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1 Kategoria jeciraE?;C)%$&C;-%C%B;E)%C&#-/;>=B%@#>-.?@%/C&$&E).?&R./;-E?&#>B>#/C.$BW,B)#=#,*/1,*;-.,*JP-&%)O-K�B-%C.$;/)M/JP-&%)#$K Jecira – Olam J��%�*#L=��

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2 Gershom Scholem, Kabbalah, Jerusalem 1974, s. 23.

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B-@%EB,B%-WE)%=;R.)C.,*=D?;2&E%,*Y��E)%=EB.,*$%C1E?=.2)%,*1)-O=-.E)D�21>#)%?R#2;/).)1@#$Hilchot Jecira [Hilkhot YesiraY�;,B.$B%P-&%/,B%>M)#?E�). >#/C.,* BW,#C)=%'C.,* %1);=O- ?;$#C)%=B. C%2&E%C.,* /; ?E&D<& Jecira –Sa’adiji Ga’ona (IX/X wiek)3 i Jehudy ben BarBilaja (XII wiek)4.

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�E&D<% Jecira B%'&,B%C% >#E) C&#?&#/./;?%C;C11)-;=O-?%L%'&E).,BC.,*�,;-./%># E&D2#-C.$C=;B1$&#C&#$��?%L%'#L;-&#$I >%?;<%@DB&$&�E).?&R./;-E?&#>IB-.?@;E&D$O-&T�-P-&#)'#C%1?&%?%/#$&,?&#>�;/$;$#C�)11?%B%C&%E&DSefer ha-Bahir [1�� &��Y�)>�;/;?;@;Z��-&#?1��;�,;2;2=B#/B%@;2;>%-&#C&#E&D;-#<;/B&#@%2=B.>$;-%C#>#E)B%-,*;/BM,#-W?;=�21E #B;)#=.B$1�$&E).,.B$1R./;-E?&#<;� C%);$&%E) C&# ?%L%@. sensu stricto� )M/Sefer Jecira, jako wykwit wie?O-E)%=;R.)C.,*4;,B.$EB#=B#>/%'#>5�E)%�C;-&TLD/B&#=#2=#B#C)%).-C#2&E$;$&E).,BC#>R./;-E?&#>/;?)=.C.2=#�?%L%�'&E).,BC#>� �<;/C&# BW)#;=&M C&#?)O=.,* %1);=O-7� C&#>#/C;BC%,BC;PT ,#,*1>M,%)#C2=;L'#$/#)#=$&C;-%C%$%L.TB%E);E;-%C.$-WSefer Jecira terminem se-fir��*#L=� ��4J'&,BL.K5I?%)#<;=&MB%,*;-1>M,M-&E);,&#E)%)1E,#C)=%'C#>&/#&W/;>=B%@#>$.P'&?%L%'&E).,BC#> 4)BC�W$&E).,BC#>$.P'i >1/%&B$1- >#>C1=,&#+;=$1>M,.$E&D;/2'1E!$&C1EZ��-&#?15�

3�;L� %=).?1@�;C%'/%��&#C#=%� �� 5��#��67�$��$�� "��$��&��-( Interpretation in Religion, *';$;�&/#=$%C��#C��$& ,*%=+E)#&C4#/�5�Leiden, New York 1992, s. 169-179.

4 G. Scholem, Origins of the Kabbalah, transl. �llan �rkush, ed. R.J. Zwi Werblowsky, Prin-ceton 1990, s. 25, prBypis. �&D,#>C%)#$%)-E2;$C&%C.,*&C)#=2=#)%);=O--W/%'EB#>,BDP,&C&C&#>�EB#<;%=).?1@1�

5�@O-C.$[=O/@#$)#?E)1%'C.$)#<;RC1=)1R./;-E?&#<;$&E).,.B$12;B;E)%>#BL&O=Bara-ita de-Ma’ase Beres�it. �naliBy teks)O--,*;/BM,.,*-?;=21E-E2;$C&%C#><%@DB&$&E).?&2;/�>M@E&D�&,;'%E #/-E-;&$La mystique cosmologique juive, Paris 1981.

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7 J.H. Laenen, Jewish Mysticism. +n Introduction, transl. David E. Orton, Louisville 2001, s. 24.

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Terminologia traktatu Sefer Jecira1BC%-%C%>#E)B%CE&%/%>M,M-,B#PC&#>�EB.,*[=O/#@-WR./;-E?&$2&P$&#CC&,)-&#� >%??;'-&#?C&#?)O=#1R.)# )1-.=%R#�C&% -.?%B1>M 2%=%'#'# /; '&)#=%)1=. He[j]chalot [8/��] i mistyki merkawy8.Nomenklatura Sefer Jecira2;B;E)%>#)%?R#--&#'121C?)%,*2;?=#-C%>DB.?;-&tanaitów9 I R./;-E?&,*1,B;C.,* 4;/W%=%$#>E?&#<; �� I J1,B;C.K� JC%�1,B.,&#'K�Q5�=%LL&,*�?;$#C)%);=O-&W#<B#<#)O-�%C%,*4,*=B#P,&>%NE?&#<; )%=#�<;�#E)%$#C)15�/B&%@%>M,.,*�>%?E&DB%?@%/%�;/;?=#E1�-W?)O=.$C%E)M2&@o Bb1�=B#C&#2=B#B�B.$&%CP-&M).C&j#=;B;'&$E?&#>49Q=�C�#�5/;$C&#>-&D,#>2&#=-EB#>2;@;-.��-&#?1�?)O=.,*2;<'M/.1)=-%';C#B;E)%@.-�&EBC&#11. Skutkiem tegot#R�2=B.21EB,B%'C&#�1?@%/?E&D<& Jecira2=B.L&#=%+;=$D)#>;E)%)C&#>�

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9 G. Scholem, Origins]� s. 29, prBypis.10�/B#N �� );2&#=-;)C&#%=%$#>E?&?;=#'%)/'%*#L=%>E?&#<;E@;-% sana/s�ana, �� I J2;�

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11 MisBna, hebr. �� 4;/*#L=� sana/s�ana�� IC%>E)%=EB%,BDPT�%'$1/1XR./;-E?&#2=%�-;1E)C#�/;2#@C&%>M,#2=%-;2&E%C#4)>��;=D5�?;$2;C;-%C#2=B#B)%C%&)O-�%E2&E%C#C%2=B#@;�$&#��&��-�X2;/E)%-%F%'%,*.4*#L=�� I,%@;?EB)%@)12=B#2&EO->1=./.,BC.,*�=#'&<&>C.,*;=%BC;=$2;E)D2;-%C&%=#<1'1>M,.,*R.,&#-.BC%-,O->1/%&B$1�

12�&#?)O=B.%1);=B.B%BC%,B%>M/;/%)?;-;�R#2=B#/;?=#E#$2;E))%'$1/.,BC.$-;<O'#C&#E2;).?% E&D ,.)%)O-2;,*;/BM,.,* BW?E&D<& Jecira [Bob. �ryeh Kaplan (transl. and notes), SeferYet�irah. The Book of Creation in Theory and Practice (revised edition), Boston, M�, York Beach,ME 1997, s. XXI].

13� ?)O=.,*$O-& E&D$�&C� ; J�B&#E&D,&1�.2;-&#/B#C&%,*K 4J�B&#E&D,&1 @;-%,*K5 ;=%B;WJEB#P,&1?&#=1C?%,*K�?)O=#);?%)#<;=B;E)%>M#<B#$2'%=.,BC#/'%)#?E)1Sefer Jecira4)#2&#=-�EB#/#C;)1>M)1/#?%/D sefirot�)#/=1<&#IEB#PTkecawot, )>�J?=%N,O-K!?&#=1C?O-2=B#E)=B#C&5�

14 G. Scholem, Kabbalah, s. 28; podobnie �. Kaplan, Sefer Yet�irah]� s. XXIII.15 G. Scholem, �� 9�� &��&/�� )@1$��=#C#1EB�%C&%��%=EB%-%

QQ9�E� 90; )#CR#, 1�/�� )@1$��.EB%=/�;>C%?;-E?&��=%?O-�88�� s. 184.

10 ��

)D2=B#+;=$1@;-%@>#/C%?C%,B%E2;$&D/B.��%U-&#?&#$C�#�16 lub – >#EB,B#2=#,.B.>C&#>� >%??;'-&#?)1-E2;EOL�>%?E&DB/%>#�&$2'&,.)C.IC%;?=#E$&D�/B.��W%W��-&#?&#$17��%,.W1,B#C&>%?�L=%*%$�2E)#&C,B.�;1&E�&CBL#=<=O-�C&#R$O-&'&;W2;-E)%C&1)=%?)%)1�)%?>%?2;,BM)?;-; ,*;'#$�-,B%E$&D�/B.��%U�-&#?&#$18��;/;LC&#2=%,#�#)#=%F%.$%C%E1<#=1>M1$&#>E,%-&%T=#/%?,>DC%>E)%=EB#>,BDP,&?E&D<& Jecira na prBynajmniej III wiek n.e.19, a L%/%�C&%�#;�%#,?^%IC%-&#?U�42=B.C#;2'%);NE?&,*[email protected]%,*�=;?'1E%520��&#�$&#,?&*&E);=.?R./;-E?&#<;2;,*;/B#C&%4notabene?=.).?&%/-#=E%=B)=%/.,>&?%L%'&E).,BC#>5F#&C=&,*�=%#)B )%?R#-.?%B%T 2=OL;-%@21� R# )=%?)%) C%2&E%C.B;E)%@-#-,B#EC.,*-&#?%,* ,*=B#P,&>%NE)-%� <@O-C&#-W#2;,#�-?)O=#> EB#�=B.@. E&D &/## &W2;<'M/.<C;E).?O-��O[C&#> )#BD ;W)%?-,B#EC.$2;,*;/B#C&1?E&D<& >#/C%?1C&#-%RC&@22 &W$O-&T B%,BM@2=B#/#-EB.E)?&$;WU��-&#?1 >%?;,B%E&#?;$2;B.,>&1)-;=1��CC&1,B#C&=O-C&#RE.)1;-%'&2;-E)%C&#?E&D<& Jeci-ra na VIII/IX wiek23 – idBie tu o Leopolda ZunBa, Wilhelma Bachera24, Block’a25.

�&#$C&#> E).' >DB.?;-. Sefer Jecira ?%B%@L. =%,B#>-E?%B.-%T� </. &/B&#;$;$#C)E2;=BM/B#C&%?E&D<&�C%;?=#E/1R;-,B#PC&#>EB.C&R )#CE1<#=;-%C.2=B#B;E)%)C&,*-E2;$C&%C.,*L%/%,B.�)>�de facto�)%?>%?2=;2;C;-%@2O[C&#>

�� ,*;'#$��:�&/�� )@1$�1'&1EB�.,*;-&,B��=%?O-�868�E� ��17 G. Scholem, Kabbalah, s. 26.18 �%$R#.19 Peter �. Hayman, „Sefer Yesira and the Hekhalot literature”, w: Jerusalem Studies in Je-

wish Thought, vol. 6, Jerusalem 1987, s. 71-84. �/C;PC&#do L%/%N2=;-%/B;C.,*2=B#BF%.$%C%C%/ Sefer Jecira Bob. jego: Some Observations on Sefer Yesira. Its Use of Scripture, „Journalof Jewish Studies” 35 (1984), s. 164-184; The Doctrine of Creation in Sefer Yesira. Some Text-Cri-tical Problems, w: Rashi 1040-1990. Hommage a E.E. Urbach, Gabrielle Sed-Rajna (éd.), Paris1993, s. �8� 64<;/C%1-%<&>#E))%?R#/%'EB%,BDPT)#>;E)%)C&#>2=%,.�-?)O=#>B%-%=);%=).?1@%1);=E)-% �. Seda, Rashi et le Pseudo-Sefer Yesirah, s. 238-250); The Temple as the Centreof the Universe, „Journal of Jewish Studies” 37 (1986), s. 132-177; Was God a Magician? SeferYesira and Jewish Magic, „Journal of Jewish Studies” 40 (1989), s. 227-239.

20 Zob. Leo Baeck, Zum Sepher Je�ira, „Monatsschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft desJudentums” LXX, 1926, s. 371-376 oraB )#CR#, Die �ehn Sephirot im Sepher Je�ira, „Monatsschriftfür Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums” LXXVIII, 1934, s. 448-455.

21 W swoim dBiele Gnosticismus und Judenthum, Krotoschin 1846, s. 104, 110.22 H. GraetB, Geschichte der Juden. Vom +bschluss des Talmuds (500) bis �um +ufblühen der

jüdisch-spanischen Kultur (1027), Bd. V, Magdeburg 1860, s. 315, prBypis.23 Za: Bernhard Pick, The Cabala. Its Influence on Judaism and Christianity, Chicago, Lon-

don 1913, s. 20.24�%,*#=>#E))%?R#%1);=#$$�&C�2=%,.4&E);)C#>�>#P'&,*;/B&; badania prowadBone nad Se-

fer Jecira) pt. Die +nfänge der hebräischen Grammatik, LeipBig 1895 (reprint – Die +nfänge derhebräischen Grammatik and die hebräische Sprachwissenschaft vom 10. bis �um 16. Jahrhundert,�msterdam 1974).

25 Za: G. Scholem, Kabbalah�E� ��%?&#/%);-%C&#EB@;-2%=B#B;<O'CM)#C/#C,>M-E2;�$C&%C.,*1,B;C.,*/; 2=B.2&E.-%C&% 2O[C#> /%). ?;$2;B.,>& *#L=%>E?&$$&E).,BC.$/B&#@;$)=%?)1>M,.$;W)%>#$C&,%,*?=#%,>&&WC%-&MB1>M,.$/;$&E).?&merkawy 4,;�%B-@%EB,B%);2&#=-�EB#�1E)%C%-&%)#R/;?)=.CDSefer Jecira).

��)*)!��)"'!+�� F� ��

,*;'#$�C%��-&#?26�B%W,B.$2=B#$%-&%>M )%?R# '&,BC#�;L#,C#-?E&D/B#=#+#=#C,># /; /;?)=.C. JL;R#>$M/=;P,&K 4chochmy5 ;=%B 2#-C# &/##-E2O'C#BWE.E)#$%)%$&<C;E).,?&$&�)>�2=B#/#-EB.E)?&$BW2;<'M/%$&�%=?;E%;=%BE#?�)M-%'#C).C&%C4,;B%1-%R.@C2��=%#)B275��).$&/=1<&$&-&#'#-E2O'C.,*?;C�,#2,>&-.?%B.-%TLD/B&#)#R?%L%'&E).,BC% Sefer ha-Bahir��%=/B;W-,B#ECM/%�)%,>D1)-;=12;/%>#=O-C&#R�#*1/%�&#L#EI1,B;C.$O-&;2&#=-EB#>2;@;-&#�-�C�#�>%?;,B%E&#E2;=BM/B#C&%?E&D<&28.

�/C;PC)#C,>%'C#<;%1);=%!4�O-5Sefer Jecira=O-C&#R&E)C&#>#<%=PT)#;=&&�

PierwsBa hipoteB% 42;$&CM-EB. )D� ?)O=%-.-;/B&@% ?E&D<D ;/ E%$#<;L&�L'&>C#<; �/%$%5� 2;21'%=C% -P=O/ P=#/C&;-&#,BC.,* R./;-E?&,* $&E).?O-�12%)=.-%@%-)-O=,./B&#@%E)%=;)#E)%$#C);-#<;�L=%*%$%� M/B&'&)%?C%2=B.�?@%/ R./;-E?& +&';B;+ & 2;#)% #*1/% F%'#-& 4;?� �Q97–1�"�5 ;=%B ?%L%'&E)%�;>R#EB�#)=&'��;$#C)%=B )#<;;E)%)C&#<;/; Sefer Jecira =;B2;,B.C%TE&D$%L;-&#$E@;-%$&(

(�/��+�� ;�� <=��/��_�� & �� I��Y��/�� 4 �>�8�� 9��;� � ?��&�� /�&��/��<=��0�� &��/��%$&#N�&';B;+O- 8�

�&E);,&#� =O-C&#R=%LL& %^%/&>% 4 %%/&%5�%^;C4;?�66 –8" 5�C%-&%E#$$O-&M, >#/#CBW2&#=-EB.,*R./;-E?&,*+&';B;+O-�?)O=.2=OL;-%@B&C)#<=;-%T)#;';<&D >1/%&B$1BW+&';B;+&M <=#,?M� >#/C;,B#PC&# )%?R# %1);= C%>-,B#PC&#>EB#�<;?;$#C)%=B%/; Sefer Jecira I E2&E%C#<;- >DB.?1 %=%LE?&$C% 2;,BM)?1Z-&#?12)�Tafsir Kitab al-Mabadi30IB%,B.C%E-;>M2=B#/$;-D/;2=#B#C);-%�C#<;2&E$%�E)-&#=/B%>M,(1�� &��1�� &��8��

��%$R#�27�B-&MB?1B)M;2).?MB;L�>#<;-&#';);$;-MGeschichte der Juden.28 W swojej +rs poetica in Sefer Yet�ira, Jerusalem-Tel �viv 2000.29 Za: �dolph Franck, The Kabbalah, or The Religious Philosophy of the Hebrews, transl. Isaac

SossnitB, New York 1926, s. 83.30 �rab. tafsir – „komentarB”, „interpretacja”; kitabIJ?E&D<%KXal mabadi4'�$C�5IJ2;,BM)�

?O-K�J2;/E)%-K�JB%E%/K4).)1@>%EC;?;=#E2;C/1>#B%)#$B#E+;=$1@;-%C&#$1�� &��,tj. de facto Sefer Jecira5��-.W?;$#C)%=B;21L'&?;-%C.B;E)%@-2;E)%,&-./%C&%/-1>DB.,BC#<;4%=%LE?;�+=%C,1E?&#<;52=B#B�%.#=%�%$L#=)%>%?;(Commentaire sur le Sefer Yesira par le GaonSaadya, �%=&E�68��;-%�E?=O,;C%#/.,>%� =O-C&#RBW)@1$%,B#C&#$C%+=%C,1E?&�%$L#=)%�/;�/%)?;-;B;2=%,;-%C&#$�#C`�`V&#<;�1?%B%@%E&D>%?;( %%/&%�%;C�Commentaire sur le SéferYet�ira, trad. Mayer Lambert, préface et notices René Lévy, Paris 2001. Z kole&-./%C&#%=%LE?&#BW2=B#?@%/#$*#L=%>E?&$E2;=BM/B&@;E#2*�%+&*�?)O=#-.EB@; >%?;( Perus� Sefer Jet�ira [Kitabal-Mabadi], JerusBalajim 1972 (Ba: Karl Erich GröBinger, Jüdisches denken. Band II: Von der mit-telalterlichen Kabbala �um Hasidismus, Frankfurt am Main, New York 2005, s. 29, prBypis). �#=�E>%W*#L=%>E?%� ).$ =%B#$- ;2=%,;-%C&1 #*1/.W�%)B%L.� B;E)%@% )%?R# ;<@;EB;C% /=1?&#$2;/).)1@#$(Ocar ha-las�on ha-+rwit. Be-Tafsir R. Seadia Gaon, Ramat-Gan 1985.

12 ��

�� +�� ;��0@� =�,-.�4 %^%/&>%L%B;-%@C%C%>E)%=EB.$�)>�Z�-&#,BC.$=D?;2&E&#?E&D<& Jecira31).

�;<'M/; �L=%*%$;-.$%1);=E)-&#BL1/;-%C.B;E)%@C%>2=%-/;2;/;LC&#>- ;2%=,&1 ; ;E)%)C& %?%2&) Sefer Jecira� ?)O=. ?;N,B. E&D$;-M ;W=B#,B;C.$2%)=&%=EB# & B%-%=).$2=B#B C&#<; B�;<&#$2=B.$&#=B1��L=%*%$ >#E) B=#EB)M>#/.CM 2;E)%,&M� ?)O=% 2;>%-&% E&D- )#?P,&# ?E&D<& Jecira� �-M )#C/#C,>D /;12%)=.-%C&%-)-O=,./B&#@%�L=%*%$%2;P-&%/,B%T$&%@.=O-C&#RC%>/%-C&#>�EB# =D?;2&E. Sefer Jecira� ;2%)=1>M,# ;$%-&%C. )=%?)%) ).)1@#$ Sefer Otij(j)otde-+braham [+wraham] +winu, tj. 1�� &� 2�� /�&� +�� :��@��&�32�LM/[)#R(1�� &�3��&��+�� .

�=1<%?;C,#2,>%�?)O=#>2=B#/E)%-&,&#'%$&$&#'&L.T2;EB,B#<O'C&R./;-E,.2&E%=B#�-&/B&%@%-=;'&%1);=%?E&D<&Jecira=%LL&#<;�?&-D_�?&LDY4;?�7Q–135).Jak mówi �ryeh Kaplan (1934–�86:5�%$#=.?%NE?&=%LL&;=%B1,B;C.B%>$1>M�,.E&D)%??%L%@M�>%?&WB%<%/C&#C&%$&>1/%&B$1;=);/;?E.>C#<;42=B#/#-EB.E)�?&$R./;-E?&$&-&#=B#C&%$&;=%BW+&';B;+&M5(

@�� 9��A��/��!�4�� +��>�B� ��?�� +��/�� >�"��9�� &��/��4��/��+�� / ��/��>

,-.>�8��9��!��+��,./�� 4�� ,-.::�

�=B.2&E.-%C&# ?E&D<&�?&L&#� E?M/&CM/-&#'?&#$1 %1);=.)#);-& R./;-E?&#�$1O-,B#EC.,*,B%EO-42=B#B-&#'11-%R%C#<;B%>#/C#<;BC%>-,B#PC&#>EB.,*B%@;R.,&#'& >1/%&B$1=%L&C&,BC#<;5�2;>%-&TE&D$&%@;-'&)#=%)1=B#?%L%'&E).,B�C#>--&#?1Z��-P'%/B%$&/=%EB#$Otij(j)ot de-Rabbi +kiwa, tj. �/��!�4��&��+��34.

�E)C&#T$&%@%C%E)D2C&#<=12%1,B;C.,*�?)O=%?-#E)&D%1);=E)-%?E&D<&Jeci-ra 2;B;E)%-&%@%C%1L;,B1�/%)1>M,B%=%B#$>#<;2;-E)%C&#C%2O[C#'%)%#2;?&

31 G. Scholem, Origins]� s. 25, prBypis. Zob. Geni�a-Fragmente �ur Hekhalot Literatur, Hrsg.Peter Schäfer,�aL&C<#C�86"�%-C%-&MB%C&1/;)#<;;E)%)C&#<;(�%,*#'Elior, Schäfer’s Geni�a-Fragmente �ur Hekhalot-Literatur, „The Jewish Quarterly Review” LXXX, 1989, s. 142-145. �-.C%>-,B#PC&#>EB. =D?;2&E Sefer Jecira ;21L'&?;-%C. B;E)%@ 2=B#B ��M. Habermanna („�bhanimle-Heker Sefer Yesira”, Sinai 10, JerusBalajim 1947).

