i
RESEARCH PROJECT
PREPARATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL BENTONITE – β LACTAM
ANTIBIOTIC COMPOSITE
Diajukan oleh :
Gisela Anke Hanelin 5203014001
Lukius Denny Wiyanto 5203014026
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
WIDYA MANDALA CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY
SURABAYA
2017
ii
LETTER OF APPROVAL
The research entitled :
Preparation of Antibacterial Bentonite – β Lactam Antibiotic Composite
Which was conducted and submitted by :
Nama : Gisela Anke Hanelin
NRP : 5203014001
Has been approved and accepted as one of the requirement for Bachelor of
Engineering degree in Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of
Engineering, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, by following
supervisor/s and has been examined by the commitees on May, 23rd 2017.
Surabaya, May 31st 2017
Supervisor Co-Supervisor
Suryadi Ismadji, Ph,D Felycia Edi Soetaredjo, Ph.D.
NIK. 521. 93.0198 NIK. 521.99.0391
The Commitees
Chairman Secretary
Wenny Irawaty, Ph.D. Suryadi Ismadji, Ph,D
NIK. 521.97.0284 NIK. 521. 93.0198
Member Member
Sandy Budi Hartono, Ph.D Dra. Adriana Anteng Anggorowati, M.Si.
NIK. 521.99.0401 NIK. 521.86.0124
Authorized by
Dean of Head of Chemical
Engineering Faculty Engineering Department
Suryadi Ismadji, Ph,D Sandy Budi Hartono, Ph.D
NIK.521.93.0198 NIK. 521.99.0401
iii
LETTER OF APPROVAL
The research entitled :
Preparation of Antibacterial Bentonite – β Lactam Antibiotic Composite
Which was conducted and submitted by :
Nama : Lukius Denny Wiyanto
NRP : 5203014026
Has been approved and accepted as one of the requirement for Bachelor of
Engineering degree in Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of
Engineering, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, by following
supervisor/s and has been examined by the commitees on May, 23rd 2017.
Surabaya, May 31st 2017
Supervisor Co-Supervisor
Suryadi Ismadji, Ph,D Felycia Edi Soetaredjo, Ph.D.
NIK. 521. 93.0198 NIK. 521.99.0391
The Commitees
Chairman Secretary
Wenny Irawaty, Ph.D. Suryadi Ismadji, Ph,D
NIK. 521.97.0284 NIK. 521. 93.0198
Member Member
Sandy Budi Hartono, Ph.D Dra. Adriana Anteng Anggorowati, M.Si.
NIK. 521.99.0401 NIK. 521.86.0124
Authorized by
Dean of Head of Chemical
Engineering Faculty Engineering Department
Suryadi Ismadji, Ph,D Sandy Budi Hartono, Ph.D
NIK.521.93.0198 NIK. 521.99.0401
iv
COPY RIGHT AGREEMENT
In order to support development of science and technology, I am as the
student of Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University :
Nama : Gisela Anke Hanelin
NRP : 5203014001
Agree to transfer the copyright of my thesis/paper :
Title :
PREPARATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL BENTONITE – β LACTAM
ANTIBIOTIC COMPOSITE
To be published in internet or other media (Digital Library of Widya Mandala
Surabaya Catholic University) for academic purposes according to copyright law
in Indonesia.
Surabaya, May 31st 2017
Author,
Gisela Anke Hanelin
NRP. 5203014001
vii
LETTER OF DECLARATION
I declare that this research was my own work and does not contain any
material that belongs to the others, unless it was stated in the references.
Should it is known that this research belongs to others. I aware and accept the
consequences that this research cannot be used as a requirement to achieve a
Bachelor of Engineering degree.
Surabaya, May 31st 2017
Student,
Lukius Denny Wiyanto
NRP. 5203014026
viii
PREFACE
The authors would like to thank God for His blessing that the Research
Project entitled Preparation of Antibacterial Bentonite – β Lactam Antibiotic
Composite has been accomplished. This report is a prerequisite in achieving
Bachelor of Engineering degree in Chemical Engineering.
The authors realize that the completion of this report is achieved by the
help of many people. There for, the authors would like to thank the persons
below:
1. Suryadi Ismadji, Ph.D as Principal Supervisor and Felycia Edi
Soetaredjo, Ph.D as Co-Supervisor
2. Wenny Irawaty, Ph.D as Head of the Committees, Sandy Budi
Hartono, Ph.D and Dra. Andriana Anteng Anggorowati, M.Si as
members of committees
3. Felycia Edi Soetaredjo, Ph.D as the Head of Chemical Engineering
Process laboratory, Dra. Adriana Anteng Anggorowati, M.Si. as the
Head of Chemical Analysis Laboratory, and Ery Susiany R., ST.,
MT as the Head of Bioprocess Laboratory.
