Reconciliation betweenBFO and DOLCE leads to YATO
ー On quality description ー
Riichiro MizoguchiISIR, Osaka University
Rough Idea
The top-level structure and qualityinherited from BFO
Separation of quantity (value) and quality inherited from DOLCE
+ The idea of Role from Hozo Separation of the reality and its description
= A new upper level ontology for quality & quantity in YATO
Issues Generic issues
– Coping with two kinds of realities• The reality and several kinds of data descriptions• Clear separation of the two in the ontology
– Coping with Change better Specific issues
– Problems in PATO– quality type vs. quality vs. quantity
• Separation of quantity and quality• Quantity as representation
Quality ontology in YATO implemented in Hozo
Hiroshi Masuya, RIKEN, Japan
YATO-PATO_termBFO-PATO
Single hierarchy model of quality(No differentiation of quality from quantity)
Dual hierarchy model of quality(Differentiation of quality into quality type and quality value)
length increased length
length of tail of
mouse_1
length length of tail of
mouse_1
increased length
ordinal scale value
class instance class instance
referring to
<E,Q> = <tail, increased length> <E,A,V> = <tail, length, increased length>
(attribute-slim) (value-slim)
Hiroshi Masuya, RIKEN, Japan
Quantitative and Qualitative description of phenotypic quality
Tail of mouse_1
10cm long and longer than wild-type
length
increased length length of
tail of mouse_1
class instance
10cm
length length of tail of
mouse_1
increased length
ordinal scale value
class instance
referring to
rational scale value 10cm
Double inheritance!
YATO-PATO_termBFO-PATO
Hiroshi Masuya, RIKEN, Japan
Quantitative comparison or “D/W/H” ??
H:10cm
W:10cm
D: 20cm H:10cm
W: 20cm
D: 20cm
Whole body of mouse_1 Whole body of mouse_2
length
H of a mouse_1
Height H of a mouse_2
Width
W of a mouse_1
W of a mouse_2
D of a mouse_2 Depth
10cm of height
10cm of width
20cm of width
20cm of Depth
Cross-attribute equivalence of “10cm”(20cm) is lost.
BFO-PATO
Hiroshi Masuya, RIKEN, Japan
Other problems
• How to represent abnormality in <E,Q>?<E,A,V> = <tail_1, length, abnormal>
• 1-hierarchy model brings PATO-tree some complication of attribute-slims and value-slims.
Missing meanings:
<male (female) (semi-)fertile is-a (semi-)fertile>
<male (female) (semi-)sterile is-a (semi-)sterile>
<Decreased (increased) male (female) fertility is-a decreased (increased) fertility>
Reality of quality description
In engineering and physics, <E,A,V> description is the standard
In clinical medicine, there are many <E,P,V> descriptions
We should realize “Value” (played by quantity) as reality
We need interoperability among these kinds of quality descriptions.
Reality of quality/quantity
160cm
50Kg
Quality: John’s height of 160cm long ← This is the only reality we share!?The issue is how to wisely model it
•Quality type: length, weight, etc. as a kind of qualities Then, what is height? Is 160cm an instance of length? BFO: <160cm instance-of quality type> •Quality dimension: 160cm is a value rather than an instance•Quality: John’s height, John’s weight, etc., independently of how big and when as an identity holder•Quality as role: height, depth, etc. are roles played by length•Quality must be something associated with an entity So, <160cm long> can’t be a quality•Quantity: 160cm, 50Kg, etc. Quantity is generic. 160cm could be height of John and Tom, distance between A and B, etc. Quantity as representation: 1m=100cm=1000mm=0.001Km•Property: a pair of quality type and quantity: <height, 160cm> This is compliant with “state”; hungry = <hunger state, hungry>
tall = <height, high or long>
What exist here: John, John’s height, height, length, 160cm long, 160, cm
Object/human Associatedwith John
Dependent onthe way ofmeasuring
Quitegeneric
lengthquantity
number Unit/dimension
John
Reality of quality/quantity 2
160cm
50Kg
Quality instance: John’s height of 160cm long ← This is the only reality we share!The issue is how to wisely model it