32 Ithamar Gruenwald, + Preliminary Critical Edition of Sefer Ye�ira,JIsrael Oriental Studies” 1(1971), fragm. 64 [Ba tekstem Wojciecha Brojera, +��&��1�� &��, w: ��1�� &�� 4-./%C&#/-1>DB.,BC#5� )@1$��;2r. i kom. Wojciech Brojer, Jan Doktór,Bohdan Kos, WarsBawa 1995, s. 172, prBypis]. RBecBona praca Gruenwalda BamiesBcBona B;E)%@%C%E)=;C%,*132-177 wspomnianego tomu „Israel Oriental Studies”.

33 �. Kaplan, Sefer Yet�irah]� s. XVII.34 G. Scholem, Kabbalah, s. 28. «Otijot de-rabbi» +kiwa ;21L'&?;-%C#B;E)%@.-�=%?;-&#

-=;?1�798��;L�W)%?R# Midras� «Otijot de-rabbi» +kiwa ha-s�alem, Solomon �aron Wertheimer(ed.)�#=1EB%'%>&$�8�"4=O-C&#R#=1EB%'%>&$�8885�

�:�)*)!��)"'!+�� F� ��

)%'$1/.,BC#>4;?�U�-&#?5��%W-E2;$C&%C.$B%@;R#C&#$2=B#$%-&%@,*;,&%R�L.�#;2;'/�1CB4�98"–�66�5�C&#$&#,?&L%/%,BR./;-E?&#>?1')1=.�%B-@%EB�,B%>1/%&E).,BC.,*2&E$�?)O=.1BC%@ Sefer JeciraB%E?;$2;C;-%CM-,B%E%,*2;E)�)%'$1/.,BC.,*��W*&2;)#BM)M2;'#$&B;-%@>#/C%?,*;,&%RL.)-O=,%2&#=-�EB#<;;21L'&?;-%C#<;)@1$%,B#C&%1�� &��C%>DB.?%C<&#'E?&��E&/;=Kalisch (1816–�66�5�)-&#=/BM,�R#;?=#E)%?2O[C.-./%>#E&D$%@;2=%-/;2;�/;LC.�B-%R.-EB.C%+%?)�R# %^%/&>%�%^;C&#*1/%F%'#-&2=#B#C)1>M-E-;�&,*2&E$%,*C&C&#>EBM?E&D<D>%?;L%=/B;E)%=;R.)C.1)-O=35.

�B-%=)%)#;=&%-.-;/B&TE&D$&%@%;/C&#$&#,?&#<;1,B;C#<;B%>$1>M,#<;E&D$&D/B. &CC.$&<C;E).,.B$#$ & E)%=;R.)CM =#'&<&M <=#,?M� >#/C#<; B ,B;@;�-.,*2;E)%,&EB?;@.*&E);=&&=#'&<&& – Richarda ReitBensteina (1861–�8:�5�?)O=.2=B.>M@�R#Sefer Jecira>#E)-.)-;=#$R./;-E?&$B��-&#?12�C�#�36��#BDE-M�B=#EB)MEB.L?;2=B#B&CC.,*L%/%,B.,%@?;-&,&#B&<C;=;-%CM�BL1/;-%@-W;2%=�,&1;W;/=B1,#C&#>%?&,*?;'-&#?B-&MB?O-�?)O=#$&%@.L.-.E)D2;-%T2;$&D/B./;?)=.CMJ'&,BL &W'&)#=KB )#>R#?E&D<&%W2;/;LCM &/#MB%BC%,B%>M,ME&D-W)%1$%�)1=<&,BC.,*4$%<&,BC.,*5)#?E)%,*<C;E).?O-B��-&#?1C�#�37.

W kwestii autorstwa Sefer Jecira-E2;$C&#TC%'#R.>#EB,B#2=B.21EB,B#C&#-.E1C&D)#2=B#B ,*;'#$%�-#/@1<?)O=#<;?E&D<% JeciraC%2&E%C%B;E)%@% ,-.��&��9��&��&�� […]38;=%BB%E.<C%'&B;-%C#2=B#B#=B#<;�,*$%C%*&2;)#B.2=B.2&E1>M,# E2;=BM/B#C&# )=%?)%)1 ;*%C%C;-& L#C�%??%> 4� -&#?5� B.$#;C;-& L#C �%??%> 4�� -&#?5� �E$%#';-& L#C �'&EB%4��-&#?5�;B>%EB;-&4��-&#?5,B.-W?;N,1#hudBie ha-Nasi (II�III wiek)39.

�@1$%,B#&?;$#C)%);=B.2;'E?&#<;-./%C&%Sefer Jecira402=B.21EB,B%>M�R#1)-O= 2;-E)%@ C% 2=B#@;$&# �� & ��-&#?1-�'#?E%C/=&&�-?=D<1 R./;-E?&#>/&%E2;=.4%C&#I>%?-L%=/B&#>2;21'%=C.,*2;<'M/%,*I-�%'#E).C&#5�-WP=;�/;-&E?1?1').-1>M,.$ )=%/.,>D *#''#C;�>1/%&E).,BCM� 1<#=1>M )%?R#� R# C%1kiFilona �leksandryjskiego, Plotyna, innych greckich filoBofów (jak Platona cBy

35 Sepher Ye�irah. + Book on Creation, or The Jewish Metaphysics of Remote +ntiquity, transl.,preface, notes, and glossary Isidor Kalisch, New York 1877, s. 4-5.

36 Richard ReitBenstein, Poimandres. Studien �ur griechischägyptischen und frühchristlichenLiteratur��#&2B&<�8Q"4)%?R# )1))<%=)�8��5, s. 14, 56, 261, 291.

37�;B=ORC&#C&%2;-.REB.,*,B)#=#,*)#;=&&/;?;C%C;B%(;E*1%�L#'E;C�Jewish Mysticism,London 1913, s. 98-99. Dla samego bada,B%C%>L%=/B&#>2=B#?;C.-1>M,%-./%-%@%E&D)=B#,&%*&�2;)#B%�,;2;/2&#=%@+%?)#$�&R/'%U�-&#?1�*&E);=.,BC&#;?=#P'%>M,#<;2;,BM)#?R./;-E?&#>#2;�?&BC%C#>2;/C%B-M#2;?&Geonim/gaonatu I;?=#E1�>%?&C%E)M2&@2;;E)%)#,BC.$B=#/%<;-%C&1�%'$1/1�%L&';NE?&#<;�)>�;/;?�U�-�C�#�I=#2=#B#C)%).-C#L.@;2;-E)%C&#E2;=#>'&,BL.=%L&�C&,BC;�$&E).,BC.,*2&E$4-?)O=.);C1=)-2&E1>#E&D)%?R#Sefer Jecira); Bob. )%$R#, s. 99.

38 G. Scholem, 1�/]� E��6"�>%??;'-&#?B-&MB?&/;?)=.C.Sefer JeciraB+&';B;+&M4C#;52&�)%<;=#&B$1EM/B&P2=B#B1,B;C.,*4C2��&#L#E%52;//%-%C#-E2;=M-M)2'&-;PT�

39 JerBy Ochman, 8��9��, Kraków 1997, s. 70.40 Sefer Jecira c�yli… .

14 ��

neopitagorejcByków415&,*=B#P,&>%NE?&,*#<B#<#)O-BC%C#$1E&%@.L.T%1);=;-&2&E$%4E%$#$1)#R2;,*;/BM,#$1B�'#?E%C/=&&542� )-;=B.T$&%@;CE-;>#/B&#�@;-W,*%=%?)#=B# ;/2;-&#/B& ;=);/;?E.>C#<; >1/%&B$1 C% 2;21'%=CM-W;-.,*,B%E%,*?;E$;<;C&D<C;E).,?M�J�C).<C;E).,.B$K1B#-CD)=BC&%E&D$&D/B.&C�C.$&-W+%?,&#� &R-W;$%-&%C#>?E&D/B# );�O< �B=%#'% )-;=B.-EB#,*P-&%) 4B%2;P=#/C&,)-#$)=B./B&#E)1/-O,*)B-�JP,&#R#?$M/=;P,&K5��#$&1=<&#$>#E))1-&D, E%$ �O< %*-#( $�� 9� �� 2�� (�&�'��,-.��/��0��/�� […] (1.1.)43I-W?;C)=%P,&#/;2;<'M/O-<C;E).,?&,*�B<;/C&#B?)O=.$&E)-O=,%C&# >#E) );R�E%$. BWLOE)-#$ E)%=;)#E)%$#C)%'C.$44� �1);=� E2&E1>M, Sefer Jecira� 2;/MR%T$&%@B%-.?@%/C&ML&L'&>C#>-#=E>&?%2@%NE?&#>�E.)11>M,E&DE-;>MC%1?M2;$&D�/B.>1/%&B$#$�*#''#C&B$#$&W<CostycyBmem ([…] �� A�� […])45� �;-.REB# 2=B#P-&%/,B#C&% I B%'#RC;PT/;?)=.C%'C% ?E&D<& Jecira ;/ �&';C%� 2;?=#-&#NE)-; BW2#-C.$& ?;C,#2,>%$&BWEnnead, gnostycyBm jako najbardBiej prawdopodobny cBynnik sprawcBy I;=%B�/;/%)?;-;�E@;-C&?;-#B%2;R.,B#C&%BW<=#?&?;C+&=$;-%T)#R$%>M;)#�B&#E.)11>M,#>2;-E)%C&# Sefer Jecira na II/III wiek46.

�dolph Franck (1809–�68:5I +=%C,1E?& +&';B;+ R./;-E?&#<;2;,*;/B#C&%�L%/%,B )#;';<&,BC#> & +&';B;+&,BC#>$.P'& >1/%&B$1 4;/ ?%L%@. 2; C% 2=B.?@%/2=%-;R./;-E?&#5I1)=B.$.-%@47�>%?;L.2#-C&#<B#<#,&-&#=B.T$&#'&�R#2;/).)1@#$ Sefer Jecira ?=.@. E&D /-&# =ORC#$;C;<=%+&#� #/CM$&%@% L.T ?E&D<%2=B.2&E.-%C% %1);=E)-1�L=%*%$%� /=1<MI ,;- P-&#)'# 2=B#/E)%-&;C.,* >1R&C+;=$%,>&C-&CC;/B&-&TI=%LL&#$1�?&L&#� %$W�=%C,?C/B&#'%@)#>;2&C&&��,B;C.$�?)O=.&$&D�L=%*%$%B%E)M2&@&$&#C&#$�?&L.$&%@L.TZ�U��-&#,BC.� R.>M,.-W�=;-%CE>& =%LL& �B%%?/#�%))#E� ?)O=. );-WE-;&$-E)D2&#/;?%L%'&E).,BC#> Sefer ha-Zohar [1�� &��(��Y2.)%T$&%@(1��/�!�4�� +��?�� & �� /��+��4� C48.

41 �;L� )#R �*&'&2�#='%C� 2�� 2�� 8�� #��, „Journalof the History and Philosophy” 3 (1965), s. 167-181.

42 �;/;LC#<; B/%C&% L.@ ,*;'#$�/'% ?)O=#<; Sefer Jecira-E?%B1># C% <=#,?&# I <@O-C&#E);&,?&#I;=%B�>%?B;E)%@;B%BC%,B;C#2;-.R#>�C#;2&)%<;=#>E?&#[email protected];L� t#CR#, Kabbalah,s. 27).

43 Sefer Jecira c�yli]� s. 83.44�-;E-;&E)#J1R./;-&#C&#K-.>M)?;-;-&/;,BC# >#E)-;E)%)C&$=;B/B&%'#?E&D<&�</B&#�

; ,B.$ >1R-E2;$C&%C;� 2;>%-&% E&D 2;E)%T L&L'&>C#<;2%)=&%=,*.�L=%*%$%��;P-&%/,B%C# >#E);C;B=#EB)M)%?R#2=B.2&E.-%C&#$1)-;=1�L=%*%$;-&�

45 Sefer Jecira c�yli]�E� 9�:9�""�764�E)D2��=;>#=%��;?)O=%��;E%5;=%B��=;>#=�+��&�…, s. 163, 185-187.

46 W. Brojer, +rcheologia…, s. 201-203.47 �. Franck, The Kabbalah]� s. 85.48 �%$R#�E�6��;?@%/C&#>=B#,BL&;=M,�/#�%))#E2&E%T$&%@(„�);B#B-;'&@��?&L&#C%2&�

E%T?E&D<Db #+#=#,&=%^�?)O=MB-%@;C�&EBCM&?)O=M;)=B.$%'&/=;<M)=%/.,>&;/�L=%*%$%�;>,%

�7�)*)!��)"'!+�� F� ��

Int=.<1>M,.$2=;L'#$#$2;B;E)%># +%?)� R#-�%'$1/B&#-E2;$&C%C# >#E)/B&#@;;W2;/;LC&#L=B$&M,.$/;Sefer Jecira tytule, mianowicie Sefer Jestrah49�;?)O=.$-W).$2&#=-EB.$B%2&E%C#B;E)%@;�R#(Rabbi Hanina i rabbi [H]Os�a-ja50 �� [tj. Sefer Jestrah – DB] ��9�� […]51.

�;/;#-#C)1%'C#>BL&#RC;P,&;-#<;1)-;=1BE%$M?E&D<M Jecira�);1,B#C&*&2;)#BD)D=%,B#>;/=B1,%>M52, jakkolwiek LaBarus Goldschmidt (1871–�87Q5C%2=B.?@%/I 1=;/B;C.C%�&)-&#�-.1,B;C.-?-#E)&%,*R./;-E?&,*;=&#C)%lista,2;C%/);%1);=2=B#?@%/1 Sefer Jecira C% >DB.?C&#$&#,?&53 I E?@;CC.L.@1BC%�-%T?E&D<DJecira B%)DE%$M2=%,D;WE)-;=B#C&1�;W?)O=#>-B$&%C?&BC%>/1>ME&D-W�%'$1/B&#54��;/%)?;-;�1$&#>E,%-&%@;C$;$#C)2;-E)%C&% Sefer Jecira%RC% ��-&#?2�C�#� ;=%B1-%R%@�%'#E).CD B%C%>L%=/B&#> 2=%-/;2;/;LC#$&#>E,#2;,BM)?O-;-#<;)=%?)%)155. �%2'%C)%?R#?;CE)%)1>#�R#2=%?).,BC&#C&#&E)C&#>M

C%EB#<;42;?O>BC&$c5S” […], na co u-%<D�-E-;>#>=B#)#'C;P,&�B-=%,%�/;'2*#''&C#?-2=B.�2&E&#/;2=B.)%,B%C#<;2=B#B�=%C,?%,.)%)14)%$R#).

49�%')#=C%).-C.$)@1$%,B#C&1C%/$&#C&%C%$;R#L.THilchot Jecira�%'#B1-%<&C%+%?)�R#).)1@)#CE);E;-%C.L.-%@BWSefer JeciraB%$&#CC&#4L;-&#$�>%?>1RB%BC%,B;C;�C&#?)O=#E)%=�EB#$%C1E?=.2).?E&D<& Jecira$O-&MC&#;WSefer Jecira�%W-@%PC&#;Hilchot Jecira), nie Bmieniato istoty rBecBy.

50�% /-O>?% =%LL&,*$&%@% L.T1,BC&%$& =%LL&#<; #*1/. 41/.5 *%��%E&� C%B.-%C#<; )#RJ#*1/M�E&D,&#$KIR.>M,#<;- '%)%,*�:7– Q<@O-C#<; =#/%?);=%;E)%)#,BC#>-#=E>&�&EBC.��;C&#-%R;-%�&EBC%B=#/%<;-%C%B;E)%@%-=;?1 Q"�-.E1-%E&D prBypusBcBenie (Bob. �. Ka-plan, Sefer Yet�irah]� s. XVIII), jakoby Sefer Jecira -WE-;>#> B%E%/C&,B#> +;=$&# &E)C&%@% >1R-).$R# Q"=;?1��-;;2=%,;-%C&#�&EBC.E%$; )%?R#,B.C&T$%=#+#=#C,>#/;?E&D<& Jecira�</.R$O-&T E&D$% )1 ; /-O,* C1=)%,* R./;-Ekiego eBoteryBmu – „tajemnicy StworBenia” –ma’ase beres�it, tj. de facto2=M/B&# E?12&;C.$-/1R.$E);2C&1-;?O@ 1�� &��, oraB„tajemnicy Merkawy” – ma’ase merkawa. %$#*1/%*%��%E&B%BC%>;$&;C.$&%@L.TBWJ)%>#$C&�,MMerkawy”, prBeB co prBypusB,B%'C&#-&#/B&%@&;J)%>#$C&,. )-;=B#C&%K�%-&D,&;Sefer Jeci-ra� >%??;'-&#? %/#2,& ;L1 EB?O@�$&$; P-&%/;$;P,& &E)C&#C&% J?;C?1=#C,.>C#<;K2=M/1 R./;-�E?&#<;$&E).,.B$1� C&# BC%'& 2=%-/;2;/;LC&# C%-B%>#$ E-;&,* C%1?� .$2);$%).,BCM =B#,BM2;B;E)%>#�R#C&</B&#-W2&E$%,*He[j]chalot, tj. w klasycBnej literaturBe merkawic�nej�C&#-B$&%C�?1>#E&D;?E&D/B# Jecira ()%$R#, s. XVIII-XX).

51�%'$1/�%L&';NE?&�Sanhedryn, 65b. W dalsBej,BDP,&$O-&E&D�R#;-&=%L&C&E)-;=B.'&/'%E&#L&#,&#',%4&<;E2;R.'&5�,;2=B.,B.C&@;E&D/;-.E1-%C&%E2#?1'%,>&C%)#$%)$;R'&-;P,&?=#%�,.>C.,*2=%-/;2;/;LC.,*/;-.?;C%C&%2;;/2;-&#/C&$1R.,&1$%<&,BC.,*E@O-4<@O-C&#L;�R.,* &$&;C5I$&%C;-&,2=B#BE)-O=,BM$;,*#L=%>E?&,* '&)#= 4>%?; '&)#=P-&D)#>�;=.5� SeferJecira�?)O=MB%>$;-%'&E&D&?)O=MB<@DL&%'&-E2;$C&%C&-WB%,.);-%C.$)%'$1/.,BC.$2%EE1E&#%$;=%&,&� E@1R.@% R./;-E?&$$&E).?;$B% )%?& 2;/=D,BC&?$%<&,BC#<;2;E@1<&-%C&% E&D *#L=%>�E?&$%'+%L#)#$�-W?;CE#?-#C,>&B%P2=B.21EB,B%'C&#&B%2;/=D,BC&?)-;=B#C&%*;$;&/%'C#<;<;�'#$%��-=OT )#R1-%<DC%?=#%,.>CM$;,-@%P,&-M�L=%*%$;-&�-.=%R;CM-;E)%)C&$%?%2&,&#?E&D<&Jecira – 6.4. (Bob. Sefer Jecira c�yli]� s. 143-144).

52 Za: B. Pick, The Cabala]� s. 21.53 Das Buch der Schöpfung, Übers. LaBarus Goldschmidt��=%C?+1=)%$�%&C�68"��#/@1<

,*;'#$% )@1$%,B#C&# ); C&# 2;E&%/%-&D?EB#>-%=);P,& C%1?;-#> 4B;L� G. Scholem, Origins]�s. 25, prBypis).

54 Das Buch]� s. 10.55 Za: B. Pick, The Cabala]� s. 20, prBypis.

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�-&2&#=-E&?;$#C)%);=B.2;E@1<&-%T$&#'&E&D/-&#$%&E)C&#>M,.$&-#=E>%�$& )=%?)%)1� ;/$&#CC.$& >#/.C&# 2;/ -B<'D/#$ '&,BL. %/C;)%,>&� -C&;E?O-&W2;-)O=B#N�C&#=ORC&M,.$& E&DC%);$&%E)-?-#E)&%,*$#=.);=.,BC.,*��#=E>%�C%?)O=#>;2%=@ E&D�1C%EBL#C�%$&$L.@%?=O)EB.$-%=&%C)#$ Sefer Jecira –i to notabene)%-#=E>%�B$%@.$&=ORC&,%$&�;<@;EB;C%B;E)%C&#/=1?&#$-�%C�)1&��%C&#>)#RL%B;-%T$%-&D?EB;PT21L'&?;-%C.,*/B&P-./%N?E&D<&60��;/�E)%-MBW?;'#&?;$#C)%=B% B%L%)%>%�;CC;';L.@/@1REB.-%=&%C)/B&#@%I-&#'#/=1?;-%C.,*/B&P-./%N1)-;=1 B%-&#=%;-M/@1<M-#=E>D >%?; =;/B%>/;/%)�?161� �%W&E)C&#C&# ?=O)EB#> & /@1REB#> -#=E>& ?E&D<& Jecira 1-%<D B-=O,&T$&%@

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60 �. Kaplan, Sefer Yet�irah]� s. XXIV.61�;B%�>%??;'-&#?&E);)CM�=ORC&,M-2=B.2;=BM/?;-%C&1-%=);P,&/;'&)#=*#L=%>E?&#<;%'+%�

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�-#)=B.-#=E>#?E&D<& JeciraC;E&@.)#CE%$).)1@(1�� &�2�� _)1/B&#RLiter]� �� 9�8�� [fakultatywnie: Sposoby/Zasady] Stwor�enia [lub Two-r�enia], tj. w istocie Hilchot Jecira. Znana powsBechnie naBwa Sefer Jecira2;>%-&T E&D $&%@% /;2&#=; - ZU��-&#,BC.,* =D?;2&E%,* *&EB2%NE?&,*65 4,*;T

EB.,*+=%<$#C)O-2&E$%� BOE).=;B/B&%@B?;'#&>#E))1E-;&E).$?;$#C)%=B#$/;=;B/B&%@12&#=-�EB#<;4��%2'%C�Sefer Yet�irah]� s. XXIV).

