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NURSING RESEARCH 2
By:
Manuel L. Hermosa, EdDProfessor
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CHAPTER 1
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Table of Contents
TITLE --------------------------------- i
APPROVAL SHEET --------------------------------- ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --------------------------------- iii
DEDICATION --------------------------------- vi
ABSTRACT --------------------------------- vii
CHAPTER
1. PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction --------------------------------- 1
Theoretical Framework of the study --------------------------------- 4
Research Paradigm --------------------------------- 6
Statement of the Problem --------------------------------- 6
Hypotheses of the Study --------------------------------- 8
Scope and Delimitation of the Study -------------------------------- 8 Significance of the study --------------------------------- 8
Definition of Terms --------------------------------- 9
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Introduction
The introduction consist of statements and
information about the study, the statement of
the problem, the importance of the study, the
scope and limitation of the study. It should go
directly into what the problem is investigating. It should discuss the causes and the factors
that motivated the researcher to conduct the
study.
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Background of the Study
The background of the study is a brief
explanation of the source of the problem. It is
an account explaining the circumstances
which suggest the need of the study. This may
be a justification of the choice of the study.
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Chapter I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction General assumptions may be made about stress, yet the
experience for patients and nurses will be personal and unique each person experiences stress differently based upon his or herown personality and life experiences. Stress is experienced whenone encounters demands perceived as outside ones usualresources. Newton et al, note that stress has been conceptualizedas both stimulus or event (distressing circumstances outside aperson) as a response (internal disturbance).Stanton and Burnsdescribe a contrasting approach where stress is neither an eventnor a response, but rather a combination of factors the perceivedmeaning of the event and a self appraisal of the adequacy of copingresources. Thus, it is not the stress itself but the perception of thestress which determines how individuals experience and handle it.
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CHAPTER I
PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
Knowledge and techniques in the health field are rapidly expanding.According to Carl Lindsay, James Morrison, and E. James Kelley, it isestimated that the half-life of knowledge acquired in medical school isapproximately five years. Therefore, in just five years, half of what a doctor
learns in medical school will be obsolete. With such a vast increase in theknowledge base, it is essential that health professionals, particularlydoctors, dentists and nurses, constantly update their skills. In fact, theirpatients' lives and well-being often depend on health professionalskeeping current on the latest advances. One way this can be done isthrough "continuing education", a common synonym for adult education,where adults pursue education beyond formal schooling. Most frequently,
colleges, universities and professional organizations use the term todescribe programs designed to assist practicing professionals.
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Theoretical/Conceptual framework
Framework is the skeletal representation of
the study showing the relationships of thedifferent variables of the study.
The theoretical framework is the researchersformulation of a theoretical scheme of his
research problem which is a tentative theoreticalexplanation of the phenomenon/present beinginvestigated. The theoretical scheme is the basisfor formulating the researchhypothesis/hypotheses. Theoretical framework isusually included in an experimental research.
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In the conceptual framework, the researcher
formulates a conceptual scheme for his
problem which is a tentative ideationalexplanation of the phenomena he is going to
investigate. The research paper may have a
theoretical framework or a conceptualframework or both as may be needed in the
study. The theoretical/schematic diagram
showing the variables of the problem andtheir interrelationship.
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Conceptual Framework
This study utilized Sister Calixta Roys Theory whichfocuses on the adaptation of man. The persons continually
scan the environment for stimuli so he respond and adapt.The goal is to promote the persons adaptation in order tocontribute to good quality of life and health.
The person receives input or forms the environmentand self. Adaptation occurs when the persons responds to
environmental changes. This response promotes theintegrity of the individual which leads to health. Ineffectiveresponses to stimuli lead to disruption of the integrity ofthe person.
Roy describes the individual as a biophysical system
and as a humanistic discipline that places emphasis on thepersons coping abilities. The individual and theenvironment are sources of stimuli that requiremodification to promote adaptation.
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Theoretical/Conceptual Framework of the Study
Continuing education in nursing consists ofplanned learning experiences beyond basiceducation program. The in calculation,assimilation, and acquisition of knowledge, skills,proficiency and ethical and moral values after theinitial registration of a professional, raise andenhance the professionals technical skills andprofessional competence. Responsibility for themaintenance of safe and competent practice
rests on the individual practioner throughcontinual learning. This explicitly stressed in theCode of Ethics for professional nurses.
