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USE OF SULPHUR CONCRETE INPRECAST APPLICATIONS
Document Prepared by Leading Carbon Ltd.
Contact Information:
Keith [email protected]
#200 319 10thAve SWT2R 0A5 Calgary, Alberta
Title Quantification Methodology for the Use of Sulphur Concrete in Precast Applications
Version 1.2
Date of Issue 28-Jun-2012
Type Methodology
Sectoral Scope Manufacturing Industries, Construction
Prepared By Leading Carbon Ltd. and Shell
Contact Timo MakinenSustainable Development ManagerDownstream Specialties Business
(Bitumen & Sulphur)c/o Shell Canada Limited400 4th Avenue SW,P.O. Box 100, Station MCalgary, Alberta T2P 2H5
Reference
Number
Reference number is assigned by VCSA upon approval
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Relationship to Approved or Pending Methodologies
Approved and Pending VCS methodologies for all sectoral scopes were reviewed to determine if anexisting methodology could be reasonably revised to meet the objective of this proposed methodology.Two methodologies related to process changes in concrete production were identified, and are outlined inTable 1.
Table 1: Summary o f Related Methodo logies
Methodology Title PrimaryReductionMechanism
Comments
ACM0015 v3 Consolidated baseline andmonitoring methodology forproject activities usingalternative raw materialsthat do not containcarbonates for clinkerproduction in cement kilns,
CDM March 2010
Avoidance ofprocess CO2emissions due toreduction ofcarbonatematerials in thefeedstock.
The production of sulphur concreterequires significant process changesnot reflected in this methodology.The project activity SSRs includecalcination of raw materials and kilnemissions. Calcination does notoccur in sulphur concrete and there
is no clinker.
ACM0005 v5 Consolidated baselinemethodology for increasingthe blend in concreteproduction, CDM October2009
Avoidance ofprocess CO2emissions due tofeedstock switch.
The production of sulphur concreterequires significant process changesnot reflected in this methodology.
A review of the related methodologies indicated that the process changes required to produce sulphurconcrete would result in significant changes to the existing methodologies, and adaptation would not befeasible.
Other approved VCS large scale and consolidated methodologies under Manufacturing Industriessectoral scope are listed in Table 2. Approved Small Scale methodologies under Manufacturing Industiresare listed in Table 3. No other methodologies exist under Construction sectoral scope.
Table 2: List of Approved Large Scale and Consolidated Methodologies under Manufacturing Industries
Methodology Title Methodology Type Comments
AM0007 Analysis of the least-cost fueloption for seasonally-operatingbiomass cogeneration plants ---Version 1.0
Approved Large Scale This methodology is notapplicable to the use ofsulphur concrete inprecast applications.
AM0014 Natural gas-based packagecogeneration --- Version 4.0
Approved Large Scale This methodology is notapplicable to the use ofsulphur concrete inprecast applications.
AM0036 Fuel switch from fossil fuels tobiomass residues in heatgeneration equipment --- Version4.0.0
Approved Large Scale This methodology is notapplicable to the use ofsulphur concrete inprecast applications.
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AM0041 Mitigation of Methane Emissionsin the Wood Carbonization Activityfor Charcoal Production ---Version 1.0
Approved Large Scale This methodology is notapplicable to the use ofsulphur concrete inprecast applications.
AM0049 Methodology for gas basedenergy generation in an industrialfacility --- Version 3.0
Approved Large Scale This methodology is notapplicable to the use ofsulphur concrete inprecast applications.
AM0055 Recovery and utilization of wastegas in refinery --- Version 2.0.0
Approved Large Scale This methodology is notapplicable to the use ofsulphur concrete inprecast applications.
AM0057 Avoided emissions from biomasswastes through use as feed stockin pulp and paper, cardboard,fibreboard or bio-oil production ---Version 3.0.1
Approved Large Scale This methodology is notapplicable to the use ofsulphur concrete inprecast applications.
AM0065 Replacement of SF6 withalternate cover gas in themagnesium industry --- Version2.1
Approved Large Scale This methodology is notapplicable to the use ofsulphur concrete inprecast applications.
AM0070 Manufacturing of energy efficientdomestic refrigerators --- Version3.1.0
Approved Large Scale This methodology is notapplicable to the use ofsulphur concrete inprecast applications.
AM0078 Point of Use Abatement Device toReduce SF6 emissions in LCDManufacturing Operations ---Version 2.0.0
Approved Large Scale This methodology is notapplicable to the use ofsulphur concrete inprecast applications.
AM0092 Substitution of PFC gases forcleaning Chemical VapourDeposition (CVD) reactors in thesemiconductor industry --- Version1.0.0
Approved Large Scale This methodology is notapplicable to the use ofsulphur concrete inprecast applications.
AM0095 Waste gas based combined cyclepower plant in a Greenfield ironand steel plant --- Version 1.0.0
Approved Large Scale This methodology is notapplicable to the use ofsulphur concrete inprecast applications.
AM0096 CF4 emission reduction frominstallation of an abatementsystem in a semiconductormanufacturing facility --- Version1.0.0
Approved Large Scale This methodology is notapplicable to the use ofsulphur concrete inprecast applications.
ACM0003 Emissions reduction throughpartial substitution of fossil fuelswith alternative fuels or lesscarbon intensive fuels in cement
Approved Consolidated This methodology is notapplicable to the use ofsulphur concrete in
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or quicklime manufacture ---Version 7.4.1
precast applications.
ACM0009 Consolidated baseline andmonitoring methodology for fuelswitching from coal or petroleumfuel to natural gas --- Version 3.2
Approved Consolidated This methodology is notapplicable to the use ofsulphur concrete inprecast applications.
ACM0012 Consolidated baselinemethodology for GHG emissionreductions from waste energyrecovery projects --- Version 4.0.0
Approved Consolidated This methodology is notapplicable to the use ofsulphur concrete inprecast applications.
Table 3: List of Approved Small Scale Methodologies under Manufacturing Industries
Methodology Title Methodology Type Comments
AMS-II.D. Energy efficiency and fuel
switching measures for industrialfacilities --- Version 12.0
Approved Small Scale This methodology is not
applicable to the use ofsulphur concrete inprecast applications.
AMS-II.H. Energy efficiency measuresthrough centralization of utilityprovisions of an industrial facility --- Version 3.0
Approved Small Scale This methodology is notapplicable to the use ofsulphur concrete inprecast applications.
AMS-II.I. Efficient utilization of wasteenergy in industrial facilities ---Version 1.0
Approved Small Scale This methodology is notapplicable to the use ofsulphur concrete inprecast applications.