62 �. Franck, The Kabbalah]� s. 81-82.63 Sefer Jecira c�yli]� s. 97.64 �. Kaplan, Sefer Yet�irah]� E�WZZ�U�$&$;R#);C%).$-%=&%C,&#?E&D<&-@%PC&#;2&#=%@

E&D *&EB2%NE?& +&';B;+ R./;-E?& #*1/%F%'#-&� 2&EBM, E-;>M Ku�ari (tj. Sefer ha-Ku�ari, hebr.��) – wysoko cenioC#P=#/C&;-&#,BC#/B&#@;BB%?=#E1'&)#=%)1=.�+&';B;+&&&)#;';<&&R./;-�E?&#>� EB#=;?;?;$#C)1>M,# Sefer Jecira. �E&D<% Ku�ari2&#=-;)C&# E2;=BM/B;C%B;E)%@%-W>DB.?1%=%LE?&$�C%*#L=%>E?&2=B#)@1$%,B;C;>M-��9=�4C%W)#=#C&#W�1C#'_�=;-%CE>%Y5��;L�wydanieangielskie: Yehuda HaLevi, The Ku�ari. In Defense of the Despised Faith [Ku�ari: W ObronieW�gard�onej Wiary], transl. and notes N. Daniel Korobkin, Northvale, New Jersey 1998. �=1<M�2;2=%-&;CM#/.,>D42;/).$E%$.$).)1@#$5;21L'&?;-%C;C%?@%/#$Feldheim Publishers, Jeru-salem, Nanuet, New York 2009.

65 Sefer Jecira c�yli]� E��4�E)D25�

18 ��

-#/@1< &CC#<; [=O/@% I >1R - 8"� =;?1 1W-E2;$&C%C#<; B%L%)%>% �;C�C;';66).

�W2O[C&#>EB.$,B%E-E)%@%,B-%=)%#/.,>%?E&D<&��.@ );-%=&%C)ZU��-&#,BC#<;R./;-E?&#<;$&E).?%�B%%?%�1=&&IJ�=&#<;K4J�-%K5�E)M/-%=&%C))#CB-%C.L.@J-#=E>M�=&#<;K!J�=&�-#=E>MK�%2=B.2;$&C%@-#=E>D?=O)EBM1)-;�=1�>%??;'-&#?BC%,BM,;E&D;/)#>;E)%)C&#>=ORC&@B%E);E;-%C.$2;/B&%@#$)#?E�)1��./%C&#);$&%@;L.T,BDE);21L'&?;-%C#4BW=#<1@.>%?;,BDPT&CC.,*�E?;$�2&';-%C.,* /B&#@5 &W2;B;E)%-%T $% >#/.CM -#=E>M Sefer Jecira 1)=B.$1>M,M$#=.);=.,BCMB<;/C;PTBW)#?E)#$ Sefer ha-Zohar67.

�%>-,B#PC&#>EB.?;$#C)%=B %^%/&>&2=B#)@1$%,B;C.B;E)%@C%>DB.?*#L=%>�E?&2;=%B2&#=-EB.C%2;,BM)?1Z�-&#?14&-&#';?=;)C&#2O[C&#>5��;C&$2;>%�-&%>ME&D�-;<=;$C#>'&,BL&e, kolejne komentarBe do Sefer Jecira�)-O=,%$&?)O�=.,*L.'&=ORC#>$%P,&=%L&C&�+&';B;+;-&#R./;-E,.68�*#L=%>E,.2;#,&�?%L%'&P,&4E2;=% &,* '&,BL% 2;-E)%@%- ?=D<1 ,*%E./O- %EB?#C%B.>E?&,*� )BC� ,*%E./O-P=;/?;-;� &-E,*;/C&;#1=;2#>E?&,*5�

�-&%1);=B.?;$#C)%=B.);$&D/B.&CC.$&(

Dawid iLC�#=-%C4S–;?�8:95I+&';B;+B-&MB%C.B$.P'MR./;-E?M�2;B;�E)%>M,.2=%?).,BC&#C&#BC%C.%R/;/=1<&#>2;@;-.Z�Z-&#?1�

Salomon ibn Gabirol (ok. 1021–1Q765IR./;-E?&2;#)%&+&';B;+BW�C/%'1�B>&� #/#CWBW2&#=-EB.,*2=;2%<%);=O-C#;2'%);C&B$1-�1=;2&#� 2=OL1>M,.2;�<;/B&T)#CE.E)#$BW)#;';<&M>1/%&B$1�

�'#%B%=L#C�;>R#EB*%��%=EB%CIZ��-&#,BC.=%LL&&*%<%/.E)%�

Jehuda ben BarBilaj (ok. 1070–1�:Q5IR./;-E?&$.P'&,&#'�?)O=#<;?;$#C�)%=B/;Sefer Jecira$%L.T>#/C.$BC%>-%RC&#>EB.,*/;)#>?E&D<&2;-E)%@.,*69.

�L=%*%$&LC�B=%�B-%C.)#R�L#C�B=M'1L�L=%*%$#$L#C�#&=&LC�B=M4;?�W�Q68–1��"5I>#/#CB-.L&)C&#>EB.,*R./;-E?&,*1,B;C.,*&2;#)O-��.�?EB)%@,;C.-W+&';B;+&&�$%)#$%).,#�%E)=;C;$&&�%E)=;';<&&�$#/.,.C&#�2;#B>&&W>D�B.?;BC%-E)-&#.

#*1/%41/%5F%'#-&I*&EB2%NE?&+&';B;+R./;-E?&&W2;#)%BW2=B#@;$1-&#�?O-Z�W&WZ��1);= Sefer ha-Ku�ari, ?;$#C)1>M,#> Sefer ��>

�L=%*%$ ben Dawid ibn Daud (ok. 1110–1�6Q5I*&EB2%NE?&+&';B;+R./;-�E?&�*&E);=.?&W%E)=;C;$��-O=,%$&DdBy innymi Sefer ha-Kabbalah [1�� &�$�4

��;'%C/�;#)E,*#'�1�/� )@1$��#<&C%�=;$%,?%��%=EB%-%�88"�E�:7�67 �. Kaplan, Sefer Yet�irah]� s. XXV.68�/C;PC&# do komentarBy do Sefer Jecira spisanych w duchu filoBoficBnym Bob. Raphael

Jospe, Early Philosophical Commentaries on the Sefer Ye�ira. Some Comments, „Revue des Étu-des Juives” CXLIX, 4 (1990), s. 369-415.

69�;$#C)%=B )#C�L%=/B;,#C&;C.2=B#B ,*;'#$%�E2&E%C.B;E)%@-�%=,#';C&#C%2;,BM)?1Z��-��;21L'&?;-%C.C%);$&%E) 4- >DB.?1C&#$&#,?&$5 >%?; Kommentar �um Buch Je�ira prBeBS.Z.H. Halberstamma w Berlinie w roku 1885 (Bob. G. Scholem, Kabbalah, s. 28).

�8�)*)!��)"'!+�� F� ��

��]70 4/B&#@% 2=O,B ).)1@1$%>M,#<; C&#-&#'#-E2O'C#<; B ?%L%@M =;B1$&%CM>%?;#B;)#=.,BC;�$&E).,BC.C1=) >1/%&B$1�%WLD/M,#<;<@O-C&#%2;';<#).?M>1�/%&B$1=%L&C&,BC#<;�)>�)=%/.,.>C#<;_C%W$;,.#?-&-%'#C,>&BC%,B#C&;-#>J?%�L%@%KIJ)=%/.,>%K71]).

�braham ben Dawid B Posquieres, „Rabad” (ok. 1125–1�865I2=;-%CE%'E?&=%LL&�?;$#C)%);=�;=.&�%'$1/1�$&E).?��-%R%C.B%>#/C#<;BWJ;>,O-K?%L%�@.�=O-C;,B#PC&#)%?R#;>,&#,?%L%'&E).�B%%?%H'#2#<;��1);=-&#'12&E$BW/B&#�/B&C.+&';B;+&&R./;-E?&#> &W=%L&C&,BC#<;2=%-%�

Jehuda ha-Chasid (ok. 1150–1 �95 I C&#$&#,?& ?%L%'&E)% B%&C)#=#E;-%C.$&D/B.&CC.$&?-#E)&%$&#).,BC.$&��*%E./%EB?#C%B.>E?&�?)O=.)#;';<&DE-;�>#<;=1,*12&#).E).,BC#<;B%-%=@- Sefer Chasidim [1�� &�8��9��]72.

�B%%?H'#2.4;?��Q–1 :75IR./;-E?&1,B;C.BF&EB2%C&&�$&E).?&=%LL&��W?;$#C)%=B1/;Sefer Jecira jego autorstwa (notabene2=%-/;2;/;LC&#2&#=-�EB.$2;-E)%@.$/B&#'#-.>%PC&%>M,.$?E&D<D Jecira- P-&#)'# E.E)#$%).,BC#>)#;=&& sefirot-@%P,&-#>W/1,*;-&?%L%@. par excellence5;/C%'#[T$;RC%#<B#$�2'%=.,BC#/'% sefirot desygnaty,?)O=#E&D?;C-#C,>;C%'C&#2=B.>$M& ?)O=#-)#>2;E)%,& E);E;-%C# & %C%'&B;-%C# LD/M -W,%@#> ?'%E.,BC#> $&E).,BC#> $.P'&>1/%&B$173.

�B=&#'BW�#=;C.�&C%,B#>�B=&#'L#C�#C%*#$'1L)#R�B=%L#C %';$;C(ok.1160–1 :65I>#/#CBL%=/B&#>1BC%C.,*?%L%'&E)O-��=B#/E)%-&,&#'E2#?1'%).-�C#<; 2;/#>P,&% /; ?%L%@. 4kabala ijjunit5� �,B#N �B%%?% H'#2#<;� >%??;'-&#?$;$#C)%$&;/,&C%>M,.E&D;/2;<'M/O-E-;>#<;C%1,B.,&#'%��-&MB%C.B<#;�<=%+&,BC.$,#C)=1$Z��-&#,BC#>?%L%@.I�#=;CM� 2;=;1-%<&-E-;&,*=;B�-%R%C&%,*2;P-&D,&@ ?;C,#2,>& sefirot 4-W/.-%<%,>%,* @M,B.@ &C)#=2=#)%,>D$&�E).,BCMB#<B#<#BM*%<%/.,BCM &L%=/B&#>;=);/;?E.>CM5��;$#C)%=B�B=&#'%/;Sefer Jecira2=B.2&E.-%C.L.@�%,*$%C&/#E;-&4)>��;>R#EBowi ben Nachman,

70 Zob. �braham ben David ibn Daud, Sefer ha-kabbalah: Libro de la tradición, trad. JaimeBages, U%'#C,&%�89 4-W>DB.?1*&EB2%NE?&$5�

71 Hebr. � �� 4?%L%@%5 2;,*;/B& ;/ =/B#C&% -�-� 4?�L�'5� ?;C;)1>M,#<; J)=%/.,>DK 4>%?; ,;PJprBekaBanego”/ „otrBymanego”).

72 #E) );2=B.21EB,B%'C&#C%>-%RC&#>EB. )#?E) *%'%,*&,BC.2;-E)%@.-?=D<1 ,*%E./O-C&#�$&#,?&,*� 2&E%C.B;E)%@2;/?;C&#,Z��-��#=.);=.,BC&#;E,.'1>#-;?O@2=;L'#$%).?&$;=%'C;�P,&R./;-E?&#>�Sefer Chasidim istnieje w dwóch wersjach – krótsB#>4,BDP,&#>/=1?;-%C#>5&/@1R�EB#>� Zob. Jehuda ha-Chasid, Sefer Chasidim, Hrsg. �&E)&C#)B?&� �#='&C �68� 4-#=E>% /@1REB%�2=%-/;2;/;LC&#=B#)#'C&#>EB%5;=%B )#CR#, Sefer Chasidim, Bolonia 1538 i Lwów 1926. Wydanieangielskie: Yehudah HaChasid, Sefer Chasidim. The Book of the Pious, transl. �vraham YaakovFinkel, Northvale, New Jersey 1997.

73�;$#C)%=B;-.�C%,;1-%<DB-=%,%�;'%C/�;#)E,*#'�2;/#>$1>#2;=%B2&#=-EB.-#=E#) 8�W �BW'01�� &��1��[…] �� 9��()#CR#, 1�/, s. 73).�;/C#1-%<&$%L.T-./%C&#)#<;?;$#C)%=B%;21L'&?;-%C#2=B#B ,*;�'#$%>%?;/;/%)#?/;E?=.2)1;W?%L%'#2=;-%CE%'E?&#>4#=;B;'&$%�89Q5XB%(��;#)E,*#'�1�4/, s. 72-73, prBypis.

20 ��

„Rambanowi” [ok. 1194–1 9QY I ?%L%'&P,&#� +&';B;+;-&� =%LL&#$1� '#?%=B;-&�2;#,&#�BC%C#$1P=#/C&;-&#,BC#$1?;$#C)%);=;-&�;=. &WL%/%,B;-&�%'$1/15&2;/>#<;&$&#C&#$)#RB;E)%@;21L'&?;-%C.74.

EleaBar B Wormacji (ok. 1165–1 :Q5I;E)%)C&<@O-C.=#2=#B#C)%C) %EB?#C%�B.>E?&#<;=1,*1,*%E./B?&#<;��=O,B/;?)=.C.?E&D<&Jecira75&C)#=#E;-%@;<;)#RB%<%/C&#C&# L;R.,* &$&;C� ?)O=.$ B%>M@ E&D C% ?%=)%,* )#;';<&,BC#> Sefer ha--Chochma [1�� &��]76��.@W)%?R#%1);=#$Chochmat ha-Nefes� [Wied�ao Dus�y]77.

Pseudo-Sa’adija – %C;C&$;-.$.P'&,&#' R.>M,.- ,B%E%,*�'#%B%=% BW�;=�$%,>&�C%'#RM,.=O-C;,B#PC&#/;>#<;EB?;@.�

%?1LL#C %1' *%��%B&= I ?%L%'&E)% /B&%@%>M,.-Z��-&#?1� %?-&#'1 )1-.$&#C&;C.,*I B-&MB%C.B;P=;/?&#$2=;-%CE%'E?&$�

�braham ben Dior – XII-wiecBny rabL&�B%&C)#=#E;-%C.$&D/B.&CC.$&?%�L%@M &W%E)=;C;$&M�

�%=1,*�;<%=$&I=%LL&�%1);=?;$#C)%=B%/;?E&D<&Jecira pt. Maftehot ha--Kabbala [1�� 1�/�]78. NaucByciel �brahama �bulafii, od którego tenostatni prBejmie Bainteresowanie &� ��, notarikonem79 & ?;$L&C%);=.?M '&)#�=;-M 4chochmat ha-Ceruf I /;E@;-C&# J-&#/B% ; ?;$L&C%);=.,# '&)#=;-#>K!JEB)1?%?;$L&C%);=.?&'&)#=;-#>_?;$L&C%,>&YK580�%W)%?R#2;/E)%-;-#C%1?&?%�L%@.2=;+#).,BC#>��&#-&#'#&E)C&#>#&C+;=$%,>&C%>#<;)#$%)��Z�U�-&#,BC.$/B&#'#�B%%?%L#C %$1#'%B�?=.2)�Me’irat ’Einajim autor mówi o Togarmi$�R#;-.$&E).?R.@2=B.C%>$C&#>2;?;'#C&#2=B#/C&$E%$.$81.

74�B=&#'B�#=;C.L.@$�&C�%1);=#$ S�a’ar ha-S�o’el [(� �2��&�Y 41)-O= )#C2;=%B2&#=-EB.;21L'&?;-%C.B;E)%@>%?;-E)D2/;?E&D<&�#&=%&LC�%LL%&2)�Derek Emuna [DrogaWiaryY��#='&C�67Q5��-#W/B&#@;�;2%)=B;C# '&,BC.$&?;$#C)%=B%$&?%L%'&E).�B%>$1>#E&D-.>%�PC&%C&#$/;?)=.C. sefirot.

75#<;?;$#C)%=B/;?E&D<&;21L'&?;-%C;-�=B#$.P'1-�668=�76 Pismo istnieje jedynie w postaci manuskryptu (B 1568 r.).77 EleaBar B Wormacji, Chochmat ha-Nefes�, Lemberg 1876.78�#?E)?;$#C)%=B%).'?;-+;=$&#=D?;2&E1�79�%>;<O'C&#>$O-&M,(gematria – sBtuka numerycBna, notarikonIEB)1?%%?=;E).,*O-4)=B#�

,&M?%L%'&E).,BCM$#);/D%C%'&B.)#?E)1E)%C;-& temura – sBtuka prBemian literowych).80 O chochmat ha-Ceruf �L1'%+&& 4& C&# ).'?;5 B;L� �;=;)% �=.''%� D��

�� &� �� &a duchowego ro�woju,„�;BC%NE?&# )1/&%�#;';<&,BC#” 24 (2010), s. 23-39.

81 Za: „Sefer YetBirah Bibliography” compiled by Scott J. Thompson –http://www.wbenjamin.org/biblio_yetBirah.html (/;E)D2: 15-10-2009)��=#PTMe’irat ’Einajim IBa-aka B �kry ;21L'&?;-%@ - =;?1 �86" �mos �;'/=#&,* 4C%?@%/#$ �C&-#=E.)#)1 F#L=%>E?&#<;-#=;B;'&$&#5_B%(�;E*#�/#'�� a Platonic Theme in Jewish Mysticism – plikpdf BamiesBcBony na http://web.ceu.hu/jewishstudies/yb03/08idel.pdf, s. 69, prBypis 7 (/;E)D2:15-10-2009)].

��)*)!��)"'!+�� F� ��

�braham �bulafia82IZ��-&#,BC.2=B#/E)%-&,&#'?%L%@.2=;+#).,BC#>4%1�);=/-1/B&#E)1EB#P,&1/B&#@2=;+#).,BC.,*835 &#?E)%).,BC#>�2;/MR%>M,.J/=;<M_L;R.,*Y&$&;CK4derech/derek ha-s�emotI-2=B#,&-&#NE)-&#/;J/=;<&sefirot”,tj. derech/derek ha-sefirot5�?)O=%J;)-&#=%E&DKC&#>%?;2=B#/$&E).?&#$/;2&#=;2;&C)#CE.-C.,*E)1/&%,*C%/Sefer Jecira84. �;B%).$?%L%'&E)%1E?1)#,BC&%>M,.$&E).,BC#)#,*C&?& chochmat ha-Ceruf85.

OB#+L#C B%';$�EB?#C%B&I$.P'&,&#'R./;-E?&BZ��-&#?1��=%$%,*?%L%@. ?;C,#C)=1>M,. E&D $&D/B. &CC.$& C% /B&%@%C&%,* $%>M,.,* E?1)?;-%TE)-;=B#C&#$<;'#$%86.

�%,*>% L#C�EB#= IZ��-&#,BC.*&EB2%NE?& =%LL& & ?%L%'&E)%� 1,B#N %';�$;C%&LC�/=#)%.

�EB#=L#C�%-&/4E.C�L=%*%$%L#C�%-&/%B�;E\1&#=#E5IR.>M,.-WZ��-&#?11,B#N�B%%?%H'#2#<;4)#C;E)%)C&L.@B%=%B#$>#<;-1>#$5�#/#CBW2@;/�C&#>EB.,* &C)#'#?)1%'C&#O-,B#EC.,*?%L%'&E)O-�

Elchanan ben Jakar – XIII-w&#,BC.$.P'&,&#'B%&C)#=#E;-%C.'&C<-&E).,BC.$2;/#>P,&#$/;B%<%/C&#N?%L%@.4)BC�<@O-C&#)#;=&ML;E?&,*&$&;C587.

Jakub ben Jakub ha-�;*#CB ;=&&IZ��-&#,BC.?%E).'&>E?&42O@C;,C%F&EB�2%C&%52=B#/E)%-&,&#' <%@DB&?%L%@.� ?)O=M;?=#P'% E&D$&%C#$J?%L%@.<C;E).,�?&#>KIkabala ma‘amikim (terminu ma’makim _J,&�W?)O=B.B<@DL&%>MK!J,&�?)O=B./;,&#?%>M <@DL;?;KY C% ;BC%,B#C&# ?%L%'&E)O-2=;2%<1>M,.,* )=#C/ <C;E).,?&�).$E%$.$C%;/=ORC&#C&#&,*;/?%L%'&E)O-J2=%-#>P,&#R?&K�2;=%B2&#=-EB.

82 O �bulafii traktuje np. �. Jellinek, +uswahl kabbalistischer Mystik, LeipBig 1853 oraB M. Idel,The Mystical Experience in +braham +bulafia, transl. Jonathan Chipman, �lbany, New York 1988.

83�?)O=.,*2=B#)=-%@;).'?;>#/C;ISefer ha-Ot (Ba: G. Scholem, Kabbalah, s. 54).84 KomentarB do Sefer Jecira >#<; %1);=E)-%� B%).)1@;-%C. Gan Na’ul [2 �� :&��Y�

2=%-&#-,%@;P,&B%-%=);-Sefer ha-Peli’a [1�� &��"��], KorBec 1784 ()%?R#�=B#$.P'�66:).85�L1'%+&%L.@=O-C&#R%1);=#$2;/=D,BC&?%;-#>$#);/.$&E).,BC#>�B%).)1@;-%C#<;-EB#�

'%?;Sefer ha-Ceruf [1�� &�1� ��Y� %$W�L1'%+&%E-;>M$#);/D;?=#P'%@>%?;chochmat ha-higajon ha-penimi ha-‘eljon (Ba: �. Jellinek, Philosophie und Kabbala, LeipBig 1854, s. 15).

86 Golem, hebr. � �I-#/@1<'#<#C/R./;-E?&,*&2;$C&?O-?%L%'&E).,BC.,*%C)=;2;&/%'C%2;E)%T�*;$;&/'#2&;C.BW<'&C.�E-;&E).2%=%,#'E1E;-E?& homunkulus�2;-;@.-%C.42=B#B?%L%'&�E)O-5 /; R.,&% 2=B. 2;$;,. 2=%?).? R./;-E?&#>$%<&& 42;=� B /#+&C&,>M ,*;'#$%( Golem jeststwor�eniem, s�c�ególnie lud�kim, stwor�onym w s�tuc�ny spo�� &��&�� 4��9�� […]; )#CR#, Kabbalah�E�W:7�5��%W)#$%)?%)#<;=&&<;'#$%-$&E).,.�B$&#R./;-E?&$B;L�(��/#'� Golem. Jewish Magical and Mystical Traditions on the +rtificial+nthropoid, �lbany, New York 1990; Byron L. Sherwin, The Golem, Zevi +shkena�i and Repro-ductive Biotechnology, „Judaica” 44 (1995), s. 314-322; G. Scholem, Magische und tellurischeElemente in der Vorstellung vom Golem, „Eranos-Jahrbuch”.XXII, 1953, s. 235-289; )#CR#, GolemI%=).?1@w „Encyclopaedia Judaica” VII, s. 501-507; )#CR#, 1�/]� s. 184-212; )#CR#, Kabbalah,s. 351-355; Beate Rosenfeld, Die Golemsage und ihre Verwertung in der deutschen Literatur, Bre-slau 193442=%,%L%B1>M,%C%?;C,#2,>& ,*;'#$%5XB;L�=O-C&#R-./%-C&,)-%2;2ularne: ChajimBloch, Der Prager Golem, Berlin 1920 ;=%B4-W>DB.?12;'E?&$5�'&W42E#1/�5�Legenda o golemie,Lwów 1931 i Gustav Meyrink, Golem�)@1$��C);C&�%C<#��=%?O-�87642&#=-EB#-./%C&#5�

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Meir ben Salomon ibn Sahula (ok. 1255–1::75I?%L%'&E)%BC%C.B?=.).?&�%,*$%C&/#E%�,B#<;-.=%B/%>#$&D/B.&CC.$&-E-;&$?;$#C)%=B1/;?E&D<&Jecira 4?;$#C)%=B )#C� 2;,*;/BM,. BW�::� =;?1� ,*%=%?)#=.B1># E&D E).'#$ #<�B#$2'%=.,BC.$/'%?%L%@.<#=;NE?&#>&W1-B<'D/C&%)#B.B%$&#EB,B;C#-W?%L%'&�E).,BC.,*/B&#@%,* Sefer ha-Bahir oraB Sefer ha-‘Ijjun).