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Figure 1. Illustrates the research paradigm, which guided this study. Itdepicts the variables and their relationship in the InputProcessOutput(IPO) System. On the Inputpart, it is divided into three. The Profile of theUniversity of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center Nurseswith regards to: A. Respondents: 1) age; 2)gender; 3) civil status; 4)educational attainment; and 5) length of service. B. The respondentsperception that collaborates potential implications to nursing service. C.The problems encountered by the respondents in attending continuous
program of education, while the PROCESS or THROUGHPUT , are thedescription of the profile of the respondents, databank extent on theAssessment of the Implications in the Continuing Education of Nursesthat collaborates Nursing Service in terms of: 1) knowledge; 2) skills; and3) attitudes, and the extent of the possible solutions and recommendationoffered to the respondents implications to nursing service. The OUTPUTin the diagram is represented by the expected recipient profile, updated
databank of the significant relationship of the respondents perceptionthat collaborate potential implication to nursing service, and developimproved University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial MedicalCenter registered nurses.
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I. Nurses Profile:1.1 age,
1.2 gender,
1.3 civil status,
1.4
educational
Attainment,
1.5 length of
service
I. Assessment of Stresslevel:
1.1 Job Pressure as Stressors;
1.2 Job Scope as Stressors;
1.3 Human Relations asStressors; &
1.4 Physical Environment as Stressor
Job Pressure
II. Assessment of Coping mechanisms:
2.1 self knowledge,
2.2 varied interest,2.3 varied reactions,
2.4 acceptance of active
and productive activities
III. Assessment of the Work Level
Performance of Nurses:
3.1 educational activities,
3.2 ward activities, and3.3 instructional leadership.
Guide to Stress
Management
Program
Feedback Loop
Input Process Output
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Statement of the Problem
The problem is the axial center around
which the whole research efforts turns. The
problem should be so clearly stated that
anyone in the world may read it, understand it
and to react it without help.
The statement of the problem usually
starts with a general objective followed by
specific or subproblems stated in questionform.
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Statement of the Problem
The main purpose of the study is to appraisethe STRESSexperienced by the Nurses and how theycope - up at Seamens Hospital.
Specifically, the study would seek to address
the following questions: What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:
1.1 gender;
1.2 age;
1.3 civil status;
1.4 educational attainment; and
1.5 years rendered in service.
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How do nursing personnel assess their stress in terms of:
2.1 job pressures;
2.2 job scope; and
2.3. human relation, and 2.4 physical environment?
How do the nursing personnel demonstrate their copingmechanisms in terms of:
3.1 self-knowledge,
3.2 varied interest, 3.3 varied reactions,
3.4 acceptances of active and productive activities?
What is the level of work performance of nurses at SeamensHospital in terms of:
4.1. educational activities, 4.2. ward activities, and
4.3 instructional leadership?
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5. Is there a significant relationship between
the nurses coping strategy and their clinical
performance?
6. Based on the results of the study, what
action plan could be formulated to minimize
the nursing personnels work related stress?
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Guidelines in Formulating and Stating Problems
1. Express the thought fully with the least word possible
2. Use a thesaurus: It will help you find the exact word
3. Never use a long word where a short one will do or twosyllable words rather than longer ones.
4. Keep your sentences short. Vary the length, but break upthose long, contorted sentences into shorter, more succinctones.
5. Look critically at each thought as it stands out thepapers. Do the words say exactly what you wish them tosay? Throw out superfluous words.
6. Be alert to modification. Misplaced phrases and clauses
can create havoc with the thought 7. If possible, specific questions should start with What
and should be logically arranged.
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Assumption and Hypothesis
In research, assumptions are equivalent to anxious in
geometry; self-evident truths the sine qua non of research.
Assumptions provide foundation upon which the entire research
structure rests. In research, therefore, it is important that others
know what the researcher assumes with respect to her project.
Hypotheses are tentative , intelligent guesses formulated
for the purpose of directing onesthinking towards the solutionof the problem. Hypotheses are necessary because the
researcher needs to have some point around which the research
may be oriented in searching for relevant data and in
establishing a tentative goal against which to project the facts.
Hypotheses are formulated before the study is done based
on some observations or intuition and on the problems stated in
the present study. They are often expressed in the null form.
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Hypotheses
There is no significant relationship betweenthe nurses coping strategy and their clinical
performance.
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Significance of the study
The study should explain why the problem
investigated is important and what importancethe results have. It should include a statement on
relevance to felt needs, the potential contribution
of the research to new knowledge, policyimplications and other possible uses for its
results. One nay ask this questions:
1. Of what use is it?
2. What practical value does the study have?
3. Who will benefit this study?
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Significance of the Study
This study will provide a better understanding ofthe different coping mechanisms of an individual. It is
beneficial to the Nursing Personnel particularly to theNurses of the SeamensHospital.