AMS-III.K. Avoidance of methane releasefrom charcoal production ---Version 5.0
Approved Small Scale This methodology is notapplicable to the use ofsulphur concrete inprecast applications.
AMS-III.N. Avoidance of HFC emissions inrigid Poly Urethane Foam (PUF)manufacturing --- Version 3.0
Approved Small Scale This methodology is notapplicable to the use ofsulphur concrete inprecast applications.
AMS-III.P. Recovery and utilization of wastegas in refinery facilities --- Version1.0
Approved Small Scale This methodology is notapplicable to the use ofsulphur concrete in
precast applications.
AMS-III.Q. Waste energy recovery(gas/heat/pressure) projects ---Version 4.0
Approved Small Scale This methodology is notapplicable to the use ofsulphur concrete inprecast applications.
AMS-III.V. Decrease of coke consumption inblast furnace by installingdust/sludge recycling system in
Approved Small Scale This methodology is notapplicable to the use ofsulphur concrete in
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steel works --- Version 1.0 precast applications.
AMS-III.Z. Fuel Switch, processimprovement and energyefficiency in brick manufacture ---Version 3.0
Approved Small Scale This methodology is notapplicable to the use ofsulphur concrete inprecast applications.
AMS-III.AD. Emission reductions in hydrauliclime production --- Version 1.0
Approved Small Scale This methodology is notapplicable to the use ofsulphur concrete inprecast applications.
AMS-III.AN. Fossil fuel switch in existingmanufacturing industries ---Version 2.0
Approved Small Scale This methodology is notapplicable to the use ofsulphur concrete inprecast applications.
Research into other voluntary and compliance based GHG offset systems did not uncover any existing
GHG quantification protocols that relate to the use of sulphur concrete in precast applications.
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Table of Contents
1 Sources ................................................................................................................................................. 7
2 Summary Description of the Methodology ............................................................................................ 7
3 Definitions .............................................................................................................................................. 8
4 Applicability Conditions ......................................................................................................................... 8
5 Project Boundary ................................................................................................................................. 10
6 Procedure for Determining the Baseline Scenario .............................................................................. 16
7 Procedure for Demonstrating Additionality ......................................................................................... 16
8 Quantification of GHG Emission Reductions and Removals .............................................................. 16
8.1 Baseline Emissions ..................................................................................................................... 16
8.2 Project Emissions ........................................................................................................................ 17
8.3 Leakage....................................................................................................................................... 19
8.4 Summary of GHG Emission Reduction and/or Removals .......................................................... 19
9 Monitoring ............................................................................................................................................ 20
9.1 Data and Parameters Available at Validation ............................................................................. 20
9.2 Data and Parameters Monitored ................................................................................................. 22
9.3 Description of the Monitoring Plan .............................................................................................. 26
9.4 Uncertainty Assessment ............................................................................................................. 27
10 References and Other Information ...................................................................................................... 27
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1 SOURCES
This methodology is based on the draft Quantification Protocol for the Use of Sulphur Concrete in Precast
Applications v0.4, issued under the Alberta Specified Gas Emitters Regulation. The methodology
references the following CDM Methodological Tools:
Combined tool to identify the baseline scenario and determine additionality v03.0.1; and
Tool for the demonstration and assessment of additionality v05.2.1.
In addition, technical and good practice guidance was obtained from Environment Canadas annual GHG
reporting, the US EPAs Emission Inventory, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),
and various other reliable sources of information pertaining to the concrete production industry. The good
practice guidance and best science used to develop the quantification methodology are presented in
Section 10.
2 SUMMARY DESCRIPTION OF THE METHODOLOGY
Concrete is a commonly used material for infrastructure, industrial and construction applications,consisting of aggregate (rock & sand), water and cement. The production of calcium and/or magnesiumcarbonate-derived cement (often from limestone) releases significant amounts of greenhouse gases(GHG). This methodology is applicable to processes that involve the substitution of calcium and/ormagnesium carbonate-derived (Portland) cement with an alternative binder, such as a modified heatedsulphur product, during the production of concrete and other concrete-based products such as pre-castpipe, paving stones, slabs and tanks. This Methodology is not applicable to concrete standard productionprocess (i.e. for poured in place applications) as it would entail different baseline emissions quantificationmethod. The parameters and equations in the baseline of this methodology are specific to precastapplications as opposed to poured in place applications.
Traditional cementitious binders derived from limestone and clay rely on the chemical bonds formed uponcontact with water to bind together aggregate material (sand and rock) to form concrete. This binder
(clinker) is a key component of cement; however, the production of clinker results in the release of asignificant amount of GHG from two main sources: process emissions and combustion emissions. Carbondioxide process emissions occur as a by-product of the calcination process, where a calcium ormagnesium carbonate such as limestone is heated with clay to form clinker (primarily calcium oxide) andcarbon dioxide. Additional GHG emissions occur because heat for the calcination process is normallysupplied via the combustion of fossil fuels, releasing carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide as aresult.
Portland cement may be completely substituted with modified heated sulphur to form a stable, hardconcrete product, avoiding the process and combustion emissions associated with the manufacture ofPortland cement.
In the case of a modified sulphur alternative, the sulphur itself is generated as a by-product of natural gas
processing and petroleum refining. Unlike concrete made from Portland cement (which can be coldmixed), concrete made with modified heated sulphur needs to be heated during production. Aggregateneeds to be heated too to the same temperature as the molten sulphur prior to mixing in order to maintainthe heat in the sulphur product during the mixing process.
Despite the need to be hot mixed (with heat likely obtained from the combustion of fossil fuels), concreteand cement products made with modified heated sulphur releases far fewer GHGs than concrete madewith Portland cement because it avoids the process emissions resulting from the calcination process usedduring clinker production, as well as the combustion emissions typically generated to supply heat to thatprocess. The clinker production process typically operates at approximately 1450 deg C. The presence of
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sulphur in sulphur concrete places a temperature ceiling on potential product applications, since themelting point of sulphur is relatively low (113 deg C). The high strength properties of sulphur concrete toallow it to be used in a wide variety of pre-cast applications, such as traffic barriers, drainage tiles, pavingstones, and marine defences.
The baseline condition is defined as the production of concrete using traditional cementitious bindersderived from limestone and clay that rely on the chemical bonds formed upon contact with water to bindtogether aggregate material (sand and rock). This binder (clinker) is a key component of Portlandcement.
