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Problems With Problems With The Fuel SystemThe Fuel System
Very rapid and violent burning of the fuel Very rapid and violent burning of the fuel in the cylinder.in the cylinder.
Causes overheating and damage to the Causes overheating and damage to the metal of the engine.metal of the engine.
Signs:Signs:– rapid rise in cylinder pressure, andrapid rise in cylinder pressure, and– rapid increase in cylinder head temperature.rapid increase in cylinder head temperature.
Detonation:
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Problems With Problems With The Fuel SystemThe Fuel System
Causes:Causes:– incorrect fuel,incorrect fuel,– overheating (lack of airflow), andoverheating (lack of airflow), and– the setting a mixture that is too lean.the setting a mixture that is too lean.
Can be solved temporarily by making Can be solved temporarily by making the mixture richer and permanently by the mixture richer and permanently by using fuel of the octane rating specified using fuel of the octane rating specified by the engine manufacturer.by the engine manufacturer.
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Premature burning of fuel mixture due to Premature burning of fuel mixture due to glowing carbon particles or “local glowing carbon particles or “local hotspots”.hotspots”.
Often confused with detonation.Often confused with detonation. Experienced when attempting to start a hot Experienced when attempting to start a hot
engine and usually results in a backfire.engine and usually results in a backfire. Can do severe damage including warped Can do severe damage including warped
pistons, and cracked cylinder heads.pistons, and cracked cylinder heads.
Problems With Problems With The Fuel SystemThe Fuel System
Pre-Ignition:
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Occurs in the fuel line.Occurs in the fuel line. Caused by high atmospheric Caused by high atmospheric
temperatures, causing the fuel to temperatures, causing the fuel to vaporize and block the flow of vaporize and block the flow of liquid fuel in the line.liquid fuel in the line.
Problems With Problems With The Fuel SystemThe Fuel System
Vapour Lock:
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Ignition SystemIgnition System The function of the ignition system The function of the ignition system
is to supply a spark to ignite the is to supply a spark to ignite the fuel/air mixture in the cylinders.fuel/air mixture in the cylinders.
It consists of:It consists of: two magnetos,two magnetos, two spark plugs per cylinder,two spark plugs per cylinder, ignition leads, andignition leads, and a magneto switch.a magneto switch.
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The MagnetoThe Magneto If a coil of wire is rotated in a If a coil of wire is rotated in a
magnetic field, current will be induced magnetic field, current will be induced in the coil.in the coil.
This experiment demonstrates the This experiment demonstrates the inseparability of magnetism and inseparability of magnetism and electricity.electricity.
While the design of the magneto is While the design of the magneto is slightly different from that discussed slightly different from that discussed above, the principle is the same.above, the principle is the same.
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The MagnetoThe Magneto Serves three functions:Serves three functions:
generates a low tension current,generates a low tension current, transforms this to a high tension, transforms this to a high tension,
andand distributes the current to the distributes the current to the
individual spark plugs at the exact individual spark plugs at the exact time it is desired to have them fire.time it is desired to have them fire.
Confirmation Confirmation StageStage
NOTE: You must use the buttons in the Confirmation Stage
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Aero EnginesAero EnginesFuel problems, Ignition, and Basic Electrical System Fuel problems, Ignition, and Basic Electrical System
A
B
C
D
Prevents overheating
Connects distributor to spark plug
None of the above
Let's try a few review questions on Aero Engines:
Question #1 - What does the magneto do?
Generates a low tension current
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The MagnetoThe Magneto Serves three functions:Serves three functions:
generates a low tension current,generates a low tension current, transforms this to a high tension, andtransforms this to a high tension, and distributes the current to the individualdistributes the current to the individual
spark plugs at the exact time it isspark plugs at the exact time it isdesired to have them fire.desired to have them fire.
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A
B
C
D
Too lean a mixture
Incorrect oil
Both A and B
Let's try a few review questions on Aero Engines:
Question #2 - Name a cause of detonation?
Too rich a mixture
Aero EnginesAero EnginesFuel problems, Ignition, and Basic Electrical System Fuel problems, Ignition, and Basic Electrical System
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Problems WithProblems WithThe Fuel SystemThe Fuel System
Causes:Causes:–– incorrect fuel,incorrect fuel,–– overheating (lack of airflow), andoverheating (lack of airflow), and–– the setting a mixture that is too lean.the setting a mixture that is too lean.
Can be solved temporarilyby making theCan be solved temporarilyby making themixture richer and permanently by using fuelmixture richer and permanently by using fuelof the octane rating specified by the engineof the octane rating specified by the enginemanufacturer.manufacturer.
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Dual IgnitionDual Ignition Modern aero engines are fitted with two Modern aero engines are fitted with two
spark plugs per cylinder and two magnetos.spark plugs per cylinder and two magnetos. One magneto fires one of the spark plugs One magneto fires one of the spark plugs
for each cylinder, while the second for each cylinder, while the second magneto fires the second spark plug for magneto fires the second spark plug for each cylinder.each cylinder.
Purpose is two fold:Purpose is two fold:1 safetysafety: if one system fails, the engine will : if one system fails, the engine will
still operate, andstill operate, and2 performanceperformance: improves combustion: improves combustion
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Magneto SwitchMagneto Switch The magneto switch has four settings:The magneto switch has four settings:
left,left, right,right, both, andboth, and off.off.
To check magnetos, pilot watches RPMs as To check magnetos, pilot watches RPMs as he/she turns switch.he/she turns switch.
