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Dual-drain Tankuse in-tank settling ( swirl separation )intact fecal matter settles more easily
Cornell System
low solids effluent
high solids effluent
Central Double Drain for Tanks
Solidsco l l ec t i onbow l
Main f low s t ream
Center pipe
Se t t l eab l es t r eam
A
B
B
A
Se t t l eds t r eamou t f low
Raceway Dimensions Length:Width Ratio
of ~10:1
Depth 0.75-1.25 m aids in water flow easier management
(simplifies crowding,harvesting, grading,keeping separategroups)
water qualitygradient along lengthmay be observed
For Example: 40 m x 4 m x 1 m
40 m
4 m
1 m
Intensive trout production using largequantities of water in western NorthCarolina, USA.
Water and wasteflushedfrom the tanks
Carryingcapacity dependson available flow
Grading of trout.
FLOW-THROUGH SYSTEMS/PARALLEL-SERIAL RACEWAY SYSTEM
Aeration/Oxygen
Serial System
Raceway 1Raceway 2
Raceway 3
FLOW-THROUGH SYSTEMS
InfluentEffluent
Serial racewaysmaximize water useincrease water velocity for flushing wastes
FLOW-THROUGH SYSTEMS/SERIAL EARTHEN RACEWAY SYSTEM
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FLOW-THROUGH/RACEWAY SYSTEMS
Parallel System
Raceway 1
Raceway 2
Raceway 3
Effluent
Influent
Parallel raceways/tanks built side by sidemay share common wallsreduce floor spacereduce construction cost Combination Series and Parallel System
Effluent
Influent
Raceway
RacewayRaceway
Raceway Raceway
Raceway
FLOW-THROUGH/RACEWAY SYSTEMS
FLOW-THROUGH SYSTEMS/PARALLEL-SERIAL RACEWAY SYSTEM FLOW-THROUGH SYSTEMS/PARALLEL-SERIAL RACEWAY SYSTEM
FLOW-THROUGH SYSTEMS/PARALLEL-SERIAL RACEWAY SYSTEM FLOW-THROUGH SYSTEMS/SERIAL RACEWAY SYSTEM
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Impact of Fish
Per kg feed:30 g Total Ammonia Nitrogen (TAN)
[25-55 g]500 g Fecal Solids [250-500 g]250 g O 2 [up to 1000 g]350 g CO 2 [up to 1380 g]
8 g P [up to 15 g]
Physical and biological processes that impact water quality in serial raceway systems
Algae
FLOW-THROUGH SYSTEMS / RACEWAYS
Management Considerations
Low dissolved oxygen Buildup of nitrogenous wastes Accumulation of settleable solids
Discharge of effluents- treat all discharges in a settling pond
with 1-2 day retention- pass effluent through a microscreen- dual drainage system- provide settling area in raceway
Mass-balance Analysis
V dDO out /dt = Q inDO in - Q out DO out - K DO F
But Q in = Q out = Q
Q (DO in DO out ) = K DO F
Q DO = K DO FDO in DO out
0 (at steady state)
Q, DO in , TAN in Q, DO out , TAN out
F
K M
V
FLOW-THROUGH SYSTEMS
Q DO = K DO FDO in DO out
Flow Requirement
where:
Q DO = required flow based on DO, m 3/day
K DO = oxygen requirement, 250 g O 2/kg feed
F = feed ration, kg feed/day = feeding rate x fish mass (M)
DO in = dissolved oxygen in supply water, mg/L = g/m 3
DO out = minimum/effluent dissolved oxygen level, mg/L = g/m 3
Example:
M = 250 kg fishFeeding rate = 2% of mass/dayDO in = 6 mg/LDO out = 2 mg/L
F = 0.02 x 250 = 5 kg feed/dayQ DO = 250 (5)/(6-2)
= 312.5 m 3/day= 217 L/min or Lpm= 57 gpm
Loading (L) = M/Q= 250/217= 1.15 kg f ish/Lpm
FLOW-THROUGH SYSTEMS
Q TAN = K TAN FTAN out TAN in
where:
Q TAN = required flow based on TAN, m 3/day
K TAN = TAN excretion, 30 g TAN/kg feed
F = feed ration, kg feed/day = feeding rate x fish mass (M)
TAN in = TAN in supply water, mg/L = g/m 3
TAN out = maximum or effluent TAN, mg/L = g/m 3
Example:
F = 5 kg feed/dayTAN in = 0.0 mg/LTAN out = 1.0 mg/L
Q TAN = 30 (5)/(1-0)= 150 m 3/day
< Q DO = 312.5 m 3/day
FLOW-THROUGH SYSTEMS
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Tank Volume, Hydraulic Retention Time, WaterExchange, and Turnover Rate
Q Q
V = Water Volume
Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) = V/Q
= average time water stays in tank= the time necessary to fill one tank volume with a given Q
Example: V = 5 m 3; Q = 1 m 3 /hr; HRT = 5 hrs
CORRECT: The amount of water flowing into the tank equaledits volume in 5 hours (sometimes Turnover Rate).