The calculation of the emissions related to the production of Portland cement will be based on the massof sulphur cement used in the project condition. An equivalency factor will be used to provide functionalequivalence between the mass of sulphur cement and Portland cement. Finally, an emission factorrepresenting the mass of carbon dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas emissions per tonne of Portlandcement displaced will be applied.
3 DEFINITIONS
Aggregate: Aggregate is composed of such coarse particulate material as sand, gravel,crushed stone, slag, and recycled concrete. It may be sourced from gravel pits,quarries and other local sources near to the pre-cast facility. In addition to sandand rock, aggregate may include other materials such as fly ash and slag thatcan be blended with cement to form a final product. Fly ash and slag arecementous materials partially displacing Portland cement in the baseline product,however can also be included in sulphur concrete products.
Binder: A material that serves as an adhesive that binds with the aggregate to formconcrete.
Portland Cement: A finely ground, usually grey coloured mineral powder that when mixed withwater, acts as a glue to bind together aggregate to form concrete.
Sulphur Cement: A product composed of molten elemental sulphur and a proprietary modifier thatacts as a glue to bind together aggregate to form sulphur concrete. Sulphurcement requires no water to form sulphur concrete.
Concrete: A composite building material made from the combination of aggregate and acement binder.
Precast Products: A form of construction where concrete is cast in a reusable mould or form, whichis then cured in a controlled environment. Examples of precast products includepaving stones, planters, traffic barriers, holding tanks and retaining walls, amongmany others.
4 APPLICABILITY CONDITIONS
This methodology is applicable to the production of sulphur concrete for precast applications, where thefollowing conditions are met:
1. The most reasonable and credible baseline scenario is the production of precast concreteproducts using Portland cement, as demonstrated using the methodology outlined in section 6;
2. The handling, storage, mix production temperature and other key factors specified by themanufacturer for the proper and safe use of sulphur cement have been followed by the project
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proponent. Evidence of adherence to manufacturer specification must be made available during averification site visit, conducted during precast product production;
3. The resulting sulphur concrete product meets local legal and technical requirements. In theabsence of local technical specifications for concrete, project proponents must demonstrate thatsulphur concrete produced under the project condition provides the equivalent function to
concrete that would have been produced under the baseline condition.
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5 PROJECT BOUNDARY
Sources, Sinks and Reservoirs (SSRs) included in project and baseline quantification include those that
are within the project site (the physical, geographic location of the hot mix asphalt production facility), as
well as others that are off-site. A generalized process flow diagram of a typical project and baseline are
presented in Figure 1 and Figure 2 respectively. The SSRs represented in those figures were compared
and their relevancy evaluated to determine if they should be included or excluded from the quantification
methodology. Table 4 provides justification for the inclusion or exclusion of each of the potential SSRs in
the project and baseline conditions. Project proponents must justify the baseline and project SSRs
selected for quantification in their project.
Project proponents must account for:
Direct emissions avoided by displacing Portland cement production and use with sulphur cement
production and use
Direct emissions due to fuel combustion at the precast concrete facility for:
o heating of aggregate;o additional heating of the sulphur additive;
Direct emissions due to fuel combustion and process emissions outside the precast concrete
facility for:
o Production of the sulphur modifier;
o Transport of the modifier and modified sulphur product;
Indirect emissions due to the extraction and processing of fossil fuels used; and
Indirect emissions due to the degassing of sulphur (if applicable).
A generalized process flow diagram of a typical project is presented inFigure 1.
The temporal project boundary includes the operation of an existing precast concrete facility during the
incorporation of a sulphur binder. SSRs related to the construction and decommissioning of the facility are
considered outside the scope of this methodology and have been excluded from quantification. This is
reasonable given the minimal emissions associated with the construction and decommissioning phases
and the long operational life of the facility.
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Figure 1: Project Process Flow Diagram
Project Scenario
MoltenSulphur
Production
ModifierProduction &
Transportation
Sulphur
Degassing
AdditionalSulphurHeating
AggregateTransportation
AggregateHeating
SulphurTransportation
& Storage
ConcreteMixing
ConcreteTransportation
PrecastProduct
Pouring &Forming
ConcreteRecycling &
Disposal
PrecastProduct
Transportation
Fuel Extraction& Processing
AggregateProduction &
Processing
Fuel Delivery
ElectricityGeneration
Project Scenario
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Figure 2: Baseline Process Flow Diagram
Production ofMoltenSulphur
SulphurDegassing
Transportation& Storage of
MoltenSulphur
LimestoneProduction
Portland
CementProduction
PortlandCement
Transportation
Aggregate
Production &Processing
AggregateTransportation
ConcreteMixing
ConcreteTransportation
PrecastProduct
Pouring &Forming
PrecastProduct
Transportation
ConcreteRecycling &
Disposal
WaterTreatment &
Pumping
Fuel Extraction& Processing
Fuel Delivery
ElectricityGeneration
Baseline Scenario
Cement Kiln
DustProduction &Processing
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Table 4: GHG Sources, Sinks and Reservoi rs
SourceControlled,Related, orAffected
Gas Included Justification/Explanation
Baseline
Production ofMoltenSulphur
Related
CO2 No Excluded as the quantity of molten sulphurproduced in the project and baseline scenariosare functionally equivalent. Sulphur is a by-product of gas processing and would beproduced in both the project and baselinescenarios in the same quantity.
CH4 No
N2O No
SulphurDegassing
Related
CO2 No If sulphur degassing was occurring in thebaseline condition, it will continue under theproject condition and emissions will beequivalent.
CH4 No
N2O No
Transportationand Storage of
Molten
Sulphur
Related
CO2 No If sulphur is used as it is produced rather thanstoring it, emissions will be lower in the projectcondition. Therefore it is conservative to
exclude this SSR.
CH4 No
N2O No
LimestoneProduction
Related
CO2 No Less limestone will be produced in the projectcondition and therefore emissions will be lowerin the project condition. The emissions fromthis SSR are relatively low and difficult toestimate accurately. Exclusion of this SSR isconservative.
CH4 No
N2O No
PortlandCement
ProductionRelated
CO2 Yes The production of Portland cement in thebaseline condition has relevant emissions andmust be included.
CH4 Yes
N2O Yes
Cement KilnDust
Productionand
Processing
Related
CO2 No Cement kiln dust (CKD) refers to the portion ofthe cement raw materials that does notbecome part of the clinker. CO2might be
emitted from CKD that is not recycled to thePortland cement production process. CKD isnot produced in the project condition, thereforeit is conservative to exclude its production andprocessing related emissions.
