Republic of TurkeyMinistry of Labour and Social Security,
Directorate General of Occupational Health and Safety and
Occupational Health and Safety Center (ISGUM)
Contents
• Some Statistical Data about Turkey
• Worklife in Turkey
• Ministry of labour and social security (MoLSS)
• Directorate General Of Occupational Health And Safety(DGOHS)
WHAT IS A CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE?
ACCORDİNG TO TURKISH LEGİSLATION ANY ELMENT, COMPOUND OR MIXTURE THAT;
•NATURALLY EXIST IN THE ENVIRONMENT or
•PRODUCED/MANUFACTURED or
•FORMS INTENTIONALLY OR UNINTENTIONALLY AS A
RESULT OF ANY PROCESS OR OPERATION or
•FORMS AS WASTEPRODUCT OF ANY PROCESS or
OPERATION
Any other possibility?
WHAT DOES ISGUM DO WORPLACES HAVING CHEMICALS?
1. ANALYZE THE PROCESS (COVERED NOW)
2. PREPARE THE LIST OF CHEMICALS USED OR FORMED (COVERED NOW)
3. TAKE SAMPLES WHERE NECCESARRY (COVERED LATER)
4. ANALYZE SAMPLES AND EVALUATE RESULTS(COVERED LATER)
5. EXPLAIN PREVENTIVE MEASURES (COVERED LATER)
Analysis of a Sample Process: Iron Production
• Iron ore is divided into pieces and pellets are formed (floating or magnetic method)
• It is mixed with the high furnace chimney dust and the coal dust and smoothened in a sintering furnace
• Hot air is fed to the sintering furnace by a transfer pipe from the high furnace
Analysis of a Sample Process: Iron Production
•The hole at the top of the sintering furnace is opened and the slag and iron mixture is fed to the furnace
•As the mixture moves down the slag and the iron are separated,
•The air blown from the bottom of the high furnace is heated up by hot waste gases coming from the top of the sintering furnace
• The cehmicals at the furnace:
Burning product CO2 Iron (III) oxides reduced to Iron (II)
oxides athe bottom parts pure iron is formed by consecutive reducings.
• The CO2
formed is reduced again with coke and CO is
formed.
• As the material moves down the counter current gases causes to form calcium oxide and carbon monoxide.
• The pure iron is poured into baskets Several other chemicals form during the pouring of iron to baskets and
production of steel. The rest is not anaylzed for time convenience
Analysis of a Sample Process: Iron Production
Results of Analysis (For iron and steel together)
• CO exposure is highly possible especially during maintenance
• Oil mist (Oil is used in pouring baskets)
• Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (degrading of oils at high temperatures)
• Physical agents like heat stress, radiation and noise
Results of Analysis (For iron and steel together)
• Finishing chemicals (painting, production of lead including steel, sin coating etc.) will be mentioned later.
DUSTS!!!
I want exchange knowladge with the audience about dusts in this process.
Process Scheme
iron ore + lime stone
DUSTS!!!
Hot air
coke
SINTERING
Dust cyclone
High furnace
Hot air
Cold air
Heated air Gas out
Very hot region
İron goes to baskets
COPPER PRODUCTION
• SULPHUR DIOXIDE DURING BURNING PROCESS
• HOW DO YOU MEASURE SO2?
• CARBON MONOXIDE (Burning Processes)
• Suplhuric acid is also in the process??? Can we discuss this?
• 10-16% Sulphuric acid is used in electrolysis
COPPER PRODUCTION
Metal fumes (Cu, zn, As, Cd, Mo) in copper production
• Loading of oxygen flash furnace
• Operating oxygen flash furnace
• Anodes of electrolysis cells
DEGREASING AND CLEANING OF METALS
ENCOUNTERED RFEQUENTLY IN TURKEY!! Hazard of these operations are underestimetd in Turkey!!Mechanical cleaning
Ultrasonic cleaning
Vibration or drum cleaning
DEGREASING AND CLEANING OF METALS
Chemical cleaningCleaning solvents
Acids
Bases
DEGREASING AND CLEANING OF METALS
Cleaning of metal surfaces with blasting techniques are problematic in Turkey.
Sand, some silicates and aluminium oxides used in these operations create hazards.
Iron balls, large particulated sand and zinc balls also create hazards
DEGREASING AND CLEANING OF METALS
Sand blasting device Blasting cabinet
How to work with these?
DEGREASING AND CLEANING OF METALS
The worse case in Turkey was that blast was done in open cabinets and the particle contentartions were very high!!!
DEGREASING AND CLEANING OF METALS
We are sure that:Silica sand blasting and other blasting
operations create respirable dusuts hazardous to lungs. Cyristaline silica and respirable dust must be measured.
Lead and Mercury exposure is likely in removing paints from metals.
DEGREASING AND CLEANING OF METALS
Chemical Degrasing (Underestimated in Turkey)
With sovents
Direct application (brushing, wiping off etc.)
Spreying
Immersion
DEGREASING AND CLEANING OF METALS
Mostly used solvents:
Chlorinated hydrocarbons (methylene chlorate, tricholoroethylene etc.)- highly toxic
Petroleum based solvents and mineral compounds
Alcohols (isopropanol)
DEGREASING AND CLEANING OF METALS
Chemical degreasing with acids and bases
Spreying
Immersing
Low tempearures are required for fast cleaning
When a pH of 10.5-11.5 is required, ultrasonic vibrations are used to increase performance of cleaning
Chemical degreasing with acids and bases
Acids!?
Sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid etc. are used.