Nursing service is a part of the institutions; totalhealth organization has constant with patients. It aims
at performing the fourfold fundamental responsibilityof promoting health, preventing illness, restoringhealth, and alleviating suffering. The Nurses andNursing attendants are responsible for the delivery ofservices for their individual units or clinical areas. The
scope of the activity involves administering care to agroup of patients, they are directly concerned withachieving the objectives of the hospital and thedepartment.
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Administration. This study will be a great help tothe administration to forecast all the necessarysituation of nurses before, during and after work.
Stress as a part of every activity must be known tounderstand the need of nursing personnel.Management as the main course of this division relieson people at their work in planning, organizing,direction and controlling them to serve quality nursing
care to the clients. Staff Nurse as the front liner in providing quality
nursing care in the hospital and the subject of thisstudy, it is a must to recognize the origin of attitudestowards works. The preparedness and recognition willbe great help in accomplishing task all over the clinicalduty.
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Department of Health. This investigation will beimmense in any plan of actions made by the department ofhealth concerning managing people at work specially
stress. This will also serve as guide in improving quality ofworks life in managing nurses to provide quality client care.
Nursing Education. Experience is the best educationeven though education is a continuous learning. As viewedin nursing practice, it is a must to understand the need of
individual before they could implement a certain task. Thebackground of the recipient will be the factors to considerwhen giving orders when the program has beenimplemented. Direction, communication, situation andmore should also be included.
Patientsare the primarily recipient of the servicesgiven by the hospital. They receive the desired nursing caredelivered by the nurses and nursing attendants.
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Scope and Limitation
Scope is the precise boundary of the study.
It describes the nature of the study, types of
respondents or sample involved, place and
time frame covered. It is known as
delimitation. Limitation states the weaknessor constraint in the study and the things
omitted in the study but may be expected by
the readers to be included.
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Scope and Limitation
The major concept should be clearly defined first.
Then, limit the scope of the study in terms of (1) issues,concerns or subject areas of investigation, (2) areacoverage, (3) number of respondents or subjectsinvolved, (4) period of time or school year covered, (5)rationale behind delimiting the scope of the study, and
(6) type of data qualitative or quantitative or acombination of the two.
Reasons advanced by well-known authoritysources are cited to support the researchers rationale
for delimiting the scope of the study. The scope anddelimitations basically asks the questions, what, whereand how.
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Scope and Delimitation
This study focus on the stress-experienced byNurses and coping mechanisms and its relationship to
their clinical performance as nursing personnel of theSeamensHospital.
The researcher specifically concentrated on thefollowing variables: demographic profile of the
respondents in terms of age, gender, civil status,educational attainment and years rendered in service.Stress-related factors were limited to the job pressures,job scope, physical environment and human relations.The coping mechanism were limited to the
respondents self knowledge, varied interest, variedreactions, acceptance of active and productiveactivities employed by the respondents.
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Definition of Terms
The definition must interpret the term as it is
employed in the researchers project. A termsdefinition may be conceptual or ideational interms of:
1. The meaning provided in the dictionary orencyclopedia
2. The concept accepted by the proponent(researcher) and some experts
3. The operational definition which may beexpressed in terms of observable qualities orcharacteristics presented in the paper or how theterm is used in the study.
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Definition of Terms
The following terms are use to define the unfamiliar context of
the study for common understanding: CPEContinuing Professional Educationrefers to the
inculcation, assimilation of knowledge, skills, proficiency and ethicaland moral values after the initial registration of a professional thatraise and enhance the professionals technical skills andcompetence.
Educationthe action or process of educating or beingeducated; a field of study dealing with method s of teaching andlearning.
Health Education- an educational program directed to thegeneral public that attempts to improve, maintain, and safeguardthe health of the community.
Importancethis refers to a value of a given concepts aboutthe non-structured continuing education program in improvingnursing practice.
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Definition of Terms
For better and clearer understanding of this study the
following terms are defined as operationally used in this study:
Acceptance and Productive Activities as Coping Mechanism.It refers to the nurses acceptance of stress leading to be moreproductive and used as their coping mechanism.
Assess.It refers to indicating the five point level ofdetermining the stress-related factors of nursing personnel andtheir coping mechanisms.
Burnout. It refers to a condition in which healthprofessionals lose their concern and feeling for their clients andcome to treat in a detached way.
Coping
.
Refers to process or skills that individual use todeal with events, circumstances, or situations that are out of theordinary and thus become stressors.
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