CH4 No
N2O No
PortlandCement
TransportationRelated
CO2 No The quantity of Portland cement that istransported in the project condition would beless than the quantity in the baseline scenario,therefore it is conservative to exclude theseemissions.
CH4 No
N2O No
AggregateProduction
and
Processing
Related
CO2 No Excluded as the same quantity of aggregatewould be produced and processed in theproject and baseline conditions.
CH4 No
N2O No
Transportationof Aggregate
Related
CO2 No Excluded as the same quantity of aggregatewould be transported in the project andbaseline conditions.
CH4 No
N2O No
WaterTreatment and
PumpingRelated
CO2 No Emissions from this SSR are avoided in theproject condition. This emission reduction isnot the focus of this methodology. Emissionsare excluded as it is conservative to do so.
CH4 No
N2O No
Fuel Related CO2 No The quantity of fuel consumed in the baseline
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SourceControlled,Related, orAffected
Gas Included Justification/Explanation
Extraction/Processing
CH4 No condition for the production of Portland cementwill be considered in the SSR: PortlandCement Production.
N2O No
Fuel Delivery Related
CO2 No The quantity of fuel consumed in the baselinecondition for the production of Portland cementwill be greater than the quantity of fuelconsumed in the project condition for mixingsulphur concrete. Emissions are excluded as itis conservative to do so.
CH4 No
N2O No
ElectricityGeneration
Related
CO2 No There will be no incremental electricityconsumption in the project condition over thebaseline condition.
CH4 No
N2O No
ConcreteMixing
Controlled
CO2 No The process for concrete mixing is equivalentin the baseline and project conditions.CH4 No
N2O No
Concrete
Transportation Controlled
CO2 No The same quantity of concrete will be
transported in the baseline and projectscenarios.CH4 No
N2O No
PrecastProduct
Pouring andForming
Controlled
CO2 No The process for pouring and forming will notchange between the baseline and projectscenarios.
CH4 No
N2O No
PrecastProduct
TransportationAffected
CO2 No There is no difference in the transportationrelated emissions between the baseline andproject scenarios.
CH4 No
N2O No
ConcreteRecycling or
DisposalAffected
CO2 No Excluded for simplification. This isconservative as the emissions are likely higherunder the baseline condition.
CH4 No
N2O No
Project
Production ofMoltenSulphur
Related
CO2 No Excluded as the quantity of molten sulphur
produced in the project and baseline scenariosare functionally equivalent. Sulphur is a by-product of gas processing and would beproduced in both the project and baselinescenarios in the same quantity
CH4 No
N2O No
Sulphurdegassing
Related
CO2 Yes If sulphur degassing is occurring as a result ofthe project and the producer would otherwisenot be degassing the sulphur, the emissionsmust be included.
CH4 Yes
N2O Yes
SulphurTransportationand Storage
Related
CO2 Yes If sulphur was stored in the baseline condition,transportation emissions in the projectcondition are deemed to be additional andmust be included.
CH4 Yes
N2O Yes
ModifierProductionand
Transportation
RelatedCO2 Yes Emissions associated with the production andtransportation of the sulphur modifier are
directly related to the project and must beincluded.
CH4 Yes
N2O Yes
AggregateProduction
andProcessing
Related
CO2 No Excluded as the same quantity of aggregatewould be produced and processed in theproject and baseline conditions.
CH4 No
N2O No
Transportationof Aggregate
RelatedCO2 No Excluded as the same quantity of aggregate
would be transported in the project andCH4 No
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SourceControlled,Related, orAffected
Gas Included Justification/Explanation
N2O No baseline conditions.
Fuel Extractionand
Processing
Related
CO2 Yes Fuel used for Additional Sulphur Heating isincremental in the project condition and
emissions must be included.
CH4 Yes
N2O Yes
Fuel Delivery Related
CO2 No Excluded as the emissions from transportationare likely negligible.CH4 No
N2O No
ElectricityGeneration
Related
CO2 No There will be no incremental electricityconsumption in the project condition over thebaseline condition.
CH4 No
N2O No
AdditionalSulphurHeating
Controlled
CO2 Yes Any heat derived from sources that emitgreenhouse gases is incremental to thebaseline condition and must be included.
CH4 Yes
N2O Yes
AggregateHeating
Controlled
CO2 Yes Any heat derived from sources that emitgreenhouse gases is incremental to thebaseline condition and must be included.
CH4 Yes
N2O Yes
ConcreteMixing
ControlledCO2 No The process for concrete mixing is equivalent
in the baseline and project conditions.CH4 No
N2O No
ConcreteTransportation
Controlled
CO2 No The same quantity of concrete will betransported in the baseline and projectscenarios.
CH4 No
N2O No
PrecastProduct
Pouring andForming
Controlled
CO2 No The process for pouring and forming will notchange between the baseline and projectscenarios.
CH4 No
N2O No
PrecastProduct
TransportationControlled
CO2 No There is no difference in the transportationrelated emissions between the baseline andproject scenarios.
CH4 No
N2O No
ConcreteRecycling or
DisposalControlled
CO2 No Excluded for simplification. This isconservative as the emissions are likely higherunder the baseline condition.
CH4 No
N2O No
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6 PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING THE BASELINE SCENARIO
The baseline scenario for projects applying this methodology is the production of precast concrete
products using Portland cement. Project proponents must demonstrate that this is the most reasonable
and credible baseline for their project using the most recent version of the methodological tool Combined
tool to identify the baseline scenario and determine additionality as published on the UNFCC website.
Project proponents should use Step 1 of the referenced tool to identify all realistic and credible baseline
alternatives, and Step 2 of the tool to identify barriers and to assess which alternatives are prevented by
these barriers. In doing so, relevant local regulations governing the use of different technologies, and
technical specifications of concrete products should be taken into account. Project proponents should
also use Step 3: Investment Analysis, and Step 4: Common Practice Analysis, where applicable in their
project and as described by the referenced tool.
7 PROCEDURE FOR DEMONSTRATING ADDITIONALITY
Additionality will be assessed and demonstrated using the most recent version of the methodological tool
Combined tool to identify the baseline scenario and determine additionality and Tool for the
demonstration and assessment of additionality v05.2.1 as published on the UNFCC website.
8 QUANTIFICATION OF GHG EMISSION REDUCTIONS AND REMOVALS
8.1 Baseline Emissions
The production of clinker results in the release of significant process GHG emissions and combustionGHG emissions. Carbon dioxide process emissions occur as a by-product of the calcination process,where a calcium or magnesium carbonate such as limestone is heated with clay to form clinker (primarilycalcium oxide) and carbon dioxide. The heat required for the calcination process is typically supplied from
the combustion of fossil fuels, resulting in the emission of further carbon dioxide as well as smalleramounts of methane and nitrous oxide.
