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2010
EXTENSION OF WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION IN
KAMPOT DOWNTOWN PROJECT OF UN-HABITATCOMMUNITY-BASED WATER SUPPLY AND
SANITATION PROJECT
Output Under The Cooperation Agreement Between
UN-HABITATAT
and
Kampot Water Supply Utility
Report on
Rapid Town Assessment Containing Primary Data on
Water and Sanitation, Urban Planning Capabilities in
Kampot Town, Broad Cost -Sharing Options, Indicative
Cost-Sharing and Implementation Arrangements (A1)
K A M P O T W A T E R S U P P L Y U T I L I T Y
K A M P O T
C A M B O D I A
B Y
S O R N S O M O L I N E
Mekong Regional Water and Sanitation Program (MEK-WATSAN)
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Contents1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................32. Objective .................................................................................................................................33. Methodology ...........................................................................................................................44. Location and Target Area........................................................................................................7
5. Socio-Economic Context.........................................................................................................85.1. Population.............................................................................................................................85.2. Employment .......................................................................................................................125.3. Household income and expenditure ...................................................................................175.4. Social Structure and Zoning ...............................................................................................215.5. Poverty Spatial Distribution ...............................................................................................23
5.5.1 Poverty Mapping ..........................................................................................................245.5.2 Result of poverty mapping ...........................................................................................26
6. Gender Issue..........................................................................................................................277. Dwelling ................................................................................................................................278. Present Situation of Water Supply in Kampot Downtown ...................................................31
8.1 Health and Sanitation ..........................................................................................................318.2 Water Sources used in the target area covered by the pipe by Kampot Wtare Supply.......338.3 Water sources used in the target area ..................................................................................36
8.3.1 Sources Water for drinking ..........................................................................................378.3.2 Source of water for cooking .........................................................................................388.3.3. Sources of water for bathing .......................................................................................398.3.4 Sources of water for washing .......................................................................................40
9. Willingness to pay for water connection fee.........................................................................4110. Sanitation and Waste Disposal ..............................................................................................43
10.1 Toilet Type ........................................................................................................................4510.2 Disposal of household waste water ...................................................................................45
11. Solid waste management .........................................................................................................45
12. Urban Development Planning ...............................................................................................4612.1 The process of Tuek Chhu district and Kampot Municipality ..........................................46in preparation of development plan...........................................................................................4612.2 District/Municipality development plan............................................................................5012.3 Development plan related to water and sanitation ............................................................52
13. View on future development of water and ............................................................................52sanitation .......................................................................................................................................52
13.1 Commune Development Plan............................................................................................5213.2. Planning for Extension of Water Supply..........................................................................53
14. Broad Cost Sharing Options..................................................................................................5715. Indicative Cost Sharing Options ...........................................................................................5716. Implementation Arrangement ...............................................................................................58
16.1 Survey and Design.............................................................................................................6016.2 Pipe Lay.............................................................................................................................6116.3 Latrine Construction..........................................................................................................6116.4 Initial Environmental Examination ...................................................................................61
Annex 1: Questionnaire Related to Willingness to Pay for Water Connection fee.Annex 2: Poor household resultAnnex 3: Development Plan MatrixAnnex 4: Stakeholders budget cost sharingAnnex 5: Appoint agreement
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1.IntroductionThe primary purpose of the project is to improve water supply and environmental sanitation for
at least 7,500 poor people or 75% of the poor in Kampot Town. The targeted area that was
selected for water supply is: Kampong Bay,Traeuy Kaoh , Kampong Kraeng commune. For
improving the sanitation condition in the Kampot town the project selected five more commune
as Kampong Kandal, Andoung Khmaer, Maekprang, Krang Ampil, Chum Kriel, and Trapaeng
Thum.
The household survey questionnaires identified the general condition of family in the target area
related to water and sanitation include the willingness to pay for water supply. This information
provides the backdrop to one of the fundamental tasks assigned in the Terms of Reference of the
Community and Sanitation specialist. In this mission aim to expand and refine this information
by developing a more comprehensive understanding of household identification and the behavior
of household participants in water supply and sanitation. This is expected to provide a basis,
together with other parallel efforts such as those to strengthen local community, for
recommending project interventions to improve local community's ownership on safe water use
and environmental development. Potential project interventions would include promotes pro-
poor urban water governance, urban water conservation and demand management, integrated
urban environmental sanitation and income generation for the urban poor through community
based water and sanitation services.
2.ObjectiveThe principal objectives of community and sanitation specialist are:
- Conducting a rapid town assessment to determine the status of water and sanitation and
the prevailing urban planning and investment capacities to address those;
- Undertaking an assessment of demand for improved water supply and sanitation through
willingness to pay and affordability surveys;
- Establishing community based financing mechanisms and tariff policies for sustainable
access for the poor to improved water supply and sanitation;
- Extending a community based master plan for solid waste management system and
demonstration of solutions at the community level;
- Implementing a water sanitation and hygiene awareness component based on the
principles of Human Values Based Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Education and;
Demonstrating approaches for improved Water Conservation and Demand Management.
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3.MethodologyThe rapid assessment was undertaken using intensive analysis of existing relevant socio-
economic condition of each target commune and a combination of qualitative and quantitative
research methods. The counterpart personnel from Kampot Water Supply of the Ministry of
Industry, Mines and Energy were also actively joining with the consultant and Project Working
Group. The study was conducted in two steps:
Step-1: Reviewing Previous Socio-Economic Condition
Previous socio-economic condition report were reviewed and evaluated as to their sufficiency
and suitability for development of commune socio-economic profile. The section below
summary the general characteristics of several major large-scale surveys reviewed by the
consultant in the preparation of this report. A complete list of the references is given in the
appendix of this report. It is important to bear in mind that these surveys have different
characteristics, and scale of information, as they focused on different groups of people in the
country and were designed to fulfill different purposes.
Community Profile System of Cambodian National Statistic 2008: The Census of 2008 provides
the first aggregate numbers on the demographics of the present day Cambodia. This database
serves as a useful tool especially for better understanding the structure of the national labor force.
Useful information at village level on age, sex, relationship, marital status, literacy and education
and housing amenities are obtainable from the Census CD ROM.
Seila Village Databases: Seila Commune Inventory and Village Level Database were developed
for some provinces under the SEILA programs. The database consists of a tool for poverty
ranking computation taking into account several parameters of livelihood indicators and based on
agreed formula developed by the Ministry of Planning in cooperation with UNDP. The database
provides village statistics on housing characteristics, education, health, water and sanitation,
transportation & communication, Agricultural resources, crop production, livestock and fish
farming, local enterprises and employment, housing assets, and community based organizations.
The Commune condition for year 2009: These documents provide the information on local
management and development for nine communes in Kampot downtown. These document were
prepared based on commune database (CDB6) to develop planning and investment of the
commune.
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Step-2: Area Specific Data collection and Surveys
Additional field research was conducted to support the analysis of the existing data and previous
surveys. An area-specific data was collected on general condition of household, poverty
classification, type of resident, income and expenditure, sources of water usage, health and
sanitation, and affordability to pay for water connection etc. of the targeted village to support the
analysis and evaluation key issues of community development and indicators of project benefitsand outcomes. The survey was complementary to the review of the previous surveys in step-1and
to provide the project with sound understanding of the project areas. A combination of
qualitative and quantitative research methods was used in the assessment.
a)- Qualitative Methodology:
The qualitative study was conducted using semi-structured interviews and mixed group
discussions with key informants and stakeholders. The evaluation was made also through field
inspections by consultant and interviewing with local people at different geographical location in
the target commune. The assessment was centralized to the following main items:
- General environmental condition
- Sanitation and Health condition
- Water supply system
- Waste management include solid disposal and waste water
- General local perception on health and sanitation
- Local perception on poverty and vulnerability
- Roles and commitments of Local Government Units in sanitation development
- Household relationship
- Community resources and development key problems
For an analytical purpose, communities in each commune were then classified according to its
geographical location and household characteristics. An aerial photo of 1:25 000 scales was also
used to help visualization of spatial distribution of household characteristics and make a poverty
map. This poverty map is necessary for classify the household and to decide the supply of water
system. The interviewees include
- District governor
- Commune chief and commune council
- Local government Units
- Staff/Chairman of Community Committees
- OI and NGO Representatives
b)- Quantitative Survey:
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The household survey was used in the quantitative study. These household has selected based on
the location of water supply
extension. An aerial photo and
town maps were used to identify
the target village that will provide
the water supply extension.
