8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
1/72
CHAPTER FOUR
IMMIGRATION
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
2/72
IMMIGRATION,
A GLOBAL PHENOMENON
Immigration is a
worldwide
phenomenon and
contributes toglobalization as more
and more people see
the world as their
home rather thanone specific country.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
3/72
Immigration is usually generated from
countries with lower standards of living.
Wars and famine may hasten the
movement of many people to neighboring
countries.
Push/pull factors also come into play
An important factor is chain imm igrat ion,
an immigrant who sponsors several other
immigrants and who upon their arrival may
still sponsor more.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
4/72
PATTERNS OF IMMIGRATION
Immigrant numbers have fluctuated over time
due mainly to US policy changes;
Settlement centers in certain regions and
cities;
Most significant social force for immigration
has been economic;
Reception given to immigrants has not
always been friendly.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
5/72
12-13% of todays U.S. population is
foreign-born; The majority of todays 38.5 million
foreign-born people are from Latin
America; California, New York, Texas, Florida, New
Jersey and Illinois account for two-thirds ofthe nations total foreign-born population
but less than 40 percent of the nationstotal population, supporting the unevensettlement across the nation.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
6/72
EARLY IMMIGRATION
Xenophobia-the fear or hatred of strangersor foreigners, this fear has led to nat iv ism-the beliefs and policies favoring native-born
citizens over immigrants;Roman Catholics and the Irish were the first
to be ill-treated. The most dramatic outbreakof nativism was in the 19thcentury, aimed atthe Chinese.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
7/72
THE ANTI-CHINESE MOVEMENT
Sinophobes-
people with a fear of anything associated withChina;
In the early 1880s over 200,000 immigrated to theU.S.;
Chinese immigrants help to build the cross-continental railroad and then faced the Chinese
Exclusion Act, outlawing immigration for ten years. This law was extended in 1892 for another ten
years.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
8/72
CONFLICT THEORY
The Chinese were welcomed when their
labor skills and endurance were needed to
fuel the growth of the U.S. (The railroads)
When this labor was no longer needed, theChinese were then treated unfairly, race and
their culture became the critical issue.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
9/72
CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT
1882- passed by Congress with little debate
Outlawed Chinese immigration for 10 years
Denied naturalization to those Chinesealready in the United States
1892- Congress extended the act for another
10 years
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
10/72
RESTRICTIONIST SENTIMENT INCREASES
After the Exclusion Act- Anti-Japanese
feelings grew
1908- Gentlemans agreement: Japan
agreed to halt further immigration and the
U.S. agreed to end discrimination against
those Japanese already in the U.S.
Immigration did end, but anti-Japanesefeelings did not
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
11/72
THE NATIONAL ORIGIN SYSTEM
established quotas for how many immigrants
could enter the U.S. annually;
1965 Immigration and Naturalization Act- set
rules for becoming a citizen;
Naturalization is the granting of citizenship
on a person after birth;
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
12/72
In 2000 & 2006, between 840,000 & 1,270,000people were admitted legally each year forthese reasons:
1. Relatives of citizens- 55%;
2. Relatives of legal residents- 9%;3. Employment based- 13%;
4. Refugees/people seeking politicalasylum- 17%;
5. Diversity (lottery among applications thatsend few immigrants)-3%;
6. other reasons- 3%.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
13/72
FIGURE 4.4: LEGAL IMMIGRANTS ADMITTED TO
THE US
2012 PearsonEducation, Inc. All rightsreserved.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
14/72
CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL CONCERNS
Brain Drain-
immigration of skilled workers, professionals and
technicians who are desperately needed by their
home countries.