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Samuel ibn Motot – kabalista B XIV wieku. Jego komentarB do kE&D<& Jecirapt. Mes�owew Netiwot [8�� 9��Y >#E) C%>2=%-/;2;/;LC&#> C%>L%=/B&#>1BC%C.$?;$#C)%=B#$J2%=%C%1?;-.$KE2;=BM/B;C.$/;)#<;R )=%?)%)189.

�;>R#EB�;)%=#'I*&EB2%NE?&1,B;C.R.>M,.C%2=B#@;$&#Z�U&ZU-&#?1��.?EB)%@,;C.-?%L%'#�+&';B;+&&�$#/.,.C&#&%E)=;C;$&&�

�;>R#EB�;=/;-#=;�J�%$%?K4�7 –179Q5I=%LL&;=%BC%>L%=/B&#>BC%C.�2;�B%%?1�1=&&�$.P'&,&#'?%L%'&E).,BC.��%'#R%@/;<=;C%- %+#/I?=D<1R.�/;-E?&,*$&E).?O-�?)O=#<;E%$L.@&C&,>%);=#$��1);=$&D/B.&CC.$&PardesRimonim [Sad GranatówY 42&#=-EB# E)-;=B;C# 2=B#B ?%L%'&E)D /B&#@;5 &WTomerDevorah [Palma Dewory].

Meir ben Jehuda Leib (ha-Kohen �sBkenaBi) Poppers (1624–1662) – cBeskirabbi i mistyk� �-O=,% -&#'1 ?%L%'&E).,BC.,* 2&E$� E2;=BM/B;C.,* <@O-C&#-W/1,*1'1=&%C&B$14)>�WB<;/C&#B-.?@%/C&M$&E).?&R./;-E?&#>2=B#/E)%-&;CM2=B#B�B%%?%�1=&D5�,*;T;2%=).,*)%?R#L#B2;P=#/C&;C%Zohar�e oraB na teks-tach B Bakresu etyki.

87 KomentarB do Sefer Jecira %1);=E)-% �',*%C%C% L#C %?%= ;21L'&?;-%@ �#;=<# U%>/%-Kove� al Yad 6 (1966), s. 145-197.

88�P-&#)'#;2).?&;<O'C#>-./%>#E&D�R#?;C,#2)1%'CM?%)#<;=&MB@%B%>$;-%'&E&D-&E);,&#L%=/B&#>$&E).,. 4B;L��W ,*;'#$� ��F�� /�� , w: )#CR#,O mistyc�nej postaci bóstwa�)@1$��<C&#EB?%��F%%E��%=EB%wa 2010, s. 7:�685'1L#-#C)1%'C&#+&';B;+;-&#R./;-E,.4B;L�C2�Oliver Leaman, Evil and Suffering in Jewish Philosophy��%$L=&/�<#��#-�;=?�8895�%C&#%R)%?L%=/B;;+&,>%'C&)#;';<;-&#>1/%&B$1��%L%@%<C;E).,?%2=B#&C�)#=2=#);-%@% )%?Re na swoje potrBeby Sefer Jecira� )BC�1>D@%?E&D<D „[…] -W/1,*1<C;E).,BC.$&W-W?;C)#?P,&#2=;L'#$%).?&<C;E).,?&#>” (J. Ochman, Peryferie]� s. 92).

%?1LL#C%?1L*%��;*#CB ;=&&L.@$�&C�%1);=#$;LEB#=C#> Sefer ha-Ora [1�� &��%��4��; /B&#@;);B-%C;=O-C&#R 1�� &��'�� YB;?�� 9QW=�4C&#B%,*;-%C#>>#/C%?/;/B&E&#>�EB.,*,B%EO--,%@;P,&5�

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EliasB ben Salomon Zalman, Bwany Gaonem B Wilna (1720–1797) – rabbi,talmudysta, ale i kabalista. Krytyk nurtu chasydBkiego, BaraBem prBeciwnik Ha-skali92. KomentarB do Sefer Jecira>#<;%1);=E)-%2;-E)%@-�;'E,#�

Solomon Toriel – kaL%'&E)%B-&MB%C.B2;<'M/%$&�B%%?%�1=&&93.

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91 G. Scholem, Sabbatai Sevi. The Mystical Messiah, transl. R.J. Zwi Werblowsky, Princeton,New Jersey 1973, s. 172. �/C;PC&#-;<O'# roBumienia mesjaniBmu w judaiBmie Bob. )#CR#, TheMessianic Idea in Judaism and Other Essays on Jewish Spirituality, New York 1971 ;=%BE?;$%�E;-%C.2=B#?@%/)#<;;E)%)C&#<;2)�J�W=;B1$&#C&1&/#&$#E>%NE?&#>-W>1/%&B$&#K�-()#CR#, �� >8� �&/�� ?�)@1$�1'&1EB�.,*;-&,B��=%?O-�88�� s. 152-208.

92 Hebr. � ��IJ;P-&#,#C&#K�-BC%,B#C&1;P-&#,#C&%R./;-E?&#<;��1,*&C)#'#?)1%'C.�?)O�=#<;=;B-O>2=B.2%/@C%2O[C#'%)%-&#?1ZU��%%C<%R;-%C&-#N�./B&/MR.'&/;2;-EB#,*C#�<;2=B.>D,&%;P-&#,#C&;-.,*&/#%@O-�-.=%R%>M,.,*E&D$�&C�-#-2=;-%/B#C&1C%1,B%C&%B-&M�B%C.,*BWR./;-E?M?1')1=MB%<%/C&#N�%W2=B#/#-EB.E)?&$-B&C)#<=;-%C&1C%=;/1R./;-E?&#<;B#E2;@#,B#NE)-#$J&CC;-&#=,B.$K4,B#<;,#'#$$&%@;L.T/;2=;-%/B#C&#/;-&D?EB#>%E.$&'%�,>&#1=;2#>E?&,*-.BC%-,O->1/%&B$1BW=#EB)ME2;@#,B#NE)-%5�

93�%B-&E?%?;$#C)%);=O---&D?EB;P,& 2;/%C;-;2%=,&1; prBypisy B: M. Idel, 1�/>@�� )@1$� �&?;@%> �=%-,B.?� �=%?O- QQ� oraB informacje BamiesBcBonew: J. Ochman, Peryferie]� s. 72-74 (do )#<;;E)%)C&#<;[=O/@%-%=);B%>=B#T2;C&#,;-&D,#>+%?�)O-C%)#$%)-.L=%C.,*?;$#C)%=B.2;,B.C&;C.,*/; Sefer Jecira) i w: G. Scholem, Kabbalah,s. 6� 8��;B;E)%@#&C+;=$%,>#2;,*;/BM-W<@O-C#>$&#=B#BW#'#?)=;C&,BC#>J#-&E*�C,.,';2#/&%��,;$KI http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/index.jsp 4/;E)D2( ��Q� QQ85 ;=%B� E2;=%/.,BC&#�B J #+#= �#)B&=%* �&L'&;<=%2*.K ,;$2&'#/ L. ,;)) � �*;$2E;C I http://www.wbenjamin.org/biblio_yetBirah.html4/;E)D2(��Q� QQ85�

94 J. Ochman, Peryferie]�E� 74, 337, 353.

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96 Edward Hoffman, The Way of Splendor. Jewish Mysticism and Modern Psychology, Lan-ham 2007, s. 12.

97 G. Scholem, Kabbalah, s. 23.

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105�@1$%,B#C&#);;21L'&?;-%C#B;E)%@;2=B#B�&E);=&1E%->#<;BL&;=B#B%).)1@;-%C.$+rtisCabalisticae, h. e. reconditae theologiae et philosophiae scriptorum tomus unus��%E&'#%# �769�LD/M,.$?;$2&'%,>M2=B#?@%/O-/B&#@1-%R%C.,*2=B#B*&E);=.?%B%C%>-%RC&#>EB#)#?E).?%L%'&�E).,BC#�

�&#?)O=B.1,B#C&1)=B.$.-%T$&#'&4B;L�Sepher Ye�irah]� transl. ��%'&E,*�E�85�R#)-O=,M;-#>)=%CE'%,>&L.@;*C�#1,*'&C4�"77��7 5IC&#$&#,?&*1$%C&E)%&BC%-,%>DB.?O-<=#,?&#<;&W*#L=%>E?&#<;� �P=O/ &CC.,* >#EB,B# L%/%,B. 4)%$R#5 B% %1);=% 1,*;/B&@ �%1' �&,,&1E� ?)O=.-�7��=�-�1<EL1=<1;<@;E&@/=1?&#$2=B#?@%/&CC#>EB#=B#>BC%C#>?%L%'&E).,BC#>?E&D<&�$&%C;�-&,&#Portae Lucis [(� ��H��/Y�)>�@%,&NE?&#)@1$%,B#C&#*#L=%>E?&#>S�a’are Ora pióra rabbie-go JóBefa Gikatilli. W +rtis Cabalisticae B%$&#P,&@�&E);=&1E42=O,B)=%CE'%,>&Sefer Jecira5=O-C&#R4$�&C�5/-%/B&#@%�icciego (tj. De Coelesti +griculturaB�7�"=�ILD/M,#BL&;=#$2&E$B%-&#=%�>M,.$� notabene, Portae Lucis – oraB De Verbo Mirifico) i tekst De +rte Cabalistica;*C%�#1�,*'&C%��&#>%EC;PTB-&MB%C%B2=;L'#$#$%1);=E)-%B%E.<C%'&B;-%C#<;)@1$%,B#C&%�� &��Jecira&$2'&?;-%C%$;R#L.T-@%PC&#1$&#EB,B#C&#$-W>#/C.$-./%-C&,)-&#4)>�-+rtis Cabalisticae)prac owych trBech wspomnianych twórców.

106�%).)1@;-%C.Liber Ye�irah qui +brahamo patriarchae adscribitur, una cum commentarioRabbi +braham F. D. (filii Dior) super 32 Semitis Sapientiae, a quibus liber Ye�irah incipit. Trans-latus et notis illustrates, a Joanne Stephano Rittangelio, ling. Orient. in Elect. +cad. Regiomonta-na Prof. extraord. +mstelodami ap. Jo. and Jodoc. Janssonios��$E)#=/%$��" 4=;?C%>L%=/B&#>2=%-/;2;/;LC.�,*;TC&#L#B/.E?1E.>C.5�

107�;/%)#?)#C;/#<=%@;<=;$CM=;'D-E.E)#$&#$.P';-.$?%L%@.*#=$#).,BC#>4?)O=#>=;B�-O>2=B.2%/@C%2=B#@;$-&#?O-Z�Z&ZZ5�=O-C;,B#PC&#)%?R#-W/B&#/B&C&#2=%?).?&4$%<&,B�C#>51E?1)#,BC&%C#>2=B#B,B@;C?O-;-#<;B$;/.+&?;-%C#<;C1=)1?%L%'&E).?&�G-E.C?=#).,BC.2=M/ EB#=;?; ,B#=2%@ BW&CC.,* E.E)#$O- =#'&<&>C.,*;=%B )=%/.,>& #B;)#=.,BC.,*� 2;B;E)%>M, >#/�C%?R#�-WE-#>2;/E)%-&#/;?)=.C%'C#>�-E&'C#>B%'#RC;P,&;/?%L%@.R./;-E?&#>�

108 Sefer Jecira c�yli]� E��94�E)D25�109 Sepher Ye�irah]� transl. I. Kalisch, s. 9 oraB Isreal Regardie, + Garden Of Pomegranates.

Skrying on the Tree of Life, Chic Cicero, Sandra Tabatha Cicero (ed. and notes), St. Paul, Minneso-ta 2002, s. XXV-XXVI, prBypis. Ten ostatni autor w inny$$&#>E,12=B.)%,B%C#<;[=O/@%$O-&)%?R#�R#)-O=,%;-#<;B%@M,BC&?%2;B;E)%>#C&#BC%C.�B-=%,%>M,>#/C;,B#PC&#1-%<DC%C%B-&E?%>#<;)@1$%,B.4B;L�)%$R#, s. XXIX).

110 G. Scholem, Kabbalah, s. 30.

9�)*)!��)"'!+�� F� ��

�=B#?@%/.?E&D<&C% >DB.?&C;-;R.)C#B%2;,BM)?;-%@ ;*%CC�=&#/=&,*V;C�#.#=4�99 –16"85I2;,*;/BM,.B�&#$&#,2=%-C&?�2;'&).?&)#;';<#-%C<#�'&,?&��6:Q=;?1111;21L'&?;-%@-�&2E?1�-=%BB-@%EC.$?;$#C)%=B#$�)@1�$%,B#C&#Sefer JeciraC%>DB.?C&#$&#,?&4;2%=)#C%-#=E>&�&))%C<#'&1E%5112��=1�<&#� 2;2=%-&;C#-./%C&# C&#$&#,?&# ;<@;EB;C;/=1?&#m w 1891 roku, kolejnenatomiast pochodBi B Berlina B roku 1993113� �;B;E)%@# )=%CE'%,># C% >DB.?C&#�$&#,?& -.EB@. E2;/ 2&O=% -E2;$&C%C#<; -,B#PC&#> �%B%=1E% �;'/E,*$&/)%�-W�68"W=;?1114, oraB, Bainteresowanego kwestiami doktrynalnymi judaiBmu mi-stycBnego, Ericha Bischoffa (1865–1936)115 – w roku 1913116.

�% >DB.? -@;E?& ?E&D<D Jecira 2=B#@;R.@ Savino Savini (w 1938 roku)117�% 2O[C&#>�%/&#' �;%++ 4-W�898W=;?15118X C%-D<&#rski – Béla Tennen (w roku1931)119; na cBeski, w roku 1921 – Otakar Griese (1881–1932)120� 2;,*;/BM,.B�B#,**#=$#).E)%�$%=).C&E)%&W21L'&,.E)%BWB%?=#E1J2%=%C%1?K4C&#$C&#>,B@;�-&#?2;E&%/%>M,. ).)1@C%1?;-.5;=%B� )%?R#C%,B#E?&421L'&?%,>%-=%BB )#?E�)#$*#L=%>E?&$5I�%/&E'%V�;1e?%4-=;?1�88�5121.

�=%C,1E?&#<;)@1$%,B#C&% Sefer Jecira/;?;C%@-�669 '1L�666=;?11=;�/B;C.-WF&EB2%C&&+=%C,1E?&'#?%=B;=%BB%@;R.,&#'B%?;C1$%=).C&E)O-I�`=%=/�C,%1EE# 4�6�7–1916)122� ?)O=. 2;2=%-&;C. )#?E) ;-#<; 2=B#?@%/1 B%$&#P,&@-WE-;>#>Kabale123. Kolejni twórcy francuskich translacji to Comtesse �%';$&=%

111 Sefer Jecira c�yli]� E��64�E)D25;=%B Sepher Ye�irah]� transl. I. Kalisch, s. 10.112 Das Buch Je�ira, die älteste kabalistische Urkunde der Hebräer, nebst den �weyunddreys-

sig Wegen der Weisheit. Hebräisch und teutsch, mit Einleitung, erläuternden +nmerkungen undeinem punktirten Glossarium der rabbinischer Wörter, Übers. Johann Friedrich von Meyer, LeipBig1830.

113 Das Buch Je�ira�fL#=E�;*%CC�=&#/=&,*V;C�#.#=�F=E<��V#'&C#�;;/$%C��*%1��*=&�E);2* ,*1')#��#='&C�88:4B2;E@;-&#$��W�/#'%5�

114 Das Buch]� Übers. L. Goldschmidt. Jest to krytycBna edycja tekstu.115�&E,*;++ >#E) )%?R# )-O=,M$�&C�21L'&?%,>&2)� Die Kabbalah. Einführung in die jüdische

Mystik und Geheimwissenschaft��#&2B&<�8Q:X-W%C<&#'E?&$2=B#?@%/B&#IKabbala. +n Introduc-tion to Jewish Mysticism and its Secret Doctrine, Boston, M�, York Beach, ME 1985. Praca ta niew./%>#E&D>#/C%?,#C&;C%2=B#BL%/%,B.IB;L� J.H. Laenen, Jewish Mysticism]� s. 270-271.

116 W: Erich Bischoff, Theoretische Kabbalah das Buch Je�irah, Sohar-+us�üge, spätere Kab-balah, Berlin 1913.

117 Il Sepher Jetsirah. Il libro della forma�ione� )=%/� %V&C; %V&C&��%C,&%C; �8:6 4)%?R#�;<<&%�88"5�

118 Sefer Ye�irah. Il libro della crea�ione, trad. Gadiel Toaff, Roma 1979.119 + Teremtés Könyve, fordító Béla Tennen, Budapest 1931.120 Sefer Jecira. @��:�I�GJK��L�2g#?'�Otakar Griese, Pøerov 1921.121 Sefer Jecira�2g#?'��%/&E'%V�;1e?%��=%*%�88�4?;'#>C#-./%C&%I�88:;=%B1997).122 B#=B#> BC%C. 2;/ 2E#1/;C&$#$�%21E� �C,%1EE# 2;@;R.@ )%?R# +1C/%$#C). 2;/ C%1?&

?%L%@.*#=$#).,BC#>4B;L�2=B.2&E�Q9C&C&#>EB#<;%=).?1@15�123 Za: Feliks KonecBny, "�� 9�� ;$;=O- �889� E�W�Q:� �*;/B& ; 2;B.,>D

�C,%1EE#^% 4- >DB.?1 francuskim): Papus, La Kabbale (tradition secrète de l’occident). Résuméméthodique��%=&E�68 421L'&?%,>%2%=;?=;)C&#-BC%-&%C%5��>DB.?1%C<&#'E?&$1)-O=;<@;EB;�

28 ��

/#�&$%=%42=B#?@%/B=;?1�8�:5124 oraB Carlo Suarès (1892–1976) – francuskipisarB i autor B Bakresu tematyki kabalistycBnej1254)@1$%,B#C&#BW�8�6=;?15126.

2;=% '&,BL%2=B#?@%/O- Sefer Jecira E2;=BM/B;C% B;E)%@% C% >DB.? %C<&#'�E?&� �&#=-EB#>)=%CE'%,>&%C<&#'E?&#>421L'&?%,>%B=;?1�6995/;?;C%@�1=;/B;C.-�=1E%,*&WR.>M,.-WZ�Z-&#?1��E&/;=�%'&E,*IBC%C.BW2;'#$&?/;).,BMcych>1/%&B$1=#+;=$;-%C#<;=%LL&4?)O=#<;);C1=)1B=#EB)ML.@'&/#=#$5�>#/C;,B#P�C&#%1);=?&'?12;B.,>& B B%?=#E1 =#'&<&& R./;-E?&#>127��%E)D2C#%C<&#'E?&# )@1�$%,B#C&# ?E&D<& -.EB@; - =;?1 �66: E2;/ 2&O=% �'+=#/% �/#=E*#ima (1825–1889)128 I 1,B;C#<; L&L'&E). BW1C&-#=E.)#)1 -W�?E+;=/B&#� ?;C-#=).). C%,*=B#P,&>%NE)-; BW>1/%&B$1;=%B )-O=,. /B&#@ BW2;<=%C&,B% ).,* /-O,* =#'&<&&��;'#>C.$ 2=B#?@%/#$ L.@ )#C 2;,B.C&;C. 2=B#B �&''&%$% �.CC �#E),;))%4�6"6–18 75 I L=.).>E?&#<;;?1').E)D�$%E;C%� =OR;?=B.R;-,%� /;?);=%$#/.�,.C.�;E;LDE&'C&#B%&C)#=#E;-%CMC%==%,>M?%L%'&E).,BCM4<@O-C&#->#>-./%C&1*#=$#).,BC.$5�-E2O@B%@;R.,&#'%;2&#=%>M,#<;E&DC%2=B#?EB)%@,;C.$E.E)#$&#?%L%@.*#=$#).,BC#<;�%?;C1�@;)#<;�=B%E?1129 oraB autora licBnych tekstów.Wes),;))B%$&#P,&@-E-;&$)@1$%,B#C&1Sefer Jecira/;/%)#?J�=B./B&#P,&/-&#H,&#R?&�M/=;P,&K130�,B#<;/;?;C%@)%?R#�#)#=�%V&/E;C4�6:9–18�75I2;/;L�

C;/=1?&#$>%?;(�%21E� The Qabalah. Secret Tradition of the West, Wellingborough 1977 (takR#)=%CE'�� ,*;=E��;E);C��;=?�#%,*�� QQQ5�

124 Sefer Yetsirah, trad. Comtesse Calomira de Cimara, Paris 1913.125 Twórca m.in. monografii pt. La Kabale des Kabales. La Genèse d’après la tradition onto-

logique 4�%=&E �8� 5;=%B )B-� J)=.';<&& ?%L%'&E).,BC#>K�- E?@%/?)O=#> I 2=O,B2=B#?@%/1?E&D<&Jecira42%)=B2=B.2&E2;C&R#>5I-,*;/BM=O-C&#R2=%,#(La Nouvelle Création4�%=&E�8 8�)%?R#�%�`<1/#/#�%B#C, QQ�5 & Le Cantique des cantiques (Boucherville, QuéL#, �8875 _#/.,>#-W>DB.?1%C<&#'E?&$( The Cipher of Genesis. The Original Code of the Qabala as +pplied to theScriptures (Berkeley 1970) oraB The Song of Songs. The Canonical Song of Solomon Deciphered+ccording to the Original Code of the Qabala (Berkeley 1972)]. �=.';<&D-,%@;P,&42;W%C<&#'E?15;21L'&?;-%C;>%?;(The Qabala Trilogy, Boston, Massachusetts, New York 1985.