Baseline quantification in this methodology is projection based, which uses projections of reductions orremovals in the project to estimate the baseline activity that would have occurred in the absence of theproject. The calculation of the emissions related to the production of Portland cement in the baselinecondition will be based on the mass of sulphur cement used in the project condition. An equivalencyfactor will be used to provide functional equivalence between the mass of sulphur cement and Portlandcement. Finally, an emission factor representing the mass of carbon dioxide equivalent greenhouse gasemissions per tonne of Portland cement displaced will be applied.
Emissions under the baseline condition (in tonnes CO2E) are determined using the following equation:
= (1)
Where:
BEy= the sum of baseline emissions in a given year, y
BEPortland= emissions due to the production of Portland cement
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The emissions due to the production of Portland cement under the baseline condition are calculated as
follows:
= ( %) (2)
Where:
MassPrecast= the measured mass of finished precast products containing sulphur cement in the
project scenario (tonnes)
%PC= the ratio of Portland cement used in the finished product under the baseline
scenario, based on manufacturer specifications. This percentage represent the
amount of Portland cement actually contained within the finished product (in the
baseline) compared to other components such as aggregate, water. (unitless
value)
EFPortland Cement Production= CO2equivalent emission factor for the production of Portland Cement (kg CO 2E
or kg CO2/CH4/N2O per tonne Portland cement)
The emission factor for Portland cement production can be calculated as follows:
= (3)
Where:MassClinker/MassCement = the clinker to cement ratio for the baseline condition. Guidance on this figure
provided in Appendix A, for site specific values and in Table A2 for regionalvalues.
EFClinker= the emission factor per tonne of clinker for the baseline condition. Guidance onthis figure provided in Appendix A for site specific values and based on kiln typeused in the baseline region.
8.2 Project Emissions
Emissions under the project condition (in tonnes CO2E) are determined using the following equation:
= + + + + & + (4)
Where:
PEy= the sum of project emissions in a given year, y
PEDegassing= emissions due to sulphur degassing
PEAdditional S Heating= emissions due to the additional heating requirements of sulphur concrete
PEAgg Heating= emissions due to heating the aggregate
PEFuel= emissions due to the extraction and processing of fuel
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PES Trans&Storage= emissions due to the transportation and storage of sulphur
PEModifier= emissions due to the production and transportation of the sulphur modifier
The emissions due to sulphur degassing under the project condition are calculated as follows:
= ( 2) + 2 2 ;( 4) ; ( 2)
(5)
Where:
VolFuel i= the volume of each type of fuel combusted under the project scenario (L, m3or other)
EF Fuelx= the emissions factor for fuel production and processing for each GHG listed (kg GHG/L,
m3or other).
Volvent gas= volume of degassing vent gas incinerated (m3)
MFCO2= molar fraction of CO2in degassing vent gas incinerated (%)
mCO2= molar mass of CO2(kg/mol)VSTP= volume of on kg-mole of an ideal gas at standard temperature and pressure (m
3)
The emissions for additional heating of sulphur are calculated as follows:
= ( 2) ;( 4) ;( 2)
(6)
Where:
VolFuel i= the volume of each type of fuel combusted for additional sulphur heating (L, m3or other)
EF Fuelx= the emissions factor for fuel combustion for each GHG listed (kg GHG/L, m3or other).
The emissions for heating of aggregate are calculated as follows:
= ( 2) ;( 4) ;( 2)
(7)
Where:
VolFuel i= the volume of each type of fuel combusted for aggregate heating (L, m3or other)
EF Fuelx= the emissions factor for fuel combustion for each GHG listed (kg GHG/L, m3or other).
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The emissions due to the extraction and processing of fossil fuels under the project condition are
calculated as follows:
= ( 2) ;( 4) ; ( 2) (8)
Where:
VolFuel i= the volume of each type of fuel combusted under the project scenario (L, m3or other)
EF Fuelx= the emissions factor for fuel production and processing for each GHG listed (kg GHG/L,
m3or other).
The emissions due to transportation and storage of molten sulphur under the project condition are
calculated as follows:
& = (9)
Where:
Mass Distance = the product of the mass of sulphur and the distance shipped from sulphur
manufacturing facility to pre-cast manufacturing facility (tonne.km)
EFTransport= CO2equivalent emissions factor for truck transportation (kg CO 2E/ tonne.km).
The emissions due to the production and transportation of modifier are calculated as follows:
= + (10)Where:
MModifier= mass of modifier used (tonne)
EFModifier= CO2equivalent emission factor for modifier production (kg CO2E/tonne modifier)
Mass DistanceModifier= the product of the mass of modifier and the distance shipped from modifier
manufacturing facility to facility where modifier is added to sulphur (tonne.km)
EFTransport= CO2equivalent emissions factor for truck transportation (kg CO 2E/ tonne.km).
8.3 Leakage
No sources of leakage have been identified for this project activity.
8.4 Summary of GHG Emission Reduct ion and/or Removals
The emission reductions for this project activity are calculated as follows:
= (11)
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Where:
ERY = Net GHG emissions reductions and/or removals in year y
BEY =Baseline emissions in year y
PEy = Project emissions in year y
9 MONITORING
9.1 Data and Parameters Available at Validation
The following data will be made available at validation by the project proponent. Default values may vary
according the physical location of the project activity. The project proponent must provide evidence and
justification that the values presented here are applicable to their project activity, or provide and justify
project-specific values as needed.
Should the data parameters listed below not be available at the time of validation, the project proponent
must provide a plan for determination and/or monitoring the data during the project. All parameters used
must be reviewed on an annual basis to ensure the most current value is used in calculations.
Data Unit / Parameter: Emission factor for the production of Portland
cement (EFPortland Cement Production)
Data unit: kg CO2E (or kg CO2, CH4, N2O as applicable)
per tonne of Portland Cement
Description: Emission factor describing GHG emissions from
production of Portland cement. This factor
includes emissions from the chemical process of
calcination as well as emissions from fuel
combustion, as provided by project proponentrecords and/or the World Business Council for
Sustainable Development, Cement Industry
Energy and CO2 Performance Getting the
Numbers Right report.