In the event of rough operation, the pilot In the event of rough operation, the pilot can switch to the smoothest operating can switch to the smoothest operating magneto.magneto.
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ShieldingShielding The parts of the ignition system The parts of the ignition system
are surrounded with metal are surrounded with metal covering which is grounded.covering which is grounded.
This design is known as This design is known as shieldingshielding and is used to prevent interference and is used to prevent interference with the radio.with the radio.
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Ignition TimingIgnition Timing The timing of the magneto to fire The timing of the magneto to fire
the spark plug at the proper time.the spark plug at the proper time. Firing too early can result: Firing too early can result:
– in loss of power, in loss of power, – pre-ignition, pre-ignition, – piston burning,piston burning,– scored cylinders, andscored cylinders, and– broken rings.broken rings.
Confirmation Confirmation StageStage
NOTE: You must use the buttons in the Confirmation Stage
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A
B
C
D
Longer engine life
Prevent overheating
Both A and C
Let's try a few review questions on Aero Engines:
Question #3 - What is the purpose of dual ignition?
Safety
Aero EnginesAero EnginesFuel problems, Ignition, and Basic Electrical System Fuel problems, Ignition, and Basic Electrical System
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Dual IgnitionDual IgnitionModern aero engines are fitted with two Modern aero engines are fitted with two spark plugs per cylinder and two magnetos.spark plugs per cylinder and two magnetos.
One magneto fires one of the spark plugs for One magneto fires one of the spark plugs for each cylinder, while the second magneto fires each cylinder, while the second magneto fires the second spark plug for each cylinder.the second spark plug for each cylinder.
Purpose is two fold:Purpose is two fold:11safetysafety: if one system fails, the engine will : if one system fails, the engine will still operate, andstill operate, and
22performanceperformance: improves combustion: improves combustion
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A
B
C
D
Surrounds cockpit
Fire wall
Metal covering
Let's try a few review questions on Aero Engines:
Question #4 - What is shielding?
Improves combustion
Aero EnginesAero EnginesFuel problems, Ignition, and Basic Electrical System Fuel problems, Ignition, and Basic Electrical System
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ShieldingShielding The parts of the ignition system areThe parts of the ignition system are
surrounded with metal covering whichsurrounded with metal covering whichis grounded.is grounded.
This design is known as This design is known as shieldingshielding and andis used to prevent interference with theis used to prevent interference with theradio.radio.
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Electrical SystemElectrical System Supplies power to Supplies power to
start the airplane.start the airplane. Also required to Also required to
operate a multitude operate a multitude of controls of controls including:including:– flaps,flaps,– undercarriage,undercarriage,– all radios,all radios,– lights, etc.lights, etc.
Includes everything Includes everything that operates that operates electrically, except electrically, except the magnetos.the magnetos.
The ignition system The ignition system is not connected is not connected with the airplane’s with the airplane’s electrical system.electrical system.
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ComponentsComponents Storage Battery:
– stores electrical energy required for engine starts.
Master Switch:– overall on/off switch for the electrical system.
Starter Motor:– turns the engine over after it receives current
from the battery.
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ComponentsComponents Generator/Alternator:
– supplies current to the system and recharges the battery,– driven by the engine,– once motor is started, the alternator will take over and
transfer the energy. Voltage Regulator:
– prevents the system from being overloaded and the battery from overcharging.
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ComponentsComponents Bus Bar:
– receives from the battery and the generator (or alternator) and distributes it to various circuits.
Circuit Breakers:– prevents component damage resulting from system
overloads.
Ammeter/Voltmeter:– indicates current and voltage storage and drain of the
system.
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ComponentsComponents Generator Warning Light:
– indicates only of generator failure, and– aircraft without ammeter/voltmeters have this.
Confirmation Confirmation StageStage
NOTE: You must use the buttons in the Confirmation Stage
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A
B
C
D
Voltage regulator
Circuit breaker
Ammeter
Let's try a few review questions on Aero Engines:
Question #5 - What prevents component damage resulting from system overloads?
Bus bar
Aero EnginesAero EnginesFuel problems, Ignition, and Basic Electrical System Fuel problems, Ignition, and Basic Electrical System
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ComponentsComponents Bus Bar:
– receives from the battery and the generator (or alternator)and distributes it to various circuits.
Circuit Breakers:– prevents component damage resulting from system
overloads.
Ammeter/Voltmeter:– indicates current and voltage storage and drain of the
system.
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A
B
C
D
Alternator
Bus bar
Ammeter
Let's try a few review questions on Aero Engines:
Question #6 - What stores electrical energy for engine starts?
Battery
Aero EnginesAero EnginesFuel problems, Ignition, and Basic Electrical System Fuel problems, Ignition, and Basic Electrical System
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ComponentsComponents Storage Battery:
– stores electrical energy required for enginestarts.
Master Switch:– overall on/off switch for the electrical system.
Starter Motor:– turns the engine over after it receives current
from the battery.
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Congratulations!!
You have now completed the Fuel Problems, Ignition, and Basic Electrical System lesson of the Aero Engines Module. Of course, this lesson is always available to you for future reference if required.
You are now ready to move along to the next Aero Engines lesson you have not completed or to any other module you wish. You can advance to the Self Test Module if you feel ready to challenge the final exam.
Good Luck!
Aero EnginesAero EnginesFuel problems, Ignition, and Basic Electrical System Fuel problems, Ignition, and Basic Electrical System
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