126 Le Sepher Yetsira. Le livre de la structuration, trad. Carlo Suarès, GenèV#�8�64%C<&#'E?&#)@1$%,B#C&#;-#<;2=B#?@%/1 1%=èsa wydano pod tytu@#$(The Sepher Yetsira, transl. MichelineStuart, Boulder, Colorado 1976).

127 Sepher Ye�irah]� transl. I. Kalisch.128 W: �lfred Edersheim, Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah, London 1883 (w dwóch to-

mach). �./%C&# );L.@;-&#';?=;)C&#-BC%-&%C#� LD/M,/=1?;-%C.$2=B#B =ORC.,*-./%-,O-4C2�2=B#B(�$��#=/$%CE�1L'&E*&C<�;��8":�%R/;=;?1�86�X�%,Donald Publishing andWorld Bible Publishing Company, 1994; Hendrickson Publishers, 1993 oraB 1997).

129 JF#=$#)&,�=/#= ;+ )*#�;'/#C�%-CK +1C?,>;C;-%@-�C<'&&� /; 2;,BM)?1ZZ-&#?142;-E)%@-�;C/.C&#-/=1<&#> 2;@;-&#-&#?1Z�Z5� 2; ,B.$ =;B2%/@ E&D C%$C&#>EB# ;/@%$.�L%=/B&#> '1L$C&#> 1-.21?'%>M,# E-O> B-&MB#? B$%,&#=B.E)M ;=<%C&B%,>M��#,*;-%@ E&D ;?1').�E).,BCM/;?)=.CM�E?12&%>M,E&DC%C%1?%,*?%L%@.�$%<&&�%',*#$&&�=OR;?=B.R;-,O-&2;?=#-C.,*C1=)%,*#B;)#=.?&�

130�Sepher Yet�irah. The Book of Formation and the Thirty-two Paths of Wisdom, transl. Wil-

liam Wynn Westcott; pierwsBe wydanie – Bath 1887; drugie (wBnowione i poprawione) – London1893; trBecie – London 1911 (reprint – New York 1975, reprint – San Diego 1990); cBwarte – Ba-warte w trBecim tomie Golden Dawn Studies Series 2;/ =#/%?,>M�%=,.�1C)B��/$;C/E �88��@1$%,B#C&#W);1$&#EB,B;C#B;E)%@;)%?R#-W2=B#/=1?1E#=&& Collectanæ Hermetica, Boston, M�,

8�)*)!��)"'!+�� F� ��

C&#>%?�#E),;))�,B@;C#?-E2O'C;).*#=$#).,BC#>I-WE-;&$B?;'#&2=B#?@%/B&#?E&D<& Jecira C% >DB.?%C<&#'E?&�2;-E)%@.$-W=;?1�68��#CW;E)%)C&1B12#@C&@E-;>#/B&#@;)%?R#;B%@M,BC&?B%).)1@;-%C.J�&DT/B&#E&M)�=%$�C)#'&<#C,>&K131.

�E&D<% Jecira->DB.?1%C<&#'E?&$-.EB@%=O-C&#R4-=;?1�8 :5E2;/2&O�=% R.>M,#<;C%2=B#@;$&#Z�Z &ZZ-&#?1�C1)% )#C=&C<^%132� ;=%B 1BC%C#<;L%/%,B%� )-O=,. 2&E$/;).,BM,.,* $&E).,BC#<; ?&#=1C?1 =#'&<&&$;>R#EB;-#>��;=.&�%'$1/1�=O-C;,B#PC&#)%?R#L=;EB1=;2&E1>M,.,*R./;-E?M$.P' )#;';�<&,BC;�+&';B;+&,BCM4E?&#=;-%C.,*<@O-C&#/;�./O-C&#=#'&<&>C.,*;=%BC%-=O�,;C.,*5I�=.#*%�%2'%C%421L'&?%,>%B=;?1�88Q5133��=%CE'%,>%)#<;;E)%)C&#�<; -./%># E&D� </. &/B&# ;W-E2O@,B#EC# 2=B#?@%/. B%,*;/C&# ?E&D<&� -.E;?;,#C&;C%��;E)%@%;C%;2=%,;-%C%-W;2%=,&1;W)B-�J-#=E>D�=%K4B-%CM)#RJ�=%��=&-#=E>MK1345/B&#@%I ostatecBny wariant Sefer Jecira�2;,*;/BM,.BWZU��-&#�?1 &W2=B#/E)%-&;C. 2=B#B =%LL&#<; �'&%EB% Gaona B Wilna. Wyd%C&# ); ,BDE);1BC%-%C#L.@; 2=B#B ?%L%'&E)O-B% C%>L%=/B&#> %1)#C).,BCM-#=E>D ?E&D<& Jeci-ra135��2=O,B)#<;-WE-;>#>2=%,.B%-%=@�%2'%CI w dodatku pierwsBym I2;�B;E)%@#)=B.&E)C&#>M,#2;E)%,&#4-%=&%C).5)=%?)%)14)>�-#=E>D?=O)?M?E&D<&�-#=�E>D/@1<M;=%B-#=E>D %^%/&>&5�

#P'&&/B&#;2;'E?&#)@1$%,B#C&%Sefer Jecira�);1?%B%@.E&D/-B.,>#I>#/C%136-W2=B#?@%/B&# ;=%BW;pracowaniu Wojciecha Brojera137, Jana Doktóra138

York Beach, ME 1998 4?)O=M �#E),;)) =#/%<;-%@ -W'%)%,* �68:��8��5 _2=B.2&E E2;=BM/B;C;- ;2%=,&1 ;WJ�;)#E ;C �/&)&;C ;+ #+#= �#)B&=%* &C �C<'&E*K %1);=E)-% �;C% �%==^% I http://www.digital-brilliance.com/kab/karr/syie.pdf 4/;E)D2(�Q��Q� QQ85Y�

Translacja Sefer Jecira�#E);,;))%B;E)%@%=O-C&#R opublikowana jako: Sepher Yet�irah. TheBook of Creation, transl. William Wynn Westcott, Cambridge 1978.

131 The Sepher Jetsirah, or Book of Formation [to which is added the thirty-two ways of wis-dom and the fifty gates of intelligence], transl. Peter Davidson, Loudsville 1896.

132 �kiba ben Joseph, The Book of Formation. Sepher Yet�irah, transl. Knut Stenring, introd.�=)*1=�/-%=/�%&)#��;C/;C�8 :X2;B.,>%;21L'&?;-%C%)%?R#>%?;(The Book of Formation, orSepher Yet�irah. +ttributed to Rabbi +kiba Ben Joseph, transl. Knut Stenring, ed. and introd.�rthur Edward Waite, Berwick, ME 2004.

133 �. Kaplan (transl. and notes), Sefer Yet�irah. The Book of Creation in Theory and Practice,York Beach, ME 1990 (drugie wydanie – 1993, trBecie – 1995, cBwarte – 1997). �#C E%$%1);=2=B#@;R.@C%>DB.?%C<&#'E?&)%?R#&CCM-.>M)?;-;&E);)CM?E&D<D$&E).?&R./;-E?&#>4;=%B2&#=-�EB#/B&#@;*&E);=.,BC#>?%L%@.5�$&%C;-&,&# Sefer ha-Bahir (The Bahir. Illumination, Translation,Introduction, and Commentary by �ryeh Kaplan, York Beach, ME 1979 [pierwsBe wydanie]).

134�%-%=).)12=B./;$#?�B%%?%�1=&&I?%L%'&E).�?)O=.B%,*;-.-%@�%WC%E)D2C&#;/P-&#R.@)#?E)?E&D<& Jecira – tj. „�ri” („Lew”), wskaBuje na spo=BM/B;CM2=B#BC&#<;-@%PC&#-#=E>D#/.,>&SeferJecira�;?=#P'%CME)M/J�=&-#=E>MK!J-#=E>M�=&#<;K�

135 �. Kaplan, Sefer Yet�irah]� s. XXV-XXVI.136 Sefer Jecira c�yli… .137F&E);=.?B-&MB%C.B�CE).)1)#$F&E);=&&��138�=�-�87 =�*&E);=.?�)@1$%,B�2=%,;-C&?C%1?;-.�./;-E?&#<;�CE).)1)1F&E);=.,BC#<;

-W�%=EB%-&#��%&C)#=#E;-%C.B%<%/C&#C&%$&$&E).?&R./;-E?&#>�-).$2=;L'#$%).?M$#E>%C&B$1R./;-E?&#<;�%<@O-C&#/B&%@%'C;P,&MZU��-&#,BC#<;B%@;R.,&#'%=#'&<&>C;�$&E).,BC#<;=1,*1+=%C�?&E)O-I%?1L%�=%C,?%��-O=,%?&'?121L'&?%,>&BB%BC%,B;C#<;B%?=#E1)#$%).,BC#<;�

30 ��

i Bohdana Kosa139� %W/=1<% - )@1$%,B#C&1 �%=&1EB% �=;?;2;-&,B%140. TekstpierwsBej B prBytocBonych publ&?%,>& 4C% ?)O=. %=).?1@ C&C&#>EB. 2;-;@1># E&D�E);E1>M,,.)%,>DB?E&D<&5L%B1>#C%?=O)EB#>-#=E>&?E&D<&4-#/@1<E2;=#> '&,BL.L%/%,B. >#E) ); -%=&%C) C%>L'&REB. 2&#=-;-B;=;-&5� 1B12#@C&;C#> $;$#C)%$&;W+=%<$#C).-#=E>&/@1REB#>141.

7"�/��3��'#(&��#8-1��3�(�/�3��'�'#�&*�

Tekst Sefer Jecira/B&P;E&M<%'C./B&#';C.>#E)C%EB#PT=;B/B&%@O-�,;$;R#E)%C;-&T2%=%'#'D/;EB#P,&12;=BM/?O-�&EBC.��-#=;B/B&%@.B-%C#EMmis�-

139 Ur. w 1941 r. +&';B;+�=O-C&#R2;#)%��=#B#E�1C/%,>&&�./%-C&,)-%J�&??1CK4?)O=#;21�L'&?;-%@; Sefer Jecira c�yli…).

140 MariusB ProkopowicB, 1�� &��>�1��/�, WarsBawa 1994.141�/C;PC&#do informacj&C%)#$%)'&)#=%)1=.B-&MB%C#>BSefer Jecira Bob. dodatkowo +ppen-

dix��#''&C?%/;/B&#@%��=%C,?%�The Kabbalah]�E� :�"�:�7�</B&#-.EB,B#<O'C&;C;"92;B.,>&L&L'&;<=%+&,BC.,*)=%?)1>M,.,*;W?E&D/B#4E2;=BM/B;C.,*-W=ORC.,*>DB.?%,*I-).$2;+=%C,1E?1�-@;E?1�%C<&#'E?1�C&#$&#,?1�*#L=%>E?15��&#,;/%C.,*B-&MB%C.,*BWL&L'&;<=%+&M?E&D<& Jecira/;�E)%=,B% =O-C&#R��%2'%C� Sefer Yet�irah]�E� ZZ��ZZ�� 4)%L#'%5� >%??;'-&#?B;=<%C&B;-%C#EM;C#)1)%>L%=/B&#>2;/?M)#$B%-%=).,*-W-.21C?);-%C.,*$;C;<=%+&%,*;2&C&&�?&#/.1)-O=$O<@B;E)%TE2;=BM/B;C.� ,*;'#$-.=ORC&%C%E)D21>M,#2;B.,>#)=%?)1>M,#;W'&)#=%)1=B#Sefer Jecira(E#=&D%=).?1@O-�;1&E%W�&CBL#=<%2;/*%E@#$J�;;?�#B&=%*K-WJewish Encyclopedia XII, 1906; swojegoautorstwa Kabbalah, s. 23-30; �.M. Habermanna +bhanim…; Leo Baeck’a +us drei Jahrtausenden.Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen und +bhandlungen �ur Geschichte des jüdischen Glaubens, Tübin-gen 1958, s. 256-271 (G. Scholem, Origins]�E� 24-25, prBypis). Baeck jest poBa tym auto=#$�</.&/B&#;?E&D<D Jecira�%=).?1@O-(%��];=%B 2� ��]�/C;PC&# do*%E#@#C,.�?';2#/.,BC.,*E2;=BM/B;C.,*2=B#B ,*;'#$%B;L� Ye�irah Sefer w „Encyclopaedia Judaica” XVI,s. 782-788 i Buch Je�ira w „Encyclopaedia Judaica” IX, s. �Q"��;L�)%?R#%=)[email protected];P-&D,;C#Sefer Jecira autorstwa George’a Vajdy: Le Commentaire kairouanais sur le Livre de la Creation,„Revue des Études Juives” CVII (1946-47), s. 99-I56; Deux nouveaux fragments arabes du Com-mentaire de Dunas ben Tamim sur le Sefer Yesira, „Revue des Études Juives” CXXII (1963),s. 149-162; La structure du corps humain d’après le commentaire de Dunash ben Tamim sur le Livrede la création, „Journal of Semitic Studies” 23, 1 (1978), s. 88-94; Le Commentaire de Saadia sur lesefer Yecira, „Revue des Études Juives” CVI (1941-46), s. 64-86; Nouveaux fragments arabes duCommentaire de Dunash ben Tamim sur le Livre de la Création, „Revue des Études Juives” CXIII(1954), s. 37-61; Quelques notes sur le Commentaire kairouanais du Sefer Yesira, „Revue des ÉtudesJuives” CV (1939), s. 132-140; Saadya commentateur du Livre de la création, J�nnuaire del’École Pratique des Hautes tu des, Section des Sciences Religieuses” 1959-1960, s. 1-35 (Ba: J. Och-man, Peryferie]� s. 465, prBypis). Zob�W-?;N,1http://www.wbenjamin.org/biblio_yetBirah.html4/;�E)D2(��Q� QQ85�)>�J #+#=�#)B&=%*�&L'&;<=%2*.,;$2&'#/L. ,;))��*;$2E;CK�</B&#B%$&#EB�,B;C; EB,B#<O@;-M '&)#=%)1=D 2=B#/$&;)1 ;/C;PC&# do )#<;R )=%?)%)1� >%??;'-&#? C&#-.,B#=21>M,M4B;E)%@% )1;C%2;/B&#';C%C% EB#PTW,BDP,&( ��WJ�#?E). Sefer Jecira”; II. „�ngielskie wydania SeferJeciraKX��J�L,;>DB.,BC#_)>�E2;=BM/B;C#->DB.?1&CC.$C&R%C<&#'E?&Y#/.,>#Sefer Jecira”; IV.„KomentarBe do Sefer JeciraKXU�WJ�@O-C#[=O/@%2=B#)@1$%,B;C#_C%>DB.?%C<&#'E?&YKXU��WJ�&)#=%�)1=%/=1<;=BD/C%K5��C+;=$%,>#)#@M,BM4%?)1%'&B1>M,>#/C;,B#PC&#5&C+;=$%,>#2;/%C#2=B#B�%B%=1�E%�;'/E,*$&/)%-B%@M,B;C#>2=B#BC&#<;/;E-;>ej Das Buch…L&L'&;<=%+&&?E&D<&JeciraBW2;=BM/�?&#$B%2=;2;C;-%C.$2=B#B#''&C?%->#<;BW?;'#&Beiträge �ur Geschichte der Kabbala, 2 Hefte,LeipBig 1852 (reprint – New York 1980).

:��)*)!��)"'!+�� F� ��

najot lub halakhot (halachot). �&#?)O=#E)%=;R.)C#[=O/@%;=B#?%>M�R#?E&D<%Je-cira B@;R;C%L.@% 2&#=-;)C&# BW2&D,&1 =;B/B&%@O- &W-./%># E&D 2=%-/;2;/;LC#�R#&C*#=#C)C./B&P1)-;=;-&=;B/B&%@EBOE).L.@-,B#PC&#>@M,B;C.B=;B/B&%@#$2&M).$�B?)O=.$E)%C;-&@,%@;PT142.

Informacje w dBiele, jak konstatuje Kaplan143�2=B#/E)%-&%C#EM/;<$%).,B�C&#� L#B 1B%E%/C&#N &-.>%PC&#N��1);=!�=B. )=%?)%)1 B%E);E;-%'& =O-C&#R ?&'?%,.)%)O- L&L'&>C.,* -#=E#)O-� #/.CM 2;E)%,&M L&L'&>CM 4& notabene 2;E)%,&M-;<O'#52;>%-&%>M,ME&D-Sefer Jecira jest �braham.

�E&D<% Jecira 2;/B&#';C% B/%># E&D L.T C% ,B)#=. <@O-C# ,BDP,&� �&#=-EB.=;B/B&%@4B%=%B#$2&#=-EB%,BDPT)#?E)15-2=;-%/B%-B%<%/C&#C&# sefirot 42;�,BM-EB. ;/ %?%2&)1 �� %R /; ?;N,% =;B/B&%@15144 ;=%B� =;B-&>%>M, )#C )#$%)�-.2;-&%/%E&D;WC&,*-/;PTEB,B#<O@;-.E2;EOL�2;EB,B#<O'C#sefirotE-;&P,&#,*%=%?)#=.B1>M,��W?;'#>C.,*=;B/B&%@%,*; sefirotC&#-E2;$&C%E&D>1R>#/C%?%C&E@;-#$�E)M/-.E1-%C;E2#?1'%,>#�>%?;L.C%;L#,CM Sefer JeciraE?@%/%@.E&D 2&#=-;)C&# /-% 4'1LW-&D,#>5 =ORC# /B&#@% E)%=;R.)C#145� �O-C&#R ?%)#<;=&%J)=B./B&#E)1/-O,*P,&#R#?$M/=;P,&K� >%?;E)-O=,B#<;JC%=BD/B&%K�;<%4%?%�2&) ��5146� C&</B&# 2;B% 2&#=-EB.$ =;B/B&%@#$C&# Bostaje w utworBe nadmie-niona.

�;'#>C# =;B/B&%@. ?E&D<& )=%?)1>M ;W?=#%,.>C#> +1C?,>& *#L=%>E?&,* '&)#=147��=1<&W=;B/B&%@/B&#@%4/=1<%,BDPT5);;<O'C%/.E?1E>%C%/C%)1=M'&)#=*#L=%>E?&#�<; %'+%L#)1��#?E) ?E&D<&-2=;-%/B%-W)#> ,BDP,&-WB%<%/C&#C&# 2&D,&1 >DB.?;�-.,* =;/B&C +;C#).,BC.,* 4%?%2&) �:�5148� %W)%?R#- &/#D J :� L=%$K 4%?%2&) �"�5149�?)O=#C&#$C&#>�2;/;LC&# >%?-WE.)1%,>&2;-.R#>� =O-C&#RC&</B&#/%'#>-1)-;=B#E&DC>%-&%>M150.

142 Za: �. Kaplan, Sefer Yet�irah]� s. XI. �1);= /;/%># )1 )%?R#� R#-#=E>% ?E&D<& %^%/&>&�%^;C%B@;R;C%L.@%2&#=-;)C&#%RB;P$&1=;B/B&%@O-�

143 �%$R#.144 Sefirot;?=#P'%C#EM)1>%?;J�B&#E&DTE#+&=C&,;P,&K4B;L� Sefer Jecira c�yli]� s. 83 i da-

lej).145�;;BC%,B%T$%)%?R#�R#B#E2;';C#)1B;E)%@./-&#=ORC#/;?)=.C.?;E$;<;C&,BC#(>#/C%

B-&MB%C%BWsefirot, druga – B hebrajskim alfabetem.146 „�=B./B&#E);$%/-&#$%,1/;-C.$&P,&#R?%$&$M/=;P,& ��2�� (�&�'��4

��(�&�D��1��H��)��/�� /��B�� B��/��B��H�� I�$&D#<;�-.=.@&E)-;=B.@E-O>P-&%)”; Sefer Jecira c�yli]� s. 83.

147�;'%*#L=%>E?&,*'&)#=-?;CE)=1?,>&P-&%)%-E2;$&C%C%>#E))#R-Midras�u Tanhuma�,;2;B;E)%>#-WL'&E?;P,&B;-M&/#M=#2=#B#C)%).-CM/'%Sefer Jecira, %2=B#/#-EB.E)?&$B=;B/B&%�@#$/=1<&$)#>;E)%)C&#>�

148 „�-%/B&#P,&%/-%2;/E)%-;-#BC%?&-.=.)#<@;E#$�-.,&;E%C#),*C&#C&#$�-.BC%,B;C#-2&D,&1$&#>E,%,*1E)”; Sefer Jecira c�yli]� s. 101.

149 „�-%/B&#P,&%/-%2;/E)%-;-#BC%?&-2=%-&;C#-?;@;��=B#B :�L=%$;L=%,%C#>#E));?;@;)%$&WBW2;-=;)#$I;);BC%?E@;-%”; )%$R#, s. 101.

150�/C;PC&#do koncepcji fonetycBnej Sefer Jecira-%=);P,&;-M2=%,M>#E)(��Z. Segal, Jesodeha-Phonetica ha-‘Iwrit, JerusBalajim 1928 (s. 96-100).

32 ��

�;B/B&%@. )=B#,&/;2&M)#<; 4,BDPT )=B#,&% Sefer Jecira5/.E?1)1>M; )=O>2;�/B&%'#*#L=%>E?&,* '&)#=�,;?;=#';-%C# >#E)B?%)#<;=&%$&JP-&%)%K�J=;?1K;=%BJ&E);).$DE?&#> &WR#NE?&ej”151 _)#?E)*#L=%>E?&-.=%R%E&D )1; olam – hebr. � �,s�ana – hebr. �� i nefes� – hebr. ��152, tj. de facto(JP-&%)K�Jrok” („cBas”) i „dusBa”(nefes�L;-&#$);I2=O,BJ&E);).K�J;E;L.K�J,B@;-&#?%KI =O-C&#RJ/1EB%K5Y��%/);�W,BDPT)%2=#B#C)1>#C&#['#1EB,B#<O@;-&;C.E.E)#$%E)=;';<&,BC.�

�;B/B&%@ EBOE). )=%?)%)1 4,BDPT ,B-%=)%5 C&#-.?%B1>#� >%? E&D-./%>#� >%�EC.,*B-&MB?O-BW-,B#PC&#>EB.$&,BDP,&%$&/B&#@%�2;B;E)%>M,2=B.).$C%>L%=�/B&#> C&#>%EC.$ &W)%>#$C&,B.$ =;B/B&%@#$?E&D<&� �;>%-&% E&D C% >#<; E)=;C%,*+&<1=%�L=%*%$%�>#/C;,B#PC&#-2=;-%/B;C.)1B;E)%>#?;C,#2)Jaxis153I;L=O)IP=;/#?K�1>$;-%C.)#R>%?;Jaxis – obrót – serce”154 (który notabene poBa Seferha-BahirC&# >#E)C%>2=%-/;2;/;LC&#>;$%-&%C.-WR%/C#> &CC#>?%L%'&E).,BC#>�%C&C%-#)*#L=%>E?&#>'&)#=%)1=B#5155.

