduceflightsoveradenselyresidentialarea(Roleystone)byalternatingroutes.Itwasanticipatedthatthismeasurewouldproviderelieffor4,000peoplebyreducingthegroundnoiseleveltowellbelow50dBA,butwouldincreasenoisefor250people.
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Sydney Anoisesharingapproachwasdesignedtoremoveconcentrationofnoiseoverthesuburbstothenorthoftheairport.Thisplanwasbasedupon10operationalmodesthatarealternatedthroughouttheday.Noisesharingtargetshavebeenputinplacei.e.theamountofaircraftmovementstothenorth,south,eastandwestoftheairport.
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Note:Airportsmarkedwithan*arepartfromNextGenprogrammetomodernisetheUSairspacethroughPBNimplementation(NextGenissimilartotheEuropeanSESprogramme)
Heathrow Airport Ltd December 2015 A review on the state of the art on respite 2694_FinalReport_2-0_June 2016.docx Page 56 of 59
APPENDIX5:GRAPHICSOFRESPITEMETRICSUSEDATDIFFERENTAIRPORTS
BrisbaneAirport.Illustrationofatypicalsummerweekdayflightpathinformationin2020,includingrespite.Source:(AirservicesAustralia,2014)
Heathrow Airport Ltd December 2015 A review on the state of the art on respite 2694_FinalReport_2-0_June 2016.docx Page 57 of 59
SydneyAirport:JetAircraftRespite.1June2014to31May2015.
Source:(AirservicesAustralia,2015).
Notes:▪ TrackA*istracksBandCcombined.TrackK*showsdepartures(topbox)andarrivals(bottombox)▪ Arespiteintervalisa60minutesperiodwhentherearenotjetmovements.Morning:0600to0700,Day0700to2000,Eve
2000-2300,Night2300-0600,totalrespite0600to23000.Alljetsincluded.
Heathrow Airport Ltd December 2015 A review on the state of the art on respite 2694_FinalReport_2-0_June 2016.docx Page 58 of 59
HeathrowAirport–DOKENtrial.ExampleofRespiteinformationthroughroutespecificN65values(seeDOKENreport:Wheretheareasofthecontoursdonotoverlapthisprovidesanindicationofareaswheretheremaybepotentialforrespiteperiodstobenoticed)
Heathrow Airport Ltd December 2015 A review on the state of the art on respite 2694_FinalReport_2-0_June 2016.docx Page 59 of 59
HeathrowAirport–3Rproposalforairspacedesign
(seeTechnicalAnnexofHeathrow’s3RNorthWestRunwayAirandGroundNoiseAssessmentReport)
Notefromthatreportthat:•Apropertyisconsideredtobeoverflownifitiswithintheareacontainedbya1kmcorridorofanarrivalordeparturerouteinaspecificmodewithinarangeof15nmioftheairport.
•Ifapropertyisoverflown(i.e.itiswithinamoderoutecorridor),itdoesnotreceiverespiteduringthatmode;•Itisassumedthatthemodesineachdirectionareoperatedevenlyacrossadefinedperiod.Asthemodesarerotatedthenumberofmodeswhereapropertyiswithintheareaofaroutearecounted,theseareperiodswhenrespiteisnotprovided;
•Whenapropertyisnotwithinamoderoutecorridor,thepropertyreceivesrespiteduringthatmode;•Noconsiderationisgiventothenumberofaircraftorfrequencyofflightsduringamode(i.e.itcouldbe1flightor100flights).
Followingonfromidentificationofthedegreeofrespiteprovidedwhenthemodesarerotatedandthelikelyproportionofeasterlyandwesterlyoperations,itisthenpossibletoidentifytheapproximatenumberofdaysthatanareamaybeoverflowninayear.
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