In the past Brain Drain immigration was mainly from
Germany and Great Britain;
More recent Brain Drain comes from developingnations, including Pakistan, India, the Philippines
and several African nations.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
15/72
CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL CONCERNS
CONT
Mixed-Status Fam il ies-families that include members as citizens andmembers as non-citizens. Many legal residents limittheir daily activities for fear of revealing
undocumented members. Language Barriers -
the use of two or more languages in places of workor education and the treatment of each language
as legitimate is bi l ingual ism. Allowing students tolearn in their native language while they learn asecond language is called, bi l ingual educat ion.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
16/72
FIGURE 4.5: TEN LANGUAGES MOST
FREQUENTLY SPOKEN AT HOME
2012 PearsonEducation, Inc. All rightsreserved.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
17/72
LANGUAGE CONT
As of 2011, 30 states have made English
their official language;
Efforts to amend the constitution declaring
English as the nation's official language have
been made;
This would not outlaw bilingual government
services but would require certain servicesbe in multiple languages such as voting.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
18/72
ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION
There are currently more than 11.2 million
illegal or unauthorized immigrants in the
U.S.;
They are pulled by the lure of prosperity and
better lives for their children and pushed out
of their native lands by unemployment,
poverty, etc.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
19/72
ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION
They are tied to almost every social problemin the nation by the public;
Citizens who are Hispanic or Asian may be
greeted with distrust and prejudice uponhearing their names, assuming that they areillegal.
The vital economic and cultural contributionsto the U.S. are and have been overlooked formany years
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
20/72
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
21/72
ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION
Following 9/11, greater
control of border traffic
took on a new sense of
urgency, even though
almost all of the men thattook over the planes
entered the U.S. legally.
The Department of Home
Land Security alsofollowed 9/11 in of March
2003, formerly know as
the INS.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
22/72
PATH TO CITIZENSHIP:NATURALIZATION
Naturalization- conferring of citizenship on a person
after birth.
Five general rules for becoming a citizen-
1. be 182. have continually resided in U.S. at least 5 yrs. (3
yrs. for spouse)
3. have good moral character4. ability to read, speak and understand English
5. pass a test on U.S. government and history
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
23/72
TABLE 4.3: SO YOU WANT TO BE A CITIZEN?
2012 PearsonEducation, Inc. All rightsreserved.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
24/72
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF IMMIGRATION
Remittances- (migradollars)-
monies immigrants return to their
country of origin; overall,immigrants adapt well and are an
asset to local communities;
however in heavy immigration in
some areas may drain communityresources and competition for low
paying jobs.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
25/72
WOMEN AND IMMIGRATION
Women face all the
normal challenges of
overseeing their
household, plus theadded pressure of
being in a new
country and trying to
move ahead in adifferent culture.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
26/72
GLOBAL ECONOMY AND IMMIGRATION
Global izat ion-
worldwide integration
of government
policies, cultures,social movements,
and financial markets
through trade,
movement of people,and the exchange of
ideas.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
27/72
GLOBAL ECONOMY AND IMMIGRATION
Transnationals-
immigrants that
sustain multiple socialrelationships linking
their societies of
origin and settlement.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
28/72
THE ENVIRONMENT AND IMMIGRATION
The environment and immigration are linked;
1. Environmental factors are behind a
significant amount of world migration-
cl imate refugees;
2. Some environmentalists favor reducing or
ending the U.S. population growth by
imposing more restrictive immigrationspolicies.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
29/72
REFUGEES
Refugees-
people living outside their country ofcitizenship for fear of political or religious
persecution; There are about 11 million refugees
worldwide;
The U.S. makes the largest financialcontribution of any nation to worldwideassistance programs for refugees.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
30/72
CHAPTER 7-
THE MAKING OF
AFRICAN
AMERICANS IN A
WHITE AMERICA
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
31/72
SLAVERY
CONTEMPORARY
INSTITUTIONAL AND
INDIVIDUALRACISM, WHICH IS
CENTRAL TO
TODAYS
CONFLICTS, HASITS ORIGINS IN THE
INSTIUTTION OF