Source of data: Estimation
Justification of choice of data or
description of measurement methods and
procedures applied:
Proponents may use site-specific emission
factors for accuracy if a specific facility can be
justified for the baseline cement production
facility. Reference values may be calculated
following the methodology presented in Appendix
A, using data published by the World Business
Council for Sustainable Development based on
region. Project proponents should justify that the
EFPortland Cement Production in Appendix A is
conservative for their project.
Any comment: Project proponents must provide justification for
factor used based on the region, kiln type and / or
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baseline facility records.
Data Unit / Parameter: Emissions factors for fuel combustion (EFFuel i,
GHG)
Data unit: kg (CO2, CH4, N2O) per L, m3 or other of eachtype of fuel used
Description: Emission factor describing GHG emissions from
combustion of fuel. Used under both the project
and baseline conditions.
Source of data: Estimation
Justification of choice of data or
description of measurement methods and
procedures applied:
Reference values may be obtained from national
and international GHG inventories. In the
absence of local or regional data, reference
values may be obtained from the most recent
version of the IPCC guidelines for NationalGreenhouse Gas Inventories.
Any comment: Review of best practice guidance and accepted
standards. Reference values are generally
available.
Data Unit / Parameter: Molar mass of carbon dioxide: 0.04401
Data unit: g/mol
Description: Physical property / Constant
Source of data: General Chemistry book, 9th
Edition, Ebbing &Gammon
Justification of choice of data or description
of measurement methods and procedures
applied:
n/a
Any comment: -
Data Unit / Parameter: Volume of one kg-mole of an ideal gas at
standard temperature and pressure: 23.6449
Data unit: m3
Description: Physical property / Constant
Source of data: General Chemistry book, 9th Edition, Ebbing &
Gammon
Justification of choice of data or description
of measurement methods and procedures
applied:
n/a
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Any comment: -
Data Unit / Parameter: Emissions factors for fuel extraction and
processing (EFFuel i, GHG)
Data unit: kg (CO2, CH4, N2O) per L, m3 or other of each
type of fuel used
Description: Emission factor describing GHG emissions from
extraction and processing of fuel combusted.
Source of data: Estimation
Justification of choice of data or
description of measurement methods and
procedures applied:
Reference values may be obtained from national
and international GHG inventories. In the
absence of local or regional data, reference
values may be obtained from the most recent
version of the IPCC guidelines for National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories.
Any comment: Review of best practice guidance and accepted
standards. Reference values are generally
available.
9.2 Data and Parameters Monitored
The following data parameters will be monitored during the project.
Data Unit / Parameter: Mass of precast products produced (MassPrecast)
Data unit: Tonne
Description: The mass of finished precast concrete products
Source of data: Measurement
Description of measurement methods and
procedures to be applied:
Direct measurement of the mass of the finished
product.
Frequency of monitoring/recording: Each product
QA/QC procedures to be applied: General guidance on QA/QC procedures for this
parameter is provided in Section 9.3 Description
of the Monitoring Plan.
Any comment: Measurement is standard practice.
Data Unit / Parameter: Ratio of Portland cement in finished product
(%PC)
Data unit: Unitless
Description: The ratio of Portland cement in the finished
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product
Source of data: Estimated
Description of measurement methods and
procedures to be applied:
This percentage represent the amount of
Portland cement actually contained within the
finished product (in the baseline) compared to
other components such as aggregate, water.
(unitless value)
Frequency of monitoring/recording: Per product.
QA/QC procedures to be applied: General guidance on QA/QC procedures for this
parameter is provided in Section 9.3 Description
of the Monitoring Plan.
Any comment: The use of manufacturers specifications provides
a method for establishing functional equivalence
between the product used in the baseline
condition and the product used in the project
condition.
Data Unit / Parameter: Volume of each type of fuel combusted during the
project for sulphur degassing, aggregate heating
and additional sulphur heating (VolFuel i)
Data unit: L, m3or other
Description: The volume of fuel used
Source of data: Measurement
Description of measurement methods and
procedures to be applied:
The project proponent may measure the volume
of fuel consumed in one of two ways:
1. Direct metering or reconciliation of volumes
received and in storage;
2. Reconciliation of volume of fuel purchased
within a given time period.
Frequency of monitoring/recording: Monthly
QA/QC procedures to be applied: Cross-checking of metered volumes vs.
theoretical fuel use, analysis of data trends.
Any comment: -
Data Unit / Parameter: Volume of degassing vent gas incinerated
(Volvent gas)
Data unit: m3
Description: The volume of vent gas incinerated
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Source of data: Measurement
Description of measurement methods and
procedures to be applied:
Direct metering of vent gas to the incinerator
Frequency of monitoring/recording: Continuous metering with monthly reconciliation
QA/QC procedures to be applied: General guidance on QA/QC procedures for this
parameter is provided in Section 9.3 Description
of the Monitoring Plan.
Any comment: -
Data Unit / Parameter: Molar fraction of carbon dioxide in incinerated
vent gas (MFCO2)
Data unit: %
Description: Molar fraction of carbon dioxide in incinerated
vent gas
Source of data: Measurement
Description of measurement methods and
procedures to be applied:
Direct metering of vent gas to the incinerator
Frequency of monitoring/recording: Monthly
QA/QC procedures to be applied: General guidance on QA/QC procedures for this
parameter is provided in Section 9.3 Description
of the Monitoring Plan.
Any comment:
Data Unit / Parameter: Mass distance of sulphur transported to the
concrete facility (Mass Distance)
Data unit: Tonne.km
Description: Product of the mass of sulphur used and the
distance shipped from sulphur manufacturing
facility to precast manufacturing facility.
Source of data: Measurement
Description of measurement methods and
procedures to be applied:
Direct measurement of mass of sulphur received
and distance traveled based on manifests or
supplier invoices.Frequency of monitoring/recording: Each shipment
QA/QC procedures to be applied: Retention of trucking manifests, copies of truck
logs, or invoices from the supplier.
Any comment: -
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Data Unit / Parameter: Emissions factor for truck transportation
(EFTransport)
Data unit: kg CO2E per tonne.km
Description: Emissions factor describing transportation
emissions.Source of data: Measurement
Description of measurement methods and
procedures to be applied:
Actual measured or local data is to be used. If
not available, regional data should be used and,
in its absence, IPCC defaults can be used from
the most recent version of IPCC Guidelines for
National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.
Frequency of monitoring/recording: Per shipment if actual fuel consumption is used,
or annual adjustment of a calculated emissions
factor.
QA/QC procedures to be applied: General guidance on QA/QC procedures for thisparameter is provided in Section 9.3 Description
of the Monitoring Plan.