WRONG: Complete water exchange is achieved in 5 hours!
FLOW-THROUGH SYSTEMS
In reality, flow-through water continuously dilutesthe tank water, and the time (t) needed to replace old waterwith any fraction (f) of new water (true water exchange)is computed using:
t = -ln (1-f) HRT = -ln(1-f) V/Q
Same Example : V = 5 m 3; Q = 1 m 3 /hr; HRT = 5 hrs
The time required to replace 50% (f=0.5) of old water
= -ln(1-0.5) 5 = 3.5 hrs
60%: t = 4.6 hrs 99%: t = 23.0 hrs90%: t = 11.5 hrs 99.99%: t = 46.0 hrs
FLOW-THROUGH SYSTEMS
The water exchange rate can also be expressed as follows:
f = (1 e -t/HRT )
Same Example : V = 5 m 3; Q = 1 m 3 /hr; HRT = 5 hrs
FLOW-THROUGH SYSTEMS
t (hr) f (%)
1 18.13 45.15 63.2
23 99.0
Prove!Q (m 3 /hr) 1 2HRT (hr) 5 2.5
t (hr) f (%) f (%)
1 18.1 33.03 45.1 70.05 63.2 86.5
12 90.9 99.2
V = 5 m 3f = (1 e -t/HRT )
FLOW-THROUGH SYSTEMS
Cross-Flow Raceways
FLOW-THROUGH SYSTEMS
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FLOW-THROUGH SYSTEMS
A floating pre-filterfor water supply.
A baffled sedimentation tankfor flow-through water treatment.
Natural systems characterized by highlyvaried physical and chemical characteristics
Recirculating systems designed to approximatemost fundamental aspects of natural systems,while allowing for overall control
Goal is to design reliable and cost-effectiverecirculating systems
Recirculating Systems: Brief Background Water is reconditioned and recirculated/reused/recycled
Elimination of significant water resource,energy, and space requirements[up to 120 kg/m 3 (1 lb/gallon) in tanks ]
Flexibility in location
Environmental control~ adaptability in what may be cultured~ waste mitigation~ managed production
Product quality control
ImportanceRECIRCULATING SYSTEMS
Recirculating Techniques
Culture Unit
Treatment
Culture Unit
Treatment
Continuousflow-through
Recirculating
Recirculating
Intermittentreplacement
Waste
PARTIAL
CLOSED
Waste
RECIRCULATING SYSTEMS
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RECIRCULATING SYSTEMS
Recirculating System Design
Rearing Unit
WaterTreatment
Solids removal Biofiltration Support processes
pH and Alkalinity control Foam fractionationUV and Ozone
Turbidity/Color removal Disinfection
Pump Airlift
Defining Recirculating Systems
An Aquaculture Production System that
Recycles and Renovates Water for the Culture of an Aquatic Organism.
