LAU-Louis Cardahi Foundation Promotes Smart Ways – LebanonRachid Chamoun, Ph.D., Director, LAU-Louis Cardahi Foundation
President of the confederation of The Phoenicians’ Routehttp://fenici.net/en/contact-2/, http://lcf.lau.edu.lb/contact/
Exploration of Smart Ways Lebanon by the Phoenicians’ Route
France Tunisia Greece Croatia Malta Cyprus Governorate of Jericho Italy Spain Lebanon
Lebanon’s history has been shaped by its strategic location at the crossroads ofculture between the East and the West. Homeland of the Canaanites/Phoenicians,the inventors of the alphabet, their civilization thrived on the east coast of theMediterranean. The country has witnessed the rise and fall of multiple civilizationswhose mark can be felt today in Lebanon’s rich cultural heritage.
Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire: 395,The Islamic World: 635,The Umayyad: 661,The Abbasids: 750,The Rein of the Fatimids: 969,The Seljuks and the First Crusades: 1090,
Canaanites & Amorites: 2300 BC,Egyptians-Hittites: 1350 BC,Phoenicians: 1100 BC,Assyrians-Babylonian Empire: 877 BC,Persian Empire: 539 BC,Roman Empire: 64 BC,
Latin Crusader States: 1150,The Mameluke States 1291,The Ottoman Empire1516,The French Mandate 1920,The Independent State, 1943
SMART WAYS LEBANON BY THE PHOENICIANS’ AND THE UMAYYAD ROUTES.
The Phoenicians’ Route refers to the connection of the majornautical routes, which, since the twelfth century BC were usedby the Phoenicians as essential routes for trade and culturalcommunication in the Mediterranean. The confederation of thePhoenicians’ Route encompasses over 100 associations andpartners to include Italy, Spain, France, Lebanon, Tunisia,Greece, Croatia, Malta, Cyprus, Portugal and the Governorate ofJericho in Palestine.
Banner BrochureMap of the Phoenicians’ Route Website
France Tunisia Greece Croatia Malta Cyprus Governorate of Jericho Italy Spain Lebanon
ITINERARY 1 Beirut – Nahr El-Kalb – Jounieh – Jbeil – Batroun – Hamat – El-Heri – Anfeh – Tripoli
ITINERARY 2DAY 1: Tripoli – Arqa – Menjez – Al-Qoubaiyat – Hermel/Beqaa Valley – BaalbekDAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz – Mount Hermon/RashayaDAY 3: Mount Hermon/Rashaya – Arnoun – Tebnine – Qana – Tyre – Umm Al-Amad
ITINERARY 3DAY 1: Batroun – Bziza – Douma – Yanouh – Afqa – BaalbekDAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Zahle – Sannine – Baskinta – FaqraDAY 3: Faqra – Faitroun – Harissa – Bkerki – Jounieh
ITINERARY 4DAY 1: Jbeil – Mebaaj Grotto – Smar Jbeil – Batroun – Hamat – AnfehDAY 2: Anfeh – Amioun – Bcharri – Wadi Qadisha – Tripoli – Arqa – Menjez
ITINERARY 5 Jbeil – Adonis Valley – Yanouh – Afqa – Baalbek
ITINERARY 6 Jounieh – Nahr El-Kalb – Bikfayya – Bolonia – Mtein – Hammana – Barouk – Deir El-Qamar – Beiteddine – Beirut
ITINERARY 7 Sidon – Echmoun – Chhim – Jezzine – Arnoun – Maghdouche – Sarafand – Tyre – Umm Al-Amad
ITINERARY 8 From the Lebanese city ports of Lebanon the cultural tourism journey of the Phoenician Route will continue to Cyprus – Greece – Europe
PHOENICIAN ROUTE - SMART WAYS - LEBANESE ITINIRARY
BEIRUT
Visits� Capital of Lebanon.
ITINERARY 1: Beirut – Nahr El-Kalb – Jounieh – Jbeil – Batroun – Hamat – El-Heri –Anfeh – Tripoli
Beirut National Museum
Location of Beirut
BEIRUT, the capital and the largest city of Lebanon, has hosted successive historic periods of major powers and civilizations in the Mediterranean and West Asia. It has layers of Phoenician, Roman, Byzantine, Mameluke, Ottoman and French mandate periods. Today’s archaeological highlights include a Phoenician port, several Roman remains of a hippodrome, baths and temples.
Map of Beirut Beirut Nejmeh Square
ITINERARY 1: Beirut – Nahr El-Kalb – Jounieh – Jbeil – Batroun – Hamat – El-Heri –Anfeh – Tripoli
NAHR AL-KALB is the ancientLycus River. Past generals andconquerors have traditionallybuilt monuments at the mouthof the Nahr al-Kalb, known asthe Commemorative stelae ofNahr el-Kalb. In 2005, the stelaeat the river were listed in theUNESCO Memory of the Worldinitiative.
Location of Nahr El-Kalb Road map from Beirut to Nahr El-Kalb
NAHR EL-KALB
Visits� Runs from a spring in Jeita near
the Jeita Grotto to the Mediterranean Sea.
Nahr El-Kalb River Source
Commemorative stelae of Nahr El-Kalb
ITINERARY 1: Beirut – Nahr El-Kalb – Jounieh – Jbeil – Batroun – Hamat – El-Heri –Anfeh – Tripoli
JOUNIEH, during thePhoenician period, the bay ofJounieh was an importantwinter shelter for ships sailingfrom the south to Byblos;hence, its name Palaebyblus(literary before Byblos). It ismentioned in the geographydescribed in Strabo.
http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/44884
Location of Jounieh Road map from Nahr El-Kalb to Jounieh
JOUNIEH
Visits� Important winter shelter for ships
sailing from the south to Byblos.� St. Savior Orthodox Convent
(Phoenician temple).� Holy Spirit Kaslik (museum).� Jeita Grotto.� Ancient Lycus River (Nahr El-Kalb).
Jounieh Ottoman and Colonial Souk
Jounieh
ITINERARY 1: Beirut – Nahr El-Kalb – Jounieh – Jbeil – Batroun – Hamat – El-Heri –Anfeh – Tripoli
JBEIL is believed to have beenfirst occupied between 8800and 7000 BC and continuouslyinhabited since 5000 BC,making it one of the oldestcontinuously inhabited cities inthe world. It is a UNESCO WorldHeritage Site.
Location of Jbeil
JBEIL
Visits� Oldest inhabited city in the world� Archaeological site� Old Souk� Heritage landmarks
Road map from Jounieh to JbeilJbeil
Jbeil Harbor
ITINERARY 1: Beirut – Nahr El-Kalb – Jounieh – Jbeil – Batroun – Hamat – El-Heri –Anfeh – Tripoli
BATROUN, derives from theGreek Botrys, is founded by thePhoenicians on the southernside of the promontory called inAntiquity, Theoprosopon (Râsach-Chaq’a’) and during theByzantine Empire, CapeLithoprosopon.
The city was under Roman ruleto Phoenicia Prima province,and later after the region wasChristianized became asuffragan of the Patriarchate ofAntioch.
Location of Batroun
BATROUN BATROUNBATROUN
Visits� Phoenician wall.
Road map from Jbeil to BatrounMap of Batroun
Batroun Phoenician wall
ITINERARY 1: Beirut – Nahr El-Kalb – Jounieh – Jbeil – Batroun – Hamat – El-Heri –Anfeh – Tripoli
THE MSEILHA FORT is afortification situated 5.5kmnorth of the city of Batroun inLebanon. The current fort wasbuilt by Emir Fakhreddine II inthe 17th century to guard theroute from Tripoli to Beirut. Thefort is built on a long, narrowlimestone rock near the Nahrel-Jawz River.
Its walls are constructed withsmall sandstone blocks quarriedfrom the nearby coast and builtonto the edge of the limestonerock.
Location of Hamat Road map from Batroun to Hamat (Mseilha Fort)
HAMAT
Visits� The Mseilha Fort is a fortification
situated 5.5 km north of the city of Batroun.
Hamat (The Mseilha Fort)
The Mseilha Fort
ITINERARY 1: Beirut – Nahr El-Kalb – Jounieh – Jbeil – Batroun – Hamat – El-Heri –Anfeh – Tripoli
LADY OF NOURIEH, (Saydet elNourieh in Arabic), situatedmidway between Batroun andAnfeh. It is a Marian shrine inHamat, Lebanon. Nourieh is aderivative of the Arabic word,Nour, meaning light. Thus, inEnglish, the Marian shrine canbe called, Our Lady of Light.
Road map from Mseilha Fort to Lady of NouriehLocation of Hamat
HAMAT
Visits� Lady of Nourieh, a Marian shrine called
the Lady of Light.
Hamat (Lady of Nourieh)
Lady of Nourieh
ITINERARY 1: Beirut – Nahr El-Kalb – Jounieh – Jbeil – Batroun – Hamat – El-Heri –Anfeh – Tripoli
THE NABU MUSEUMpermanent collection providesa view of the extended historyof the Levant andMesopotamia, it also provides acomfortable working space forpracticing artists. It is designedto act as an institution forpreserving and promotingLebanese culture, reaching outto local and wider communitiesthrough educational programs,tours, public lectures, andguided permanent and visitingexhibitions.