9"�'��/��3��+�3/#4)#

Podstawowymi ideami Sefer Jecira2;B;E)%>Msefirot oraB litery hebrajskiegoalfabetu. Sefer Jecira jest de facto /B&#@#$� BW?)O=#<;2; =%B 2&#=-EB.-.@%C&%E&D2;>D,&# sefirot� #E)WB%=%B#$ )#?E)#$B%-&#=%>M,.$C%>-,B#PniejsBe, jakkol-wiek nieusystematyBowane informacje o tych ostatnich.

Sefirot -.E)D21>M - ?E&D/B# >%?; 2;/E)%-;-# 2;)#C,>%'C;P,&� C%>L%=/B&#>2&#=-;)C#?;C,#2).L.)1�B%2;$;,M?)O=.,*4%'#C&#-.@M,BC&#C&,*5R./;-E?&#LOE)-; 4%*-#5 E)-%=B%�-;?O@ E&#L&#� P-&%)��B&#@; )=%?)1># L;-&#$I C% ,;-E?%B1>#E%$).)1@_1�� &��] – ;W%?,&#?;E$;<;C&&��;E?&#E&@.&C*#�=#C)C# sefirotyc�nemu E.E)#$;-& E@1RM )1-W2=;,#E&# ?=#%,>& P-&%)%� %?$O-&�#$#=.);-%C. /B&P� &B=%#'E?& L%/%,B I %1);= 2;C%/ EB#PT/B&#E&D,&1 2=%, ;=%B2&#=-EB.L#B2;P=#/C&C%E)D2,% ,*;'#$%42;/?)O=#<;[email protected]#$B=#EB)M<@DL;�

151 Zob. np. akapit 3.5.: „_]Y�%2&#,BD);-%@C&$&_)>�)=B#$%'&)#=%$&J$%)?%$&KI�, �, ��– D.B.Y)=B.$%)=.,#- P-&#,&#� )=B.$%)=.,#- =;?1 & )=B.$%)=.,#-W&E);,&#$DE?&#> & R#NE?&#>K 4��]�s. 109)��;/;LC&#/B&#>#E&D-W2=B.2%/?12;B;E)%@.,h grup literowych – tj. siedmiuliter „podwójnych” oraB dwunastu liter „prostych”.

152 Tekst hebrajski Bob.: )%$R#, s. 110 (akapit 3.5.).153 PrBy cBym termin axis 4>%?;J;PK5 w polsk&$2=B#?@%/B&#?E&D<&4Sefer Jecira c�yli]5C&#

-.E)D21>#��/C;PC&# do)#>?%)#<;=&&$O-&E&D)1;WJC%/B;=,.- $;?1K4%?%2&)��E��:95�?)O�=#);E+;=$1@;-%C&#?;C;)1>#�>%?B%1-%R%>M)@1$%,B#&?;$#C)%);=B.2;'E?&#<;-./%C&%4)%$R#,s. 161 –?;$#C)%=B5�;?;@;L&#<1C;-.<-&%B/;BL&O=C&#L%2O@C;,C#<;�J�%/B;=,%K>#E)%'1B>M/;;E&P-&%)%4<-&%B/.2;'%=C#>5�?)O=%E.$1')%C&,BCB;E)%>#;E&M;L=;)1?=D<1B;/&%?%'C#<;�

154 „[…] Zasada dw1C%E)1�E&#/$&1&)=B#,*_-.=%B?'%E.+&?%,>&*#L=%>E?&,*'&)#=2;/@1</;?�)=.C.)=%?)%)1– D.B.Y&&,*C%/B;=,%- $;?1�;L=O)&P=;/#?” (akapit 6.1), )%$R#, s. 137; „ $;?-P-&#,&#>%?;?=O'C%E-;&$)=;C&#��L=O)-W=;?1>%?;?=O'-2%NE)-&#�E#=,#-&E);,&# jako królw sByku bojowym” (akapit 6.2.), )%$R#, s. 139.

155 �. Kaplan, Sefer Yet�irah]� s. XI-XII.

::�)*)!��)"'!+�� F� ��

156 M.in. autor projektu Toledot Torat Hasod Ha’iwrit [M�� 0)�� D�4��&�Y42&#=-EB#)=B.);$.-./%C;C%?@%/#$-./%-C&,)-%J�%'$%C *%B%=�#C)#=K�#=;B;�'&$% QQ65�

157 J. Dan, The Language of the Mystics in Medieval Germany, w: Mysticism, Magic, andKabbalah in +shkena�i Judaism [Studia Judaica. Forschungen �ur Wissenschaft des Judentums,Band XIII], K.E. GröBinger, J. Dan (ed.), Berlin, New York 1995, s. 15. �/C;PC&#do L%/%N2=;-%�/B;C.,*2=B#B�%C%C%/ Sefer JeciraB;L�W)%?R#()#CR#, The Language of Creation and its Gram-mar, w: )#CR#, Jewish Mysticism. vol. 1: Late +ntiquity, Northvale, New Jersey 1998, s. 129-187.

158 G. Scholem, Origins]� s. 27.159%?;,&#?%-;E)?D2;/%T$;RC%�R# '&,BL%)=B./B&#P,&/-%>#E)=O-C&#RE1$M�B#-B<'D/1

C% -%=);PT <#$%)=.,BCM� 2&#=-EB#> & ;E)%)C&#> '&)#=. �&D,&;?E&D<1 �;>R#EB;-#<; 4B%( SepherYe�irah]� transl. I. Kalisch, s. 50, prBypis).

160 Sefer Jecira c�yli]� s. 83.

?; B%&C)#=#E;-%@ E&stycBnD $&M )#;B;+&M >1/%&B$15 C% ?%)#/=B# �./;-E?&#<;�&E).,.B$1�C&-#=E.)#)1F#L=%>E?&#<;- #=;B;'&$&# I ;E#2*�%C156: SeferJecira […] �� 0(�& […]157.

Sefirot, hebr. �� (l. poj. – sefira, hebr. ��5�-.@%C&%>ME&DBW?E&D<&Jeci-ra >%?;/B&#E&DT2&#=-;)C.,*J'&,BLK�J2=%'&,BLK42;>D,&#sefira1B#-CD)=BC&%E&D)1 >%?; #).$;';<&,BC. /#=.-%) ;/ *#L=%>E?&#<; ,B%E;-C&?% J'&,B.TK I safa��*#L=��5�2=B.,B.$)#=$&C sefirot 1R.).B;E)%>#-Sefer Jecira-B;=#$-.=%�R#C&% E1LE).)11>M,#<; 2;>D,&# misparim (hebr. ��5 _J'&,BL.K� JC1$#=.KY��=B#?;C.-1>M,M*&2;)#BM-.>%PC&%>M,M$;).-.B%E);E;-%C&%2=B#B%1);=%!4�O-5)=%?)%)1 ;-#<; B%L&#<1 )=%CE2;B.,>& >#E) )% <@;EBM,%� R# B%$&%CM )M 2;/?=#P'&T,*,&%@!4�#'&5;C!4�&5�>%?E&DB/%>#�R#/B&#@;)=%?)1>#C&#).'#;WB-.?@.,*'&,BL%,*�,; =%,B#> ;W'&,BL%,*LD/M,.,* _]Y �� [tego ostatniego]�76� )>� )=%?)1># ; '&,BL%,* E)%C;-&M,.,* E)%/&%E)-;=B#C&%��; )#R B ?E&D<& Jecira R./;-E?%$.P'$&E).,BC% B%,B#=2C&# )#;=&D/#?%/. sefirot &WE%$;W2;>D,&# sefirot� ?)O=# ); E)=1?)1=. LD/M C%E)D2C&# L%=/B;<@DL;?;� 2=B. ,B.$ )#R &W=ORC;=;/C&#� ;2&E.-%C# &W&C)#=2=#);-%C#� Notabene,roBwój kategorii sefirot 2=B#L&#<%TLD/B&#-#B;)#=.,BC#> )#;B;+&& >1/%&B$1;/E.<C;-%C&%2=B#BC&#J42=%5'&,BLKI >%? );B&'1E)=;-%C#B;E)%@;-WSefer Jecira.

Sefirot-?E&D/B# Jecira ?;CE).)11>M 2&#=-EBM /#?%/D BW)=B./B&#E)1 /-O,*JP,&#R#?K 4netiwot, hebr. ��159 I )>� JP,&#R#? 4L;E?&#>5$M/=;P,&K I JE@1RM�,.,*K E)-O=,.-W2=;,#E&# ?=#%,.>C.$� )M/ E)%C;-&M #'#$#C). &W)-;=B.-;L1�/1>M,#-EB#,*P-&%)( $�� 9� �� %*�%*-#�%E)D2O-��O<�B=%#'% […] ��/��0��/ �� […] (akapit 1.1.)160.

�;B;E)%@#/-%/B&#P,&%/-&#B)=B./B&#E)1/-O,*JP,&#R#?K�)>�)#2;B%/#?%�/M sefirot� 2=B.2%/%>M C% 2;EB,B#<O'C# '&)#=. *#L=%>E?&#<; %'+%L#)1 4).,*;E)%)�C&,*>#E)�C&#'&,BM,-%=&%C)O-?;N,;-.,*-@%P,&-.,*C&#?)O=.$'&)#=;$�/-%�/B&#P,&%/-a), które jako – Bgodnie B tekstem Sefer Jecira (akapit 2.1. i dalej) –

34 ��

��%$R#�E�88��QQ�162�.=%R#C&#);;L#>$;-%T$%/-%BC%,B#C&%<=#,?&#<;2;>D,&% stoicheia – )>�C&#PTE#CEJ'&�

)#=K;=%BJ#'#$#C)O-K�JR.-&;@O-K4E1<eruje to G. Scholem w swoich Origins]� s. 28, prBypis).163 „�-%/B&#P,&%/-%2;/E)%-;-#BC%?&” (2.1.); Sefer Jecira c�yli]� np. s. 99.164�/#%/-1/B&#E)1/-O,*'&)#=%'+%L#)1*#L=%>E?&#<;>%?;E-;&E).,*#'#$#C)O-/1,*;-.,*�

?)O=#E)%@.E&DJ2;/E)%-MKE)-;=B#C&%);)#RE1<#E)&%)%'$1/.,BC%�,;&$2'&?;-%@;2;/#>$;-%C&#2=B#B#B;)#=.?O-R./;-E?&,*2=OL;/<%/C&D,&%J)%>#$C&,'&)#=KI sitre otij(j)ot. �&E).?%'&)#=�&C�E2&=;-%C%L.T$;R#2&)%<;=#>E?M?;C,#2,>M '&,BL�-@%P,&-%$%L.T )#R42;B% Sefer Jecira i Tal-mudem): literaturBe He[j]chalot, utworom Pirkei de-Rabbi Elie�er i S�iur Koma, a w kabale – Se-fer ha-Bahir [1�� &� ��], Sefer ha-Temuna [1�� &� :��], Sefer ha-Jasar [1�� &��&�], Sefer Ra�iel ha-Malak [1�� &�+��/�!��], Sefer ha-Zohar [1�� &�(��](Ba: J. Ochman, Peryferie]�E� 421-422, prBypis).

165 Doktryna Sefer Jecira ,*%=%?)#=.B;-%C% E)M/L.-% >%?;J)#;B;+&,BC%%=.)$#).?%K 4)%?&#;?=#P'#C>%-&%E&D1��&,?%�The Cabala]� s. 22).

166 Ron H. Feldman, Fundamentals of Jewish Mysticism and Kabbalah, Freedom, California1999, s. 40. �%?WE%$;�%2'%CE?;CE)%)1>#�R#2;/,B%E</.'&)#=.EM#'#$#C)%=C&#$;/1E%$&-.2;�-&%/%C&%E&D�%=).?1'%,>&�);Wsefirot I>%?;;/=ORC&%'C#;/'&)#=I2;B;E)%>M C&#-.=%R%'C#�C&#%=).?1�@;-%C#B#E-;>#>C%)1=.4)#CR#, Sefer Yet�irah]� s. 26).

167 Podobnie powie Scholem w swojej Kabbalah�E� "��O-C&#R�/#';=B#?C&#�R#;&'#?;C�-#=<#C,>D2;$&D/B. sefirot%WLOE)-#$B%1-%R.TE&D/%>1R-C%>E)%=EB.,*[=O/@%,*R./;-E?&,*�; ).'# C&#$%-&D?EB.,* 2;/E)%-� %L.-C&;E?;-%T; &E););-#> >#/C;P,& & #?-&-%'#C,>&$&D/B.sefirot – J'&,BL%$&K%WE)-O=,M 4%*-#5 ,B. )#RL;RM$%C&+#E)%,>M 4B;L� M. Idel, Historical Intro-

otij(j)ot jesod161, hebr. �� 162, tj. „podstawowe Bnaki”163, „litery podstawy”(fakultatywnie – „litery fundamentalne”5� +1C/%$#C)%'C# #'#$#C). E)-;=B#C&%)%?R#;/2;-&#/B&%'C#EMB%2;-E)%C&#P-&%)%4%?%2&) � �5164.

J�=B./B&#P,&/-&#P,&#R?&$M/=;P,&K$%C&+#E)1>ME&DB%)#$>%?;/B&#E&DT'&,BL4)>� ,.+=� 1B#-CD)=BC&%>M,.,* E&D-/B&#E&D,&1 sefirot5 & /-%/B&#P,&% /-&# '&)#=.*#L=%>E?&#<;%'+%L#)1��&)#=.&,.+=.EM+1C/%$#C)#$C%>L%=/B&#>2;/E)%-;-.,*E?@%/C&?O- E)-;=B#C&%( >%?;P,& 4'&)#=.5 & &';P,& 4,.+=.5��&D?EB;PT )#?E)1 SeferJecira ).,B. E&D de facto J)=B./B&#E)1 /-O,* P,&#R#?K - &,* 2=B#>%-&%C&1 E&D-'&)#=%,*&'&,BL%,*4,.+=%,*5165.

�#,*1>M,. jeciratyc�ne sefirot L=%? +;=$.� +&B.,BC#> E1LE)%C,>&� 2=B.2&E%C%&$C&#-.=%R%'C;PT�2;/;LC&#>%?L#B/[-&D,BC;PT4-=%BB#E2#,.+&?M2;B;E)%-%�C&% sefirot p;B%2=;,#E#$2;>$;-%C&%5�$%L.T ).$� ,;;/=ORC&% %C%'&B;-%CM/#?%/D;/B%=.E;-%C#>-W?E&D/B#?;C,#2,>&'&)#=1664)#;E)%)C&#L;-&#$1)=B.$1�>M-2#-&#CE2;EOLE)%)1EJ+&B.,BC;P,&K;=%BI,;C/'#<%?-#E)&&I$;<ML.T-#=L%'&B;-%C#5�

�; =O-C&#R<;/C#B%BC%,B#C&% ); +%?)� R# Sefer Jecira� >%? E&D-./%>#�C&#2=#B#C)1># >%EC#<; 1);RE%$&#C&% sefirot, tj. boskich (sefirotyc�nych5 E&@� B LO�E)-#$ par excellence. Natura sefirot C&# >#E) L;-&#$- )#?P,&# %C%'&B;-%C#<;/B&#@% >#EB,B#2=B#>=B.P,&#-.#?E2'&?;-%C%� Sefirot B%)#$I-E-#>/B&#E&D)C#>?=#%,.>C#>,B.)#R/#$&1=<&,BC#>);)%'C;P,&IC&#EM)12=%-/;2;/;LC&#1-%R%C#2=B#B %1);=%!�O- B% L#BE2;=C&# &/#C).,BC# BW�;<&#$� #-&/#C)C&# ?;C<=1#C)C#>#<;#E#C,>&,B.)#R&E);,&#167��&#$C&#>;L&#?).-C;PTL%/%-,B%C&#B#B-%'%C%

:7�)*)!��)"'!+�� F� ��

;E)%)#,BC#;/=B1,#C&#&)%?&#>*&2;)#B.�%);,*;,&%RL.B#-B<'D/1C%+%?)�&R;-%2&#=-;)C%/#?%/%sefirot konstytuuje na stronach pisma2#-CM=B#,B.-&E)M)=%CE�C%)1=%'CM� )#;$;=+&,BCM�L;E?M >#/C;PT168.

�2).?%W2=#,.B.>C&# 1>D)#<; &B;$;=+&B$1 sefirot & =B#,B.-&E);P,& L;E?&#>4‘acmut�;<%5LD/B&#C%);$&%E)/;$&C;-%T-W2;E)�jeciratyc�nejR./;-E?&#>=#�+'#?E>&$&E).,BC#>��=B#+;=$1@;-%C&#JC1$#=.,BC.,*Ksefirot-&C)#<=%'CM,BDPTC%/2=B.=;/B;C;P,&� E)-O=,B#> J2'#=;$.K� )>� L;R#> 2#@C&� ?)O=% ;L>%-&% E&D-P-&#,&#�-./%>#E&D-W$.P'&$&E).,BC#<;>1/%&B$1=#2=#B#C)%).-C#/'%,B%E12;$&D/B.ZW%WZ��!Z��-&#?&#$��%?%)#C/#C,>%B%BC%,B%TE&D)#RLD/B&#-*#�L=%>E?&,*$&E).,BC.,*)#?E)%,*B)#<;;?=#E1�2;,BM-EB.;/W2=%, B%L%)%>%�;C�C;';169 i Salomona ibn Gabirola170 4C% ?)O=#<; [email protected]@ E-;>M C%1?M %^%/&>%�%^;C5171�%R2;2O[C&#>EB#�?'%E.,BC#>1R�/B&#@%?%L%@.�

:"��+#�/3#

)%=;R.)C% Sefer Jecira� E)%C;-&M, C%>-,B#PC&#>EB# BC%C# /B&#@; #B;)#=.?&�$&E).?& R./;-E?&#> I )>�� P,&P'#>� LD/M, /;?1$#C)#$ 2=#�?%L%'&E).,BC#> #B;)#�=.,BC;�$&E).,BC#> )#;B;+&& & +&';B;+&& >1/%&B$1 I B/#,./;-%C&# B%E@1<1># C%1-%<DL%/%,B.�&);B%=O-C;*#L=%&E)O-;=%B>1/%&E)O-�>%?&W)#;';<O-�=#'&<&;�BC%-,O-,B.*&E);=.?O-��B%?=#E&#L%/%NBC%'#[T2;-&CC;E&D)@;*&E);=.,BC#& ?1')1=;-#2=;,#E1 2;-E)%-%C&% ;-#<; )=%?)%)1� ?)O=# C&#-M)2'&-&#-.-%=@;2=B#$;[email protected]%%1);=%4�O-51)-;=1�2;/;LC&#>%?&E%$%/;?)=.C%?E&D<&�?)O=%2;B;E)%>#-.$%<%>M,%B1-%<&C% E&'C#B%-;%';-%C&# )=#P,&;-#�,B.C&M,-&#'#� C&#L#B2;P=#/C&,*� ;/C&#E&#N/;C%1? =#'&<&&$;>R#EB;-#>� <@O-C&#- >#>$&E).,BC.$�#B;)#=.,BC.$-./%C&1��LEB%=L%/%-,B.B-&MB%C.B Sefer Jecira2;B;E)%># L;-&#$ C% <=1C,&# 2;'E?&,* L%/%N ,&M<'#$%@; B%<;E2;/%=;-%C.$)#=#C#$��&C&#>EB. %=).?1@� 2=#B#C)1>M,. =;BL1/;-%C. =.E*&E);=.,BC.;=%BL&�L'&;<=%+&,BC.?E&D<&�-.BC%,B%T$;R#-E)D2/;/%'EB.,*=;B-%R%N&L%/%NC%/)#?E)#$�LD/M,2=B#/#-EB.E)?&$2;$;,C.*&E);=.?;$&)#;';<;$172.

duction, w: Joseph Gikatilla, Gates of Light. Sha’are Orah, transl. �vi Weinstein, Walnut Creek,California 1994, s. XXV).

168 „�B&#E&DTE#+&=C&,;P,&��#)?C&>&,*?;C&#,-&,*2;,BM)#?I)%?2@;$&#N>#E)B-&MB%C.BWR%�=BM,.$E&D-D<'#$�L;-&#$�%C>#E)#/#C&C&#$%/=1<&#<;��-;L#,>#/C#<;�,OR).'&,B.EBS”(akapit 1.7.) [Sefer Jecira c�yli]� s. 89]; „�);W/B&#E&DT E#+&=C&,;P,&( >#/#C�1,*�;<%�.-#<;”(akapit 1.14.) [)%$R#, s. 97].

169 Zob. Elliot R. Wolfson, The Theosophy of Shabbetai Donnolo, with Special Emphasis onthe Doctrine of Sefirot in His Sefer Hakhmoni, JJewish History”, vol. 6: 1-2 (1992), s. 281-316.

170 Zob. M. Idel, Sefirot me-’+l Sefirot, Tarbi� LI, 1982, s. 278-280.171 Za: )#CR#, „Historical]K� s. XXV.172�;-.REB. )#?E)E)%C;-& +=%<$#C)C&#;21L'&?;-%C#>2=%,.$%<&E)#=E?&#>%1);=?&2)� Kate-

goria sefirot��4��9�� C%2&E%C#>2;/?&#=1C?&#$/=*%L��%B&$&#=.�&?;P��C&-#=E.)#)%<&#'';NE?&��=%?O- Q�Q�

36 ��

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The article presents the history of the Sepher Yet�irah (Book Yet�irah, Yet�irah Book) –the earliest written work of Jewish mysticism or esoterism. Sepher Yet�irah arose in the firstcenturies �.D., so the prevalent opinion that it exemplifies the kabbalistic writing is false(viB. Kabbalah is the branch of Jewish mysticism/esoterism which came into being around XIIcentury).

The article deals with the hypotheses about the time the treatise was written, the problemof the authorship of the book, it analyses the title and presents the main ideas of this influentialwork – Sefer Yet�irah played namely an enormous role in the whole Jewish mystical, esotericsystem of thought. �part from Sefer ha-Zohar and Sefer ha-Bahir, the Book Yet�irah was thefundamental book which was explored and widely commented by a great number of kabbalists. Forthis reason the article briefly characteriBes also the Jewish commentators of the book, as well astakes up the question of the variety of versions and editions of Sepher Yet�irah, and, besides,contains the information about the translations of the book (written in various languages).