SLAVERY.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
32/72
THE FIRST TO ARRIVE
1619- 20 Africans arrived in Jamestown and
were indentured servants;
Their children were free people at birth;
By 1660, the British colonies passed laws
and slavery began in North America.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
33/72
SLAVE CODES
Slavery in the U.S. was based on 5 central
conditions:
1) Slavery was for life;
2) The status was inherited;
3) Slaves were considered property;
4) Slaves were denied rights;5) Oppression was used to maintain the
system.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
34/72
Salve codes-
were laws that defined the low position ofslaves in the U.S. (Page 176- 13 commonfeatures of slave codes)
The slave family had no standing in law-
marriages were not recognized; Slaves did mange to maintain a strong
religious tradition. Church was the only social
institution they were allowed to participate in;however they were forbidden to practice theirnative religion.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
35/72
AFRICAN AMERICANS AND AFRICA
The survival of African culture can be most easily
documented in folklore, religion, language and
music;
Research has identified remnants of grammar andsentence construction in the speech patterns of
low-income and rural blacks;
Ebonicsis the distinctive dialect, with complex
language structure, that is found among blackAmericans
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
36/72
EBONICS
Minny near bout the best cook in Hinds County, maybe even
all a Mississippi. The Junior League Benefit come around
ever fall and they be wanting her to make ten caramel cakes
to auction off. She ought a be the most sought-after help in
the state. Problem is, Minny got a mouth on her. Shealways talking back. One day it be the white manager a the
Jitney Jungle grocery, next day it be her husband, and ever
day its gone be the white lady she waiting on. The only
reason she waiting on Miss Walter is Miss Walter be deaf asa doe-nob.
The Help, page 7
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
37/72
THE ATTACK ON SLAVERY
Abolitionists, or antislavery advocates
included both whites and blacks;
Harriet Tubman along with others, developed
the Underground Railroad to assist escapingslaves to freedom in the North and Canada;
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
38/72
SLAVERYS AFTERMATH
January 1, 1863, Emancipation Proclamationwas issued; however it only freed slaves inthe confederacy,
Six months later, the 13thAmendmentabolished slavery throughout the nation;
In 1870, the 15thAmendment was ratified,prohibiting the denial of the right to vote onthe grounds of color, race, or previouscondition of servitude;
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
39/72
SLAVERYS AFTERMATH
In 1896, the United States Supreme Courtruled in Plessy v. Fergusonthat state lawsrequiring separate but equalaccommodations for blacks were a
reasonable use of state governmentpower; this ruling strengthened Jim Crowlaws
J im Crow -southern laws passed in the late19thcentury that kept Blacks in theirsubordinate position; these laws enforcedofficial segregation.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
40/72
REPARATIONS FOR SLAVERY
Slavery reparations refers to the act of
making amends for the injustice of slavery.
In 2009, Congress issued a joint resolution
apologizing for slavery but it contained a specificdisclaimer that nothing in the resolution
authorized or supported any claim against the U.S.
Celebrations of the Civil war speak of not forgetting
the bravery of the soldiers but never make mention
of slavery.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
41/72
THE CHALLENGE OF BLACK LEADERSHIP
Booker T. Washington- politics of accommodation-compromise;
W.E.B.DuBois- was critical of Washington;
- Thought education for African Americans should
emphasize academics, was the 1stBlack to earn adoctorate from Harvard;
- Meetings at Niagara Falls- the result of thesemeetings placed the responsibility for problems
facing blacks on the shoulder of whites;- In 1910 the NAACP was founded by the NiagaraMovement.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
42/72
THE CHALLENGE OF BLACK LEADERSHIP
DuBois felt that Washingtons ideas
encouraged Whites to place the burden of
Black problems on themselves;
DuBois believed in the Talented Tenth-meaning that privileged Blacks should serve
the other 9/10s and that the emphasis on
education should be on academics and notvocational.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
43/72
REEMERGENCE OF BLACK PROTEST
Racial turmoil during WWII included marches for
employment opportunities and racial disturbances
in cities throughout the country;
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)- 1942-founded to fight discrimination with nonviolent direct
action;
Phillip Randolph- threatened a march on
Washington to ensure employment of Blacks in1941 of nonviolent direct action, modeling the
practices of Mahatma Gandhi
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
44/72
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
It is suggested by theauthor that the civilrights movementbegan with Brown v.