Nabu Museum Webpage
Location of El-Heri Road map from Hamat (Lady of Nourieh) to El-Heri
EL-HERI
Visits� Nabu Museum
Map of El-Heri
Nabu Museum
ITINERARY 1: Beirut – Nahr El-Kalb – Jounieh – Jbeil – Batroun – Hamat – El-Heri –Anfeh – Tripoli
ANFEH is among the coastalPhoenician cities and townsthat still exist today in Lebanon.Prior to the recent excavation,Anfeh was thought to havebeen founded around 1300 BC,but the pottery, which dates to3200 BC, provides compellingevidence that the town wasonce a much older andsignificant city in antiquity. Theremains of these civilizationsinclude Phoenician and Romanwalls, wine presses, mosaics,places of worship, caves, watertanks, and steps.
Road map from El-Heri to AnfehLocation of Anfeh
ANFEH
Visits� The remains of the civilizations include
Phoenician and Roman walls, wine presses, mosaics, places of worship, caves, water tanks, and steps.
Anfeh
Anfeh
ITINERARY 1: Beirut – Nahr El-Kalb – Jounieh – Jbeil – Batroun – Hamat – El-Heri –Anfeh – Tripoli
TRIPOLI, founded by thePhoenicians around 800 BC istoday the second largest city andmain port in Lebanon. Like Beirut,the city witnessed the presence ofvarious Mediterranean culturesand empires including theCanaanites/Phoenicians, Persians,Greeks, Romans, Byzantines,Umayyad, Abbasid, Crusaders,Ayyubid, Mamluks, Ottoman andFrench. Facing the shores of thecity there are the Palm Islands,which known for its green turtles,and which was declared aProtected Nature Reserve by theUNESCO in 1992.
Location of Tripoli
TRIPOLI
Visits� The second largest city and main port in
Lebanon.
Road map from Anfeh to TripoliMap of Tripoli
Tripoli Citadel
ARQA (Phoenician: Irqata;‘Arqat’ in the Bible) is a villagenear Miniara in AkkarGovernorate, Lebanon, 22 kmnortheast of Tripoli, near thecoast. The former bishopricbecame a double Catholictitular see (Latin and Maronite).The Roman Emperor AlexanderSeverus was born there. It issignificant for the Tell Arqa, anarchaeological site that goesback to Neolithic times, andduring the Crusades there was astrategically significant castle.
Road map from Tripoli to ArqaLocation of Arqa
ARQA
Visits� Tell Arqa, an archaeological site that
goes back to Neolithic times
ITINERARY 2 - DAY 1: Tripoli – Arqa – Menjez – Al-Qoubaiyat – Hermel/Beqaa Valley –Baalbek
Map of Arqa
Arqa archaeological site
The village of MENJEZ is the home to anumber of interesting historical,archaeological and religious sites,including: Beit Jaalouk temple (or“Maqam ar-Rabb”, an ancient romantemple and worship site for the goddessNemesis, dating from the first centuryAD); a crusader castle ruins “QalaatFelis” inhabited by the Chevalier de St.Jean de Jerusalem or what is also knownas Ordre de Malte, the castle belongedto the Comté de Tripoli; the MaroniteMonastery of our Lady of the Fort “DeirSaydet El Qalaa” built by the JesuitsOrder in the 19th century; remains of aroman canal; and 180 pre-historic tombsdating back to 5,000 years BC. Thisarchaeological diversity and richnessgives Menjez the possibility to becomeand archaeological park for research,education, and tourism.
Location of Menjez
ARQA
Road map from Arqa to Menjez
MENJEZ
Visits� Roman basalt temple called Maqam Er-
Rabb or Beit Jaalouk
ITINERARY 2 - DAY 1: Tripoli – Arqa – Menjez – Al-Qoubaiyat – Hermel/Beqaa Valley –Baalbek
Menjez
Menjez basalt temple
Location of Al-Qoubaiyat
ARQA
Road map from Menjez to Al-Qoubaiyat
The origin of the name "ALQOUBAIYAT" is Aramaic. Theword "Qbayya" means the bigpool of water, and "Qbayyat" isthe plural of it. That region wascalled "Qbayyat" for being richin water sources.
AL-QOUBAIYAT
Visits� A region rich in water source.
ITINERARY 2 - DAY 1: Tripoli – Arqa – Menjez – Al-Qoubaiyat – Hermel/Beqaa Valley –Baalbek
Al-Qoubaiyat
View of Al-Qoubaiyat
KAMOUH EL-HERMEL, thepyramid has been suggested todate to the first or secondcentury BC due to similaritieswith architecture of towertombs of the late Selucid eraat Palmyra in Syria.The pyramid sits on top of a hillthat is clearly visible from adistance and has been fencedoff to prevent damage.
Road map from Al-Qoubayat to Hermel/Beqaa ValleyLocation of Hermel
HERMEL/BEQAA VALLEY
Visits� An ancient pyramid located 6 Km south
of Hermel
ITINERARY 2 - DAY 1: Tripoli – Arqa – Menjez – Al-Qoubaiyat – Hermel/Beqaa Valley –Baalbek
Map of Hermel
Kamouh El-Hermel
BAALBEK, founded by thePhoenicians, it was laterconquered by the Macedonianswho called it Heliopolis (alwaysthe City of the Sun) forassimilation between the god Sunand the Phoenician divinity Baal.Then it became a Roman colonyunder Augustus, preserving thenew name. Today you can seethree main buildings: the templeof Jupiter, the temple of Bacchusand the circular temple of Venus.A fourth monument, the Templeof Mercury is located on the hill ofSheikh Abdallah. inscribed on theUNESCO World Heritage List(1984).
Location of Baalbek Road map from Kamouh El-Hermel to Baalbek
BAALBEK
Visits� three main buildings: the Temple of
Jupiter, the Temple of Bacchus and the circular Temple of Venus and a fourth monument, the Temple of Mercury.
ITINERARY 2 - DAY 1: Tripoli – Arqa – Menjez – Al-Qoubaiyat – Hermel/Beqaa Valley –Baalbek
Baalbek
Baalbek temples
ITINERARY 2 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz –Mount Hermon/Rashaya
NIHA TEMPLES
Visits� Niha Roman Temples also known for
Hosn Niha, a structure of many layers the latest of which is a small Byzantine Basilica.
Location of Niha
NIHA Roman Temples are twotemples dedicated to theCanaanite goddess of fertilityAtargatis (Phoenician Astarte)the god of thunder lightningand rain, Hadaranes, and theirson. It is also known for HosnNiha, a structure of many layersthe latest of which is a small aByzantine Basilica.
Road map from Baalbek to NihaNiha
Niha Roman temple
Road map from Niha to Ferzoul
ITINERARY 2 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz –Mount Hermon/Rashaya
Location of Ferzoul
FERZOUL, a presence offoundations of a Roman templededicated to Apollo; manysculptures and engravings; athrone of kings or queens, etc.
There are many caves on a hillin the north-east of the villagein the time of the Byzantines,they were transformed intohermitages for the anchorites; awhole region is known as theplural: The caves of the hermits.
FERZOUL
Visits� Caves transformed into hermitages
Ferzoul
Ferzoul caves
Location of Zahle
ZAHLE is known as the "Bride ofthe Beqaa" for its geographicallocation and attractiveness, butalso as "the City of Wine andPoetry“.
It is famous throughoutLebanon and the region for itspleasant climate, numerousriverside restaurants andquality arak.
Road map from Ferzoul to Zahle
ZAHLE
Visits� City of wine and poetry
ITINERARY 2 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz –Mount Hermon/Rashaya
Map of Zahle
View of Zahle
Road map from Zahle to ChtauraLocation of Chtaura
CHTAURA is the valley's hub for
banking, transportation, and
commerce, hotels, restaurants
and (wineries since 1868).
CHTAURA
Visits� Chtaura is the valley's hub for banking,
transportation, and commerce, hotels, restaurants and (wineries since 1868)
ITINERARY 2 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz –Mount Hermon/Rashaya
Chtaura
Chtaura wineries
ANJAR, was founded by CaliphWalid Ibn ‘Abd al-Malak around705 AD. The Umayyads built it andturned it into an importantcommercial center as it linkedDamascus, Homs, Baalbek and thePalestinian plains. It shone foronly 20-30 years. Anjar displays agood example of early Islamicarchitecture and its influence byRoman-Byzantine architecture.This is clearly visible in the variousconstruction techniques anddecorations in the city.Anjar is a heritage site inscribedon the UNESCO World HeritageList (1984).
Road map from Niha to Anjar
ANJAR
Visits� Important commercial centers built by
the Umayyads.� Early Islamic architecture monuments.
CHTAURA
Location of Anjar
ITINERARY 2 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz –Mount Hermon/Rashaya
Anjar
Ruins in Anjar
Road map from Anjar to Kamid Al-LawzLocation of Kamid Al-Lawz
KAMID AL-LAWZ is one of themost important sites inLebanon where archaeologistsfound and recorded manyspectacular buildings, which arevery important to the history ofthe region. Paleolithic materialwas found alongside HeavyNeolithic on through to the lateNeolithic period, becoming aseat of state in the Bronze ageand continuing until theByzantine era, a German teamfrom the University of Freiburghas conducted more recentexcavations and studies.