Recirculating Systems Operation Defined by Daily Volumetric Exchange Rates. 0 - 20% Volumetric Exchange per day 7 10% will be wasted by a typical drum screen filter
typical of systems being used nowadays
Why Recirculating SystemsPROS Reduced Water Requirements Reduce Area Requirements (intensification) Control of Temperature (economics?) Potential for Water Quality Control (or not)
Potential for Waste Capture (a point source) Potential for Better Feed Conversion (tanks) Isolation of Product (from disease & pollution)
Better Inventory Control (can see & collectmortalities or morts)
High density even greater than 120 kg/m 3(1 lb/gallon) in tanks have been attained.
Why Recirculating SystemsCONS High Initial Investment
compared to other production technology
A Lot of People Profess to be Experts (but arenot)
Very Short Response Time (1/2 - 3/4 hr) Very Poor "Track Record"
failures have been common (some very large)hard to finance (because of these failures)economy of scale (cannot be ignored)
Uses For Recirculating Systems
HatcheryNurseryQuarantineAdvanced Fingerling ProductionPurging Market Sized ProductGrow-OutHolding System
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Pumps and Control Systems
Gravity Aerators,Agitators and Blowers
Aerates/oxygenates Degasses
(groundwater containsCO 2, CH 4, H 2, H 2S)
Settles Fe 2+ andMn 2+
Venturi tubes
Surface Agitator
Regenerative/Centrifugal Blower
Aeration & Degassing
Surface Aerators Regenerative/Centrifugal Blower (Low-pressure)
Centralized centrifugal blowers (15 kW@) Linear Air Pumps
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Roots/Rotary Lobe Blowers Rotary Vane Compressors
Piston Compressors
Diaphragm Compressors
Quick Selection Guide
Sample Air Blower Performance Curves
1 ft 3 = 7.48 gal1 gal = 3.785 L
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Example: 4 cfm need to be delivered adistance of 200 feet from a rotary lobeblower. The average line pressure is 3psi. There are no odd twists or elbowsthat need to be considered.
Recommend the pipe size.The minimum diameter of plastic pipewill be 3/4", causing approximately 7"H 2O resistance or pressure loss.The smaller 1/2" pipe would causeabout 25" of loss, which wouldprobably be unacceptable.A 1" pipe, costing little more than the3/4", might be an even better choice if there is the possibility of using more airin the future.
Air Diffusers
Air Diffusers
Sample Air Diffusers Specifications Oxygenation Non-pressurized
Downflow bubble contactor (DBC; Speece Cone) Countercurrent diffusion
column
U-tube diffusers
U-tubeDBC
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Packed Column Aerator(also Trickling Filter)
Trickling Filter Construction
Biof i l t e r med ia
Lo wpres su reai r inf low
Water d i s t r i bu t ionar m
Water inf low
Water Outf lowtank
Feeds and Feeding
Directional Broadcast feeder
Vibratoryfeeder
Feeds and Feeding
Demand feeder
Beltfeeder
Feeds and Feeding
Screw / Auger
feeder
Solids Removal
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Broad size spectrumHigh organic contentLow density (1.19 times that of fresh water)
FractionsDissolvedSuspended (settleable and non-settleable)
Solids Characteristics
RECIRCULATING SYSTEMS
Gravity separation (sedimentation) Filtration (screen, granular media,
porous media)
Flotation (foam fractionation)
Solids Removal Mechanism
Solid-liquid separation
RECIRCULATING SYSTEMS
Solids Removal Processes
Foam Fractionation
Granular Filter
Microscreen
Tube Settler/Submerged Filter
Cartridge Filter
CoarseScreens
PlainSedimentation
100 75 30 10Particle Size, microns
RECIRCULATING SYSTEMS
Typical Tank Water Input
A Much Better Water Inlet:Vertical Manifold
50 mmelbow
50 mmelbow
50 mmballvalve
50 mmelbow
50 mmx 100 mmreducerbushing(note: do not glue the 50 mmpipe into the 50 x 100 mmreducer bushing.)