The survey contains 4 sections
related household characteristics,
occupations, income and
expenditures, sources of water
usage that contained the
information about safe water
service and information about water system connection fee and the options related to
affordability to pay for water connection fee, health and sanitation, (see Annex 1 ). The entire
household in the selected village will be interview.
Table 1.1 provides a description on the survey coverage, sample and census statistics for the
target commune composing the present report. As the water supply extension cover 2 villages in
Kampong Kraeng, 2 villages in Kampong Bay commune and 2 villages in Traeuy Kaoh
Commune, the sample used to survey was conducted all the household that have not access to
Kampot water supply system.
Table 1: Results of the household interviews for water supply
Kampong
Kraeng
Commune
Kampong Bay
Commune
Traeuy Kaoh
Commune
Census Households 1270 1159 986
Total No. Villages 5 2 4
Total No. Villages interviewed 2 2 2
Survey Result
Total beneficiaries Households 390 445 405
Sample Household Interviewed 205 296 325
Household Response Rate 52.5% 66.51% 80.2%
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District Boundary
Commune Boundary
Study Area
0 1 2 3 Km
LEGENDN
EW
S
AREA COVERED BY WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT
4.Location and Target AreaThe Extension of Water Supply and Sanitation, and Monitoring Achievements towards Reaching
the MDGs in Kampot Town project covers nine communes where six communes i.e. Kampong
Bay, Traeuy Kaoh, Kampong Kandal, Andoung Khmaer, Krang Ampil and Trapaeng Thum
belong to Kampot Municipality and three communes i.e. Kampong Kraeng, Maekprang and
Chum Kriel belong to Toek Chhu district.
The project comprises of two main parts water supply extension and sanitation. The water supply
extension covers only three communes where Kampong Bay and Traeuy Kaoh commune belong
to Kampot Municipality and Kampong Kreang commune belong to Toek Chhue district. The
sanitation covers nine communes. During the kick off meeting with Kampot Water Supply
Authority (KWSA), Department of Potable Water Supply, MIME and the representatives of UN-
HABITAT, we agreed that the study area covers only some parts of the nine communes closed to
the existing and proposed extension water supply pipe lines. Figure 1 shows the study area.
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5.Socio-Economic ContextThere are nine communes/sangkat of the target area located in Kampot down town. These
communes are identified as the urban and peri-urban area. Prevailing socio-economic conditions
within that communes/sangkat are described briefly below.
5.1. Population
Kampot is located in
Southern Cambodia
on the coast of the
Gulf of Thailand. It
borders Kampong
Speu to the North,
Takeo and Vietnam
to the East, the Gulf
of Thailand to the
South and
Sihanoukville and
Koh Kong to the
West. The area of the province is 4873 square kilometers (MAFF www.maff.gov.kh). The
topography of the province is variable, from the coastal region on the southern border, to
extensive lowland paddy fields and areas of lowland/ upland mosaic to the east and lowland/
upland mosaic and upland forested areas to the west. Kampot is classified as a rural province.
The total number of households in Kampot in 2008 was 130 thousand within total population
amount 585, 850 that giving an average household size of 4.5 persons (CPS 2008). The people of
Kampot live in 8 districts composed of 92 communes and 482 villages (CDB 2004). The
population density of the province is 120 persons/km2 compared to an average population
density for Cambodia of 75 persons/km2. The majority of the population is Khmer around 90%
and the other is Islamic.
According to the objective of the project nine communes were selected to implement the water
supply and sanitation. These nine communes consists of 31 villages within 9,961 households of
the total population amount 53,176 persons which 27,561 are women.
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Table 2: List of beneficiary commune from water supply and sanitation
Commune Village Female Male Total Households Persons/HH
Chum Kriel Trapeang Thum 760 721 1481 226 6.55
Chum Kriel Chum Kriel 905 773 1678 330 5.08
Chum Kriel Samraong 484 434 918 174 5.28
Chum Kriel Kampong Kandal 680 568 1248 229 5.45
Kampong Kraeng Makprang 924 873 1797 396 4.54
Kampong Kraeng Andoung Chi Meun 868 887 1755 346 5.07
Kampong Kraeng Prey Tnaot 482 445 927 142 6.53Kampong Kraeng Kampong Kraeng 609 612 1221 248 4.92
Kampong Kraeng kampongkrong 403 360 763 165 4.62
Meakprang Snam Prampir 1479 1546 3025 541 5.59
Meakprang Bat Kbal damrei 272 275 547 95 5.76
Meakprang Mortpeam 618 654 1272 234 5.44
Trapeang Thum Trapeang Chrey 310 351 661 118 5.60
Trapeang Thum Krang 270 304 574 112 5.13
Trapeang Thum Trapeang Thum 276 244 520 141 3.69
Trapeang Thum Svay Thum 332 298 630 137 4.60
Kampong Kandal Sovann Sakor 2203 1933 4136 803 5.15
Kampong Kandal Phum Muoy Ousaphie 1992 1716 3708 672 5.52
Krang Ampil Krang 1431 1341 2772 515 5.38Krang Ampil Svay Thum 1127 829 1956 324 6.04
Kampong Bay Kampong Bay Khang Cheung 2033 1874 3907 680 5.75
Kampong Bay Kampong Bay Khang Tboung 1300 1139 2439 479 5.09
Andoung Khmaer Tvi Khang cheung 1310 1124 2434 415 5.87
Andoung Khmaer Tvi Khang tboung 1508 1334 2842 527 5.39
Andoung Khmaer Ou Touch 1065 1060 2125 391 5.43
Andoung Khmaer Andoung Khmaer 479 639 1118 257 4.35
Andoung Khmaer Ta Deb 678 664 1342 278 4.83
Traeuy Kaoh Doun Taok 607 547 1154 233 4.95
Traeuy Kaoh Ta Angk 498 475 973 172 5.66
Traeuy Kaoh Boeng Ta Pream 921 917 1838 322 5.71
Traeuy Kaoh Srae 737 678 1415 2595.46
5.1.1 Beneficiaries Village from water supply extension
Kampong Kraeng Commune
The population in the commune is about 1,325 families in 2008 within 6,424 persons. Among
those families there are 390 families that will benefit from the water supply extension.
Table 3: Beneficiaries village from water supply extension in Kampong Kraeng Commune
District Commune Village Number of family
Toek Chhou Kampong Kraeng Prey Thnot 142
Toek Chhou Kampong Kraeng Kampong Kraeng 248
Total 390
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Sangkat Kampong Bay
The population in Sangkat Kampong Bay is amount 1,299 families within 6,376 persons
(Commune database 2008). In this commune already has water supply system in some part, so
there are still 445 families shall be benefited from the extension of water supply system.
Table 4: Beneficiaries village from water supply extension in Kampong Bay Commune
Municipal Commune Village Number of family
Kampot Kampong Bay Kampongbay Cheung 680
Kampot Kampong Bay Kampongbay Tboung 479
Total 1,159
Sangkat Treuy Koah
The population in Sangkat Treuy Koah is about 1,236 families within 6,151 persons (Commune
database 2008). Based on the poverty mapping and master plan of water supply system, there aretwo villages that shall be benefited from the extension of water supply. Those villages are Ta
Ang and Daun Toak.