KAMID AL-LAWZ
Visits� Spectacular buildings that are
significant to the history of the region.
ITINERARY 2 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz –Mount Hermon/Rashaya
Kamid Al-Lawz
Kamid Al-Lawz archaeological remains
MOUNT HERMON/RASHAYAregion is a significant culturalheritage site in the easternmountain terrain. The templeswhich circled Hermon wereoriented to the cone-shaped tipof Kasr Es-Sebayb, the highestpoint of the mountain and thesite of a sacred enclosure inRoman and pre-Roman time.The temples which circleHermon are, from the south:Hebbariya, Ain Harsha, AinLibbaya, Nebi Safa , Akbeh,Aiha, Beka, Khirbet el-Knese,Yanta, Deir el-Ashayr, Rahle,Burkush, and Er-Rime.
Location of Mount Hermoun Road map from Kamid Al-Lawz to Mount Hermon/Rashaya
MOUNT HERMON/RASHAYA
Visits� Significant cultural heritage site,
temples circled Hermon (Hebbariya, Ain Harsha, Ain Libbaya, Nebi Safa, Akbeh, Aiha, Beka, Khirbet el-Knese, Yanta, Deir el-Ashayr, Rahle, Burkush, and Er-Rime).
ITINERARY 2 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz –Mount Hermon/Rashaya
Mount Hermon/Rashaya
View of Mount Hermon/Rashaya
“Mount Hermon has the largest number of templesever to be found in any region in the world. Amongthe temples located in the western slope of themountain , there is one in a place called Jabal Khan,another near the village ‘Aqbe, in addition to templesfound in the villages of Hebbariyeh, Nehi Safa, BakkaYanta, ‘Ayin Harsheh, and Deir El-’Ashayer. Remains oftemples were also found in ‘Ayha, ‘Ayin Lebbayam,Kfarqouk, Borqosh, Mdoukha, Raqleh, Helwa, ‘AynQania, Al-Ram, and others, in addition to those foundon the eastern slope overlooking the Syrianterritories.”
“The Roots of Christianity in Lebanon” by Dr. Antoine Khoury Harb
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Qasr Antar: highest temple in the ancient world1
SOME TEMPLES IN THE AREA OF MOUNT HERMON
The Temple of Deir El-Ashayer: Greco-Roman Temple 2
The Temple of Bakka: Roman Temple3
The Temple of Ain Harsha: Roman Temple4
The Temple of Yanta: Roman Temple5
The Temple of Khirbet El-Knese: Roman Temple 6
The Temple of Nabi Safa: Roman Temple7
Location of temples in Mount Hermon
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ITINERARY 2 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz –Mount Hermon/Rashaya
QASR ANTAR:There is a sacred building made of hewn blocks of stone on the summit of Mount Hermon. Known as Qasr Antar, it wasthe highest temple of the ancient world, sitting at 2,814 feet (858 m) above sea level. It was documented by Sir CharlesWarren in 1869. Warren described the temple as a rectangular building, sitting on an oval, stone plateau without roof.He removed a limestone stele from the northwest of the oval, broke it into two pieces and carried it down the mountainand back to the British Museum, where it currently resides. An inscription on the stele was translated by GeorgeNickelsburg to read:“According to the command of the greatest a(nd) Holy God, those who take an oath (proceed) from here.”
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SOME TEMPLES IN THE AREA OF MOUNT HERMON
1Hermon was said to have become known as “the mountain of oath” by Charles SimonClermont-Ganneau. The name of God was supposed to be a Hellenized version of Baʿal orHadad and Nickelsburg connected it with the place name of Baal-Hermon (Lord ofHermon) and the deity given by Enoch as “The Great Holy One”.[ Eusebius recognized thereligious importance of Hermon in his work “Onomasticon”, saying “Until today, themount in front of Panias and Lebanon is known as Hermon and it is respected by nationsas a sanctuary”
Location of Qasr Antar
ITINERARY 2 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz –Mount Hermon/Rashaya
SOME TEMPLES IN THE AREA OF MOUNT HERMON
THE TEMPLE OF DEIR EL-ASHAYER:The village is near toa the remains of a substantial Greco-Roman style temple dedicated to unknown deities, with 30metres (98 ft) long foundations and columns re-used in local construction. A Greek inscription was found noting that abench was installed “in the year 242, under Beeliabos, also called Diototos, son of Abedanos, high priest of the godsof Kiboreia“. Julien Alquot argued that the bench had liturgical uses as a mobile throne. The era of the gods of Kiboreia isnot certain, as is their location which is not conclusively to be identified with Deir El Aachayer, but was possibly theRoman sanctuary or the name of a settlement in the area. It has been suggested that the name Kiboreia was formedfrom the Aramaic word kbr, meaning a “place of great abundance”
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Location of Deir El-Ashayer
ITINERARY 2 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz –Mount Hermon/Rashaya
SOME TEMPLES IN THE AREA OF MOUNT HERMON
THE TEMPLE OF BAKKA:The ruins of a Roman temple in the village are included in a group of Temples of Mount Hermon. George Taylor classifiedit as a prostylos temple and noted that the north and south walls remained standing and the podium floor had survived.
The site has been heavily damaged by local construction of houses over the site. The temple featured anunderground crypt that was accessible via one of the houses that had been built over it.
Edward Robinson suggested that word bakka could have derived from the later Arabic meaning of crowd. Others havelinked it to the Hebrew word bikha meaning plain
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Location of Bakka
ITINERARY 2 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz –Mount Hermon/Rashaya
SOME TEMPLES IN THE AREA OF MOUNT HERMON
THE TEMPLE OF AIN HARCHA :(About a forty minute walk) along a rocky path, on a ridge-top to the west, higher than the village sits one of the best examples of a Roman temple in the vicinity of Mount Hermon. The temple of Ain Harcha can also be reached by walking down from the village of Ain Ata.
It was restored in 1938-1939 and dates from a Greek inscription on one of the blocks to 114-115 AD. The temple is built of limestone, opens to the east and blends in well with the landscape. The pediment and west wall are in particularly good condition and two columns bases show what supported the beams and roof. Carved blocks show busts of Selene, the moon goddess and Helios, the sun god. Around the site are remnants of ancient habitation and tombs.
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Location of Aiyn Harsheh
ITINERARY 2 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz –Mount Hermon/Rashaya
SOME TEMPLES IN THE AREA OF MOUNT HERMON
THE TEMPLE OF YANTA:There are ruins of an impressively sized and positioned Roman temple in the area that is presumed to have been built on the site of a forerunning Semitic temple. The ruins lie on either side of the road and are sparse but retain some upright stones. Around the site are remnants of ancient habitation and tombs.
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Location of Yanta
ITINERARY 2 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz –Mount Hermon/Rashaya
SOME TEMPLES IN THE AREA OF MOUNT HERMON
THE TEMPLE OF KHIRBET EL-KNESE:Khirbet El-Knese, El-Knese or El Knese are two Roman temples south of Yanta, north of Rashaya in the Rashaya District of the Beqaa Governorate in Lebanon.
The upper and lower temples are included in a group of Temples of Mount Hermon. The lower temple faces east with the peak of Mount Hermon to the south. George F. Taylor described it as an Antae temple with moulded architraves to the right of the south antae. El Knese has supposed connections to the word “ecclesia“.
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Location of Khirbet El-Knese
ITINERARY 2 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz –Mount Hermon/Rashaya
SOME TEMPLES IN THE AREA OF MOUNT HERMON
7 THE TEMPLE OF NABI SAFA:In 1852 the village was visited by an orientalist by the name of Edward Robinson. He later wrote about his visit,mentioning the existence of two Roman sarcophagi in the area. One may see the ruins of a Roman temple havingconnection with a group of sanctuaries on Mount Hermon. This temple, seventy feet by thirty, has suffered a great dealof damage, but from its position facing the splendid Mount Hermon, it offers a unique and unparalleled spectacle.George Taylor spoke of the alignment of the doorway in relation to the Mountain. The blocks of stone used in theconstruction are a yard thick, skillfully hewn and finished. The pediment is attractive and elegant. The only wall stillstanding with its pilasters is the one on the north side. Impressive columns embellish the entrance on the western sideand there one can see an altar and a stairway leading to an underground chamber.It is supposed that the temple was once used as a sanctuary dedicated to the prophet Safa, En-Nabi Safa, the Pure,descendant of Jacob. His honorable body is believed to lie somewhere in the grounds accompanied by his spirit and anancient tradition has it that one day a man with sufficiently deep faith will uncover it
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Location of Nabi Safa
ITINERARY 2 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz –Mount Hermon/Rashaya
Qasr Banat: ancient temple (probably Roman)1
SOME TEMPLES IN THE AREA OF BEQAA
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Iaat: Corinthian column2
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Ferzoul Habis: Hermit caves3
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Temnin el-Foka: Roman temple4
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Nahle: Roman temple5
Location of temples in Beqaa
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The typology of the temples has beenstudied and they are generally divided intoAntae, Prostylos or Peripteral types.� Antae temples have side walls that
extend to form a porch at the front orrear (or both) and terminated inpilasters that were called the antae.