Furthermore, the present text describes the structure of the work and gives the characteristicof each yet�iratic chapter, placing emphasis on the role playing in the Yet�irah Book by the conceptof ten sephiroth and twenty two letters of Hebrew alphabet. The article is also noted intobibliographical guidelines on the presented topic.

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RoBpocByna>M,. 8�� H�� p&D,&;?E&M<2, >#E)/B&#@#$uBnawanym C%;<O@Ba pierwsBy Bbiór kanonicBny, a dwie wspólnoty pochodBenia R./;-E?iego –samarytanie i karaimi – 1BC%>Mgo Ba jedyny tekst sakralny. Dwie inne wspólnoty– ,*=B#P,&>%NE)-;& >1/%&B$=%L&C&,BC. – 2=B.>$1>MEB#=EB.?%C;C�?)O=.-2=;�-%/B%2&D,&;?E&M< w nowy kontekst interpretacyjny3. KanonicBna poBycja tego

�� !�"#$��%&'# �%$�(�)#��$%�*�+,-� +.//

1 �'%-E2O'C;)R./;-E?&,*2=;,#E)#CL.@E1?,#E.-C.(�h/B&#>#L#B2;P=#/C&#>&C%/B-.,B%>�C#>&C<#=#C,>&%*-#�?)O=#>E?1)?&#$L.@;2;-E)%C&#�B=%#'%>%?;'1/1X h/B&#>#)#<;'1/1->#<;C%)1=%'C.$P=;/;-&E?1<#;<=%+&,BC.$&?1')1=;-.$X:h=#+'#?E>%C%//B&%@%C&#$�;<%-%?)1%'�C#>E.)1%,>&*&E);=.,BC#>��'%,*=B#P,&>%NE)-%(�h/B&#>#�B=%#'%>%?;2=B.<;);-%C&#/;-./%=B#C&%#B1E%�*=.E)1E%X h-./%=B#C&##B1E%�*=.E)1E%&2;-E)%C&#�;P,&;@%�

2�R.-%$$%@#> '&)#=.�</./;).,B.).'?; >#/C;E)?& '&)#=%,?&#>X-)#/.�</.$O-&D;BL&;=B#?%C;C&,BC.$� 2&EBD C%B-D B /1R#> '&)#=.� ?1=E.-M��;/;LCM B%E%/D E);E1>D /; )#=$&C1 J);=%K IC%B-D?%C;C12&EBDB/1R#>'&)#=.�?1=E.-M�B$%@#>'&)#=.C%);$&%E)�</.,*;/B&;B#E2O@2=B.?%�B%N.

3 O tym, jak kanon narBuca interpretacje: J. Barton, Holy Writings, Sacred Text. The Canon inEarly Christianity, Louisville 1997; G. �ichele, The Control of Biblical Meaning. Canon as Se-miotic Mechanism, Harrisburg 2001, sBcBeg s. 15-37.

38 ��

/B&#@% jest jednak =ORC%-?%R/.$Bkanonów 8�� H�� &�,-�&L'&&R./;-�E?&#> 4�F5 & - �&L'&& ,*=B#P,&>%NE?&#> 4 �-NT)4. Wybieranie prBeB wspólnotykonkretnych tekstów, ich opracowanie i kompoBycja5� B%?;N,B.@. E&D 1)-;=B#�C&#$=ORC.,* kanonów 8�� H�� tego. �naliBa struktury kanonu$;R#B%)#$=B1,&TP-&%)@;C%2;/@;R#/;?)=.C%'C# ?%R/#>BC&,*6.

� >1/%&B$&# 2&D,&;?E&M<� C;EBM,. C%B-D Tora7, B;E)%@ -.;/=DLC&;C. >%?;/B&#@;;-.REB.$E);2C&1C%),*C&#C&%%C&R#'&2;B;E)%@#�E&D<&8. �R.,&1=#'&<&>�C.$-E2O'noty Tora >#E)+1C/%$#C)%'C.$/B&#@#$�C%2;/E)%-&#?)O=#<;1B%E%/�C&% E&D 2=%-; ?&#=1>M,# R.,&#$ ,;/B&#CC.$ 4Halacha)9, które w judaiBmie ma

4�.E?1=EC%)#$%)-B%>#$C#>B%'#RC;P,&).,*?%C;CO-;$%-&%>M(� ,*%2#=�The RabbinicCanon and the Old Testament of the Early Church, w: Canoni�ation and Decanoni�ation. Paperspresented to the International Conference of Leiden Institute for the Study of Religion (LISOR),held in Leiden 9-10 January 1997, �. van der Kooij, K. van der Toorn (red.), Leiden 1998, s. 67-77; Z. Zevit, The Second-Third Century Canoni�ation of the Hebrew Bible and its Influence onChristian Canoni�ing, w: Canoni�ation and Decanoni�ation….�E��::��Q��L./-%%=)[email protected]%�-&#=%>ML;<%)ML&L'&;<=%+&D�

5 Zagadnienia procesów kanoniBacji i 1?EB)%@);-ania kanonów: B.S. Childs, Introduction tothe Old Testament as Scripture, Philadelphia 1979, s. 46-83; From Sacred Story to Sacred Text,J.�. Sanders (red.), Philadelphia 1987; M. Fishbane, Biblical Interpretation in +ncient Israel.Oxford 1988; F.M. Cross, From Epic to Canon. History and Literature in +ncient Israel, Baltimore1998; J. Trebolle Barrera, The Jewish Bible and the Christian Bible. +n Introduction to the Historyof the Bible, Leiden 1998; P.R. Davies, Scribes and Schools. The Canoni�ation of the Hebrew Scrip-tures, Westminster 1998; �. van der Kooij, The Canoni�ation of +ncient Books Kept in the Templeof Jerusalem, w: Canoni�ation and Decanoni�ation. Papers presented to the International Confe-rence of the Leiden Institute for the Study of Religions (LISOR) held in Leiden 9-10 January 1997,Leiden 1998, s. 17-40; S. Dempster, Form Many Texts to One. The Formation of the Hebrew Bible,w: The World of the +ramaeans I. Biblical Studies in Honor of Paul-Eugene Dion, P.M.M. Daviau,J.W. Wevers, M. Weigl (red.), Sheffield 2001, s. 19-56; The Canon Debate. On the Origins andFormation of the Bible, L.M. McDonald, J.�. Sanders (red.), Peabody 2002; T. Stanek, (�� , PStT 24 (2010), s. 7-22.

6 Ch.R. SeitB, Word Without End. The Old Testament as +biding Theological Witness, Waco2004, s. 61-74 (Old Testament or Hebrew Bible? Some Theological Considerations); J. Levenson,The Hebrew Bible, the Old Testament, and Historical Criticism, Louisville 1993; Hebrew Bible orOld Testament. Studying the Bible in Judaism and Christianity, J.J. Collins, R. Brooks (red.), NotreDame 1990; Ch. Dohmen, G. Stemberger, M�� (��D�� &��$�� ,Kraków 2008.

7 Termin ten pochodBi od rdBenia �� 9��, itp. SBerBej: R. Ja-snos, Teologia prawa w Deuteronomium, Kraków 2001, s. 38-48.

8�/B-&#=,&#/'%);)%?R#'&)1=<&%E.C%<;<%'C%�-?)O=#>$�� ;/,B.)1>#E&D-.@M,BC&#B#B-;�>1��-O>2=B.<;);-.-%C.>#E)2=B#BE?=.LD-E)%C&#,B.E);P,&=.)1%'C#>�%E%$)#?E)$1E&L.TC%�2&E%C.L#BL@D/C&#�C%,B.E).$=.)1%'C&#2#=<%$&C&#��;/C&#E&#C&1/;2;B;E)%@.,*�E&M<�FC&#$%2;)=B#L.E);E;-%C&%)%?&#<;=.<;=1�</.R)#?E).)#$;<MB%-&#=%TL@D/.C%2;B&;$&#E@;-C&,�)-%�2;,*;/BM,#;/'1/B&�$O-&M,.,*B�;R#<;C%),*C&#C&%��#?E).B#BL&;=ów Proroków i Pism-E.C%<;/B#;/,B.)1>#E&DB?;/#?EO-�%C&#B#B-;>O-�R#L.C$.'&T=%C<&E%?=%'C;P,&�

9�=%-;C;=$1>M,#2;E)D2;-%C&#-.=%R;C#>#E)-Mis�nie, ToraC%);$&%E)/%>#2;/@;R#=#in-terpretacji prBepisów Mis�ny. �-&DB@#;$O-&#C&#BC%,B#C&a Tory i Mis�ny w judaiBmie: B.D. Som-mer, Unity and Plurality in Jewish Canons. The Case of Oral and Written Torahs, w: One Scriptu-

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wymiar kultycBny. �&D,&;?E&M<--&#=B#R./O- jest roBumiany jako /B&#@;-,%@;�P,&prBekaBane�;>R#EB;-&prBeB Boga na górBe .C%>�E)M/?%R/#E@;-;&?%R/.BC%?42;=��)7��652;,*;/B&L#B2;P=#/C&;;/�iego. �,*=B#P,&>%NE)-&#2&D,&;�?E&M< B;E)%@-?;$2;C;-%C.-EB#=EB.?;C)#?E)��/�historyc�nego, jednak -,&MR>#E))=%?);-%C.>%?;/B&#@;-.=ORC&;C#10. W/-1,BDP,&;-#>�&L'&&,*=B#P,&>%NE?&#>�ST-NT,2&D,&;?E&M<B%2;,BM)?;-1>#*&E);=&DP-&D)M�1?%B1>M,&C&,>%).-D�;<%�?)O�=%;E)%)#,BC#E2#@C&#C&#1B.E?%@%-;E;L&##B1E%�*=.E)1E%�

Nowy Testament,;/C;EBM,E&D/;,%@;P,&Starego Testamentu (np. �k 24,27),roB=ORC&%podBi%@%?)1%'C&#BC%C#<;?%C;C1C%2;/BL&;=.. �;/C&#E&#C&1/;2&D�,&;?E&D<1�-%C<#'&#1R.-%>M)#=$&C1Prawo lub 8��9��, a /;2;B;�E)%@.,*?%C;CO-stosuje naBwy Prorocy lub Prorocy i Pisma4C2��)7��9X9�� X��:X �"QX�?��X��95��,*=B#P,&>%NE?&ej recepcji i w interpretacji )#<;/B&#@%-&D,#>1-%<&?&#=1>#E&Djednak C%;2;-&#P,&�);)#R n&#2=B.2%/?&#$/B&#�@;);naBywane jest 8� �� &�� , a nie $��&C&#2=B.2%/?&#$-C;-;R.)C#>egBegeBi# 2;/#>$;-%C; -&#';?=;)C&# 2=OL. ;/#>P,&% ;/ )#> +;=$. 2;/B&%@111.Tradycja biblijna C&</. >#/C%?C&# B%C#<;-%@% E2#,.+&,BC.,*-@%P,&-;P,& 2&D�,&;?E&D<1� ,; C%>-.=%[C&#> -&/%T - Komentar�ach i Wprowad�eniach� ?)O=#B-.?'#-.;/=DLC&%>M go >%?;E%$;/B&#'CM,BDPT?%C;C1�

Bogata i specyficBna struktura retory,BC% 2&D,&;?E&D<112 E1<#=1>#� R# )%?R#?;$2;B.,>%R%/C#<;B?%C;CO-C&#>#E)2=B.2%/?;-%�%'#E)%C;-&/B&#@;2=B#�$.P'%C#&,#';-#��?%C;C%,*,*=B#P,&>%NE)-%&>1/%&B$1=%L&C&,BC#<;2&D,&;�?E&M< C&# ?;N,B. /#+&C&).-C&# ;L>%-&#C&%� %'# B%2;,BM)?;-1># *&E);=&D P-&D)M�

re or Many. Canon from Biblical, Theological, and Philosophical Perspectives. Oxford 2004,s. 108-150 (bogata bibliografia).�2&E1>M,J?%C;CK->1/%&B$&# ;$$#=1E)%'%C%E)D21>M,M4/-1�2;B&;$;-M5*&#=%=,*&D(Tora – Mis�na; Prorocy – Pisma – Gemara.

10�&/%T);B%=O-C;- Komentar�ach cBy Wprowad�eniach�1E)%-&%>M,.,*2&D,&;?E&M< >%?;E%$;/B&#'CM,BDPT��&��, jak i -2=B#?@%/%,*8�� H�� &��=#C/)#C>#E)BC%,B�C&#E&'C&#>EB.-E2O@,B#PC&#�%C&R#'&-1L&#<@.,*E)1'#,&%,*�

11�%2=;2;C;-%C%2=B#B�-%'/%�6:�?;C,#2,>%EB#P,&;?E&D<1�C%E)D2C&#/.E?1);-%C%2=B#B�1#C#C%4�66�5&V;C�%/%4�8:65�-.C&?%@% B logiki wyp#@C&#C&%;L&#)C&,.C%/%C&%B&#$&�?)O=%E2#@C&% E&D/;2&#=;- 1�� &�. �;/#>P,&# ); B$&#C&% E&D >#/C%?C% 2=B#E)=B#C& ;E)%)C&,*/#?%/XC2�Interpreter’s Bible Dictionary4�8� 52;P-&D,%B%<%/C&#C&1EB#P,&;?E&D<1/@1<&%=).?1@�%'#- +nchor Bible Dictionary (1992) brakuje )#<;2;>D,&%. Por. Th.C. Roemer, Deuteronomy 34and the Case for a Persian Hexateuch. JBL 119/3 (2000), s. 401-419. M. Noth, ;/?=.-EB.2;/;�L&#NE)-%2;$&D/B.BL&;=#$ Proroków Pierws�ych a 1�� &��8��&��8�� B%2=;2;C;-%@c�ter��&�2;-E)%@.2=B#B;/#=-%C&#)#>;E)%)C&#>��C&#=&$/;E)=B#<%>M,>#/C;PT�>I�-)�-.@M�,B.@1�� & �!��. �%.#E�-.;/=DLC&@ ��&I�/B��>��LI?)O=.-<C&#<;E)%C;-&-E)D2/;�1�� &��8��&��8��. Z-&DB@M*&E);=&DL%/%N2=B#/E)%-&%: J. Blenkinsopp, The Penta-teuch. +n Introduction to the First Five Books of the Bible. London 1992, s. 1-30.

12 J.H. Sailhamer, The Pentateuch as Narrative. + Biblical-Theological Commentary. GrandRapids 1992; J.W. Watts, Rhetorical Strategy in the Composition of the Pentateuch. JSOT 68 (1995)3-22; T.E. Fretheim, The Pentateuch. Nashville 1996; T. Stanek, 8��/��$��, SSHT 40/2007, s. 5-23. )=1?)1=D=#);=.,BCM2&D,&;?E&D<1?;$2'#?E;-;%?)1%'C&#%C%'&B1>D-2=%,.�2;/=;L;,B.$).)1@#$(Teologia struktury retoryc�nej�� &�.

40 ��

?)O=% ;E)%)#,BC# E2#@C&#C&# 1B.E?% /;2&#=;-I�;<1-&%/;$#> I 2=B.EB@;P,&��%2;-&#/[�;>R#EB%( �� (�&4�-)�6��65;)-&#=%<;?12=B.EB@;P,&�C&#BC%C#> >#EB,B# '1/B&;$�%'#;,B#?&-%C#>--&#=B#��#+'#?E>%C%)#$%)?EB)%@)1)#j 2=B.EB@;P,&)-;=B./%'EB.,&M<historia sacra�1>D)#>-;2;-&#�P,& i prBepowiednie prorockie, modlitwy i =#+'#?E>D $M/=;P,&;-M�$%>M,#B%B%�/%C&#2=B.<;);-%T'1/-.L=%C./;)#>2=B.EB@;P,&13.

�=).?1@ >#E)2=OLM;/,B.)%C&%2=B#E@%C&%?;$2;B.,>& 8�� H�� ego, B per-spektywy pytania o miejsce i BnacBenie2&D,&;?E&D<1-?%R/.$B/-1?%C;CO-religii pobiblijnych, Biblii Hebrajskiej (BH) i Starym Testamencie (ST). �%;<O@-'&)#=%)1=B#E)%=;R.)C#>$O-&E&D;)=B.,BDP,&;-.$ podBiale 8�� H�� , jed-nak spisy �E&M<2=B.C%'#RM,.,*?%C;C1EMC&#>#/C;'&)#�E)M/�B%=O-C;2;/B&%@�F>%?& �C&#E);&-radykalnym konflikcie B tymi prBekaBami14��.=%[C&#C%);$&%E)=.E1>#E&D;/$&#CC;PT doktryny-E2O'C;)�2;E@1<1>M,.,*E&D).$&?%C;C%$&�

�;B2;,B.C%$;/B-&DB@#<;EB?&,1C%)#$%)E)=1?)1=.=#);=.,BC#>2&D,&;?E&D�<1� %C%E)D2C&#;$%-&%$E)=1?)1=D =#);=.,BCM�&L'&&F#L=%>E?&#> 4�F5 & )%=#<;�#E)%$#C)14 �5�2=OL1>M,;/,B.)%TB%$.E@)#;';<&,BC.?%R/#<;BC&,*��;'#>C;PT2=B#/E)%-&#C&% ).,*?%C;CO--%=).?1'# >#E)2;/.?);-%C%2=B#>=B.E);P,&M� %C&#,*=;C;';<&M2;-E)%-%C&%�

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SBcBególnM-@%P,&-;P,&M 2&D,&;?E&D<1 >#E) >#<; B%?;N,B#C&#� ?)O=# ?;N,B.E&D ��%C&#E2#@C&#C&#$15�,*;T)#$%).?%,%@#<;/B&#@%;E%/B;C%>#E)C%

13 �C)#CE.-C;PT )#> refleksji i jej BnacBenie =#'&<&>C# 1>%-C&% E&D 2;2=B#B L;<%,)-; 2&E$B;?=#E1��P-&M).C&�?%C;C&,BC.,*&2;B%?%C;C&,BC.,*�-.=%E)%>M,.,*B)#$%).?&2&D,&;?E&D<1��E)�C&#C&# ).,*2&E$2;B-%'%/;E)=B#,� >%?-%RC.L.@ );2=;L'#$/'%2;);$?O- religii� ��9��&�'��, którBy utworByli wiele wspólnot�;2%=).,*;=ORC#&C)#=2=#)%,>#)#> – BapowiedBianej prBeBBoga – 2=B.EB@;P,&. �&#'# 2&E$ 2;B%?%C;C&,BC.,* B )#<; ;?=#E1 C&# B%,*;-%@; E&D - ;<O'#�%BC%,BC%,BDPT).'?;+=%<$#C)%=.,BC&#��%>-%RC&#>EB#BC&,*B#L=%C#-);$&#(+pokryfy StaregoTestamentu��1L&C?&#-&,B4;2=�&-E)D2.5��%=EB%-%�888��;<%,)-;/.E?1=E1;?=#E1��P-&M�).C&-odniesieniu/;2&D,&;?E&D<12=#B#C)1>#( J.L. Kugel, Traditions of the Bible. + Guide to theBible as It Was in the Start of the Common Era, Cambridge Masch., 1998.

14 �&#'1L%/%,B.2;//%>#2;//.E?1E>D-,B#PC&#>EBM;2&C&D�R#�ZZ=#2=#B#C)1>#)B-�J>1/%�&B$*#''#C&E).,BC.K�-2=B#,&-&#NE)-&#/;J>1/%&B$12%'#E).NE?&#<;K�?)O=.$&%@L.L.T=#2=#B#C�);-%C.2=B#B�F� LXX odBwierciedla &CCM� L.T $;R#C%-#)-,B#PC&#>EBM,-#=E>D?%C;C1� SBe-rBej: J. Trebolle Barrera, Origins of Tripartite Old Testament Canon, w: The Canon Debate. On theOrigins and Formation of the Bible, L.M. McDonald, J.�. Sanders (red.), Peabody 2002, s. 128-145; E. Tov, The Status of Masoretic Text in Modern Text Editions of the Hebrew Bible.: The Rele-vance of Canon, w: Canon debate, L.M. McDonald, J.�. Sanders (red.). Peabody 2002, s. 234-251; J.P. Sanders, The Issue of Closure in the Canonical Process, w: Canon debate, L.M.McDonald, J.�. Sanders (red.). Peabody 2002, s. 252-263; N.S. Lee, Cohesion in the Books of theHebrew Bible and its Interpretation, JOTT 15 (2003), p 1-26.

15 ClineE$O-&-2=;E)� R#2=B#E@%C&#$2&D,&;?E&D<1 >#E) ��/��; IBrael wychodBi „nieB domu” i „do domu” nie dochodBi. D.J.�. Clines, The Theme of the Pentateuch, Sheffield 1978.

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;L&#)C&,.��&#=-EBa obietnica2%/@% >1R w ogrod�ie 4�/B:��7L5�2;BC&EB,B#C&12=B#B,B@;-&#?%/;E?;C%@#<;P-&%)%4�/B:��85&L.@%2=B#B�;<%2;C%-&%C%-;L#,?;'#>C.,*2;E)%,&4�;#��L=%*%$��B%%?�%?1L�,%@.�B=%#'��%=;C&>#<;E.C;-&#5��L&#)C&,#E?@%/%C# prBeB Boga patriarchom IBraela/;).,B.@.(2;);$�E)-%�B&#$&&�;R#>;2&#?&� �%?;N,B#C&#;2;-&#P,&2=B#/-#>P,&#$/;B&#$&;L&#�,%C#>I%-&D,L=%?E2#@C&#C&%>#/C#>B;L&#)C&,IL.@;)%?&C)=.<1>M,#/'%-&#'1#<B#<#)O-�R# cBasami/'%1B.E?%C&%2#@C#>-&B>& )#;';<&,BC#>2=;2;C;-%'&/;�@M,B#C&#�E&D<&;B1#<;16.

�.;/=DLC&#C&# 2&D,&;?E&D<1 >%?; E%$;/B&#'C#<; kanonu E2=%-&%� R# jegoB%?;N,B#C&# nabiera sBcBególnego wyraBu I'1/�-2#@C&<;);-./;-#>P,&%/;E-#>B&#$&�2;B;E)%>#-,&MR2;/=1<&#>E)=;C&#;=/%C1��=#PT opo-&#P,&1?%B1�>#�R#C&#$%R%/C.,*;L&#?).-C.,*2=B#EB?O//;2=B#?=;,B#C&a brodu – lud jestprBygotowany2=B#B�;<%&2=B#B�;>R#EB%�2;P$&#=,&�;>R#EB%'&/#=#$B;E)%@;B1#� >#<; E@1<%� ?)O=#$1-EB.E,. �� /�� – a jednak Biemia obiecanapoBostaje wciMR- E+#=B# ;L&#)C&,. & C%/B&#&� )=1?)1=% =#);=.,BC% 2;/2;-&%/%>#/C%? ; -&#'# <@DLEB# BnacBenie – B%-&#=% E&D ;C;- /-1$;).-%,*: 9�� oraB wygnania i powrotu��L./-%$;).-.E)%C;-&@.E#/C;;2;-&#P,&;E)-;=B#C&1P-&%)%&-).$?'1,B1C%'#R.;/,B.)%TB%?;N,B#C&#2&D,&;?E&D<117.