Board o f Educationof Topeka, Kansas.This ruling ended theassigning of students
to schools on thebasis of race ratherthan neighborhood.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
45/72
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
Civil disobedience is
based on the belief
that people have theright to disobey the
law under certain
circumstances- Rosa
Parks
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
46/72
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
Martin Luther King developed a strategy of
nonviolent disobedience to unjust laws;
1.Active nonviolent resistance,
2. Seek to win friendship and understanding or
opponents,
3.Accept suffering without retaliation
* It does not include passive acceptance of
injustice.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
47/72
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
1973- Government records became public
revealing a systematic campaign by the FBI
to penetrate civil rights groups, all in an effort
to discredit them in the belief that theseactivist groups were subversive.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
48/72
URBAN VIOLENCE AND OPPRESSION
Riff-raff theory -violence in the 60s was said to be caused bymostly unemployed youths who had criminalrecords and were outnumbered by the African
Americans. Relat ive deprivat ion -conscious feeling of a
negative discrepancy between legitimateexpectations and present actualities;
Rising expectat ions -refers to increasing sense of frustration thatlegitimate needs are being blocked.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
49/72
BLACK POWER
Stok ley Carm ichael-
distanced himself from King, he proclaimedWhat we need is Black Power.
The Black Pan ther Partywas organized in 1966 with the intention torepresent urban blacks in a political climate
that the Panthers felt was unresponsive.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
50/72
THE RELIGIOUS FORCE
Historically, black leaders have emergedfrom the pulpits to seek rights on behalf of allblacks;
Today, the Christian faiths are embraced bymost African Americans, with most beingProtestant.
A few non-Christian groups have influencedAfrican Americans such as the Nation ofIslam and Black Muslims.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
51/72
THE NEW IMMIGRATION
A dramatic flow of
immigrants has come
from Africa and the
Caribbean today; These new
immigrants face all
the problems of
transitioning into anew society as with
other immigrants.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
52/72
CHAPTER 8
AFRICAN AMERICANS TODAY
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
53/72
Race is socially constructed, but that doesnot mean that being Black does not haveconsequences and being White carriesprivileges. Despite the publicity given to
obvious discrimination that has persistedwell into the present, a superficial sense ofcomplacency about the position of African
Americans in the United States exists nowin the twenty-first century
Page 198
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
54/72
EDUCATION
A gap in the percentage of African Americans andwhite students graduating from high school stillexists, though this gap is narrowing;
Inadequate conditions of the schools themselves
are related to the higher dropout rate amongAfrican Americans;
Although several of these problems can beaddressed with more adequate funding, there aremany disagreements over what changes wouldlead to the best outcome;
Fi 8 1 P t f Ad lt
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
55/72
Figure 8.1: Percentage of Adults
Receiving College Degrees
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
56/72
EDUCATION
Fifty years after Brown v. Board of Ed.,schools are still segregated as a result of defactosegregation;(residential paterns)
Trackinga practice of placing students in specificcurriculum groups on the basis of test scoresand other criteria, whites are more likely tobe placed in college preparatory coursesthan are blacks.
ACTING WHITE ACTING BLACK OR
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
57/72
ACTING WHITE, ACTING BLACK, OR
NEITHER
A common view
advanced by some
educators is that the
reason AfricanAmericans, especially
males, do not
succeed in school is
that they dont want tobe caught acting
white
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
58/72
THE ECONOMIC PICTURE
There is a significant gap between theincomes of black and white families in the
U.S. The poverty rate for blacks is 3 times
that of whites;Wealth shows even greater disparity
between whites and blacks than does
income.