� If columns were placed in advance ofthe walls or antae, the temple wastermed Prostylos
� If columns surrounded the temple itwas termed Peripteral. The peripteraltype is thought to be the most perfectform of temple and the best preservedof this type is the Temple of Bacchus atBaalbek.
TYPOLOGY OF TEMPLES
ITINERARY 2 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz –Mount Hermon/Rashaya
QASR BANAT:An ancient temple (probably Roman) situated 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) east of Chlifa in the Baalbek District of the BeqaaGovernorate in the city of Qsarnaba.
It is believed the site was called the Castle of Virgins and was the residence of virgins in Roman times. Indeed the arabworld "Qasr" comes from the latin "castra" (meaning in English: "castle").
George F. Taylor classified Qasr el Banat among a group of ancient Roman Temples of the Beqaa Valley. It is suggested todate to Ancient Roman, but it is possible that was originally built as a very small temple- during Ancient Greek eras orearlier.
1
SOME TEMPLES IN THE AREA OF BEQAA
1
Location of the Temple of Qasr Banat
ITINERARY 2 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz –Mount Hermon/Rashaya
IAATThe location of the Pillar is 4 miles (6 km) northwest of the Baalbek ruins, between the towns of Baalbeck and Chlifa.
At one point a plaque was installed on the northern side of the monument; however, it has been removed and no otherhistory is known of the column, which is believed to be a funerary monument. The column is also widely believed inlocal legend to be related to St. Helena, but it is most likely a funerary monument.
Whilst technically not being a temple, Taylor suggested that the column might have been placed where it is as a victorycolumn to mark the site of a great ancient battle. He also noted a cartouche on the sixth cylinder of the column.
2
SOME TEMPLES IN THE AREA OF BEQAA
2
Location of the Temple of Iaat
ITINERARY 2 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz –Mount Hermon/Rashaya
FERZOUL HABIS:The historic caves of Habis were used as a hideout back in Roman and Byzantine eras.
Back then, reaching the caves was a difficult feat. But once inside, it's possible to reach any cave through interconnecting tunnels.
Now, the caves are a pleasant place to sit and enjoy a sunny day in the shade.
A spectacular landscape framed by the caves overlooks Wadi el Habis, Bekaa valley, and Anti Lebanon mountains.
3
SOME TEMPLES IN THE AREA OF BEQAA
3
Location of the Temple of Ferzoul Habis
ITINERARY 2 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz –Mount Hermon/Rashaya
TEMNIN EL-FOKA:The village of Temnin el Fawqa is located at the lower eastern part of Mount Sanin. The numerous springs of the regionexplain human settlement there, and the development of the flowing water goddess cult. In this area apart from theNympaeum Sanctuary in Temnin.Hadad and Atargatis are the water cult god and goddess. They were particularly worshiped during the Roman period.Temnin el-Foka is a nymphaeum is close to the spring of Ain el Job.The nymphaeum is an arched watercourse built of large stones that has been constructed 4 metres deep into a hill. Itleads to a cistern underground. A gulley has formed at the outflow, where a boundary pillar is carved with the image of agoddess. It resembles a similar cippus at Kafr Zabad.
4
SOME TEMPLES IN THE AREA OF BEQAA
4
Location of the Temple of Temnin El-Foka
ITINERARY 2 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz –Mount Hermon/Rashaya
NAHLE:Situated northeast of Baalbeck above a deep and very pretty valley, the slopes of this village are studded with thefamiliar burial chambers often found near Roman/Byzantine sites.
The massive foundation stones of Nahle' s Roman temple suggest that a mighty structure once stood here.
This sanctuary consisted of two parts: an open air court and a large room with a ceiling where notches for the woodenbeam still exist. Only a few courses of stone are still standing, but the temple maintains its dignity despite crowding bymodern village residences.
5
SOME TEMPLES IN THE AREA OF BEQAA
5
Location of the Temple of Nahle
ITINERARY 2 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz –Mount Hermon/Rashaya
ITINERARY 2 - DAY 3: Mount Hermon/Rashaya – Arnoun – Tebnine – Qana – Tyre –Umm Al-Amad
ARNOUN
Visits� Visit the Beaufort Castle
THE BEAUFORT CASTLE,Arnoun: The castle was built asa defensive and strategic postfor the Crusaders.
Consecutively used by theAyyubids, the Mamluks andAmir Fakhreddine. It was laterrestored during the Frenchmandate following anearthquake.
View Reference
Location of Arnoun Road map from Mount Hermon to ArnounArnoun
The Beaufort Castle
TEBNINE
Visits� The Citadel of Tebnine (Crusader
Castle).
THE CITADEL OF TEBNINE(Toron) is a Crusader’s Castlebuilt in 1105. The fortresswitnessed many battlesthroughout its history. TheCrusader Castle has been usedby many different factions andarmies and conquerors over theyears that include Alexanderthe Great, because of itsstrategic position overlookingmiles of terrain. Many of theexisting families of Tebninehave a background makeup ofPhoenician, European and Arabdue to ranging influences in theregion over centuries.
Location of Tebnine Road map from Arnoun to Tebnine
ITINERARY 2 - DAY 3: Mount Hermon/Rashaya – Arnoun – Tebnine – Qana – Tyre –Umm Al-Amad
Tebnine
The Citadel of Tebnine
QANA
Visits� The village where Jesus performed his
first miracle.
QANA (Cana), located at 13 kmfrom Tyre, it is believed that thisis the village where Jesusperformed his first miracle,turning water into wine.
Location of Qana Road map from Tebnine to Qana
ITINERARY 2 - DAY 3: Mount Hermon/Rashaya – Arnoun – Tebnine – Qana – Tyre –Umm Al-Amad
Qana
Qana of Gallilea and Jezus Christ with its 12 Apostles Carved onto the Rocks
TYRE
Visits� Two main archeological sites – Al Bass
and Al Mina – are testimony to its historical significance.
� The Phoenician Museum
TYRE, built around 2700 BC, it is thehome of Elissar, the Phoenicianprincess who founded Carthage, aswell as the home of Europa whowas abducted by Zeus disguised asa white bull.Two main archaeological sites - AlBass and Al Mina - are a testimonyto its historical significance. Tyrewas originally made up of twosettlements – one on the mainlandand the other on an island – thetwo cities are related to a causeway.Moreover, there is a PhoenicianMuseum in Tyre, a patrimonial andmaritime museum relating thehistory of ancient Tyre and itsrelation with the sea.
Location of Tyre Road map from Qana to Tyre
ITINERARY 2 - DAY 3: Mount Hermon/Rashaya – Arnoun – Tebnine – Qana – Tyre –Umm Al-Amad
Map of Tyre
Tyre archaeological site
UMM AL-AMAD
Visits� Encompasses layers of tangible Greek
civilization artifacts.
UMM AL-AMAD as a Phoenician cityencompasses layers of tangible Greekcivilization artifacts witnessed by(archeological findings) at the easternshoulder of the Naqoura Sea- southLebanon. Umm Al-Amad wasdiscovered by a French explorer in1772, though the first excavationsdidn’t take place until 1861. The cityof more than 60,000 square metersstill bears witness to an importanthistorical period and tells ofarchitectural art and precision inengraving and sculpture with toolsdating back to the Iron Age, whichwas named after the discovery ofiron nearly 3,000 years ago. Umm Al-Amad’s two temples were builtroughly between 287 and 222 B.C.
Road map from Tyre to Umm Al-AmadLocation of Umm Al-Amad
ITINERARY 2 - DAY 3: Mount Hermon/Rashaya – Arnoun – Tebnine – Qana – Tyre –Umm Al-Amad
Map of Umm Al-Amad
Umm Al-Amad Phoenician site
ITINERARY 3 - DAY 1: Batroun – Bziza – Douma – Yanouh – Afqa – Baalbek
BATROUN, derives from theGreek Botrys, is founded by thePhoenicians on the southernside of the promontory called inAntiquity, Theoprosopon (Râsach-Chaq’a’) and during theByzantine Empire, CapeLithoprosopon.
The city was under Roman ruleto Phoenicia Prima province,and later after the region wasChristianized became asuffragan of the Patriarchate ofAntioch.
Location of Batroun
BATROUN BATROUNBATROUN
Visits� Phoenician wall.
Map of Batroun
Batroun Phoenician wall
BZIZA
Visits� Ruins of a Roman temple standing over
fifteen meters high with fragments of pottery and oil lamps.
The Roman temple at BZIZA isquite well preserved. Thewestern facade is embellishedby an elegant portico of threelimestone columns, theremainder of an original four,supporting architecture of theionic order.
Location of Bziza
BATROUN BATROUN
Road map from Batroun to Bziza
ITINERARY 3 - DAY 1: Batroun – Bziza – Douma – Yanouh – Afqa – Baalbek
Bziza
Bziza Roman temple
DOUMA witnessed differentcivilizations including ancientGreece, ancient Rome andTurkey. However, the OttomanEmpire left the largest impacton Douma's inhabitants.
In the town square sits a 4th-century A.D. sarcophagus,bearing a Greek inscriptionrecording that this was theburial place of Castor, who diedin 317 A.D.
