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Course Teacher
M.Mahi Uddin
Lecturer in HRM
IIUC - DC
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Concept of Research Problem
It refers to some obstacles which aresearcher experiences in the context of
either a theoretical or practicalsituation and wants to obtain asolution for the same
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v. There must be criterion for choosingthe best alternatives.
vi. There must be solution.
vii. The researcher must avoid theacceptance of the superficial & theoblivious.
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Main Issues in ResearchProblem
i. Unit of Analysis: It is anindividual or object whosecharacteristics are to be
measured.ii.Characteristics of Interest : The
characteristics of interestidentify what there is about the
units that is of concern to thedecision maker.
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iii. Time & Space Boundaries: Time andspace boundaries represent the timeperiod and geographical area within theaction is to be taken.
iv. Specific Environmental Conditions :These are the variables which have thepossible relationship with thecharacteristics of interest.
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Concept of Hypothesis
Its an assumption about the
statement/problem based on facts.
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Characteristics of Hypothesis
i. It may or may not be proved.
ii. It should be worded in such a way
that either first one or second onewould be correct.
iii. If first one (Ho) is acceptedsecond one (Ha) must be rejectedand vice versa.
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iv. It should be clear and precise.
v. It should be statistically testable.
v. It should state relationship between
variables.
vi. It should be consistent with mostknown facts.
vii. It must explain what it claims toexplain.
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Basic Concepts Concerning inHypothesis Testing
i. Null Hypothesis vs AlternativeHypothesis:
Null hypothesis represents thehypothesis that the researcher tries toreject.
While alternative hypothesis is the
hypothesis that the researcher tries toaccept.
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Null hypothesis is symbolized by Ho, butalternative hypothesis by Ha..
Null hypothesis should always be
specific but alternative hypothesis mayor may not be specific.
ii. The Level of Significance: It is themaximum value of the probability ofrejecting Ho when it is true.
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iii. Decision Rule: The rule based on whichreject Ho (i.e. accept Ha) and vice versa.
iv. Type I and Type II Error: Reject Howhen it is true and accept H
owhen it is
false respectively.
v. Two tailed and One-tailed Tests: If thedirection is not specified in Ha that is
two-tailed test and the opposite is one-tailed test.
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Procedure for HypothesisTesting
i. Making a formal statement.
ii. Selecting a level of significance.
iii. Deciding the distribution to use.
iv. Selecting a random sampling andcomputing an appropriate value.
v. Calculation of the observed value.
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vi. Comparing the observed value withtable value.
vii. Decision : If calculated or observedvalue is greater than table value at the
desired level of significance, the Ho isrejected and vice versa.
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