Table 5: Beneficiaries village from water supply extension in Treuy Koah Commune
Municipal Commune Village Number of family
Kampot Traeuykoah Ta Ang 172
Kampot Traeuykoah Daun Toak 233
Total 405
5.1.2 Beneficiary villages from sanitation
There are nine commune within 23 villages will benefite from sanitation improvement. These
commune and villages show in the table bellow:
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Table 6: List of beneficiary village from sanitation
Commune Village Total
family
Number
interviewed family
Illegal
property
Poverty
Grade1Chum Kriel Trapeang Thum 226 27 0 6
Chum Kriel Chum Kriel 330 22 0 1
Chum Kriel Samraong 174 23 0 3
Kampong Kraeng Prey Tnaot 142 26 0 6
Kampong Kraeng Kampong Kraeng 248 29 5 22
Meakprang Snam Prampir 541 50 1 21
Trapeang Thum Trapeang Chrey 118 30 1 15
Trapeang Thum Krang 112 9 0 4
Trapeang Thum Trapeang Thum 141 13 6 6
Trapeang Thum Svay Thum 137 16 0 10
Kampong Kandal Sovann Sakor 803 29 4 23
Krang Ampil Krang 515 22 0 19
Krang Ampil Svay Thum 324 24 0 16
Kampong Bay Kampong Bay Khang Cheung 680 29 0 17
Kampong Bay Kampong Bay Khang Tboung 479 1 0 1
Andoung Khmaer Tvi Khang cheung 415 10 0 6
Andoung Khmaer Tvi Khang tboung 527 20 0 20
Andoung Khmaer Ou Touch 391 16 6 7
Andoung Khmaer Andoung Khmaer 257 10 0 3
Andoung Khmaer Ta Deb 278 11 0 6
Traeuy Kaoh Doun Taok 233 61 1 2Traeuy Kaoh Ta Angk 172 38 0 10
Traeuy Kaoh Srae 259 50 0 6
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5.2. Employment
The two sangkat are classified as the urban, Sangkat Treuy Koah and Kampong Bay and the
other one is Kampong Kraeng commune classified as rural area (Commune database 2004).
According to interview with commune/Sangkat Chief we can defined that as following:
Kampong Kraeng Commune:
About 76.89% of total household in
Kampong Kraeng are engaged in
agriculture sector particularly rice
cultivation (74.81%),long time crop
(0.69%) and grow short time
supplementary such as vegetable
corn potatoes, cucumbers,
watermelon and other crop after the
cultivated season (0.23%) and
fishing (1.16%) . 2.70% of
household have their own
handicraft such as small handicraft of food processing, 7.70% of total household work in service
sector and about 12.71% of total household do other work. 4.39% of heads of households are
working as government officials but they usually are engaged in other activities after working
hour in order to complement the low salary. 3.16% of total household are employer in private
sector. Seasonal migration is a common phenomenon with around 2.07 % of total population
have proper job in the out side hometown while 0.99% have no proper job out side the
hometown. The total rate of unemployment from the age of 18 to 60 is around 8.42% total
population.
Source: Commune database 2008
Main Occupation of household
in Kampong Kraeng Commune
76%
3%8%
13%
Agriculture
Handicraft
Service
Other Work
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Table 7: List of handicraft and services in Kampong Kraeng Commune
Type of business Number
Small rice mill 40
Motorbike and bicycle repairing shop 7
Furniture processing shop 1
Small business service (hair cut, massage, karaoke shop) 7
Small Business (food shop, grocery shop..) 33
Guess house 1
Input battery 3
Sangkat Kampong Bay
Sankat Kampong Bay is
located in the central of
Kampot Town. Most of
household have small
business in the market.
About 4.37% of total
household in Kampong
Bay are engaged in
agriculture sector
particularly rice
cultivation (3.41%), long
time crop cultivation
(0.44%),fishing (0.09%),
Animal raising (0.17%), Non-timber forest product collection (0.26%). 1.57% of household have
their own handicraft such as small handicraft of food processing, 14.77% of labor force work in
service sector and about 79.28% occupy in other work such as trader, wholesaler or other
business. 38.11% of heads of households are working as government officials but they usually
are engaged in other activities after working hour in order to complement the low salary. 8.39%
of total household are employer in private sector. Seasonal migration is a common phenomenon
with around 1.90 % of total population having have proper job in the out side hometown while
0.27% have no proper job out side hometown. The total rate of unemployment from the age of
18 to 60 is around 0.95% of total population.
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Source: Commune database 2008
Table 8: List of handicraft and services in Sangkat Kampong Bay
Type of business Number
Small rice mill 3
Large and medium rice mill 1
Motorbike and bicycle repairing shop 21
Electronic repairing shop 6
Wine processing shop 1
Furniture processing shop 2
Handicraft 8
Small business service (hair cut, massage, karaoke shop) 49
Small Business (food shop, grocery shop,) 117
Market 1
Pharmacies 8
Clinic 4
Guess house 8
Restaurant 4
Gasoline station 2
Input battery 3
Main Occupation of household
in Sangkat Kampong Bay
4% 2%15%
79%
Agriculture
Handicraft
ServiceOther Work
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Sangkat Treuy Koah
About 65.90% of total
household in Sangkat
Treuy Koah are engaged
in agriculture sector
particularly ricecultivation (21.51%), long
time crop cultivated
(0.64%), fishing (43.19%)
and animal raising
(0.56%). Around 1.43 %
of household work in
service sector and 32.67%
occupy in other work
such as trader, wholesaler or other business. Around 3.43% of heads of households are working
as government officials but they usually are engaged in other activities after working hour in
order to complement the low salary. 3.98% of total household are employer in private sector.
Seasonal migration is a
common phenomenon
with around 2.62 % of
total population having
have proper job in the out
side hometown while
0.62% have no proper job
out side hometown.
There is no
unemployment in this
Sangkat.
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Source: Commune database 2008
Table 9: List of handicraft and services in Sangkat Treuy KoahType of business Number
Small rice mill 10
Generator 2
Motorbike and bicycle repairing shop 6
Wine processing shop 2
Furniture processing shop 1
Small business service (hair cut, massage, karaoke shop) 1
Small Business (food shop, grocery shop .) 2
Input battery 2
Makprang Commune
About 90% of total household are engaged in agriculture sector particularly rice cultivation
(12%), long time crop cultivated (64%) , short time crop 8% and around 4% live depend on non
forest product. Around 5 % of household work in service sector and 5% occupy in other work
such as trader, wholesaler or other business.
Trapeang Thom Commune
About 62% of total families in this commune are engaged in agriculture sector and about 3%
raising animal. The other family occupy in supplementary work such as wholesaler, handicraft
and palm sugar processing.
Main Occupation of Household
in Treuy Koah
66%
33%
0%1%
Agriculture
Handicraft
ServiceOther Work
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Kampong Kandal Commune
About 35% of total families in this commune occupy in business and wholesaler. This commune
located in the center of Kampot, therefore around 61% occupy in service sector such as
government official, 2% occupy as worker and 2% work in rice field.
Krang Ampil Commune
About 30% of total families in this commune are engaged in agriculture sector and raisinganimal. 20% occupy as government official, 25% are worker and 25% occupy in business and
wholesaler.
Andoung Khmaer
About 57% of total families are engaged in agriculture sector while 30% work in government
sector. There is only 3% are worker and 10% occupy in business and wholesaler.
Chum Kriel Commune
About 77% of total families are engaged in agriculture sector particularly rice cultivation (73%),
fishing (3%) and animal raising (1%). 2% occupy in service sector and 21% occupy in other
work.
5.3. Household income and expenditureBased on the survey, the answer on cash income is not an appropriate way to identify the wealth
condition of the household because most of people do not provide the real information about the
household income. According to the interview the household cash income and expenditure
indicate as following:
Kampong Kraeng Commune
Household monthly income
The household income is an important determinant factor of poverty. The term household
income used in this commune represents the total income of a household collectively generated
by head of household, spouse and other member in the family. The household income varies
greatly according to household occupation and main activities, and can also vary seasonally. It is
also very important to bear in mind in interpretation of the survey results that there is a general
tendency of under reporting household income by the respondents and that may also cause bias
to the analysis results. Intensive probing was used during the survey in order to best estimate thelevel of household income.
The distribution of monthly income of households in Kompong Kreang Commune indicates a
great variation around the mean and a big income difference between the very poor households
(very low income) and very rich households (very high income). The average monthly income is
US$86.
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The lowest monthly income falls down to US$9 per month for very poor households, while the
highest household income can reach up to US$365 per month for rich households. This pattern
suggests a significant income inequality and a big gap between poor households and rich
households. There are about 83 percent of households having a monthly income reported lower
than the average monthly income of the surveyed households.