Location of Douma Road map from Bziza to Douma
ITINERARY 3 - DAY 1: Batroun – Bziza – Douma – Yanouh – Afqa – Baalbek
DOUMA
Visits� Different civilizations (ancient
Greece, ancient Rome, Turkey…)
Douma
View of Douma
YANOUH, once a Phoenician center, is half-way between Byblos (Jbeil) and Heliopolis (Baalbek). Its Phoeniciantemple is a monument to the same religion as that of Apheca, but the later Roman temple was dedicated to Diana,the Roman goddess of the hunt and daughter of the god Jupiter.
Location of Yanouh Road map from Douma to Yanouh
ITINERARY 3 - DAY 1: Batroun – Bziza – Douma – Yanouh – Afqa – Baalbek
YANOUH
Visits� Yanouh, once a Phoenician center, is
half-way between Byblos (Jbeil) and Heliopolis (Baalbek)
Yanouh
Yanouh ruins
AFQA, Known in ancient times asApheca or Afeka, located in themountains of Lebanon, alignedcentrally between Baalbek andByblos.It is the site of one of the finestwaterfalls in the mountains of theMiddle East, which feeds into theAdonis River (known today asAbraham River or Nahr Ibrahim inArabic), and forms LakeYammoune, with which it is alsoassociated by legend.In Greek mythology Adonis wasborn and died at the foot of thefalls in Afqa. The ruins of thecelebrated temple of Aphrodite.
Road map from Yanouh to AfqaLocation of Afqa
ITINERARY 3 - DAY 1: Batroun – Bziza – Douma – Yanouh – Afqa – Baalbek
AFQA
Visits� A site of one of the finest waterfalls in
the mountains of the Middle East.
Afqa
Afqa waterfalls
BAALBEK, founded by thePhoenicians, it was laterconquered by the Macedonianswho called it Heliopolis (alwaysthe City of the Sun) forassimilation between the god Sunand the Phoenician divinity Baal.Then it became a Roman colonyunder Augustus, preserving thenew name. Today you can seethree main buildings: the templeof Jupiter, the temple of Bacchusand the circular temple of Venus.A fourth monument, the Templeof Mercury is located on the hill ofSheikh Abdallah. inscribed on theUNESCO World Heritage List(1984).
Road map from Afqa to BaalbekLocation of Baalbek
ITINERARY 3 - DAY 1: Batroun – Bziza – Douma – Yanouh – Afqa – Baalbek
BAALBEK
Visits� three main buildings: the Temple of
Jupiter, the Temple of Bacchus and the circular Temple of Venus and a fourth monument, the Temple of Mercury.
Baalbek
Baalbek temples
ITINERARY 3 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Zahle – Sannine – Baskinta – Faqra
NIHA TEMPLES
Visits� Niha Roman Temples also known for
Hosn Niha, a structure of many layers the latest of which is a small Byzantine Basilica.
Location of Niha
NIHA Roman Temples are twotemples dedicated to theCanaanite goddess of fertilityAtargatis (Phoenician Astarte)the god of thunder lightningand rain, Hadaranes, and theirson. It is also known for HosnNiha, a structure of many layersthe latest of which is a small aByzantine Basilica.
Road map from Baalbek to NihaNiha
Niha Roman temple
Location of Zahle Road map from Niha to Zahle
ZAHLE is known as the "Bride ofthe Beqaa" for its geographicallocation and attractiveness, butalso as "the City of Wine andPoetry“.
It is famous throughoutLebanon and the region for itspleasant climate, numerousriverside restaurants andquality arak.
ZAHLE
Visits� City of wine and poetry
ITINERARY 3 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Zahle – Sannine – Baskinta – Faqra
Map of Zahle
View of Zahle
Location of Sannine Road map from Zahle to Sannine
MOUNT SANNINE is a mountainin the Mount Lebanon range. Itshighest point is 2,628 m (8,622feet) above sea level inLebanon. Mount Sannine,which has a base of limestone,is the source of many mountainsprings.
SANNINE
Visits� Source of many mountain springs
ITINERARY 3 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Zahle – Sannine – Baskinta – Faqra
Sannine
View of mount Sannine
Location of Baskinta Road map from Sannine to Baskinta
BASKINTA carries the ruins ofmonuments, cemeteries, andnumismatics, pottery remainsthat date as back as thePhoenician and the Greek ages.The Greeks knew Baskinta andbuilt in it several palaces - ofwhich enormous stones, pillarsstands, and undergroundpassages still exist.
BASKINTA
Visits� Phoenician and Greek remains
ITINERARY 3 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Zahle – Sannine – Baskinta – Faqra
Baskinta
View of Baskinta
The Temple of Adonis is partlydug in the rocky platform ofFAQRA, so it's partly a rocksanctuary. It does not rest on aplatform. In front of the shrine,to the east, is a large, squarecourt with an altar, surroundedby a colonnade, and there'sanother altar standing in frontof the entrance. The squarecourt was surrounded on threesides by a portico in the Doricbuilding order. Several columnswere sufficiently well-preservedto be re-erected.
Location of Faqra Road map from Baskinta to Faqra
FAQRA
Visits� Qalaat Faqra is an archaeological site
in Kfardebian, with Roman and Byzantine ruins.
ITINERARY 3 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Zahle – Sannine – Baskinta – Faqra
Faqra
Faqra Castle
FAITROUN
Visits� Faitroun rocks
FAITROUN rocks. A Preserve theNatural Rock Formations.
Location of Faitroun Road map from Faqra to Faitroun
ITINERARY 3 - DAY 3: Faqra – Faitroun – Harissa – Bkerki – Jounieh
Batroun
Faitroun rocks
THE SHRINE OF OUR LADY OFLEBANON draws millions offaithful both Christians andMuslims from all over theworld. The 50th jubilee in 1954was also the hundredthanniversary of theestablishment of the Catholicdogma of the ImmaculateConception. During thesecelebrations, Pope Pius XII senthis representative, CardinalAngelo Roncalli (later tobecome Pope John XXIII) toLebanon. Pope John Paul IIvisited Our Lady of Lebanon in1997.
HARISSA
Visits� The Shrine of Our Lady of Lebanon.
Location of Harissa Road map from Faitroun to Harissa
ITINERARY 3 - DAY 3: Faqra – Faitroun – Harissa – Bkerki – Jounieh
Harissa
The Shrine of our Lady of Lebanon
BKERKI is the episcopal see ofthe Maronite CatholicPatriarchate of Antioch of theMaronite Church in Lebanon,located 650 m above the bay ofJounieh.
Though now exclusively used bythe church, the area was ownedby the noble Khazen family. Theclergy use it under a specialwaqf.
BKERKI
Visits� Maronite Catholic Patriarchate of
Antioch of the Maronite Church in Lebanon
Location of Bkerki Road map from Harissa to Bkerki
ITINERARY 3 - DAY 3: Faqra – Faitroun – Harissa – Bkerki – Jounieh
Bkerki
Maronite Catholic Patriarchate
JOUNIEH, during thePhoenician period, the bay ofJounieh was an importantwinter shelter for ships sailingfrom the south to Byblos;hence, its name Palaebyblus(literary before Byblos). It ismentioned in the geographydescribed in Strabo.
http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/44884
JOUNIEH
Visits� Important winter shelter for ships
sailing from the south to Byblos.� St. Savior Orthodox Convent
(Phoenician temple)� Holy Spirit Kaslik (museum).� Jeita Grotto.� Ancient Lycus River (Nahr el Kalb)
Location of Jounieh Road map from Bkerki to Jounieh
ITINERARY 3 - DAY 3: Faqra – Faitroun – Harissa – Bkerki – Jounieh
Jounieh
Jounieh Ottoman and Colonial Souk
ITINERARY 4 - DAY 1: Jbeil – Mebaaj Grotto – Smar Jbeil – Batroun – Hamat – Anfeh
JBEIL
Visits�Oldest inhabited city in the world�Archaeological site�Old Souk�Heritage landmarks
JBEIL is believed to have beenfirst occupied between 8800and 7000 BC and continuouslyinhabited since 5000 BC,making it one of the oldestcontinuously inhabited cities inthe world. It is a UNESCO WorldHeritage Site.
Location of JbeilJbeil
Jbeil Harbor
Jbeil Crusader castle
MEBAAJ GROTTO is made up ofponds and lakes and is believedto be 30 to 40 million years old.While the accessible area in thegrotto is 220 meters long, itstotal length is estimated at4500 meters.
Location of Mebaaj Grotto Road map from Jbeil to Mebaaj Grotto
MEBAAJ GROTTO
Visits� Located in Tourzaiyya, made up of
ponds and lakes, and is believed to be 30 to 40 million years old.
ITINERARY 4 - DAY 1: Jbeil – Mebaaj Grotto – Smar Jbeil – Batroun – Hamat – Anfeh
Map of Tourzaiyya
Mebaaj grotto
SMAR JBEIL is a small agglomerationsituated in the region of Batroun inNorth Lebanon at an altitude of500m, on the way between Batroun,Rashana and Douma. The name is ofPhoenician origin and meansGuardian of Jbeil, the Watchman.Smar Jbeil is one of the most ancienttowns of Lebanon, having aPhoenician citadel which was used bythe Romans, who left inscriptions inthe northern wall. The Crusaders fortheir part built basements around itstwo towers and a church on the sidefacing north. Wells were dug in theliving rock as well as deepunderground galleries.