•Generic quality type: length, weight, etc. as a kind of qualities Height, width, or distance are not included. 160cm is an instance not of length but of length quantity.•Quality dimension: 160cm is a value rather than an instance•Quality: John’s height, John’s weight, etc., independently of how big and when as an identity holder•Quality type (Quality as role): height, depth, etc. played by length So, <160cm long> is a player of quality as role.•Quantity: 160cm, 50Kg, etc. Quantity is generic. 160cm could be height of John and Tom, distance between A and B, etc. Quantity as representation: 1m=100cm=1000mm=0.001Km•Property (quality): a pair of quality type and quantity: <height, 160cm> which is compliant with “state”; hungry = <hunger state, hungry>
tall = <height, high or long>•Quality must be something associated with an entity
What exist here: John, John’s height, height, length, 160cm long, 160, cm
Object/human QualityQuality
typeGenericQuality
type
lengthquantity
number Unit/dimension
John
1. He is tall. (BFO) <E, P1>2. He is 185cm high. (BFO) < E, P2>3. His height is high/big/large. (DOLCE) < E, A1, V2>4. His height is 185cm. (DOLCE): < E, A1, V1>5. This rose is red. (BFO) < E, P3>6. The color of this rose is red. (DOLCE) < E, A1, V3>7. The color of this rose is xyz Hz. (DOLCE) < E, A1, V1_1>8. Being red of this rose is high. (Galen) < E, P3, V2>9. Diarrhea of this patient is severe (Galen) < E, P3, V2>10. This patient doesn’t have fever. (Galen) < E, P1, V4>11. The length of the pen is short. (DOLCE) < E, A1, V5>12. The conductivity of this material is high. < E, A2, V2>13. The insulativity of this material is high. < E, A3, V2>14. This road has many curves. < E, A4, V6> (This road is curvy)15. Tom visited Kyoto three times. < E, A5, V7> (He is a frequent traveler)
Representation of quality of reality= also a reality→ Interoperability among them is necessary
Concluding remarks
A comprehensive ontology for quality & quantity has been proposed enabling interoperability of existing descriptions
Its features include: – Separation of quantity and quality– Separation of the reality and description– Clear identification of quality, quality instance, quality
type and generic quality type.
Ontology of quality & quantity has been under evaluation through building– A clinical ontology– A phenotype ontology of Mouse
Ontology of representation
Distinction among the following three things– Representation which is composed of
• Representation form• Representation content
– Represented thing which is composed of• Representation• Representation media
– Representation content• which is-a Proposition
Examples– My speech “I like Barry” is-a Represented thing
• using speech media
– The writing “I like Barry” is-a Represented thing• using paper media
– the representation form of “I like Barry” is-a NL sentence
Sentence
Musicscore
instance-of
Score of“The 5th”
RepresentationProposition
Symphony
instance-of
“The 5th”
Music
realization-of
A performanceof the 5th
Utterance
instance-of
“There is a house”
part-of
Musicsymbol
Spec. ofthe 5th
realization-of
realiz
ation-of
Design drawingof Corolla
Elementsof figure
Spec. ofCorolla
part-of
Painting
Mona Lisa Without canvas
Script of Hamlet
part-of
NaturalLanguage-1
Spec. ofall actions
instance-of
Tale of Genji
Novel
Proposition-product
Proposition-design
Sentences ofTale of Genji
2-D rep.
Rep. withlanguage
Symbolic Rep.
Rep. with symbol
part-of
Drama
Hamlet
realization-of Content ofthe story
instance-of
Letter
“a”
Letter
A particular “a”
part-of
Spec. of the figure Linerfigure-1
Naturallanguage
realization-of
instance-of
Figure
Occurrent
Playingmusic instance-of
is-a
Throw
A throwingaction
A performanceof Hamlet
Playingdrama
inst
ance
-of
Writingaction
An action ofwriting “a”
inst
ance
-of
generated-by
instance-of
Concrete/physical
Vehicle
Car
instance-of
Corolla-1
Figure of letter
Speechsound
2-DSound
Musicalsound
Noise
A linear figureof “a”
Sound producedby a performance
of the 5th
realization-of
realization-of
generated-by
instance-of
Mona Lisa with canvas
inst
ance
-of
instance-of
instance-of instance-of
Legend: is-a instance-of realization-of generated-by Special part-of for representation equivalence
Specification
Spec. ofCorolla
instance-of
Corolla
Event
Ontology of representation
Ontology (not description)
Quality instance
Quality type
Genericqualitytype
QuantityQuantity
J-height
Quality
Identity of a quality
160cm170cm
We need to capture Change of quality
In quantity space,Different ID
As qualitySame ID
2008 2009
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