100 mm x 100 mm x 25 mmreducer tee
25 mmelbow
25 mmclearPVC
100 mm cap
10 mmholesspacedevery 5 cmoncenter
Details for Vertical Manifold
FishCultureTank
Vertical Manifolds & DoubleDrains
Settleable SolidsEffluent
SuspendedSolids
Effluent
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Swirl Separator: Solids Settling
Settleable SolidsEffluent
ClarifiedEffluent for
furthertreatment
Swirl Separator
Sludge to Waste
80 90% of flow
10 20 % of flow
Outf low
Wasted i scha rge
Inf low
Swirl Separator
Outf low
Inflow
Settleable Solids (Gravity Removal) Settling tank Sediment trap Inclined tubes Hydrocyclone
(swirl separator)
Gravity Sump/Submerged Filter
INFLOW OUTFLOW
SludgeRemoval
Filter Media
Schematic of a Tube Settler/Submerged Filter
RECIRCULATING SYSTEMS
Submerged filters Simple Inefficient
Trickling filters Simple Aerates Submerged filter
Suspended Solids (non-gravity) Screen filtration
Expandable granular media Downflow (fine sand) Upflow (bead filter,
course sand)
Drum / Microscreen filters
Screen
Suction
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Drum / Microscreen Filtersin Tandem for Higher Flow
Outf lowto t ank
Water f i l t e r edth roughsc reen
Wasted i scha rge
Inf lowf rom t ank
Pressureb a c k w a s h
Microscreen/Drum Screen Construction
Propeller-washedBead Filter
(upflow)
Pressurized downflowsand filter
Airlift-operated Upflow Sand Filter
Sand Filter Construction
Water inf low
Perforated pla te / tubesfo r wa te r d i s t r i bu t ion
Water ou t f l ow
Sand(o r o the r med ia )
Break-bar
Biofilters Come in All Shapes and SizesMoving Bed
Filters arelow energy
and compact
FluidizedSand Beds are
the mostcompactbiofilter
Bead Filterscombine
nitrificationwith solids
removal
TricklingFilters arethe work horse of
aquaculture
An RBCspecificallydesigned foraquaculture
(RBC)
LowPressureAirInflow
Water Inflowfrom CultureTank
WaterReturn toCultureTank
BiofilterMediaPlastic Blocksor Plastic Rings
Rotating WaterDistributionArm
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BIOLOGICAL FILTRATION / BIOFILTRATIONliving organisms to treat water
primarily Nitrification in recirculating systems
Nitrification: AMMONIA NITRITE NITRATE
TAN (Total Ammonia Nitrogen) composed of both NH 3 andNH 4+ in a pH-dependent, acid-base relationship:
NH 3 + H 20 NH 4+ + OH -
RECIRCULATING SYSTEMS
Percent of Total Ammoniain the Unionized Form at
Various Temperatures and pH
Temperature oC ( oF) 7.0 8.0 9.0
10 (50) 0.19 1.83 15.7
20 (68) 0.40 3.82 28.4
30 (86) 0.80 7.46 44.6
pH
NH 4+ + 1.5 O 2 2 H + + H 2O + NO 2- [Nitrosomonas spp .]
NO 2- + 0.5 O 2 NO 3- [Nitrobacter spp .]
Nitrification
RECIRCULATING SYSTEMS
Overall with cell synthesis:
NH 4+ + 1.83 O 2 + 1.98 HCO 3- 0.021 C 5H 7O 2N +
0.98 NO 3- + 1.041 H 2O + 1.88 H 2CO 3
Requirements:4.57 g O 2 per g TAN7.14 g alkalinity as CaCO 3 per g TAN
optimum pH 7.5-8.0optimum temperature 25 oC
Nitrification
RECIRCULATING SYSTEMS
Carbonate-Bicarbonate System as Affected by pH
4.3 8.3 12.3PHENOLPHTHALEIN (P)
END POINTTOTAL ALKALINITY (T)
END POINT(Methyl Orange end point)
The Nitrogen Cycle in Aquaculture
Water plants Food
Excessfood
Fishes
PeptidesAmino acids
Urine
Urea
Ammonia(NH )
Algae
Nitrate (NO )
Nitrite (NO )
Feces
2
3
3
N2 Gas
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16
12
8
4
02 8 14 20 26 32
Nitrogen (mg/L)
TANNO2-N
NO 3-N
Time (days)
Biofilter Acclimation
Rotating biological
contactor External Internal
RBCmotor driven
In-tank RBCairlift driven
Air channel
RECIRCULATING SYSTEMS/ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTOR (RBC)
RBCmotor driven
Propeller-washed Bead Filters Propeller-washed Bead Filters
Polygeyser Bead Filter(Pneumatic drop filter)
Bubble-washedBead Filter
Propeller-washed Bead Filter Operation
Figure 1.