Location of Smar Jbeil Road map from Mebaaj Grotto to Smar Jbeil
SMAR JBEIL
Visits� Smar Jbeil has a Phoenician citadel.
Map of Smar Jbeil
ITINERARY 4 - DAY 1: Jbeil – Mebaaj Grotto – Smar Jbeil – Batroun – Hamat – Anfeh
Smar Jbeil Phoenician Citadel
BATROUN, derives from theGreek Botrys, is founded by thePhoenicians on the southernside of the promontory called inAntiquity, Theoprosopon (Râsach-Chaq’a’) and during theByzantine Empire, CapeLithoprosopon.
The city was under Roman ruleto Phoenicia Prima province,and later after the region wasChristianized became asuffragan of the Patriarchate ofAntioch.
Location of Batroun Road map from Smar Jbeil to Batroun
BATROUN
Visits� Phoenician wall.
Map of Batroun
ITINERARY 4 - DAY 1: Jbeil – Mebaaj Grotto – Smar Jbeil – Batroun – Hamat – Anfeh
Batroun Phoenician wall
THE MSEILHA FORT is afortification situated 5.5kmnorth of the city of Batroun inLebanon. The current fort wasbuilt by Emir Fakhreddine II inthe 17th century to guard theroute from Tripoli to Beirut. Thefort is built on a long, narrowlimestone rock near the Nahrel-Jawz River.
Its walls are constructed withsmall sandstone blocks quarriedfrom the nearby coast and builtonto the edge of the limestonerock.
Location of Hamat Road map from Batroun to Hamat (Mseilha Fort)
HAMAT
Visits� The Mseilha Fort is a fortification
situated 5.5 km north of the city of Batroun.
Hamat (The Mseilha Fort)
ITINERARY 4 - DAY 1: Jbeil – Mebaaj Grotto – Smar Jbeil – Batroun – Hamat – Anfeh
The Mseilha Fort
LADY OF NOURIEH, (Saydet elNourieh in Arabic), situatedmidway between Batroun andAnfeh. It is a Marian shrine inHamat, Lebanon. Nourieh is aderivative of the Arabic word,Nour, meaning light. Thus, inEnglish, the Marian shrine canbe called, Our Lady of Light.
Road map from Mseilha Fort to Lady of NouriehLocation of Hamat
HAMAT
Visits� Lady of Nourieh, a Marian shrine called
the Lady of Light.
Hamat (Lady of Nourieh)
ITINERARY 4 - DAY 1: Jbeil – Mebaaj Grotto – Smar Jbeil – Batroun – Hamat – Anfeh
Lady of Nourieh
ANFEH is among the coastalPhoenician cities and townsthat still exist today in Lebanon.Prior to the recent excavation,Anfeh was thought to havebeen founded around 1300 BC,but the pottery, which dates to3200 BC, provides compellingevidence that the town wasonce a much older andsignificant city in antiquity. Theremains of these civilizationsinclude Phoenician and Romanwalls, wine presses, mosaics,places of worship, caves, watertanks, and steps.
Road map from Lady of Nourieh to AnfehLocation of Anfeh
ANFEH
Visits� The remains of the civilizations include
Phoenician and Roman walls, wine presses, mosaics, places of worship, caves, water tanks, and steps.
Anfeh
ITINERARY 4 - DAY 1: Jbeil – Mebaaj Grotto – Smar Jbeil – Batroun – Hamat – Anfeh
Anfeh
ITINERARY 4 – DAY 2: Anfeh – Amioun – Bcharri – Wadi Qadisha – Tripoli – Arqa – Menjez
AMIOUN
Visits� Small caves built in the old city’s rocks
and visit Saint John “Al-Sheer”.
AMIOUN Convent site is a veryold settlement whose historycan be traced back to thePaleolithic period. This issupported by the number ofsmall caves built in the old city’srocks. The ancient Semiticpeoples are thought to havearrived in the region around4000 B.C. Saint John “Al-Sheer”is a church elevated on therocky cliff over a number ofvaults in the southeasternfacade of the cliff.
Road map from Anfeh to AmiounLocation of AmiounAmioun
Small caves built in the old city’s rocks
BCHARRI is a town to the eastof Tripoli. Bcharri is the town ofthe only remaining andpreserved original Cedars ofLebanon (Cedrus Libani), and isthe birthplace of the famouspoet, painter and sculptor KhalilGibran who now has a museumin the town to honor him.
Road map from Amioun to BcharriLocation of Bcharri
BCHARRI
Visits� Infamous Cedar Forest of Lebanon
Bcharri
ITINERARY 4 – DAY 2: Anfeh – Amioun – Bcharri – Wadi Qadisha – Tripoli – Arqa – Menjez
View of Bcharri
WADI QADISHA is a valleyknown for being a sacreddestination where one can visitseveral monasteries carved intothe sides of its rocky hills.
Wadi Qadisha (the Holy Valley)and the Forest of the Cedarsheritage sites are inscribed onthe UNESCO World Heritage List(1998).
Road map from Bcharri to Wadi QadishaLocation of Wadi Qadisha
WADI QADISHA
Visits� Sacred destination
Wadi Qadisha
ITINERARY 4 – DAY 2: Anfeh – Amioun – Bcharri – Wadi Qadisha – Tripoli – Arqa – Menjez
View of Wadi Qadisha
TRIPOLI, founded by thePhoenicians around 800 BC istoday the second largest city andmain port in Lebanon. Like Beirut,the city witnessed the presence ofvarious Mediterranean culturesand empires including theCanaanites/Phoenicians, Persians,Greeks, Romans, Byzantines,Umayyad, Abbasid, Crusaders,Ayyubid, Mamluks, Ottoman andFrench. Facing the shores of thecity there are the Palm Islands,which known for its green turtles,and which was declared aProtected Nature Reserve by theUNESCO in 1992.
Road map from Wadi Qadisha to TripoliLocation of Tripoli
TRIPOLI
Visits� The second largest city and main port in
Lebanon.
Map of Tripoli
ITINERARY 4 – DAY 2: Anfeh – Amioun – Bcharri – Wadi Qadisha – Tripoli – Arqa – Menjez
Tripoli Citadel
ARQA (Phoenician: Irqata;‘Arqat in the Bible) is a villagenear Miniara in AkkarGovernorate, Lebanon, 22 kmnortheast of Tripoli, near thecoast. The former bishopricbecame a double Catholictitular see (Latin and Maronite).The Roman Emperor AlexanderSeverus was born there. It issignificant for the Tell Arqa, anarchaeological site that goesback to Neolithic times, andduring the Crusades there was astrategically significant castle.
Road map from Tripoli to ArqaLocation of Arqa
ARQA
Visits� Tell Arqa, an archaeological site that
goes back to Neolithic times
Map of Arqa
ITINERARY 4 – DAY 2: Anfeh – Amioun – Bcharri – Wadi Qadisha – Tripoli – Arqa – Menjez
Arqa archaeological site
The village of MENJEZ is the home to anumber of interesting historical,archaeological and religious sites,including: Beit Jaalouk temple (or“Maqam ar-Rabb”, an ancient romantemple and worship site for the goddessNemesis, dating from the first centuryAD); a crusader castle ruins “QalaatFelis” inhabited by the Chevalier de St.Jean de Jerusalem or what is also knownas Ordre de Malte, the castle belongedto the Comté de Tripoli; the MaroniteMonastery of our Lady of the Fort “DeirSaydet El Qalaa” built by the JesuitsOrder in the 19th century; remains of aroman canal; and 180 pre-historic tombsdating back to 5,000 years BC. Thisarchaeological diversity and richnessgives Menjez the possibility to becomeand archaeological park for research,education, and tourism.
Road map from Arqa to MenjezLocation of Menjez
MENJEZ
Visits� Roman basalt temple called Maqam Er
Rabb or Beit Jaalouk
Menjez
ITINERARY 4 – DAY 2: Anfeh – Amioun – Bcharri – Wadi Qadisha – Tripoli – Arqa – Menjez
Menjez basalt temple
JBEIL is believed to have beenfirst occupied between 8800and 7000 BC and continuouslyinhabited since 5000 BC,making it one of the oldestcontinuously inhabited cities inthe world. It is a UNESCO WorldHeritage Site.
Location of Jbeil
ITINERARY 5: Jbeil – Adonis Valley – Yanouh – Afqa – Baalbek
JBEIL
Visits�Oldest inhabited city in the world�Archaeological site�Old Souk�Heritage landmarks
Jbeil
Jbeil Harbor
Jbeil Crusader Castle
ADONIS VALLEY is south of Byblosand Jabal Moussa. An Ottomanbridge and a Roman aqueductcross over the Adonis River.According to legend that is wherethe Phoenician/Greek god Adoniswas killed by a wild boar whilehunting.Jabal Moussa is one of the veryfew soundings in Lebanon thatexists in mountainous areas(hinterland heritage), and wasinhabited during thePhoenician/Canaanean Bronzeage, Medieval period, and themost recent Ottoman period.Recent excavations werediscovered.
Road map from Byblos to Adonis ValleyLocation Adonis Valley
ADONIS VALLEY
Visits� An Ottoman bridge and a Roman
aqueduct cross over the Adonis River.