Any comment: -
Data Unit / Parameter: Mass of modifier used in sulphur cement
(MModifier)
Data unit: Tonne
Description: Mass of modifier used in sulphur cement
Source of data: MeasurementDescription of measurement methods and
procedures to be applied:
Direct measurement
Frequency of monitoring/recording: Per shipment of modifier
QA/QC procedures to be applied: Comparison to historical values and analysis of
trends
Any comment: -
Data Unit / Parameter: Emissions factor for modifier production
(EFModifier)
Data unit: kg CO2E/ tonne of modifier
Description: Emission factor describing emissions due to
production of modifier
Source of data: Estimated
Description of measurement methods and
procedures to be applied:
Value provided by the modifier manufacturer
based on fuel and electricity consumed.
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Frequency of monitoring/recording: Per shipment of modifier, to be updated annually
by manufacturer of modifier
QA/QC procedures to be applied: Comparison to historical values and analysis of
trends
Any comment: -
Data Unit / Parameter: Mass distance of modifier transported to the
concrete facility (Mass Distance)
Data unit: Tonne.km
Description: Product of the mass of modifier used and the
distance shipped from modifier manufacturing
facility to sulphur cement manufacturing facility.
Source of data: Measurement
Description of measurement methods and
procedures to be applied:
Direct measurement of mass of modifier received
and distance traveled based on manifests or
supplier invoices.
Frequency of monitoring/recording: Each shipment
QA/QC procedures to be applied: Retention of trucking manifests, copies of truck
logs, or invoices from the supplier.
Any comment: -
9.3 Descrip tion of the Monitor ing Plan
The project proponent must develop a monitoring plan detailing the procedures for data capture,measurement and reporting of the data parameters listed in Section 9.2. In general, data qualitymanagement must include sufficient data capture such that the mass and energy balances may be easilyperformed with the need for minimal assumptions and use of contingency procedures. The data shouldbe of sufficient quality to fulfill the quantification requirement and be substantiated by company records forthe purpose of verification.
The project proponent shall establish and apply quality management procedures to manage data andinformation. Written procedures should be established for each measurement task outlining responsibility,timing and record location requirements. The greater the rigour of the management system for the data,the more easily an audit will be conducted for the project.
Record keeping practices shall be established that include:
Electronic recording of values of logged primary parameters for each measurement interval;
Printing of monthly back-up hard copies of all logged data;
Written logs of operations and maintenance of the project system including notation of all shut-downs, start-ups and process adjustments;
Retention of copies of logs and all logged data for a period of 7 years; and
Keeping all records available for review by a verification body.
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The project proponent must also develop a QA/QC plan to add confidence that all measurements andcalculations have been made correctly. QA/QC measures that may be implemented include, but are notlimited to:
Protecting monitoring equipment (sealed meters and data loggers);
Protecting records of monitored data (hard copy and electronic storage);
Checking data integrity on a regular and periodic basis (manual assessment, comparingredundant metered data, and detection of outstanding data/records);
Comparing current estimates with previous estimates as a reality check;
Provide sufficient training to operators to perform maintenance and calibration of monitoringdevices;
Establish minimum experience and requirements for operators in charge of project andmonitoring; and
Performing recalculations to make sure no mathematical errors have been made.
9.4 Uncertainty Assessment
In general, measurement inaccuracies are inherently addressed in this methodology because the inputs
into concrete production are metered to ensure mix specifications are met. Therefore, there is a highdegree of certainty in the measurements of associated with sulphur, aggregate, modifier, and volumes offuel employed. However, project proponents should address uncertainties in measured values byensuring that meters are appropriately calibrated as prescribed by the manufacturer.
Project proponents must assess each assumption, parameter or procedure for uncertainties and describehow the uncertainties will be addressed. Where applicable, project proponents must provide a means toestimate a 90 or 95 percent confidence interval for estimated values.
As a measure for addressing uncertainty while estimating a 90 or 95 percent confidence interval forestimated values, project proponents must apply appropriate confidence deductions if:
90 percent confidence intervals have been applied and the width of the confidence intervalexceeds 20% of the estimated value; or
95 percent confidence intervals have been applied and the width of the confidence intervalexceeds 30% of the estimated value
Methods used by the project proponents for estimating uncertainty should be based on recognizedstatistical approaches such as those described in the IPCC Good Practice Guidance and UncertaintyManagement in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Where applicable, confidence deductions appliedshould use conservative factors such as those specified in the CDM Meth Panel guidance on addressinguncertainty in its Thirty Second Meeting Report, Annex 14.
10 REFERENCES AND OTHER INFORMATION
The good practice guidance and best science used to develop the quantification methodology arepresented below inTable 5.
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Table 5: Good Practice Guidance
Document Title Publishing Body / Date Description
General Protocol Guidance
Canadas NationalInventory Report:Greenhouse GasSources and Sinks inCanada, 1990-2010
Government of Canada
(2012)
On behalf of the Government of Canada,Environment Canada releases a nationalinventory of greenhouse gases annually inaccordance with international UNFCCC reportingstandards.
Alberta Offset SystemOffset Credit ProjectGuidance Document
Alberta Environment(February 2008)
A draft guidance document outlining how todevelop offset projects under the Alberta OffsetSystem.
ISO 14064-2International Organizationfor Standardization (2006)
Provides guidance at the project level forquantification, monitoring and reporting ofgreenhouse gas emission reductions or removal
enhancements.
ISO 14064-3International Organizationfor Standardization (2006)
Provides guidance for the validation andverification of greenhouse gas assertions.
Protocols Reviewed
ACM0015 Version 3:Consolidated baselineand monitoringmethodology forproject activities usingalternative raw
materials that do notcontain carbonates forclinker production incement kilns
Clean DevelopmentMechanism ExecutiveBoard (March 2010)
Approved baseline and monitoring methodologyfor alternative raw materials for clinkerproduction in cement kilns.
QuantificationProtocol for theSubstitution ofBitumen Binder in HotMix AsphaltProduction and Usage
Alberta Environment(October 2009)
Reference for global warming potential figures.
Draft quantificationprotocol for the use ofSulphur concrete inprecast applications
Alberta Environment(February 2010)
General guidance on selection of SSR,quantification and monitoring.
ACM0005 Version 5:ConsolidatedBaseline Methodologyfor Increasing theBlend in Cement
Clean DevelopmentMechanism ExecutiveBoard (October 2009)
Approved baseline and monitoring methodologyfor reducing the amount of clinker per tonne ofblended cement.