Monthly income distribution for households in Kampong Kraeng Commune
(Project Survey 2009)
Household monthly expenditure
Regard to the expenditure, the survey reveal that the expenditure for each household remain
larger than income. Household satisfied to answer the expense than the income. The average of
household expenditure in Kampong Kreang is around 181USD per month.
In term of categories of total household expenditure, 26 percent of households fell into the low
expenditure category (total monthly expenditure less than US$100), 60 percent of households -
into medium expenditure category (total monthly expenditure in between US$100 and US$300),
and, 14 percent - into the high expenditure category (total monthly expenditure more than
US$300).
Table 10: Household distribution according to expenditure categories
CategoryPercent ofhouseholds
Low household expenditure (US$300 per month) 14
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Sangkat Kampong Bay
Household monthly income
It is difficult to estimate the income in Sangkat Kampong Bay because most of household didn't
want to answer the income. Among 290 household were interviewed, only 28% of household
provided the answer on cash income.
Monthly income distribution for households in Sangkat Kampong Bay
(Project Survey 2009)
The average cash income is around USD97 per month. The distribution of monthly income of
households in Sangkat Kompong Bay indicates a great variation around the mean and a big
income difference between the very poor households (very low income) and very rich
households (very high income).The lowest monthly income falls down to US$7 per month for
very poor households, while the highest household income can reach up to US$293 per month
for rich households. There are about 65 percent of households having a monthly income reported
lower than the average monthly income of the surveyed households.
Household monthly expenditure
The expenditure for each household in Sangkat Kampong Bay is larger than income. Household
satisfied to answer the expense than the income. The average of household expenditure in
Kampong Bay is around 173USD per month.
In term of categories of total household expenditure, 23 percent of households fell into the low
expenditure category (total monthly expenditure less than US$100), 62 percent of households -
into medium expenditure category (total monthly expenditure in between US$100 and US$300),
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and, 15 percent - into the high expenditure category (total monthly expenditure more than
US$300).
Table 11: Household distribution according to expenditure categories
CategoryPercent ofhouseholds
Low household expenditure (US$300 per month) 15
Sangkat Treuy Koah
Household monthly income
As Sangkat Kampong Bay, most of household don't want to answer on cash income. Among 325
household were interviewed, only 29% of household provided the answer on cash income. The
average cash income is around USD88 per month. The distribution of monthly income of
households in Treuy Koah also indicates a great variation around the mean and a big income
difference between the very poor households (very low income) and very rich households (very
high income).The lowest monthly income falls down to US$5 per month for very poor
households, while the highest household income can reach up to US$1,263 per month for rich
households. There are about 66 percent of households having a monthly income reported lower
than the average monthly income of the surveyed households.
Monthly income distribution for households in Sangkat Treuy Koah
(Project Survey 2009)
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Household monthly expenditure
The expenditure for each household in Sangkat Treuy Koah is larger than income. Household
satisfied to answer the expense than the cash income. The average of household expenditure in
Kampong Bay is around 166USD per month.
In term of categories of total household expenditure, 29 percent of households fell into the low
expenditure category (total monthly expenditure less than US$100), 62 percent of households -into medium expenditure category (total monthly expenditure in between US$100 and US$300),
and, 9 percent - into the high expenditure category (total monthly expenditure more than
US$300).
Table 12: Household distribution according to expenditure categories
CategoryPercent ofhouseholds
Low household expenditure (US$300 per month) 9
5.4. Social Structure and Zoning
Household relationship is the most important factor in the development of a sanitation
improvement system at community level. Good relation between neighboring households
provides mutual understanding in sharing common interest, which will be of great help for
community mobilization and development. Experiences had showed that, community with sound
relation between households would be easily motivated to do collective works rather than a
fractal community.
Apart from social structure and cultural inherit; the household relation is also dependent on
education level and living condition. There is notably observed a very good spatial sorting of
livelihood. In general, rich people or dignitaries tend to collectively settle themselves on the
most favorable and expensive land, whereas businessmen, vendors and other middle class people
are housing in the center, closed to the markets or along the main roads or on the land of second
order. Low income or poor people occupy the remaining part, where the land is generally the
most unfavorable and hazardous. This situation is made that the poor are the most vulnerable and
affected targets.
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The town can be divided into 2 big
zones according to its household
characteristics and living condition:
urban and peri-urban. In the urban
area, (like other typical cities, e.g.
Phnom Penh) people are living in theapartment or flats readily equipped
with sewerage systems and sanitation
facilities. This is the highest
population density area like Sangkat
Kampong Bay. The urban population is predominant by the middle class households with
moderately high income and a generally high education level. Because of its location is central to
all business activities, the urban population have always easier access to all kind of public
services.
Although urban people get used with
integrated society, the household
relation is the most complicated. In
some cases, people even do not know
who is living next to their door.
Commune authority seems to have
played very important role in
coordinating resettlement of common
problems or conflicts between
households. However, in some of the cases, the resettlement goes through a private negotiation
among households.
There is a good advantage in the urban society that the sewerage system and sanitation facilities
are in general well integrated and pre-defined by the competent authorities before the house
construction starts. This means that a newly house builder is obligated to integrate its sanitation
facility into the existing framework. This could also imply that integrated sanitation system is a
must for each urban household.
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Contrary to the urban zone, in peri-
urban area, each household has a piece
of land or land plot with and average
front size ranging from 10 to 30
meters. Some part of Sangkat Treuy
Koh and Kompong Kraeng Communeare identified as peri-urban.
Depending on its location comparing
to the main roads, the household
characteristics are different. Two distinctive sub-zones can be described here: the outer sub-zone
and the inner sub-zone. The rich and middle class households in general occupy the outer sub-
zones. The poor households and in most of the cases with low education level, encircled by rich
and middle class households are in general located in the inner sub-zone in low poorly drained
flood plain. This inner sub-zone is characterized by scattered household settlement without well
integrated roads, sewerage and sanitation facilities. The outer sub-zone, although located along
the main roads, the lack of integrated sewerage is also common. There is no interconnected
sanitation system between households. Each household has developed its own independent
sanitation facility, including in most of the cases water supply (using digging well) within the
perimeter of its land property.
In this peri-urban area, the traditional household relation and rural community structure remain
unbroken by economic activities. Household in general knows their neighboring quite well, and
the good relationship goes even as far as 1-2 km away from home. However, this relationship
seems to have been broken between the inner and outer sub-zones. The social unconformity
between the two sub-zones was also reported in some locations. Although, both sub-zones share
common sanitation problems, i.e., lack of integrated system, the outer sub-zone seems to be less
affected thank to its location at relatively higher ground level. The cross subsidy is very unlikely
to be practical between these two sub-zones.
5.5. Poverty Spatial DistributionThe poverty and vulnerability analysis is a primary step in all efforts to assist the poor
communities. Since the main target of the Kampot downtown water supply extension project
focus on the poor communities, the identification and understand of spatial distribution
characteristics of these communities in the context of the targeted commune/sangkat is essential.
It is beyond the scope of this report to do a complete analysis of different poverty dimensions
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and its linkages. The section below is attempting only to identify and locate the poor
communities which should have benefits from the current project.
The definition of the poor is
essential at this stage. A
thorough discussion was alsomade with all stakeholders in
order to find out a common
sense of poverty definition, and
gather all local perception
about the poverty. In order to
be open to the information the
fieldwork would provide, there
was no attempt to predefine a
working definition. However,
all agreed that the identification of the poor has to do with disposable assets and income - not
having enough food or shelter and not being able to pay for ordinary expenses such as those
related to health, sanitation and education. More over, to assess the poverty will require also
choice of livelihood indicators. The basic problem is that very few of the data available to the
present study can be regarded as direct, reliable measures of poverty, in the sense of numbers
and poorness of families living below the poverty line. The indicators chosen for this study are
mainly related to physical assets owned by households who are relatively not poor. Therefore,
the basic assumption made is that the communities which have the smallest proportion of
families able to afford assets such as concrete or brick house, vehicles, televisions, etc. are also
communities which have the largest number of families who are poor.
