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Respiratory System
Human Respiratory System
� A system to deliver oxygen (O2) to body
cells & get rid of carbon dioxide (CO2) as a waste through cellular respiration.
� Two systems involved:
Respiratory &
Circulatory Systems.
Cellular Respiration
Glucose + O2 C02 + H20 + Energy
� Glucose in cells is broken down to release energy (ATP) when O2 is
present.
� ATP is cell’s energy for
cell work!
Label diagram…
About the About the About the About the Respiratory SystemRespiratory SystemRespiratory SystemRespiratory System
Nostrils
� Openings to the respiratory system at the
nose.
Nostrils
2
Cilia & Mucus
� Cilia
- sweeps, warms, & traps particles to filter
away from the lungs.
� Mucus
- cells that moisten to trap particles
Nasal Passages (Cavity)
� Cilia lined passages that end (terminate)
at the pharynx; acts like a humidifier.
Nasal
Passage
Pharynx (throat)
� Space at the back
of the oral cavity
where the mouth
and nose meet.
Epiglottis
�Flap of tissue that covers the tracheal opening
to prevent food fromentering the lungs (choking).
Larynx
�Also, called the
voice box
(the site for
vocal cords).
Needed to
create sound.
Larynx
Larynx
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Trachea: (windpipe)
� A cartilage ringed structure that remains
open so air can travel to the lungs.
Trachea
Bronchi
� Right and Left major
divisions of the trachea;
lined with cilia.Left Bronchus
Right Bronchus
Smaller
Bronchioles
� Smaller subdivisions of the bronchi after
they have entered into the lobes of the lung; not made of cartilage.
Bronchioles
BronchiolesBronchioles
Lung
� Balloon-like structures in the chest that
bring oxygen into the body and expel (release) carbon dioxide from the body.
Alveoli (air sacs)� Small thin air sacs at the end of the
bronchioles surrounded with capillaries to allow for gaseous exchange.
Alveolar
Sac
Alveoli
Capillary
network
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Respiratory Surface
� A thin, moist surface to help for gas exchange by diffusion.
� Surface must be in contact with free oxygen.
Ex: Unicellular organisms (protists, amebas, paramecium)
- Cell membrane & environment
Ex: Multicellular organisms
- Specialized organs & transport system
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter1/animation__the_pleural_membranes.html
Diaphragm� A sheet of muscle that separates the
thoracic (chest) and abdominal cavities.
Chest Cavity
Abdominal Cavity
Breathing
� The movement of air into and out of the lungs.
� No muscles are connected to the lungs.
� Air pressure drives air into our lungs.
� Increased CO2 levels in body, triggers (tells) brain to bring air into lungs.
The Mechanics for
Breathing
� Boyle’s Law
� Diaphragm Movement
�The Control Center for Breathing
Boyle's Law:
The inverse (opposite) relationship between volume & pressure.
� Inhalation
- increase in volume (air rushing in)
- decrease in pressure.
� Exhalation
- decrease in volume (air leaving)
- increase in pressure.
Summary On
Diaphragm Breathing
Inhalation Exhalation
Air flows inLung expands(inflates)
Air flows outLung contracts(deflates)
Diaphragm contracts& moves downward (descends).
Diaphragm relaxes & moves upward (rises).
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2 Phases of Breathing
http://www.footprints-science.co.uk/breathing1.htm
Worksheet Exercise
http://www.footprints-science.co.uk/alveoli.htm
• In the ALVEOLI, O2
diffuses into capillary
when you inhale.
• In the CAPILLARY,
CO2 diffuses into the
alveoli to be exhaled.
The Control for Breathing
Medulla Oblongata
Diaphragm&
Chest Muscles
Lung Contractions& Air enters lungs
Exercise� Muscles need O2 because O2 is needed to
make ATP (energy source).
� Causes:
- fast heartbeat, faster/deeper breathing, & sweat
- higher concentration of CO2 & low O2 in muscle cells.
- increase blood flow so more O2 in blood.
Hemoglobin on the RBC
Carries
O2 & CO2
http://health.howstuffworks.com/sports-physiology8.htm
Medical Disorders
(Malfunctions)
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Cigarette Smoking� Paralyzes the cilia & can cause many
diseases.
� blood vessels.
� Major cause for heart disease.
Group Roles
� Leader: Keeps group on task
� Recorder: Keeps a written record of groups
work
� Reporter: Presents group’s work to class
� Noise monitor: Keeps groups voices
manageable
Bronchitis
� Bronchi and bronchial tubes become
irritated & swollen.
� Symptoms: cough, sore throat, yellow or
green mucus
�Cause: smoking, bacteria, viruses
�Treatment: Treat symptoms or antibiotics
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Asthma
� An allergic response
� Bronchioles narrow
� Symptoms: wheezing, coughing, & difficulty breathing.
�Cause: pollutants in air, emotions, unknown
�Treatment: medications (inhalers)
Tightened muscles
Excess mucus
Inflamed lining of bronchioles
Alveoli filled with trapped air
Asthma
Pneumonia
� Alveoli (air sac) fills up with fluid.
� Symptoms: high fever, cough, increase
mucus, chills
� Causes: bacteria, virus, fungus
�Treatment: Antibiotics
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Fluid filled air spaces
PneumoniaEmphysema
� Lungs lose elasticity (can’t stretch).
� Alveoli wall is damaged and breaksdown.
� Less surface area for gas exchange.
� Irreversible (can’t reverse)
� Symptoms: mild cough, weight loss, tired
� Cause: Years of smoking destroys alveoli
� Treatment: Oxygen therapy (O2 tank)
Overinflated & broken alveolar sacs
Broken alveolar capillaries
Bronchioles
EmphysemaLung Cancer
� Uncontrolled growth of abnormal lung cells
(no function), can spread.
� Symptoms: new cough, cough with blood,
shortness of breath
� Causes: smoking , pollutants
� Treatments: surgery, chemotherapy, radiation treatment.
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