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Propeller-washed Bead Filter Operation
Figure 2.
Propeller-washed Bead Filter Operation
Figure 3.
Propeller-washed Bead Filter Operation
Figure 4.
Bubble-washed Bead Filter
PolygeyserBead Filter
PolygeyserBead Filter
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PolygeyserBead Filter
Moving-bed Biofilters
Biofilter Media
Kaldnes Media
Modified Beads(EN enhanced nitrification)
Foam Fractionators
Schematic of Foam Fractionators[fine particles (organics, surfactants) attach to rising bubbles]
(a) Cocurrent
Foamout
Air in
Waterout
Waterin
(b) Countercurrent
Waterout
Foamout
Air in
Waterin
AirliftPump
RECIRCULATING SYSTEMS
Other Components Lighting
low light levels reducestress to fish
Heaters/chillers depending on species
Chillers
Heater
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System Configurations
TANK PUMPSOLIDSFILTER
BIOFILTERAeration &Degasification
Screens Settlers
RECIRCULATING SYSTEMS RECIRCULATING SYSTEMS
RBC
TubeSettler
FishTank
TANK PUMP
SOLIDS & BIO-FILTERAeration &Degasification
Granular filters
RECIRCULATING SYSTEMS
System Configurations
TANK SOLIDS & BIO-FILTER
Aeration &Degasification AIRLIFT/PUMP
Granular filters Other combinations
RECIRCULATING SYSTEMS
System Configurations
EXAMPLES
Recirculating Milkfish Broodstock System
Natural spawning of milkfish ( Chanos chanosForsskal) has long been demonstrated by AQD inflow-through and partial recirculating systems.
Study conducted to evaluate recirculatingbroodstock system and fish reproductiveperformance.
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Combination Upflow and Fluidized Sand Filter
RecirculatingMilkfish Broodstock
SystemInletPipeManifold
FluidizedSand Filter
(0.3-0.4 mm sand)
UpflowSand Filter
(0.5-1.0 mm sand)
Backwash
To Tank
Sluice gate A
Gate B Gate C
Gate D
Sand
Pebbles
Gravel
Combination Upflow and Fluidized Sand Filter
RECIRCULATING SYSTEMS
Pumps
To backwash
Combination Filter
GravityAeration
200 m 3 Tank Schematic of Recirculating
Milkfish BroodstockSystem
Drain
Schematic diagram of the Quarantine System of the Tabuk Fisheries Company (TFC)
T o t r eat ment pond
Sand Filters
Ultraviolet
Filters
Sump
20 m 3Tank
Biofilters
Pumps
Legend:
Recirculation
Discharge
Bypass Bypass
Components: Six 20-m 3 fish tanks (5 fingerlings/L) and a 20-m 3 sump Three 6-kW recirculation pumps, each estimated to
pump a maximum of 100 m 3/hour Three sand filters (Astral Pool Model 00714) with 1.54-
m 2 cross sectional area, each rated at 46 m 3/hour (allhoused in an air-conditioned container room with theUV and electrical control panels)
Two 480-watt ultraviolet (UV) sterilizers Two 2-m 3 moving-bed biofilters for each fish tank (total
of 12 biofilters), each containing 1-m 3 of media forbiological filtration
An earthen, 4 4 0.5 m backwash water treatment
pond
Moving-Bed Biofilters
Sump TankPumps
20-m 3 Tank
A view of the TFC quarantine system showing the pumps, some20-m 3 tanks, the sump tank and six of the moving-bed biofilters.