5.5.1 Poverty Mapping
During the kick off meeting with Kampot provincial Governor, the local authorities including
Deputy provincial Governor, district governors and some commune council have mentioned that
they already conducted poor household identification based on 16 criteria which are defined byMinistry of Planning. The 16 criteria are listed below:
1. This house belongs to you or you rent it from other person.
2. Material used to make roof of the house (interviewer examines and fill up, do not
ask)
3. Material used to make the wall of the house (interviewer examines and fill up, do not
ask)
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4. General condition of the house (interviewer examines and fill up, do not ask)
5. What is the size of your house? (interviewer asks and examines)
6. Household income
6a. What is your major income among the income activities: rice cultivation, vegetable
planting or crop planting, and other activities?
6b. How much area of rice cultivation, vegetable planting or crop planting land? (includeyour own land, rented land and land surround the premise)
6.c What kind of fishing tools do you have?
6.d What are your major income activities?
7. Livestock raising activities
7a. Do you raise pig, goat, cow, buffalo, horse? If yes, how many are they? How many of
them do you exchange raising1 with other people? (for people who live on land)
7b. Do you raise pig? If yes, how many are they? How many of them do you exchange
raising2
with other people? (for people who live on water)
8. Within the last 12 months do you owe someone's rice? If yes, how many month?
9. Household members
9a. How many member does your family have?
9b. How many member of your family that do not have income?
10. How much property do you have? List down
11. How many transportation means do you have? List down
12. Within the last 12 months is there any even happen that make you lose income, face
food shortage, sold your properties, or borrow money from other people?
13. Your members
13a. How many person in your family are 6 years old to 11 years old?
13b. How many of them do not go to school?
13c. What reasons that cause those children do not go to school?
14. Special condition that causes their livelihood goes down?
15. Special condition that causes their livelihood goes up?
15a. Within the last 12 months do you receive any support from your children or your
relations?
1 The exchange raising in here means a person look after live stock (for example a cow) for a someone and whenthat cow gives the first birth then the first baby cow will long to the person who look after the cow, when the cowgives second birth and then the second baby cow will belong to the cow owner.2 The exchange raising in here means a person look after live stock (for example a cow) for a someone and whenthat cow gives the first birth then the first baby cow will long to the person who look after the cow, when the cowgives second birth and then the second baby cow will belong to the cow owner.
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15b. Within the last 12 months, what even that improves your family's livelihood?
16. The interviewer should check, is there any doubtful answer?
Poor households were
classified into two classes: i.e.
poor category 1 and poorcategory 2. The poor
classification were based on
the score ranges of the
questionnaire like score range
from 59 to 68 is poor category
1 and score range from 45 to
58 is poor category 2. Poor
category 1 is the poorest
household; this category is
poorer than poor category 2.
The local authorities proposed this project should not conduct any poor assessment. It was
proposed to use the result of poor assessment of their survey that mean it is better to focus on
poor category 1 and poor category 2 that are in their list of poor households.
Based on their proposal, the kick out meeting has decided to use poor category 1 and poor
category 2 for poverty mapping in this project coverage. According to the field survey the
location of poor category 1 and poor category 2 for poverty mapping.
5.5.2 Result of poverty mapping
According to the survey and waypoints of poor household category 1 and 2 collected from field,
we have observed that:
The condition of poor household category 1- there are four types of poor household category 1
i.e. 1- poor households have not land live on illegal land like road side, river side or public land;
2- poor households have no land but live on other people's land to look after land or farm ofother people; 3- poor households have no land but live with their relation like son or daughter
live with their parents or their auntie or their uncle or the parents live with their son or daughter
etc.; 4- poor households have their own house and land. In general poor households in type 4 live
quite far from the main road and scatter, only foot path they use to reach their houses.
The condition of poor household category 2- most of them have their own house and land. Most
of their house located not less than 100 meter far from the main road or water supply network.
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Based on the distribution of those poor households category 1 and 2, we can see that it is quit
difficult for the project to help those poor people in potable water supply because most of them
located far from the water supply system.
The result of poverty list for each village will be attached with the Annex 2.
6.Gender IssueWomen play an important role in the family such
as prepare food for families, take care of the
children, management of family financial resource.
In Cambodia society women is more responsible
in the family than men especially for housework
including cleaning the house, fetching and boiling
water, cooking and washing. In additional some
women also work outside house to earn the cash
income such as running the small business like weaving, sale agriculture product, food, ect.at
the local market in order to generate substantial cash income of the family. The majority of
sellers in Sangkat Kampong Bay are women. Some women in Sangkat Treuy Koah and
Kampong Kraeng commune have their small business in Kampot town market. Women will
benefit from the extension of Kampot Water Supply Project as they are responsible for fetching
water for cooking and washing. In term of sanitation, women are more venerable than men
because women face the problem of the lack of latrine. So, the availability of appropriate latrines
is most required for the dignity of the women.
7.DwellingThe residence in Kampot down town has divided in six category such as cottage, zinc, wooden
brick, flat and village. People live in the flat in the urban with more density that in the peri-urban
that people live in big land within the house that made of zinc, wooden, brick. However, poor
people live in cottage that build of bamboo/wood, with the roof cover by palm or coconut leaves
while the rich live in the village or dwelling build of brick or luxury wood. The table bellowsare described the type of resident in each commune and target village:
Kampong Kraeng Commun
Kampong Kraeng Commune defined as peri-urban. About 49.31 percent of dwelling has the roof
that builds from zinc or fibro, 35.58 percent build from palm, coconut or grass leaves, 13 percent
is roofing tile. There are five families live in the public land in this commune
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Table 13: Number of residence classified by roof in target village (Commune data 2008)
Type of residence Total in
Commune
Prey Thnot
Village
Kampong
Kraeng Village
Roof build of palm/coconut/grass leaves 438 20 28Roof build of Zinc/Fibro 607 60 184
Roofing tile 160 13 37
Flat with many household 1 1 0
Flat 17 15 1
Village 8 5 3
Type of residence in Kampong Kraeng & Prey Thnot Village (Project survey 2009)
Sangkat Kampong Bay
Sangkat Kampong Bay defined as
the urban area. About 41.20
percent of total dwelling are flat
while 18.28 percent are flat withinmany families, 35.54 percent have
dwelling build from zinc or fibro,
2.75 percent of roofing tile
dwelling and 1.29 percent of
dwelling that have the roof build
from palm/coconut or grass leaves.
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Table 14: Number of residence classified by roof in target village (2008)
Type of residence Total in
Commune
Kampong Bay
Cheung Village
Kampong Bay
Tboung Village
Roof build from palm/coconut/grass
leaves
15 15 0
Roof build from Zinc/Fibro 414 339 75
Roofing tile 32 24 8
Flat with many household 213 57 156
Flat 480 240 240
Village 11 3 8
Type of residence in Kampong Bay Tboung & Prey Kampong Bay Cheung Village
(Project survey 2009)
Sangkat Treuy Koah
Some part of Sangkat Treuy koah defined
as urban and some part still in the peri-
urban area. Around 74.95 percent have
the dwelling that have roof build fromzinc or fibro, 16.90 percent of dwelling
are palm/coconut/grass roof, 5.70 percent
are roofing tile and 2.34 percent are flat.
According to the information from
Sankat authority 156 families live in
public land in 2008.
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Table 15: Number of residence classified by roof in target village (2008)
Type of residence Total in
Commune
Daun Toak
Village
Ta Ang Village
Roof build from palm/coconut/grass
leaves
166 0 6
Roof build from Zinc/Fibro 736 262 159
Roofing tile 56 7 6
Flat 23 0 7
Village 1 0 0
Type of residence in Daun Toak & Ta Angk Village (Project survey 2009)
Krang Ampil commune
This commune defined as peri-urban that 60% of total dwelling have roof made of zinc or fibro,
2.58% have roof made of grass or palm/coconut leaf, 7.24% are tile roof, 26% are flat, 3.44% are
flat with many families in and 0.74% are villages.
Andoung Khmaer commune:
This commune defined as peri-urban that 83.26% of total dwelling have roof made of zinc or
fibro, 7.95% are tile roof, 6.56% have roof made of grass or palm/coconut leaf,1.5% are flat,
0.21 % are flat with many families in and 0.52% are villages.