4. Mr. Novi as laborant of Chemical Engineering Process Laboratory,
Mr. Pudjo as laborant of Chemical Engineering Operation
Laboratory, and Mr. Agus as laborant of Bioprocess Laboratory.
5. Sandy Budi Hartono, Ph.D as members of committees as Head of
Chemical Engineering Department
6. Suryadi Ismadji, Ph.D as Dean of Engineering Faculty
7. Our parents and family who have given a lot of help and support,
both materially and morally
8. Our lecturers, friends and also those who are too many to be listed
by name that had contributed their kind assistance
ix
The authors realize that this report is far from perfect, therefore any
critics and comments which will better improve the research is gladly
accepted. Lastly the authors hope that the report will be useful to all readers
who need information regarding the research of the report.
Surabaya, May 31st 2017
The authors
x
ABSTRACT
Antibiotic potential for people who are injured get infection are
high. First aid to evade the infection use antibiotics. Antibiotics have ability
to inhibit or kill bacteria that cause infection. Tetracycline is antibiotic that
usually uses for first treatment because of tetracycline easy to obtain. There
are six classification of carbapenem antibiotic such as imipenem, ertapenem,
mesopenem, and doripenem. Doripenem is one of the classification of
carbapenem that can be obtained easily. Doripenem can be used for first aid
if infection is happened. Silver usually uses too for avoiding infection but it
is not easily to degrade. It is necessary to find antibacterial composites that
easily to find and biodegradable.
The purpose of this research is to study the effect of pH, kinetic, and
isotherm adsorption of doripenem into bentonite. The optimum condition of
doripenem adsorption will be determined. After knowing the optimum
condition, the antibacterial composite will be tested on nutrient agar.
This research has been done in 5 steps, purification of bentonite
before it is used for adsorption using H2O2, tested the effect of pH doripenem
on adsoption has been done and from the results show that the optimum pH
to adsorp doripenem onto bentonite is at pH 3 (26.8035 mg/g), adsorption
kinetics using bentonite as adsorbents fitted better with pseudo – first order
model (R2=0.9935) and it takes 48h until the doripenem cannot be adsorped
onto bentonite surface. This mean doripenem loading into bentonite
dominated by physiosorption, Isotherm adsorption of doripenem into
bentonite and antibacterial composite that tested in nutrient agar makes wider
area if the doripenem concentration is higher.
xi
ABSTRAK
Potensi penggunaan antibiotik untuk orang yang terkena infeksi
sangatlah tinggi. Pertolongan pertama untuk menangani infeksi adalah
menggunakan antibiotik. Tetrasiklin adalah antibiotik yang biasanya
digunakan untuk pertolongan pertama karena tetrasiklin mudah untuk
ditemukan. Ada empat penggolongan dari antibiotik carbapenem, yakni
imipenem, ertapenem, mesopenem, dan doripenem. Doripenem adalah salah
satu anggota carbapenem yang dapat ditemukan dengan cukup mudah.
Doripenem dapat digunakan untuk pertolongan pertama pada infeksi. Silver
yang biasanya ada pada antibakterial sangatlah sulit untuk terdegradasi. Maka
diperlukan antibakterial yang dapat dengan mudah terdegradasi.
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari efek pH,
kinetik, dan isoterm adsorpsi dari adsorpsi doripenem ke bentonite. Kondisi
optimum untuk adsorpsi doripenem juga telah ditentukam. Setelah
mengetahui kondisi optimum, antibakterial komposit ini akan diuji ke nutrien
agar.
Penelitian ini terbagi menjadi lima tahap, purifikasi bentonite
sebelum digunakan menggunakan peroksida, tes pH untuk adsorpsi
doripenem dan hasilnya adalah pada pH 3 (26.8035 mg/g), kinetika adsorpsi
menunjukkan bahwa hasil mendekati persamaan pseudo-first dengan
R2=0.9935 dan membutuhkan 48 jam agara doripenem teradsorpsi sempurna
ke bentonite. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa adsorpsi doripenem ke bentonite
termasuk adsorpsi fisika. Hasil tes nutrien agar menunjukkan bahwa semakin
besar konsentrasi doripenem akan makin besar pula area bersih di sekitar well
nutrie agar.