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Container Room
Pipes leading to Sand Filters
Backwash Pipe
Pipe connections to and backwash pipe from the sandfilters that are inside the container room.
One of the three Astral Pool Model 00714 Sand Filter installedin the TFC quarantine system.
The UV Sterilizers and electrical control panels in thecontainer room. The sand filters are seen at the back.
Moving-Bed Biofilters
Water in
Sludge out
Biofilter Media
The moving-bed biofilters and pipe connections. Inset is the typeof biofilter media (10-mm diameter) used.
Earthen Treatment Pond
Quarantine System
Overall view of the TFC facility from the earthen treatment
pond in the foreground and the quarantine system in thebackground.
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Integrated Recirculating Tank Culture of Grouper and Seaweed
Integrated culture enhances productivity and
utilization of resources and inputs, while providingfor water quality control and waste mitigation.
Seaweeds known and reported to uptake ammonia a main fish metabolite.
Study conducted to evaluate:- Efficiency of Gracilariopsis bailinae as biofilter- Growth and amenability of Ephinephelus coioides
(grouper) to intensive tank culture- Dynamics of integrated tank culture system
Bypass
SeaweedUpflowSandFilter
Grouper
Grouper
Seaweed
Pump
WaterreplacementBackwash
Schematic of Integrated RecirculatingGrouper and Gracilaria System
9-m 3 Tank(BT-1)
Sand Filters
Backwash
Bypass
Pump intake at~mid-tank depth
CentralDrain
Drain
Pump
Gracilaria in trays in-tank; doubly serves asgrouper shelter
Schematic of Grouper and Gracilaria System
Highlights:
Together with the nitrification attained in upflowsand filters, about 3 kg Gracilariopsis bailinaeprovided sufficient uptake of ammonia nitrogenfrom 1.5 - 2 kg 43% protein grouper growout diet(i.e., minimum 2 kg gracilaria/kg feed)
The grouper Ephinephelus coioides can thrive inproperly designed and operated recirculating tanksystems at high stocking densities of up to about 70kg m -3; 180 fish m -3 for 330 g fish FluidArt
OR TANK
OR TANK
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RECIRCULATING SYSTEMS
Integrated Biofiltration and Gas Exchange
EffluentTrough
Continuous-Cleaning Multifunctional Biofilter
RECIRCULATING SYSTEMS
Integrated Recirculating Pond Culture
Pump Gracilaria
IntensiveShrimp
Fish &Mollusks
Settling
(Plankton throughout)Perforated Pipe
IntensiveShrimp
RELATED RESEARCH
IntegratedRecirculatingPond Systems
Effluent Treatment
Coddington et al. (1999) Aquacultural Engineering 19:147-161
Treatment of effluent from intensive (45/m 2)shrimp ponds can be effected by shuntingthe last 10-20% of discharge volume(final 20 cm of pond depth)through a settling pond with 6 hr residence.
Settling of Aquaculture Discharge
Mangroves to Process Shrimp Farm Effluents
P
Shrimp Pond(880 m 2)Reservoir
(888 m 2 net)
Impounded Mangrove Wetland (IMW)(320 m 2)
Airlifts
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Creek
IMW
6-24 h
Reservoir>12 h
Shrimp Pond1-5 d
(bacteria advisory)
WATER MANAGEMENT IN IMW STUDY
Highlights :
Ammonia reduction of 8-41% in IMW after 12-17 hrsholding; TSS reduction of 24-72%; variable resultswith nitrate and phosphorous.
Positive effect of conditioning the water in thereservoir before pumping into shrimp pond;
reduction in luminous bacteria in reservoir/shrimppond/IMW compared to creek; consistently
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Aquaponics integrated aquacultureand hydroponics
Aquaponics integrated aquaculture and hydroponics
Aquaponics integrated aquaculture and hydroponics Aquaponics integrated aquaculture and hydroponics
Grading Seabass Fry
Fish Transport
THE BOTTOM LINE ?!