Fro example, 5-15% sulphuric acid, 10-25% hydrochloric acid are used in 60-82oC non-electrolytic baths
Samples are generally below OEL's
DEGREASING AND CLEANING OF METALS
Chemical degreasing with acids and bases
Hazardous bases:Caustic soda (local exhaust ventilation is
essential)
Sodium silicate, trisodium phosphate etc. (not encountered in high concentrations)
INDUSTRIAL PAINTING
FOR THE PURPOSES OF;
Preventing corrosion,
Obtaining good view
Electrical isolation
And special applications
PAINTING IS VERY FREQUENT IN TURKEY!
INDUSTRIAL PAINTING
Unlike degraesing and cleaning, painting is not underestimated in Turkey.
Solvents and other industrial chemicals are licenced by İSGÜM and their usage schemes are regularly controlled.
Degreasing are cleaning is not that much legislated.
INDUSTRIAL PAINTING
Recommended Geometry for Spreying
What do you recommend? What are the pros and cons of this geometry?
Air out
Painted object
sprey
painter
INDUSTRIAL PAINTING
The chemistry of paintsMAJOR COMPONENT
CONSTITUENTS PURPOSE
VEHİCLE BINDER
SOLVENT
RESIN THAT FORMS FILM
THINNER FOR ADJUSTMENT OF VISCOCITY
FİLLER GENERAL FILLER
PIGMENT
EXTENDER
HIDING ABILITY, BODY, COLOR
OPAQUENESS COLOR
FILLERS THAT BUILD BODY
ADDİTİVES DRIERS
BIOCIDE
FLATTING AGENTS
STABILIZERS
ANTISKINNING
SPEED DRYING
PREVENT GROWTH OF MOLD/FUNGS
PROVİDE LOW LUSTER
PREVENT HEAT AND UV RADIATION
PREVENT SKIN FORMATION IN CAN
INDUSTRIAL PAINTING
CHEMISTRY OF PAINTS, MOSTLY USED PIGMENTS
White:
Titanium dioxide (TiO2),
Zinc oxide (ZNO),
Antimony oxide (Sb2O3),
White Lead (2PBCO3 Pb(OH)2)
INDUSTRIAL PAINTING
CHEMISTRY OF PAINTS, MOSTLY USED PIGMENTS
Yellow inorganic pigments
Lead Chromates (PbCrO4)
Zinc Chromates (ZnCrO4)
Yellow iron oxides (Fe2O3 . H2O)
INDUSTRIAL PAINTING
CHEMISTRY OF PAINTS, MOSTLY USED PIGMENTS
Green inorganic pigments:
Chromium oxide (Cr2O3)
Lead Chrome Greens ( PbCrO4 . KFe[Fe(CN)6] )
Blue Inorganic pigments:
Prussian Blue (KFe[Fe(CN)6])
Ulltramine Blue (3Na2O3 . 3Al2O3 . 6SiO2Na2S)
INDUSTRIAL PAINTING
CHEMISTRY OF PAINTS, MOSTLY USED PIGMENTS
Red inorganic pigments:
Red iron oxide (Fe2O3)
Black pigments
Black iron oxide (Fe3O4)
Carbon blacks
INDUSTRIAL PAINTING
CHEMISTRY OF PAINTS, MOSTLY USED PIGMENTS
Hansa yellows
Benzidine yellow
Pigment Green B
Phthalocyanine blue
Toluidine reds
Arylamide reds
INDUSTRIAL PAINTING
SOLVENTS!!!
Aromatic solvents:
Benzene
Toluene
Xylene
Aromatic naphthas
Aromatic petroleum solvents
INDUSTRIAL PAINTING
SOLVENTS!!!
Aliphatic Solvents
Petroleum etjher
Lacquer diluent
Mineral spirits
Kerosene
High flash naphthas
INDUSTRIAL PAINTING
SOLVENTS!!!
Glycol Ethers
Chlorinated solvents:
Methyl chloride
Chlorothene
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Percholroethylene
INDUSTRIAL PAINTING
SOLVENTS!!!
Trepenes:
Turpentine
Dipentene
Pine oil
INDUSTRIAL PAINTING
SOLVENTS!!!
Alcohols
Methanol
Ethanol
Isopropyl alcohol
n-propyl alcohol
N-butyl alcohol
Secondary butyl alcohol
Cyclohexanol
INDUSTRIAL PAINTING
SOLVENTS!!!
Acetates: Ethyl-
Isopropyl-
n-Propyl-
Secondary butyl-
N-butyl-
INDUSTRIAL PAINTING
SOLVENTS!!!
Ketones
Acetone
MEK
Mathyl acetone
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Diacetone
Cylcloheanone
Diisobuyly ketone
INDUSTRIAL PAINTING
Resins? (are they very hazardous?)
Acyrilic resin: Polyvinilyidene compunds
Alkyd resin: Interaction of a polycarboxylic or fatty acid or its anhydride, a polyhydric alcohol (eg. glycol) and a vegatble oil or its fatty acid.
INDUSTRIAL PAINTING
Resins? (İnhaled?)
Amino resins: condensation polymerization of an aldehyde with an amine or amide
Epoxy resins: Condensation polymerization between epichlorodyrin
OTHER RESİNS: Touched with bare hands
I want to discuss with the audience
INDUSTRIAL PAINTING
Example operation: car painting
Solvent Highest (ppm) Mean(ppm)
Toluene 250 30.6
Xylene 36 5.8
Butyl acetate 130 6.8
Methyl isobutyl ketone 39 1.7
Isporopanol 85 2.9
Ethyl acetate 33 2.6
Acetone 25 3.1
FINAL SLIGHT
I WOULD LIKE TO DISCUSS WITH THE AUDIENCE THE HAZARDS OF THE CONCENTRATIONS GIVEN AND THE POSSIBILITES OF BETTER GEOMETRY FOR SPREY PAINTING
THANK YOUTERIMA KASIH
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