Chumkriel commune:
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Chumkriel commune is defined as peri-urban. Around 88.84% of total dwelling have roof made
of zinc or fibro, 5.99 % are tile roof, 1.86% have roof made of grass/leaf, 3.1% are flat and
0.21% are flat with many families in.
Kampong Kandal commune
This commune defined as urban area. About 56.66% of total dwelling have roof made of zinc or
fibro, 29.57% are flat, 7.49% are tile roof, 4.25% are flat with many families in and 2.03% arevillages.
Trapeang Thom commune
Trapeang Thom is defined as peri-urban area. About 72.53% of dwelling have roof made of zinc
or fibro, 8.90% are tile roof, 3.29% are grass or leaf roof, 13.54% are flat, 1.35% are flat with
many families in and 0.39% are villages.
Makprang Commune
Makprang commune is defined as peri-urban. About 50% of dwelling have roof made of zinc or
fibro, 44% are grass or leaf roof, 3 % are tile roof, and 3% are flat.
8.Present Situation of Water Supply in KampotDowntown
People live surround Kampot town have used water from many sources like: Rain water, Surface
water like stream and pond, Open well and pumping well, Water venders, Water supply systems.
In general people live in peri-urban areas use rain water during rainy season and surface water
like stream, dug ponds, open wells and pumped wells in dry season. People live in these areas
face critical problems of water shortage in dry season every year. Some of those remote areas
have access roads; they can buy water from water venders. In urban area, people have accessed
to potable water system of Kampot Water Supply (KWS).
8.1 Health and Sanitation
The type of water and sanitation facilities is important determinants of the health status of
household members and particularly of children. Proper hygienic and sanitation practices can
reduce exposure to and the seriousness of major childhood diseases such as diarrhea.
According to the commune status report show that in Kampong Kraeng commune 31.05 percent
are using pipe water. Among those households, 53.6 percent use water line of the private
company that connected from the main pipe of Kampot Water Supply and sell water to
household around 10,000 Riel per cubic meter and other 3.41 percent use water from neighbor
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household. However, 12.87 percent use pump well water, 41.06 have dug well in their dwelling
or plot, 9.09 percent use water from pond, 2.54 percent have the rain stored in their dwelling and
3.39 percent use surface water from rivers, streams or lakes but the water quality is so bad. There
is no waste collection in this commune so people bury the rubbish in their own land. About 86%
of total household have no latrine. The problem is no sewage system.
However, in dry season household drink pipe water around 33.59 percent. Only 4.62 percent
have their own safe water instrument to process the safe water and 49.31 percent drink boiled
water. Household were also asked for the time taken to fetch water. 46.07 percent fetch the water
less than 150 meters from home and 29.58 percent go to fetch water more than 150 meters.
Related to water supply in Sangkat Kampong Bay, there is 93.01 percent use water line fromKampot water supply. Among those, there is 70.89 percent connected from private company,
6.57 percent use water from neighbor household. There is only 6.99 percent use source water
from pond. 93.18 percent fetch water less than 150 meters from home.
Source of Water in Sangkat Kampong Bay
93%
7%
Pipe Water
Pond
Source of Water in Kampong Kraeng Commune
31%
13%41%
9%3% 3%
Pipe Water
Pump well
Dug well
Pond
River, stream, lake
Rain stored
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About 5.68 percent have their own water instrument to process the safe water and 36.98 percent
drink boiled water. There is a company that provides service for solid waste collection but the
service is not good because of the delay and not clear about the collection schedule. This
commune is often flood in the raining season. About 13.72 percent have no latrine.
Some part of Sangkat Treuy Koah is defined as Peri-urban area. The water supply system is
limited in this Sangkat. There have water supply system for the household along the big road.
This water supply system manages by community that support by CWCC. Around 92.35 use
pipe water that 70.46 percent connected from private company with price of water is quite high
4,000 Riel per cubic meter.
About 73.32 percent fetch water more than 150 meter far away from home. 45.02 percent boiled
water for drinking and 0.40 percent have the safe water instrument to produce safe drinking
water. There is no waste collection and sewage system in this commune. People burn the rubbish
in their own land. The sanitation and environment sector not yet establish. About 91.47% of total
household have no latrine.
8.2 Water Sources used in the target area covered by the pipe byKampot Water Supply
At present, the service coverage of KWS covers
Kampot Municipalities and some parts of Teuk
Chhou district. For Kampot Municipality, the
service cover 5 communes where Kampong Kandal
covers 70.04%, Kampong Bay covers 63.68%,
Krang Ampil covers 51.53%, Andoung Khmer
covers 29.91% and Traeuy Kaoh 0.78%. For Teuk
Chhu district, the service cover 4 communes where
Source of Water in sangkat Treuy Koah
93%
3%
1%
3%
0%
Pipe Water
Dug well
Pond
River, stream, lake
Rain stored
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70.0463.68
51.53
29.91
0.78
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
%
Kampong Kandal Kampong Bay Krang Ampil Andoung Khmer Traey Koah
Water Supply Service in Kampot Municipility
2% in Chum Kriel commune, 7.26% in Trapaeng Thum commune, 0.77% in Kampong Kraeng
commune and 12.46% in Meakprang commune. Detail of household connection is shown in
table 15 below:
Table 16: Percentage of connection in Kampot Municipality
Kampot Municipality Household Population Connection Percentage
1. Sangkat Kampong Kandal 1452 7746 1017 70.04
a- Sovann Sakor Village 794 4113 441 55.54
b- Muoy Ousaphie Village 658 3633 576 87.54
2. Sangkat Kampong Bay 1148 6056 731 63.68
a- Kampong Bay Cheung Village 678 3604 380 56.05
b- Kampong Bay Tboung Village 470 2452 351 74.68
3- Sangkat Krang Ampil 914 4735 471 51.53
a- Svay Thum Village 358 1903 160 44.69
b- Krang Village 556 2832 311 55.94
4- Sangkat Andoung Khmaer 1926 10003 576 29.91
a- Tvi Khang Tboung Village 572 3037 281 49.13
b- Tvi Khang Cheung Village 430 2380 206 47.91
c- Andoung Khmaer Village 262 1244 16 6.11
d- Ou Touch Village 374 1915 73 19.52
e- Ta Deb Village 288 1427 0 0.00
5- Sangkat Traeuy Koah 1151 5674 9 0.78
a- Ta Angk Village 171 997 9 5.26
b- Doun Taok Village 295 1317 0 0.00
c- Srae Village 318 1415 0 0.00
d- Buoeng Tapream Village 367 1945 0 0.00
Total Connection in Kampot Municipality 6591 34214 2804 42.54
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Table 17: Percentage of connection in Teuk Chhu District
Teuk Chhu District Household Population Connection Percentage
1. Chum Kriel Commune 983 5212 20 2.03
a- Chum Kriel Village 335 1710 1 0.30
b- Trapeang Thum Village 234 1194 0 0.00
c- Samraong Village 177 922 18 10.17
d- Kampong Kandal Village 237 1386 1 0.42
2. Trapeang Thum Commune 537 2739 39 7.26
a- Trapeang Thum Village 148 764 38 25.68
b- Svay Thum Village 145 665 1 0.69
c- Krang Village 118 605 0 0.00
d- Trapeang Chrey Village 126 705 0 0.00
3. Kampong Kraeng Commune 390 2630 3 0.77
a- Kampong Kraeng Village 248 1564 3 1.21
b- Prey Tnaot Village 142 1066 0 0.00
4. Meakprang Village Commune 626 3130 78 12.46
a- Snam Prampir Village 626 3130 78 12.46
Total Connection in Teuk Chhu District 2536 13711 140 6.62
2.03
7.26
0.77
12.46
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
%
Chum Kriel Trapeang Thum Kampong Kraeng Meak Prang
Water Supply Service in Toeuk Chhu District
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8.3 Water sources used in the target area
The survey result indicated that in
Kampong Kraeng Commune 31.05
percent are using pipe water. Among
those households, 53.6 percent use
water line of the private company thatconnected from the main pipe of
Kampot Water Supply and sell water
to household around 10,000 Riel per
cubic meter and other 3.41 percent
use water from neighbor household. However, 12.87 percent use borehole water, 41.06 have dug
well in their dwelling or plot, 9.09
percent use water from pond, 2.54
percent have the rain stored in theirdwelling and 3.39 percent use
surface water from rivers, streams or
lakes but the water quality is so bad.