ITINERARY 5: Jbeil – Adonis Valley – Yanouh – Afqa – Baalbek
Adonis Valley
Adonis River
Road map from Adonis Valley to YanouhLocation of Yanouh
YANOUH
Visits� Yanouh, once a Phoenician center, is
half-way between Byblos (Jbeil) and Heliopolis (Baalbek)
ITINERARY 5: Jbeil – Adonis Valley – Yanouh – Afqa – Baalbek
Yanouh
YANOUH, once a Phoenician center, is half-way between Byblos (Jbeil) and Heliopolis (Baalbek). Its Phoeniciantemple is a monument to the same religion as that of Apheca, but the later Roman temple was dedicated to Diana,the Roman goddess of the hunt and daughter of the god Jupiter.
Yanouh ruins
AFQA, Known in ancient times asApheca or Afeka, located in themountains of Lebanon, alignedcentrally between Baalbek andByblos.It is the site of one of the finestwaterfalls in the mountains of theMiddle East, which feeds into theAdonis River (known today asAbraham River or Nahr Ibrahim inArabic), and forms LakeYammoune, with which it is alsoassociated by legend.In Greek mythology Adonis wasborn and died at the foot of thefalls in Afqa. The ruins of thecelebrated temple of Aphrodite.
Road map from Yanouh to AfqaLocation of Afqa
AFQA
Visits� A site of one of the finest waterfalls in
the mountains of the Middle East.
ITINERARY 5: Jbeil – Adonis Valley – Yanouh – Afqa – Baalbek
Afqa
Afqa waterfalls
BAALBEK, Founded by thePhoenicians, it was laterconquered by the Macedonianswho called it Heliopolis (alwaysthe City of the Sun) forassimilation between the god Sunand the Phoenician divinity Baal.Then it became a Roman colonyunder Augustus, preserving thenew name. Today you can seethree main buildings: the templeof Jupiter, the temple of Bacchusand the circular temple of Venus.A fourth monument, the Templeof Mercury is located on the hill ofSheikh Abdallah. inscribed on theUNESCO World Heritage List(1984).
Road map from Afqa to BaalbekLocation of Baalbek
BAALBEK
Visits� three main buildings: the Temple of
Jupiter, the Temple of Bacchus and the circular Temple of Venus and a fourth monument, the Temple of Mercury.
ITINERARY 5: Jbeil – Adonis Valley – Yanouh – Afqa – Baalbek
Baalbek
Baalbek temples
ITINERARY 6: Jounieh – Nahr El Kalb – Bikfayya – Bolonia – Mtein – Hammana – Barouk –Deir El-Qamar – Beiteddine – Beirut
JOUNIEH
Visits� Important winter shelter for ships
sailing from the south to Byblos.� St. Savior Orthodox Convent
(Phoenician temple)� Holy Spirit Kaslik (museum).� Jeita Grotto.� Ancient Lycus River (Nahr el Kalb)
JOUNIEH, during thePhoenician period, the bay ofJounieh was an importantwinter shelter for ships sailingfrom the south to Byblos;hence, its name Palaebyblus(literary before Byblos). It ismentioned in the geographydescribed in Strabo.
The Geography of Strabo
Location of Jounieh
JOUNIEH
Jounieh
Jounieh Ottoman and Colonial Souk
NAHR AL-KALB is the ancientLycus River. Past generals andconquerors have traditionallybuilt monuments at the mouthof the Nahr al-Kalb, known asthe Commemorative stelae ofNahr el-Kalb. In 2005, the stelaeat the river were listed in theUNESCO Memory of the Worldinitiative.
Location of Nahr El-Kalb Road map from Jounieh to Nahr El-Kalb
NAHR AL-KALB
Visits� Runs from a spring in Jeita near
the Jeita Grotto to the Mediterranean Sea.
ITINERARY 6: Jounieh – Nahr El Kalb – Bikfayya – Bolonia – Mtein – Hammana – Barouk –Deir El-Qamar – Beiteddine – Beirut
Nahr El-Kalb River Source
Commemorative stelae of Nahr El-Kalb
Road map from Nahr El-Kalb to BikfayyaLocation of Bikfayya
The name “BIKFAYYA” of thetown comes from Phoenicianorigin (Beit Kfeya) the stonehouse – that is consecrated toworship the God “Kifa”.
Historians believe that Bikfayyawas the consecrated shrine ofthe Phoenician Baal. It was alsothe capital of the ChristianCancimat of Lebanon (1840–1860).
BIKFAYYA
Visits� Stone houses with red-tiled roofs
resting amidst pine and oak forests make Bikfaya one of the most sought-after suburbs of Beirut
� One of Lebanon's most popular summer resorts.
ITINERARY 6: Jounieh – Nahr El Kalb – Bikfayya – Bolonia – Mtein – Hammana – Barouk –Deir El-Qamar – Beiteddine – Beirut
Bikfayya
View of Bikfayya
Road map from Bikfayya to BoloniaLocation of Bolonia
BOIS DE BOLOGNE - GHABETBOLONIA - BOLONIA FOREST isbeautiful and picturesque arealooking over the deep greenvalley of the River Salimeh. Aunique pinewood forestoffering a splendid viewextending eastwards to thedistant summits of MountSannine.
BOLONIA
Visits� Pine forest.
ITINERARY 6: Jounieh – Nahr El Kalb – Bikfayya – Bolonia – Mtein – Hammana – Barouk –Deir El-Qamar – Beiteddine – Beirut
Bolonia
Bolonia pine forest
Road map from Bolonia to MteinLocation of Mtein
Originally home to sevenfactories, MTEIN was known forits abundant berry productionand silk manufacturing.
Today, what you can still see arethe ruins of only one silkfactory, which stands defiantly .
ITINERARY 6: Jounieh – Nahr El Kalb – Bikfayya – Bolonia – Mtein – Hammana – Barouk –Deir El-Qamar – Beiteddine – Beirut
MTEIN
Visits� Old silk factories.
Mtein
Bolonia silk factory
The word "HAMMANA" mayhave come from the name ofthe Phoenician Sun God"Hammon" or "Hamman".These two names are derivedfrom the word "Hama" whichmeans heat of the sun.
The village has multiple watersources like the Shaghour fall,Ain-al-Hosa spring, Al-Kadanehspring, Ain Soltan spring, AinMaytri spring and many more.Evergreen trees such as pines,firs, spruce as well as somecedar trees are foundeverywhere in the town.
Location of Hammana Road map from Metn to Hammana
ITINERARY 6: Jounieh – Nahr El Kalb – Bikfayya – Bolonia – Mtein – Hammana – Barouk –Deir El-Qamar – Beiteddine – Beirut
HAMMANA
Visits� Multiple water sources, natural
evergreen trees.
Hammana
View of Hammana
BAROUK is a village in the ChoufDistrict of Lebanon. Historically,the village is known for being the“land of good”, because of itsfountain (Nabeh-el-Barouk).Barouk is crowned by its mountain“Jabal el Barouk” that stands 1943m above sea level. The mountainalso has the largest naturalreserve in Lebanon, the Al ShoufCedar Nature Reserve, andcontains the oldest and mostelegant cedar forest in Lebanon,the “Cedrus Libani”.That cedar is considered, amongwith other cedar forests, the realCedars of Lord “Arz el Rab.”
Location of Barouk Road map from Hammana to Barouk
ITINERARY 6: Jounieh – Nahr El Kalb – Bikfayya – Bolonia – Mtein – Hammana – Barouk –Deir El-Qamar – Beiteddine – Beirut
BAROUK
Visits� Largest natural reserve in Lebanon, the
Al Shouf Cedar Nature Reserve.
Barouk
Barouk cedars
During the 16th to 18th centuries, DEIR AL-QAMAR was the capital and the residence of the Emirate of Mount Lebanon.
It is also notable for its 15th-century Fakhreddine Mosque, Fakhreddine II Palace, and the palace of the Emir Yusuf Shihab.
The 17th century Deir al-Qamar Synagogue is also in the village, although closed to the public. During its peak, the city was the Centre of Lebanese literary tradition.
Location of Deir El-Qamar Road map from Barouk to Deir El-Qamar
ITINERARY 6: Jounieh – Nahr El Kalb – Bikfayya – Bolonia – Mtein – Hammana – Barouk –Deir El-Qamar – Beiteddine – Beirut
DEIR EL-QAMAR
Visits� Deir El-Qamar: Saydet el Talle Church
and the Emir Bashir Palace.
Deir El-Qamar
Deir El-Qamar
BEITEDDINE is a small town andthe administrative capital ofthe Chouf District. The town islocated near the town of Deirel-Qamar from which it isseparated by a steep valley.
The town is well known for theBeiteddine Palace, which hoststhe annual Summer BeiteddineFestival.
Location of Beiteddine Road map from Deir El-Qamar to Beiteddine
ITINERARY 6: Jounieh – Nahr El Kalb – Bikfayya – Bolonia – Mtein – Hammana – Barouk –Deir El-Qamar – Beiteddine – Beirut
BEITEDDINE
Visits� Mamluk inspired Fakhreddine Mosque,
the Yousef Chehab Palace, the Kharj
Barracks, the Palace of Fakhreddine II
Ma’ani, its Synagogue.
