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Izzeldin F. Adam; Tokyo Medical and Dental University
PUBLIC HEALTH IN COMPLEX HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCIES
By: Adam F. Izzeldin; BPEH, MPH, PhD candidate.
Department of International Health, TMDU
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Izzeldin F. Adam; Tokyo Medical and Dental University
Contents
Definitions of public health and emergency
Mission of public health
Types of emergency
Functions of public health in emergency
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Izzeldin F. Adam; Tokyo Medical and Dental University
History of public health
• The Black death in the 14th century
• Edward Jenner 1802
• John Snow 1854
• Alexander Fleming (1881 –1955)
• Robert Koch (1843 – 1910)
• Paul-Louis Simond 1898
• Sir Ronald Ross, (1857 – 1932)
• Etc.
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Izzeldin F. Adam; Tokyo Medical and Dental University
What is Public health?
“The science and practice of protecting and improving the health of a community, as by preventive medicine, health education, control of communicable diseases, application of sanitary measures, and monitoring of environmental hazards.” Medical dictionary
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Izzeldin F. Adam; Tokyo Medical and Dental University
What is Public health?
“the science and art of disease prevention, prolonging life, and promoting health and well-being through organized community effort for the sanitation of the environment, the control of communicable infections, the organization of medical and nursing services for the early diagnosis and prevention of disease, the education of the individual in personal health and the development of the social machinery to assure everyone a standard of living adequate for the maintenance or improvement of health.” (Winslow,1920)
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Izzeldin F. Adam; Tokyo Medical and Dental University
What is your own concept for public health?
• From social perspective?
• From economic perspective?
• From political perspective?
• From cultural perspective?
• Others ?
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oQkGx6gRGIY&feature=c4-overview&list=UUHlzppBTg2w8NbZOIWbb5Yg
• http://www.youtube.com/user/ThisIsPublicHealth
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Izzeldin F. Adam; Tokyo Medical and Dental University
Public health mission
• The assessment and monitoring of the health of communities and populations at risk to identify health problems and priorities;
• The formulation of public policies designed to solve identified local and national health problems and priorities;
• To assure that all populations have access to appropriate and cost-effective care, including health promotion and disease prevention services, and evaluation of the effectiveness of that care.
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Izzeldin F. Adam; Tokyo Medical and Dental University
Public health system process
• Public health is always evaluating the health of the community.
• A continuous cycle of gathering information, deciding on effective solutions, acting, evaluating interventions
• Setting partnerships and intersectoral coordination
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Izzeldin F. Adam; Tokyo Medical and Dental University
The Ten Essential Public Health Functions
1. Monitor health status to identify community health problems
2. Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community
3. Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues
4. Mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems
5. Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts
6. Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety7. Link people to needed personal health services and assure the provision of health care when unavailable 8. Assure a competent public health and personal health care workforce9. Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based health services10. Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems
Public Health Functions Steering Committee, 1994
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Izzeldin F. Adam; Tokyo Medical and Dental University
Ten great public health achievements2001-2010
1. Reductions in Child Mortality
2. Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
3. Access to Safe Water and Sanitation
4. Malaria Prevention and Control
5. Prevention and Control of HIV/AIDS
6. Tuberculosis Control7. Control of Neglected
Tropical Diseases 8. Tobacco Control 9. Increased Awareness
and Response for Improving Global Road Safety
10. Improved Preparedness and Response to Global Health Threats
CDC, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, June 24, 2011.
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Izzeldin F. Adam; Tokyo Medical and Dental University
Who are involved in public health ?
• Many professional disciplines such as medicine, dentistry, nursing, optometry, nutrition, social work, environmental sciences, health education, health services administration, and the behavioral sciences.
• Its activities focus on entire populations rather than on individual patients.
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Izzeldin F. Adam; Tokyo Medical and Dental University
Public health network
agriculture
Home Health
Social welfare
Economic Development
Mass Transit
Employers
Nursing Homes
Mental Health
Drug Treatment
Civic GroupsCHCs
Laboratory Facilities
Hospitals
Information communication
Community Centers
industries
Health Department
Religious leaders
Philanthropist
Elected Officials
Tribal leaders
Schools/ universities
Police/ security
Fire/emerg.
politicians
Environmental Health
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Izzeldin F. Adam; Tokyo Medical and Dental University
Public health and clinical professions
• Doctors usually treat individual patients one-on-one for a specific disease or injury.