Fi 8 2 I G Bl k
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
59/72
Figure 8.2: Income Gap: Black
versus White
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
60/72
EMPLOYMENT
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
61/72
EMPLOYMENT
Official unemployment rate is higher for blacksfor many reasons, including living in adepressed economy of central cities, immigrantsand illegal aliens presenting competition andmore middle-class women entering the labor
force; Underemployment-refers to working at a job
which one is overqualified, involuntarily workingpart-time, or being employed only intermittently;
African Americans, who constitute 12% of thepopulation, are underrepresented in high-status,high-paying occupations.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
62/72
FAMILIY LIFE
Challenges for the family include-about 1/3 of African American householdshad both a father and mother present in
2007; For many single African American women
living in poverty, having a child is an addedburden- extended family may ease thatburden.
Figure 8 4: Living Arrangements for
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
63/72
Figure 8.4: Living Arrangements for
Children Younger Than 18
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
STRENGTHS OF AFRICAN AMERICAN
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
64/72
STRENGTHS OF AFRICAN AMERICAN
FAMILIES
Strengths despite theirchallenges include successdespite discrimination and
economic hardship,s t rong k insh ip bonds, astrong wo rk or ientat ion,adaptabi l i ty of fam ily
roles, strong achievement
or ientat ion,and astrong rel ig ious
orientat ion.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
65/72
AFRICAN AMERICAN MIDDLE CLASS
In 2008, nearly 1/4 of African Americansearned more that the median income for
whites, at least 23 % are then middle class or
higher;William J. Wilson stated that, class has
become more important than race in
determining black life chances in the modernworld.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
66/72
HOUSING
The quality of black housing is inferior to whites atall income levels, yet blacks pay a larger proportionof their income for shelter;
Housing was the last major areas to be covered by
civil rights legislation; Redlining-refers to the practice of discrimination
against people trying to buy homes in minority andracially changing neighborhoods;
Zoning laws- enacted to ensure that specificstandards of housing construction will be satisfied.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
67/72
CRIMINAL JUSTICE
Data collected by the FBI show that blacksaccount for 28% of arrests, even though they
represent only 12% of the population;
In contrast, African Americans are especiallylikely to be victims of serious crimes and
35% more likely to be victims of violent
crimes;
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
68/72
CRIMINAL JUSTICE
Differential jus t ice-is that whites are dealt with more lenientlythan blacks, whether at the time of arrest,
indictment, conviction, sentencing, or parole; Vict im discoun t ing-
refers to societys tendency to view crimes as
less socially significant if the victim is viewedas less worthy.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
69/72
HEALTH CARE
Compared to whites, blacks have higher deathrates from disease of the heart, pneumonia,diabetes, and cancer;
The con f l ic t p erspect ivesuggest that racial
tensions contribute to the medical problems ofblacks;
Additionally, problems associated with toxicpollution and hazardous garbage dumps are more
likely to be faced by low-income black communitiesthan their affluent counterparts.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
70/72
POLITICS
It was not until1928 that a black was againelected to Congress, recent years have
brought improvement in the numbers of
elected officials; Gerrymander ing
refers to the bizarre outlining of districts to
create politically advantageous outcomes.
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
71/72
BCC-WEEK TWO QUIZ
Quiz #2 will be available onblack board-
beginning at 10:00pmtonight,
September 11, 2013until the end of the day
(11:59 PM)
September 14, 2013
20 questions,25 minutes,
Good luck!
8/14/2019 Racial and Ethnic Groups Chapters 4,7,8 (1)
72/72
CCC-WEEK TWO QUIZ
Quiz #2 will be available onblack board-
beginning at 10:00pmtonight,
March 14, 2013until the end of the day
(11:59 PM)
March 17, 2013
20 questions,25 minutes,
Good luck!
Top Related