Beiteddine
Beiteddine Palace
Location of Beirut
BEIRUT, the capital and the largest city of Lebanon, has hosted successive historic periods of major powers and civilizations in the Mediterranean and West Asia. It has layers of Phoenician, Roman, Byzantine, Mameluke, Ottoman and French mandate periods. Today’s archaeological highlights include a Phoenician port, several Roman remains of a hippodrome, baths and temples.
Road map from Beiteddine to Beirut
ITINERARY 6: Jounieh – Nahr El Kalb – Bikfayya – Bolonia – Mtein – Hammana – Barouk –Deir El-Qamar – Beiteddine – Beirut
BEIRUT
Visits� Capital of Lebanon.
Map of Beirut
Beirut National Museum
ITINERARY 7: Sidon – Echmoun – Chhim – Jezzine – Arnoun – Maghdouche – Sarafand - Tyre- Umm Al-Amad
SIDON
Visits� Multi-layered city
Location of Sidon
SIDON
SIDON is known for its multi-layered sea citadel. Founded in the fourth millennium BC, it is one of three major port city-states of the Canaanite/Phoenician epoch, cited 35 times in the Old Testament. In its long history, it has been home to the Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Crusaders, Mamluks and Ottomans.
Map of Sidon
Sidon sea citadel
ECHMOUN, a Phoenician temple dedicated to the god of healing (hence the name), is located at the entrance ofSidon. It is considered one of the best-preserved Phoenician temples in Lebanon.
Road map from Sidon to EchmounLocation of Echmoun
ITINERARY 7: Sidon – Echmoun – Chhim – Jezzine – Arnoun – Maghdouche – Sarafand - Tyre- Umm Al-Amad
ECHMOUN
Visits� One of the best-preserved Phoenician
temples in Lebanon.
Echmoun
CHHIM has several landmarksaround it, like The Temple ofEshmun which is an ancientplace of worship dedicated toEshmun, the Phoenician god ofhealing. It is located near theAwali river. The site wasoccupied from the 7th centuryBCE to the 8th century CE,suggesting an integratedrelationship with the nearbycity of Sidon.
Road map from Echmoun to ChhimLocation of Chhim
CHHIM
Visits� Temple of Chhim
ITINERARY 7: Sidon – Echmoun – Chhim – Jezzine – Arnoun – Maghdouche – Sarafand - Tyre- Umm Al-Amad
Chhim
Temple of Chhim
Meticulously sculpted byYoussef Ghossoub, the Statue ofthe Virgin Mary stands at thewest entrance of JEZZINEoverlooking the villages ofBkassine, Wadi Jezzine, theBkassine Pine Forest and thewaterfall. It’s religioussignificance and cultural iconhas become a key point in theregion with vast naturallandscapes surrounding it. Inher hand, the Virgin Mary holdsthe key to the town of Jezzine.The view from there is fantasticand it is a great spot to takepanoramic pictures.
Road map from Chhim to JezzineLocation of Jezzine
JEZZINE
Visits� Religious landmarks
ITINERARY 7: Sidon – Echmoun – Chhim – Jezzine – Arnoun – Maghdouche – Sarafand - Tyre- Umm Al-Amad
Jezzine
Saydet El-Maabour
THE BEAUFORT CASTLE islocated 40 km from Sidon on anescarpment of almost 1000meters above the valley. Thecastle was built as a defensiveand strategic post for theCrusaders. Consecutively usedby the Ayyubids, the Mamluksand Amir Fakhreddine. It waslater restored during the Frenchmandate following anearthquake.
Road map from Jezzine to Beaufort Castle (Arnoun)Location of Arnoun
ARNOUN
Visits� The Beaufort Castle
ITINERARY 7: Sidon – Echmoun – Chhim – Jezzine – Arnoun – Maghdouche – Sarafand - Tyre- Umm Al-Amad
Arnoun
The Beaufort castle
MAGHDOUCHE is known forOur Lady of the Guard Churchcontaining a grotto, believed tobe the place where the VirginMary stayed while Jesus visitedthe surrounding cities of thesouth.
Road map from Arnoun to MaghdoucheLocation of Maghdouche
MAGHDOUCHE
Visits� Known for Our Lady of the Guard
Church containing a grotto.
ITINERARY 7: Sidon – Echmoun – Chhim – Jezzine – Arnoun – Maghdouche – Sarafand - Tyre- Umm Al-Amad
Maghdouche
Our Lady of the Guard Church
SARAFAND (Sarepta), is a majorPhoenician site locatedbetween Sidon and Tyre.Presently it is now a fishingshore and a touristic attractionbecause of its restaurants. Thesite was well studied andexcavated in 1969-1974, by theUniversity Museum of theUniversity of Pennsylvania.Some of the finds are now inthe National Museum of Beirut.
Road map from Maghdouche to SarafandLocation of Sarafand
SARAFAND
Visits� Major Phoenician site located between
Sidon and Tyre.
ITINERARY 7: Sidon – Echmoun – Chhim – Jezzine – Arnoun – Maghdouche – Sarafand - Tyre- Umm Al-Amad
Sarafand
Sarafand Phoenician site
Road map from Sarafand to TyreLocation of Tyre
TYRE
Visits� Two main archeological sites – Al Bass
and Al Mina – are testimony to its historical significance.
� The Phoenician Museum
ITINERARY 7: Sidon – Echmoun – Chhim – Jezzine – Arnoun – Maghdouche – Sarafand - Tyre- Umm Al-Amad
TYRE, built around 2700 BC, it is thehome of Elissar, the Phoenicianprincess who founded Carthage, aswell as the home of Europa whowas abducted by Zeus disguised asa white bull.Two main archaeological sites - AlBass and Al Mina - are a testimonyto its historical significance. Tyrewas originally made up of twosettlements – one on the mainlandand the other on an island – thetwo cities are related to a causeway.Moreover, there is a PhoenicianMuseum in Tyre, a patrimonial andmaritime museum relating thehistory of ancient Tyre and itsrelation with the sea.
Map of Tyre
Tyre archaeological site
UMM AL-AMAD
Visits� Encompasses layers of tangible Greek
civilization artifacts.
UMM AL-AMAD as a Phoenician cityencompasses layers of tangible Greekcivilization artifacts witnessed by(archeological findings) at the easternshoulder of the Naqoura Sea- southLebanon. Umm Al-Amad wasdiscovered by a French explorer in1772, though the first excavationsdidn’t take place until 1861. The cityof more than 60,000 square metersstill bears witness to an importanthistorical period and tells ofarchitectural art and precision inengraving and sculpture with toolsdating back to the Iron Age, whichwas named after the discovery ofiron nearly 3,000 years ago. Umm Al-Amad’s two temples were builtroughly between 287 and 222 B.C.
Road map from Tyre to Umm Al-AmadLocation of Umm Al-Amad
ITINERARY 7: Sidon – Echmoun – Chhim – Jezzine – Arnoun – Maghdouche – Sarafand - Tyre- Umm Al-Amad
Umm Al-Amad
Umm Al-Amad Phoenician site
FROM LEBANON TO CYPRUS–GREECE
Riding the Phoenician Wave
Phoenicians’ Route Transnational Itinerary
The UNWTO, the Council of Europe (EPA-EICR) and the Ministry of Tourism of Lebanon developed three pilot cultural route tourism itineraries presented
on Monday 7 November 2016 at 16:00-18:00 pm, at the South Gallery room 9, WTM London, United Kingdom
View NNA news
ITINERARY 8: FROM THE LEBANESE CITY PORTS OF LEBANON THE CULTURAL TOURISM JOURNEYOF THE PHOENICIAN ROUTE WILL CONTINUE TO CYPRUS-GREECE-EUROPE
ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF THE PHOENICIANS’ ROUTE PARTICIPANTS
List Of Current Members Of The Phoenician RouteInternational PartnersItaly, Spain, France, Lebanon, Tunisia, Greece, Croatia, Malta, Cyprus, Governorate of Jericho, TRANSVERSAL NETWORKS
Local PartnersLouis Cardahi Foundation LAU, Municipality of Baalbek, Municipality of Byblos, Municipality of Jounieh, Municipality of Tyre
LAU Architecture, Urban Planning I, Fall 2018Mrs. Juliana Najm, course instructorDr. Rachid Chamoun, course coordinator, director of LAU-Louis Cardahi FoundationMs. Maria Bachour, architect, management assistant at LAU-Louis Cardahi FoundationMr. Rabih Chaddad, consultant at the Ministry of Tourism, Lebanon
LAU Students TeamCamille A., Elsa A., David A. S., Joana A. A., Malak Al S., Zein A. A., Ahmad B., Sara B., Celine B. S., Marwan C., Sarah C.,Hikmat C., Marie Christine D., Rand E., George E., Carole E. D., Joseph E. H., Karen E. K., Dima E. S., Nour F., Maribelle F.,Nour H., Vanessa H., Sara H., Ahmad I., Youssef I., Mahasen J., Nour K., Jad K., Rasha K., Marwa M., Massa M., Hadi M.,Rayan N., Jad N., Haya O., Nancy S., Khaled S., Rihab S., Farah Z.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
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