Related to water supply in Kampong
Bay, there is 93.01 percent use water
line from Kampot water supply. Among those, there is 70.89 percent connected from private
company, 6.57 percent use water from neighbor household. The ordinary price is around 1,400
Riel per cubic meter but for household that connected from the private company have to pay
4,000 Riel per cubic meter to private company.
The water supply system is limited in Sangkat Treuy Koah. There have water supply system for
the household along the big road. This water
supply system manages by community that
support by CWCC. Around 92.35 use pipe
water that 70.46 percent connected from
private company with price of water is quite
high 4,000 Riel per cubic meter.
In general poor households are more
likely to be affected by the high cost of water
due to the fact that they don't have access to
public pipe line or are not affordable for the connection.
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8.3.1 Sources Water for drinking
The socio-economic survey indicates that the main sources of drinking water in the target
commune/sangkat are mostly cover by pipe water in both dry and raining season. During the dry
season household buy water with the high price around 4,000Riel per cubic meter.
Table 18: Sources of water use for drinking in dry seasonWater SourcesCommune Total
HH
Survey
HH Pipe Pump well Dug well pond Lake/river Rain
Kg. Kraeng 390 52.5% 75.60% 0.48% 5.85% 11.25% 6.82%
Kg. Bay 445 47.9% 96.96% 0.34% 2.36% 0.34%
Treuy Koah 405 80.2% 83.69% 0.30% 2.15% 10.46% 3.40%
Table 19: Sources of water use for drinking in raining season
Water SourcesCommune Total HH Survey HH
Pipe Pump
well
Dug well pond Lake/river Rain
Kg. Kraeng 390 52.5% 49.26% 3.43% 1.95% 45.36%
Kg. Bay 445 47.9% 84.12% 1.69% 14.19%
Treuy Koah 405 80.2% 69.55% 0.92% 7.69% 21.84%
But the percentage of household use pipe water for drinking was felled down during the raining
season because people stored rain water to use instead of pipe water.
In Kampong Kraeng Commune, the sources of drinking water is 75.60 percent used pipe water in
dry season and it decreased to 49.26 percent in raining season when the use of rain water up to
45.36 percent in raining season. The chart below shows the comparison of source of drinking
water that household use in dry and raining season.
Sources of drinking water in Kampong Kraeng
0.485.85
11.256.82
1.95
45.36
75.6
3.43
49.26
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Pipe Pump we ll Dug we ll Lake/r iver Rain
%
Dry season
Rainning Season
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In Kampong Bay, the percentage of household use pipe water for drinking in dry season is
around 97% and it decreased to 84% in raining season.
In Sangkat Treuy Koah about 83.69 percent of household used pipe water in dry season and it
remains 69.55 percent of household use pipe water in raining season.
8.3.2 Source of water for cooking
According to the survey indicated that the sources of water for cooking in each target area are
not much difference from the sources of water used for drinking. The majority people prefer to
use pipe water for cooking in dry season but they save the money by using rain water in stead of
pipe water in raining season. The chart bellow shows the comparison of sources water for
cooking in dry and raining season by each target commune/sangkat.
Sources of drinking water in Treuy Koah
0.3
3.4
21.84
83.69
2.15
10.46
69.55
0.92
7.69
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Pipe
Pumpwell
Dugwell
Lake
/rive
rRa
in
%
Dry season
Rainning Season
Sources of drinking w ater in Kampong Bay
0.000.00 0.000.34 0.342.36
96.96
14.19
1.69
84.12
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Pipe Pump w ell Dug w ell Lake/river Rain
Dry season
Rainning Season
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8.3.3. Sources of water for bathing
The survey also indicates that the majority of people use pipe water for bathing in dry season.
However, they use rain water instead of pipe water in the raining season. The chart bellow show
the comparison of the sources water for bathing
Sources of water for cooking in Treuy Koah
0.3
22.46
0.94
14.15
2.46
82.15
10.76
0.94
65.84
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Pipe Pump well Dug well Lake/river Rain
%
Dry season
Rainning Season
Sources of wa ter for cooking in Kampong Kraeng
0.48
11.25
3.9
49.26
75.6
5.85 6.823.43
43.41
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Pipe Pump well Dug well Lake/river Rain
%
Dry season
Rainning Season
Sources of water for cooking in Kampong Bay
96.28
0.00 3.040.00
15.88
0.340.34 1.690.00
82.43
0
20
40
60
80100
120
Pipe
Pumpwell
Dugwell
Lake
/rive
rRa
in
%
Dry season
Rainning Season
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8.3.4 Sources of water for washing
The sources of water for washing are not difference from the sources water for bathing in each
target area. The percentage of the household that used pipe water is high in dry season but it is
felled down in the raining season because they use rain water instead pipe water. The chart
bellow show the difference of sources water for washing between dry and raining season.
Sources of w ater for bathing in Kampong Kraeng
10.75
20.97
4.9
54.14
65.36
1.950.97
28.29
11.7
0.970
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Pipe Pump well Dug well Lake/river Rain
%
Dry season
Rainning Season
Sources of w ater for bathing in Treuy Koah
80.3
0.33.7
15.4
0.3
41.53
1.84
13.25
43.38
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Pipe Pump w ell Dug w ell Lake/river Rain
%
Dry season
Rainning Season
Sources of w ater for bathing in Kampong Bay
0.004.05 0.680.00
39.53
94.93
0.34 2.360.34
57.77
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Pipe Pump w ell Dug w ell Lake/river Rain
Dry season
Rainning Seas on
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9.Willingness to pay for water connection fee
According the socio-economic survey show the reason why household do not uses the
pipe water as the following chart:
Sources of wa ter for w ashing in Kampong Kraeng
11.7
22.95
4.9
5762.92
0.97 1.46
22.45
1
14.65
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Pipe Pump well Dug well Lake/river Rain
%
Dry season
Rainning Season
Sources of water for washing in Treuy Koah
79
0.35 3.38
44.61
0.35
16.9215.38
1.55
38.46
010
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Pipe Pump well Dug w ell Lake/river Rain
%
Dry season
Rainning Season
Sources of water for washing in Kampong Bay
94.93
0.00 0.34 0.680.00
42.91
4.05
53.72
3.040.340
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Pipe Pump w ell Dug w ell Lake/river Rain
Dry season
Rainning Season
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Related to the question if family want to connect the water from Kampot water supply or not,
about 94 percent of household in Kampong Kraeng want to connect, 95 percent of household in
Kampong Bay provide positive idea on the water connection and 95 percent of household in
Treuy Koah also want to connect from Kampot water supply. The majority of the household
about 94 percent in all the target area agree on the price of the water 1,400 riel per cubic meter.
The chat below show the percentage of household agree/disagree on the current water price
(1,400 Riel/cubic meter)
The percentage of household agree/disagree on the price 1,400 riel per cubic meter
However, it was difficult to deal up with the connection fee. The current cost of total connection
is around 474,600 Riel (113 USD). Related to this cost, 78 percent of household in Kampong
Kraeng agree to pay while 80 percent of household in Kampong Bay are also agreed to pay too
but it around 69 percent of household in Treuy Koah agree to pay on that cost.
523 33 4
94 94 94
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Agreed Disagreed No Answer
%
Kampong Kraeng
Kampong Bay
Treuy Koah
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The percentage of household agreed/disagreed on connection fee.
10. Sanitation and Waste DisposalThe type of water and sanitation facilities is important determinants of the health status of
household members and particularly of children. Proper hygienic and sanitation practices can
reduce exposure to and the seriousness of major childhood diseases such as diarrhea.
According to the survey, the
numbers of household that
have no latrine are very high
in each commune. 70.85% of
household in Chum Kriel
commune have no private
toilet, among those 96%
defecate in the field and 2%
used their neighboring toilet.
86.29 of household in
Kampong Kraeng commune
have no latrine, 96% defecate in the field and 4% defecate in the water.