• Public health professionals monitor and diagnose the health concerns of entire communities and promote healthy practices and behaviors to assure our populations stay healthy.
• It has been said that: "Health care is vital to all of us some of the time, but public health is vital to all of us all of the time."
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Izzeldin F. Adam; Tokyo Medical and Dental University
What is emergency?
• The word disaster implies a sudden overwhelming and unforeseen event.
• At the household level, a disaster could result in a major illness, death, a substantial economic or social misfortune.
• At the community level, it could be a flood, a fire, a collapse of buildings in an earthquake, the destruction of livelihoods, an epidemic or displacement through conflict.
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Izzeldin F. Adam; Tokyo Medical and Dental University
Public health challenges in emergency
• In in emergency settings the mission of public health will be intensified and more complicated where :
• Resources and infrastructure are destroyed
• Supply and communication chains are disrupted
• Populations are massively affected
• Health personnel are often displaced, assaulted, infected or injured.
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Izzeldin F. Adam; Tokyo Medical and Dental University
Natural Types of Disasters
• Agricultural diseases & pests
• Damaging Winds• Drought and water
shortage• Earthquakes• Diseases
(pandemic influenza)
• Extreme heat• Floods and flash
floods• Hail
• Hurricanes and tropical storms
• Landslides & debris flow
• Thunderstorms and lighting
• Tornadoes• Tsunamis• Wildfire• Ice storms• Sinkholes• volcano
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Izzeldin F. Adam; Tokyo Medical and Dental University
Man-Made and Disasters
• Hazardous materials
• Power service disruption & blackout
• Nuclear power plant and nuclear blast
• Radiological emergencies
• Chemical threat
• biological weapons
• Cyber attacks
• Explosion
• Civil unrest
• war
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Izzeldin F. Adam; Tokyo Medical and Dental University
Cycle of emergency management
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Izzeldin F. Adam; Tokyo Medical and Dental University
Public health in emergencies
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Izzeldin F. Adam; Tokyo Medical and Dental University
Functions of Public health in Emergency Response
1. Assess the situation2. Contact key health
personnel3. Develop initial health
response plan4. Communication with
health agencies 5. Address requests for
assistance and information
6. Risk communication activities
7. Apprised of legal issues
8. Collect and analyze data through surveillance
9. Address the needs of special populations
10. Organize health-related volunteers and donations
11. Collaborate with state and federal on-site assistance
12. Assess health resource needs.
13. Document all response activities
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Izzeldin F. Adam; Tokyo Medical and Dental University
Ongoing Public Health Emergency Response
1. Environmental hazard identification
2. Hazards consultation3. Epidemiological
services4. Health and medical
needs assessment5. Identification of
affected individuals6. Contamination control7. Health surveillance8. Laboratory specimen
collection and analysis
9. Infectious disease control
8. Quarantine/isolation9. Public health information10. Risk communication11. Responder safety and
health12. Medical equipment
safety and availability13. Health-related
volunteer and donation coordination
14. In-hospital care15. Evacuation
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Izzeldin F. Adam; Tokyo Medical and Dental University
Continued-Ongoing Public Health Emergency Response
1. Sheltering2. Special populations
needs and assistance3. Mass trauma4. Mass fatalities5. Mortuary services6. Mental/behavioral
health care and social services
7. Potable water8. Food safety9. Vector control and pest
management
10.Wastewater and solid-waste disposal
11. Building/facility assessment
12. Sanitation/hygiene services
13. Continuity of public health programs/ services
14. Veterinary services15.Animal rescue/control16. Long-term community
recovery
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Izzeldin F. Adam; Tokyo Medical and Dental University
Conclusion
1. Public health is a large field of multi-disciplines that requires collaborations with other sectors and intersectoral coordination across health and medical agencies.
2. Humanitarian emergencies urge the needs for public health interventions in mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery phases of emergency.
3. Public health emergencies is always evaluating the needs of vulnerable communities, deciding on effective health response, providing recovery for populations and health system
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Izzeldin F. Adam; Tokyo Medical and Dental University
Some references in Public health emergencies
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Izzeldin F. Adam; Tokyo Medical and Dental University
Wish you long life free of
emergencies
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