xii
CONTENTS
RESEARCH PROJECT ............................................................................. i
LETTER OF APPROVAL ....................................................................... ii
COPY RIGHT AGREEMENT ............................................................... iv LETTER OF DECLARATION .............................................................. vi
PREFACE ................................................................................................ viii
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................... x
ABSTRAK ................................................................................................. xi
CONTENTS .............................................................................................. iv
LIST OF FIGURE ..................................................................................... v
LIST OF TABLE ...................................................................................... vi
CHAPTER I ................................................................................................ 1
I.1 Background.......................................................................... 1
I.2 Objective ............................................................................. 2
CHAPTER II .............................................................................................. 3
II.1 Antibiotic ............................................................................. 7
II.2 Adsorption ........................................................................... 7
II.3 Bentonite ............................................................................. 9
II.4 Point of Zero Charge ......................................................... 11
II.5 Cation Exchange Capacity…………………… 12
II.6 Boehm Titration ................................................................. 12
II.7 Doripenem ......................................................................... 12
CHAPTER III ........................................................................................... 13
III.1 Experimental Design ......................................................... 13
III.2 Materials ............................................................................ 18
III.3 Instruments ........................................................................ 19
III.4 Variables ............................................................................ 19
III.5 Research Methodology ...................................................... 20
III.6 Characteristics ................................................................... 22
CHAPTER IV .......................................................................................... 23
IV.1 pH Optimum for Adsorption ............................................ 23
IV.2 Characterization ................................................................. 23
IV.3 Drug Loading..................................................................... 27
IV.4 Kinetic Desorption ............................................................. 31
IV.5 Antibacterial Test............................................................... 33
CHAPTER V ............................................................................................ 36
xiii
REFERENCES ......................................................................................... 37
APPENDIX A .......................................................................................... 39
APPENDIX B .......................................................................................... 49
APPENDIX C .......................................................................................... 51
APPENDIX D .......................................................................................... 53
APPENDIX E ........................................................................................... 55
APPENDIX F ........................................................................................... 57
xiv
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure II.1. Structure of Montmorillonite .................................................. 11
Figure III.1. Preparation of Bentonite ......................................................... 14
Figure III.2. Effect of pH on adsorption ..................................................... 15
Figure III.3. Isotherm Adsorption ............................................................... 16
Figure III.4. Kinetics Adsorption ................................................................ 17
Figure III.5. Well-diffusion method............................................................ 18
Figure IV.1. pH optimum of Bentonite ....................................................... 23
Figure IV.2. pHpzc of Purified Bentonite .............................................. 24
Figure IV.3. pHpzc of Non-Purified Bentonite ............................................ 24
Figure IV.4. FTIR of Bentonite and Doripenem ......................................... 25
Figure IV.5. Pseudo First Order of Doripenem 200 ppm ........................... 27
Figure IV.6. Freundlich and Langmuir of Doripenem 200 ppm ................. 30
Figure IV.7. Kinetica Drug Release at pH 3 ............................................... 31
Figure IV.8. Kientica Drug Release at ....................................................... 32
Figure IV.9. Antibacterial Inhibition Area Test (2.8cm) ............................ 33
Figure IV.10. Antibacterial Inhibition Area Test (2cm) ............................. 34
Figure IV.11. Antibacterial Inhibition Area Test (2.6cm) .......................... 34
Figure IV.12. Antibacterial Inhibition Area Test (3cm) ............................. 35
Figure IV.13. Antibacterial Inhibition Area Test (3.1cm) .......................... 35
Figure B.1. FTIR Characterization of Bentonite......................................... 49
Figure B.2. FTIR Characterization of Bentonite-Doripenem ..................... 50
Figure C.1. Standard Curve of Doripenem using NaCl .............................. 51
Figure C.2. Standard Curve of Doripenem using Aquadest ........................ 52
Figure D.1. Pseudo first order for doripenem 200 ppm .............................. 54
Figure D.2. Pseudo second order for doripenem 200 ppm ......................... 54
Figure E.1. Langmuir Plot of Doripenem 200 ppm .................................... 55
Figure E.2. Freundlich Plot for Doripenem 200 ppm ................................. 56
Figure F.1. Pseudo first order at pH 3 ......................................................... 59
Figure F.2. Pseudo second order at pH 3 .................................................... 59
Figure F.3. Pseudo first order at pH 7 ......................................................... 60
Figure F.4. Pseudo second order at pH 7 .................................................... 60
xv
LIST OF TABLES
Table II.1. Comparison of Antibiotic Composite ...................................... 4
Table IV.1. Comparison of functional group on bentonite-doripenem ...... 26
Table IV.2. Boehm Result ......................................................................... 26
Table IV.3. Adsorption Kinetics Parameters ............................................. 28
Table IV.4. Adsorption Isotherm Parameters ............................................ 30
Table IV.5. Drug Release Kinetics Parameters.......................................... 32
Table A.1. Doripenem at various pH ......................................................... 47
Table C.1. Concentration vs Absorbance Doripenem Standard ................. 51
Table C.2. Concentration vs Absorbance Doripenem Standard ................. 52
Table D.1. Values of qt for Initial Conc. Doripenem 200 ppm ................ 53
Table E.2. Isotherm Adsorption of Doripenem 200 ppm .......................... 56
Table F.1. Values of qt at pH 3 ................................................................ 57
Table F.2. Values of qt at pH 7 ................................................................ 58
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