78
19
4
80
17
3
69
28
3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Agreed Disagreed No Answer
%
Kampong Kraeng
Kampong Bay
Treuy Koah
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The percentage of household have no
toilet is 57% in Meakprang while
98% of those people defecate in the
field. 55.37% of household in
Trapeang Thum have no toilet while
93% defecate in the field, 3% use inpublic, 4% use neighboring toilet. In
Kampong Kandal the percentage of
household has no private toilet is
about 2.90 %. This Sangkat located in the middle of the town, 29% amount that household
defecate in the field, 7% use public latrine, 25% use neighboring toilet and 29% defecate in the
water. 38.44% of household in Krang Ampil have no toilet, 59% of those household defecate in
the field while 39% use neighboring toilet. Only 13.72% of household in Kampong Bay have no
latrine, 65% defecate in the field, 26% use neighboring toilet. About 46.48% have no latrine in
Andoung Khmer, 73% defecate in the field, 9% use public latrine, 12% use neighboring toilet
and 4% defecate into the water. Around 91.47% of household in Traeuy Koah have no private
toilet and 100% of those people defecate in the field.
Sources: Commune data 2008
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10.1 Toilet Type
The survey indicated that types of latrine that household used in the target area are: public
latrine, pit latrine, dig & bury, pour flash, septic tank, latrine connected to sewage, some
household use neighbor latrine and other latrine.
Regarding to the questionnaire asked about the type of latrine that household want to build in
Chum Kriel, about 35% prefer septic tank, 4% want to build septic tank. In Kampong Kraeng,65% prefer pit latrine while 3% prefer septic tank. In Makprang, 78% prefer pit latrine, 16%
prefer septic tank and 6% prefer dry latrine. In Trapeang Thom, 65% prefer pit latrine while 15%
prefer septic tank. In Kampong Kandal, among household that have no latrine, 96% prefer pit
latrine and 4% prefer septic tank. In Krang Ampil, 100% of household than have no latrine
prefer to build pit latrine. 68% of household in Kampong Bay prefer to build pit latrine while
16% prefer septic tank. In Andoung Khmer, 51 % prefer pit latrine, 16% prefer to build septic
tank and 28% prefer dry latrine. 68% of household in Treuy Koah prefer pit latrine, 9% prefer
septic tank while 16% prefer dry latrine.
10.2 Disposal of household waste water
According to the interview with Commune Council, there is no sewage system in Kampong
Kraeng Commune. The problem is the commune will be flooded in raining season because no
out let for the waste water. In Kampong Bay, there have sewage system along the paved road and
the waste water out let to Kampong Bay River. However, there is no sewage system in Treuy
Koah. The sewage system covered along the big road in Angdoung Khmer commune. This
sewage is constructing by commune fund and the contribution fund from household who live
along this road. In trapeang Thom commune faced problem with lack of sewage system because
it has only 100 meter of sewage system along National Road No. 3 and it caused flood during the
raining season. The sewage system in Chum Kriel is not existed; it has only small sewage along
the road that also caused flooded when it is raining. The sewage system in Krang Ampil
commune are old and some are broken that caused flooded during raining season. Kampong
Kandal have no problem with sewage system. The sewage system covered along National Road
and mostly along small road in Kampong Kandal. This sewage is drained to the canal.
11. Solid waste managementThe solid waste service covers in Kampong Bay. However there is no service of solid waste in
Kampong Kraeng and Treuy Koh. People burn the rubbish in their own land. In Krang Ampil the
solid waste collection service is not good because of the delay and not clear on collection
schedule. There is no solid waste collection service in Makprang commune. The big problem is
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the reassurance and some stores near the waterfall throw out the rubbish bag into water or in
public land. The waste collection service in Angdong Khmer commune is also poor because they
dont collect rubbish on time and the service covered only along the National road. In Trapeang
Thum, the waste collection service covered only along the big road but people live along the
small road burry their rubbish. There is no waste collection for household in Chum Kriel
commune but the service conduct in the market area. In Kampong Kandal commune, thecollection service are available along the National Road otherwise there is no collection service
along the small road.
The present solid waste collection was legally granted to a company named Kim Saophorn but in
actual condition the solid waste in Kampot Town was collected by two agencies where Kim
Saophorn company provide the solid waste collection service focus on household solid waste and
solid waste of some markets and another agencies is Kampot market tax collector who collects
only solid waste of Kampot market.
Kim Saophorn company said that they collect solid waste every day for area along main roads
and for small roads they collect solid waste once for every 3 days but in actual situation, the
company collect solid waste did not follow what they have mentioned especially areas in small
roads, some time the solid waste collection service was extended to once a week (complain of
local people and authorities).
The solid waste collection service provided by Kim Saophorn company are being under
operating with 3 trucks with 5 tones capacity in operation, 7 street sweepers, 4 solid waste
collectors, 4 staff work in office, 6 drivers and one chief operator.
12.Urban Development Planning
12.1 The process of Tuek Chhu district and Kampot Municipality
in preparation of development plan
At present Kampot Municipality is the same as Toek Chhu district do not have their own
development plan because all development plans were prepared in the process of bottom up that
means all development plans were prepared by commune council under the coordination of
provincial office local administration (POLA).
12.1.1 Institution responsible in preparing the development plans
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They organize consultation meetings, under the support of POLA in mobilizing, with local
villagers and local NGOs to discus on their issues in the village and raise solutions for those
issues and the development plan will be developed base on those solutions.
b) Reviewing process
After preparing the commune development plan, the commune council has to send all
development plans to district. At the district office, they have DTDC to review all communedevelopment plans and provide advises or comments to those development plans.
c) Compiling process
After DTDC has reviewed all those development plans, they send them to DDC to compile all
commune development plans.
d) Integrating process
With the support of provincial executive committee, they have organized a workshop to integrate
all commune development plans with the participation of all relevant departments, NGOs and
development agencies. The workshop is very important because it provides opportunity for all
relevant departments, NGOs and development agencies to support some of those development
plans and the remaining development plans will be prioritized and submitted to central
government to support. The below diagram illustrates the process of preparing development
plans for Toek Chhu district and Kampot Municipality.
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Commune councilprepares
commune/Sangkatdevelopment plans
Support from ProvincialOffice for Local
Administration (Pola)
All commune/Sangkat developmentplans will be sent to district technical
development committee to review(TDC)
All reviewed development plans willbe compiled by district development
committee (DDC)
All compiled development plans willbe integrated at district office under
the technical support from
The integrated development plans aresent to National Level (Ministry of
Planning)
Support fromprovincial
executivecommittee
The integrated development plans aresent to provincial development
department through Ex-com
FLOW CHART OF COMMUNE DEVELOPMENT PLANS PREPARATION PROCESS
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Beside the above mentioned process, it is special for Kampot Municipality because all provincial
departments and provincial administration office are located in Kampot Municipality, so there
are many development plans have been prepared individually according to their mandates and
responsibility and the process and tools use for preparing the development plans are also
different.
12.1.3 Tool used for preparing the development plan
There are two levels in preparing urban plans or development plans in Kampot Municipality. The
development plans prepared by commune councils are based on sketching or drawing on large or
A4 size papers. There is no computer or advance software at commune level and on the other
hand, the human resource at commune level is very limited. It is different for Technical Line
Departments, most of them have advance tool and digital data for preparing development plan
like computers, software for in stand GIS software, AutoCAD, Land Development and digital
data like ortho-photo, satellite images etc.
12.2 District/Municipality development planAs it is already mentioned above that District/Municipality does not have their own development
plan, what they have is the development plans prepared by commune councils. The commune
development plans contain two important sectors: infrastructure investment and capacity
building. The infrastructure investment focuses on construction of rural roads, sewages, canals,
wells, ponds and latrines, and capacity building focuses on training and awareness raising on
health, sanitation, agriculture, environmental and natural resource management. The detail
development plans are attached in Annex 3.
For Kampot Municipality does have an urban plan which is prepared by Provincial Department
of Land Management, Urban Planning, Cadastral and Construction in cooperation with GTZ.
This urban plan does not get approve from the Provincial Governor yet. The urban plan shows
the extension areas of the
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