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Document Title Publishing Body / Date Description
Production
Cement ReportingProtocol
California Climate ActionRegistry
Provides guidance on accounting and reportingGHG emissions for cement companies.
CO2 Accounting andReporting Standardfor the CementIndustry
World Business Councilfor SustainableDevelopment, Version 2.0(June 2005)
Provides a methodology for calculating andreporting CO2 emissions.
DRAFT QuantificationProtocol for the Useof Fly Ash in Concreteand Other CementBased Products
Alberta Environment(October 2008)
Early technical work considering selection ofSSRs and quantification for alternatives tocement used to produce concrete and othercement based products.
Other Resources
Submission to thePrime Ministerial TaskGroup on EmissionsTrading
Cement Australia (March2007)
Comments on the Issues Paper released by thePrime Ministers Task Group on EmissionsTrading
A Sulphur ConcreteRetaining Wall
University of Alberta(2002)
An evaluation of the technical feasibility ofconstructing sizer walls using sulphur concrete.
Corrosion andChemical ResistantMasonry MaterialsHandbook, Walter
Lee Sheppard
Noyes Publications (1986)
National PollutionInventory, HydrogenSulfide:Environmental Effects
Australian GovernmentSeehttp://www.npi.gov.au/substances/hydrogen-sulfide/environmental.htmlfor further information.
A blueprint for aclimate friendlycement industry
WWF International
CO2 emissions fromcement production
ICF Incorporated / USEPA
Good Practice Guidance and UncertaintyManagement in National Greenhouse GasInventories
Sulfurcrete SulfurConcrete Technology
Cominco
Concrete Technology Third Edition, M LGambhir
Tata McGraw-Hill (2004)
http://www.npi.gov.au/substances/hydrogen-sulfide/environmental.htmlhttp://www.npi.gov.au/substances/hydrogen-sulfide/environmental.htmlhttp://www.npi.gov.au/substances/hydrogen-sulfide/environmental.htmlhttp://www.npi.gov.au/substances/hydrogen-sulfide/environmental.htmlhttp://www.npi.gov.au/substances/hydrogen-sulfide/environmental.htmlhttp://www.npi.gov.au/substances/hydrogen-sulfide/environmental.html8/11/2019 Quantification Methodology for the Use of Sulphur Concrete in Precast Applications (First Assessment Version)_0
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Document Title Publishing Body / Date Description
Sulphur concrete anew constructionmaterial
PCI Journal/January-February 1974
Cement Sectorgreenhouse gasemissions reduction
The Loreti Group (2009)
Shell, Life cycleassessment ofsulphur concrete
2009 (Confidential; somerelevant results of thestudy have beenpresented to the TechnicalWorking Group)
Dutch consulting firm INTRON examined anumber of pathways to market for sulphurconcrete products, and estimated the net GHGand other environmental benefits.
Shell productinformation on Shell
Thiocrete
See www.shell.com forfurther information.
Shell Thiocrete is a modified sulphur binderspecifically designed to replace Portland cementin the production of concrete products, such aspaving stones and curbs.
General Chemistry,9
thEdition, Ebbing &
Gammon
Brooks Cole; 9 edition,January 16, 2008
General chemistry background reference
Cement IndustryEnergy and CO2Performance Gettingthe Numbers Right
World Business Councilfor SustainableDevelopment
This report provides carbon dioxide and energyperformance information based on emissionsdata from individual cement plants, and it wasused as a reference for the information in
Appendix A and description of Emission Factorfor the production of Portland cement.
.
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APPENDIX A
Emission Factors for the Produc tion of Port land Cement
EFPortland Cement Production - Specific DisplacementThe mass of sulphur cement produced by the project may displace Portland cement from a specificPortland cement production facility. Provided project proponents can demonstrate and justify specificdisplacement, site specific factors for kiln emission intensity and clinker to cement ratio should be usedbased on facility feedstock and fuel records.
Uncertainty related to the source of displaced Portland cement should be low and must be characterizedby reviewing regional cement supply. Proponents should demonstrate that thedistance/economics/logistics/etc. of secondary supplies of Portland cement would have not been viable.
EFPortland Cement Production - Regional DisplacementThe mass of sulphur cement produced by the project may displace Portland cement on a regional basis,
meaning multiple Portland cement production facilities would contribute to the general cement supply in aregion. In the absence of evidence for a specific displacement, project proponents should demonstrateand justify regional estimates for kiln emission intensities and clinker to cement ratios. Project proponentsshould demonstrate that the factors used are conservative.
Regional factors may be determined by project proponents and must be justified by citing records /studies / etc. specific to the region relevant to the project. In the absence of actual regional factors, aninternational report is cited below with reference to international regional kiln emission intensities andclinker to cement ratios.
The World Business Council for Sustainable Development launched The Cement Sustainability Initiativewith a report, Cement Industry Energy and CO2Performance Getting the Numbers Right. The reportprovides carbon dioxide and energy performance information based on emissions data from individualcement plants. The report aims to develop representative statistical information on the CO2 and energyperformance of clinker and cement production worldwide (WBCSD, 2009).
The report offers essential information needed to derive a regional emission factor for cement production;the emission factor for clinker production (Table A1) and the ratio of clinker in Portland cement (Table A2)on a regional basis. The factors in Table A1 include emissions from the chemical process of calcinationand emissions from fuel combustion, and consider those facilities that combust a wide range of carbonintensive and biogenic fuel sources.
Table A1: CO2 Emissions per tonne of cli nker per kiln type (Global Average)
Kiln Type kg CO2/tonne clinker
(EFClinker)
Dry with preheater and precalciner 842Dry with preheater and without precalciner 861
Dry without preheater 955
Semi wet/Semi dry 896
Wet 1043
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Table A2: Ratio of Clinker to Cement on a Regional Basis
Region Clinker to Cement Ratio (%)
Africa and Middle East 79
Asia excluding China, India, CIS and Japan 84China and India 74
CIS 80
Europe 76
Japan, Australia and New Zealand 83
Latin America 74
North America 84
World 78
Project proponents may justify the above factors are conservative to determine the emission factor forproduction of Portland cement in the absence of justification of site specific or region specific factors. Thisensures uncertainty in the estimates is accounted conservatively.
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APPENDIX B
Specified Gases and Global Warming Potential
Table B 1: Specified Gases and Their Global Warming Potentials
Specified Gas Chemical Formula Global Warming Potential (100 year time
horizon)
Carbon dioxide CO2 1
Methane CH4 21
Nitrous oxide N2O 310
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