H$&#=T�;>R#EB%� C%>-%RC&#>EB#<;L;*%)#=% ;2;-&#P,&� ?;N,B.2&D,&;?E&M<2;/;LC&#�>%?P$&#=T%?1L%B%?;N,B.@%2=%/B&#>#'1/1�B=%#'%��&#B-.?'#E&'C%;L#,C;PT$;).-1 P$&#=,&- C%==%,>& 2&D,&;?E&D<1 4�/B 3,19; 4,4; 6,7; 11,32,itd.5� C%-&MB1># /; 2&#=-EB#<; 2;1,B#C&%� ;E)=B#<%>M,#<; 2=B#/ P$&#=,&M (RdB2,17)18. �le tak, jak w ogrod�ie P$&#=T C&#$&%@% J;E)%)C&#<; B/%C&%K� )%? )#R-C&#$%<;-B%?;N,B#C&12&D,&;?E&D<1I?;N,B.<;2=B#2;-&#/C&%�;R#>&C�<#=#C,>&-/B&#>#�J�%)#=&%K)#>&C<#=#C,>&C&#B;E)%@% jednoBnacBnie BwerbaliBo-wana, a sposób jej wypowiedBenia jest bardBo subtelny: Jo�ue, syn Nuna, ��/��/�� &��9��9�� /�9�/��&�� > I�rael�� /��

16�=B.?@%/#$?;$2'#?E;-#>refleksji teologicBnej, opartej na tej koncepcji, jest: G. Von Rad,Teologia Starego Testamentu, WarsBawa 1986. �ORC# B%E%/. &C)#=2=#)%,>&�&L'&&� 2=;-%/BM,#/;2;-E)%-%C&% =ORC.,* EB?O@ teologii biblijnej ;$%-&%>M( � Barton, Reading the Old Testament.Method in Biblical Study. Louisville 1996; The Face of Old Testament Studies. + Survey of Con-temporary +pproaches. Grand Rapids 1999; J. Barr, The Concept of Biblical Theology. +n OldTestament Perspective. Minneapolis 1999; E.S. Gersternberger, Theologies in the Old Testament.Minneapolis 2002.

17 Ten klu,B2;/2;-&%/%)%?R#)=%/.,>%liturgicBna>1/%&B$1�</.;/=%B12;B%?;N,B#C&1,%@#�<;,.?'1,B.)%N�-)#>E%$#>'&)1=<&&�-2=;-%/B%;/,B.)%C&#;2&E12&#=-EB#<;/C&%E)-;=B#C&%�ToraBatem symbolicBnie wprowadBa ucBestnika liturgii do ��/��, ?)O=%B;E)%C&#;E&M<�C&D)%-�;<1BC%C#>2=B.EB@;P,&�

18 Motyw � �� i 9��=#);=.,BC&#-.=%R;C;2=B#B-2=;-%/B#C&#<#C#%';<&&�?)O=#E.$L;�'&,BC&#1>$1>M/B&#>#��<#C#%';<&&2=B#/2;);2;-#>4�/B75R.,&#?%R/#<;B2%)=&%=,*O-?;N,B.E&DE)-&#=/B#C&#$(i w�� /��<#C#%';<&& B#$%4�/B�Q��Q� �5�BL1/;-%C#>-#/@1<%C%';�<&,BC#>E)=1?)1=.�?;N,;-%+=%B%L=B$&( �/��. Ukierunkowanie na �brahama i IBra-ela jest ukierunkowaniem ��9��, utracone prBeB adama�,B.'&2&#=-;)CM'1/B?;PT�

42 ��

i ��/��li to, co P+N na��/��9�� (Pwt 34,9)19��;E@1EB#NE)-;�;,B#?&�-%C#2=B#B�;<%;/adama20�B;E)%@;>1RBrealiBowane prBeB IBraela�;)-&#=%>M,E&DC% 9��/%=;-%C#,B@;-&#?;-&-E)-;=B#C&1.

Motyw wygnania i powrotu- =#);=.,# 2&D,&;?E&D<1 B;E)%@ 1>D).- ;L=%B&#/=;<&��2;-&#PT;E)-;=B#C&1?;N,B.E&D;L=%B#$wygnania,B@;-&#?%B;<=;/1&B%$?C&D,&#$L=%$.;/wschodu, a opisane dB&#>#2&D,&;?E&D<1); droga��2;�,BM)?O-'1/B?;P,&-&#/B&#,&M<'#na wschód (np. RdB 3,24; 4,16; 10,30; 13,11),a pierwsBy ruch ku Bachodowi Ba?;N,B.@E&D?'DE?M&,*2=B#/E&D-B&D,&% (RdB 11,2.8).Droga Teracha� ?)O=.2;/>M@/#,.B>D;-.>P,&1 B�=/;F%=%C1 4�/B��31-32)�B%?;N,B.@% E&D >#<; P$&#=,&M21��B&#>#2%)=&%=,*O- �B=%#'%-.BC%,B%>M-D/=O-?&-?&#=1C?12;@1/C&#�2O@C;,� ;L=%B1>M,# 2;/MR%C&# B%-#Bwaniem Boga i drogipowrotu do Biemi rodowej22��=;<%�B=%#'%B�<&2)1-&#/B&#-=ORC.,*?&#=1C?%,*�%'#B%?@%/%C#-#>P,&#/;B&#$&;L&#,%C#> );/=;<%C% �achód��2;-&#PT?;N,B.E&D jednak w tym cBasie i miejscu, gdy IBrael stoi u brodu na Jordanie – bramy domiejsca odpoc�ynku (��5�2;@;R;C#<; na �achód od miejsca oboBowania.

�/.L.C&#L.@;/%'EB.,*�E&M<?%C;C1�E)-&#=/B#C&#;��/��E��B=%#'%1?%B.-%@;L.�R#BC%'%B@E&Dnowy adam, gotów -.2#@C&T�;R#2=B.?%B%C&%�%).$E%$.$� B%$.E@ �;<% -;L#, ,%@#<; E)-;=B#C&%� �;@M,B#C&# 2;B;E)%@.,* ,BDP,&;2&E1>#CE@1EB#NE)-;�B=%#'%�%'#)%?R#?;'#>C#�;R#&C)#=-#C,>#&C;-##<;/B&#@%C%=B#,BE-#<;'1/1&,%@#<;P-&%)%��;-#$;).-.2;EB#=B%>M&2=#,.B1>M)#$%). *&E);=&;BL%-,B# 2&D,&;?E&D<1� -E?%B1>M, C% ?;C&#,BC;PT &C)#=2=#)%,>&#E,*%);';<&,BC#>� �B%?;N,B#C&11?%B1>M,.$�B=%#'%<;);-#<;/;2=B#>P,&% Jor-danu w kierunku na �achód� )#RC%'#R.-&/B&#T %E2#?) #E,*%);';<&,BC.� Symbo-licBne roBumienie historii tam opisanej2;/2;-&%/%�R#R.,&#'1/B?&# na t#>B&#$&�>#E)-,&MR;L;B;-&E?&#$�-?)O=.$,B#?%E&DC%2=B#?=;,B#C&#JL=%$.K�

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Dwie2;B;E)%@e,BDP,&�&L'&&F#L=%>E?&#>I Prorocy oraB Pisma – C%-&MB1>M-.=%[C&#/;2&D,&;?E&D<1�B%=O-C;-)=#P,&�>%? i w formie, roBwi>%>M, niektóre

19j=O/@;(8�� H�� &��@��&��$�� >�@��/�� &�4�� BDE);,*;-%�H-&D).�%-#@ QQ7� WsBystkie cytaty Ba tym wydaniem.

20�R.-%$$%@#>'&)#=.�%L.B%BC%,B.T�R#,*;/B&;2;E)%T#2;C&$&,BCM�%C&#;=#%'CM;E;LD�21�-.?'#�=,*%'/#>E?&#4�/B��:�5&/#C).+&?1>#E&DB$&%E)#$E1$#=.>E?&$�%-)#/./=;<%

2=;-%/B&-?&#=1C?1B%,*;/C&$�%'#B;/,*.'#C&#$C%2O@C;,��&#?%-M2=;2;B.,>M>#E)1E.)1;-%�C&#�=�*%'/#>E?&#<;-$&#>E,1/B&E&#>EB#<;$&%E)%�=+% 4��k''#=� Exodu�>�H�� E��%=EB%-% QQ �E� "�: 5�%-)#/./=;<%�#=%,*%-&;/@%L.na wschód��%R/%B';?%'&�B%,>&/%>#2;/E)%-./;;L>%PC&#C&%E.$L;'&,BC#<;�

22 T. Stanek,JNegev” in Gen 13,1 – Translation and Interpretation, PStT 24 (2010), s. 67-72.23�'% ,#'1 )#<; %=).?1@1 2;E@1<1>D E&D-./%C&#$( �� (TaNaKh), J#=1E%'#$�

�;=#C�1L'&E*#=E QQ7�1R.-%C.$-#-E2O@,B#EC.$�B=%#'1�%)%?R#2;-EB#,*C.$->1/%&B$&#��?@%/?%C;C1-�F >#E)C&#,;&CC.�

":��i�� A��

-,B#PC&#>EB# -M)?& 4C2� 1C&-#=E%'&B$ BL%-,B#<; /B&%@%C&% �;<%� -&D[ �;<% B 2;B;E)%@M '1/B?;P,&M� '1/B?& <=B#,* & �;R% E2=%-&#/'&-;PT� 2;P=#/C&,)-;-=#'%,>&/;�;<%�=.)1%@.%#);E�=.)1%@.%-&D[B�;<&#$5�

Zbiór Proroków=;B2;,B.C%E&D-B$&%C?M;&E)C&#>M,#>>1RTor�e-E?%B1>M,�R#$#/.)%,>%C%/C&M$%L.T[=O/@#$E1?,#EO-�B%E%/M&,#'#$/B&%@%'C;P,&;�B1#<;4;B��65�?;N,B.E&DC%);$&%E)-#B-%C&#$(8 � ��8��49�� &�� /�&� (Ml 3,22). �%@;PT /B&#'& E&D C% /-%2;/�BL&;=. po 4 KsiD<&:Prorocy Pierwsi (JoB, SdB, 1-2Sam, 1-2Krl) i Prorocy Ostatni (IB, Jr, EB, 12-tuProroków MniejsBych)24� �;B=ORC&#C&# C% Proroków Pierws�ych i ProrokówOstatnich/;?;C%C#B;E)%@;C&# ).'#C%2;/E)%-&#,*=;C;';<&&� &'#C%2;/E)%-&#tematyki i 2=B#E@%C&%, >%??;'-&#??%R/.B#BL&;=O-B%,*;-1>#,*=;C;';<&D-.�/%=B#N.

Zbiór Proroków Pierws�ych $%,*%=%?)#=C%==%,.>C. &E)%C;-&?;C).C1%,>D/B&#>O-;2&E%C.,*-2&D,&;?E&D<1� 1>$1>M, Bapis dBiejów ludu wybranego, ;/2;/L;>1�%C%%C1/;C&#-;'&L%L&';NE?&#>. W taki$1>D,&1-&/%T-.=%[C#/MR#�C&#/;E.$L;'&?&I=;B2;,B.C%E&D-#>P,&em do Biemi obiecanej�%?;N,B.-.>�P,&emC%-.<C%C&#��;$&D/B.).$&/-;$%L&#<1C%$&=;B,&M<%E&D*&E);=&%'1/B�?&#> -E2O'C;)., Ludu Jahwe, w której centrum stoi ustanowienie kultuw JeroBolimie (2Sam 6) i wybudowanie -E2%C&%@#>P-&M).C&4��=' 5,19-8,11).

�B=%#'- ).$/B&#'# >%-& E&D >%?;-E2O'C;)% 2;'&).,BC%�-2=B#,&-&#NE)-&#/;*&E);=&&�%)=&%=,*O-&*&E);=&&�B=%#'%-2&D,&;?E&D<1�</B&#E)%C;-&@-.@M,B�C&#-E2O'C;)D#)C&,BCM��.,&#�B=%#'%2=B#/2;-E)%C&#$$;C%=,*&&&/B&%@%'C;PT?=O'O-;,#C&;C% B;E)%@%- P-&#)'# 2=%-%�;>R#EB;-#<; & >%-& E&D >%?; >#/C;2%E$;CE@1EB#NE)-%&B%C&#/L%N��.<C%C&#L.@;B%)#$C&#1,*=;CCM?;CE#�?-#C,>M)#<;R2;E)D2;-%C&%�)%?�>%?C&#1,*=;CCM?;CE#?-#C,>ML.@o wygnanieadama.

�B&#@;);>#E) >#/C%?C&#).'?;2=;E)M?;C).C1%,>M/B&#>O- IBraela�%'#C%/#-EB.E)?; ?;C).C1%,>M �L>%-&#C&%� 2;B;E)%>M,M - C&#=;B#=-%'C.$ B-&MB?1B�L>%-&#C&#$B%-%=).$-2&D,&;?E&D<1��1/;-%P-&M).C&&,#C)=%'&B%,>%?1')1);-.BC%,B#C&# miejsca�;L=%B1>M,#B$&%CDE)%)1E1'1/1��L1/;-%C&#P-&M).C&,2;2=B#/B;C# ;2&E%$& 2;/L;>O- & 2=B#>D,&% - 2;E&%/%C&# B&#$&� 2O' & $&%E)�ukaBano jakoE2#@C&#C&#�;R#>;L&#)C&,.�%'#)%?R#>%?;C;-M;L&#)C&,D, dotycBM�,M-&DBi 2;$&D/B.�;<&#$ a ludem w osobie króla, (�9�&��. UtworBeniemonarchii$;RC%;/,B.).-%T>%?; redefinicjD&2;<@DL&#C&# =#+'#?E>&C%/2;E)%�,&M�;>R#EB%�?)O=.L.@).2#$8��%E)%=;R.)C.$�'&E?&$�E,*;/B&#

24�?@%/?%C;C1Proroków Ostatnich: 3-ch 2=;=;?O--&D?EB.,* i 12-tu mniejsBych�E)%C;-&%C%';<&D/;:�,*�%)=&%=,*O-&� �)12;?;'#N�B=%#'%��%@.?%C;C("?E&D<& „;2;-&#P,&*&E);=.,B�C.,*Kl"?E&D<&$O-2=;=;,?&,*�-E?%B1>#C%L&#<@;PT%=).E).?)O=.>#E)-;=B.@XRemarkable thatformer and latter prophets are group together: S. Dempster, „Torah and Temple” and the Conto-urs of the Hebrew Canon, cB. II. Tyn 48.2 (1997), s. 194-197 (191-218).

44 ��

+1C?,>%2;P=#/C&?%2;$&D/B.LOE)-#$%'1/#$-&MB%@%E&DB&CE).)1,>M?=O'%�/;?)O=#<; C%'#R%@; 2=%-;/%-E)-;� EM/;-C&,)-; & ?1')25��2;-&#PT 2&D,&;?E&D<11?%B1>#�>%?/-&#;E)%)C&#+1C?,>#B;E)%@.2=B#?%B%C#&CC.$2;E)%,&;$(E)%=EB.[�C&#4�>�6� 7� �X�-)��8��65&=;/;-&�%=;C%4�> 6� 8X�2@6�8X�L�� 95�1C&#$;R'&-&%>M,2=;E)M&/#C).+&?%,>D�;>R#EB%B&CE).)1,>M?=O'%�

P;E)%T?=O'%-).$/B&#'#2;>%-&%E&D jako centralna, aleC&#$%;C-@%/B.2=%-;/%-,B#>&2;/'#<%,%@?;-&,&#2=%-1�;>R#EB%� �;P=#/C&,)-;?=O'%-=#'&�<&%,*'1/O-;P,&#CC.,*E&D<%@;BC%,BC&#/%'#>�%C&R#'&+1C?,>#?1');-#&E2;@#,B�C#� �=O'� >%?; syn boski� L.@ ).$ J?%C%@#$K� 2=B#B ?)O=. L;E?% #C#=<&% L.@%1/B&#'%C% B&#$& & L;E?% E2=%-&#/'&-;PTC% B&#$& =#%'&B;-%C%��%$&#EB?&-%C&#-E-;>#>B&#$&�BL1/;-%C&#P-&M).C&&1E)%C;-&#C&#$;C%=,*&&�2=B.-;@%@;?;�C&#,BC;PT =%/.?%'C#<; =;BE)=B.<C&D,&% =;B1$&#C&% &CE).)1,>&?=O'%��=;L'#$%).�?% )%I;L;?$;).-12;E@1EB#NE)-%2=%-1�;>R#EB%I2=B#-&>%E&D2=B#B,%@.?%C;C Proroków Pierws�ych26, a jej p;/>D,&# 2;B-;'&@; C% =;B-&C&D,&# 2.)%N;2;P=#/C&,)-;2;$&D/B.)=%CE,#C/#ntnym Bogiem, a ludem&B&#$&M. �%'#RC;PT?=O'%;/-,B#PC&#>EB#<;prawa/%>#C&#B-.?'#E&'C#2;@M,B#C$&D/B.&CE).�)1,>M ?=O'% & 2=%-#$ C%/%C.$ 2=B#B�;>R#EB%� %'# )%?R# 2;$&D/B. Synajema Syjonem27. Ukierunkowanie dBiejów królestwa C% /.C%E)&D�%-&/% obraBujedalsBy proces wybierania&B%2;,BM)?;-1># nowy etap Objawienia.

�%?;N,B#C&#Proroków Pierws�ych (2Krl 24,18-25,26) C%-&MB1>#/;B%?;N�,B#C&%;2&E1E)-;=B#C&% (RdB 3,23-24) – w jednej i w drug&#>;2;-&#P,&�E2=B#�C&#-&#=B#C&# E&D bohatera �;R.$ 2;1,B#C&;$ /;2=;-%/B&@; /; ?;C&#,BC;P,&;21EB,B#C&%$&#>E,%/'%C&#<;2=B#BC%,B;C#<;. �le>%?-;2&E&#E)-;=B#C&%��O<CB;E)%-&@,B@;-&#?%samotnego po jego upadku�%'#;?%B%@$1-E2O@,B1,&#&;2&#?D4�/B:� �5� )%? )#R &-B%?;N,B#C&1 )#<;?%C;C1L=B$&C%/B&#>%IR.�-;)C;PT/.C%E)&&�%-&/;-#> 4 �=' 25,27-30). �.=%[C% ;2&#?%�;<% nad jegoniewiernym ludem C&#E&# C%/B&#>D� %'# 2=B.EB@;PT 2;B;E)%># C&#/;2;-&#/B&%C%X2;B;E)%>#-@%PC&# tylko jako nad�ieja�2;/;LC&#� >%?-B%?;N,B#C&1 Tory.�=%?#?E2'&?%,>&- E@;-%,*?&#=1>#$.P' ?1 )%>#$C&,. & 2;)D/B# 2=B.EB@#<;�;R#<;/B&#@%�?)O=#,%@?;-&,&#2=B#?=%,B%B/;'C;PT2#=,#2,>& ludBkiej.

Kanon Proroków Ostatnich 2;/#>$1>#$C;<;PT B=ORC&,;-%C.,* -M)?O-�?)O=#2;>%-&@.E&D>1R-,B#PC&#>�B%=O-C;-E)=1?)1=B#=#);=.,BC#>, j%?&-)=#�

7F��=%C?+;=)�1��&��N��>�+��+��@��)��!��&��'��4&��@��*&,%<;�8"6X��%,;LE#C� $��$��%��>�+�M�� !��&��#-F%V#C��;C/;C�89�X �m1&=?#�+��)&��!��&��;C�/;C�88 � E� 7 ��Q:�F��&'E;C� 3��*��>� :��%=EB%-%�888�E��88� �8�

��?;C,#2,>&?=O'%&P-&M).C&-=#);=.,#�F(�� )%C#?�(��>I��?� ��&��'��-(2��?��9� ��?>��9��'��4��&��1,*;-E?&��aCC&,*��&#E&;@;-E?&� 2%C;4=#/�5��%=EB%-% QQ6�E��

9�;=��#V#CE;C��O�2��>�+��)��(��#-�;=?�869�

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P,&��;'#?,>%E?@%/%E&D<@O-C&#Bmów prorockich�,BDE);-+;=$#).,?&#>,a problematyka tam porusBana dotycBy kultu i etosu wspólnoty IBraela. CBasowoobejmuje okres B%=O-C;2=B#/C&#-;'ML%L&';NE?M, jak i krótko po niej, a geo-graficBnie odn;E&E&D<@O-C&#do JeroBolimy i Biemi judBkiej, aleC&#?)O=#$;-.1E.)1;-%C#EM-�B=%#'12O@C;,C.$4C2��$;E5�%C%-#)C%wygnaniu w Babi-lonii (np. EBechiel).

�;'#?,>D=oBpocByna 1�� &�'��, która cBasowo;L#>$1>#,%@;PT dBie-jów opisanych w tym BbiorBe – od monarchii �B=%#'%� %R/; #E,*%);';<&,BC#<;-.2#@C&#C&%, nowego nieba i nowej �iemi, natomiast p;B;E)%@#�E&D<i koncentru->ME&D-;?O@2;>#/.C,B.,* epiBodów dBiejowych. �;RC%- )%?&$1?@%/B&#/;�2%)=.-%T E&D C%-&MB%C&% /; Tory� =;B2;,B.C%>M,#> E&D ca@;P,&;-M wiBjM� ?)O=%2;>%-&@%E&D-;2&E&#E)-;=B#C&%�%2;)#$B;E)%@%=;B-&C&D)%-L%=/B&#>EB,B#<O�@;-.,*1>D,&%,*��E,*%);';<&%B%-%=)%-)=#P,&1�� &��I�ajas�a i w imieniu auto-ra, powraca jakby do ��1?%B1>M,1C&-#=E%'&B$BL%-,B#<;/B&#@%�;<%.W,%@.$BL&;=B#� w)=#P,&$O-2=;=;,?&,*-.#?E2;C;-%C;?-#E)&#E2=%-&#/'&�-;P,&;=%BBL%-,BM&C)#=-#C,>D�;<%� ukaBanMC%/-12@%EB,B.BC%,*I-./%�=B#C&%/B&#>;-#<; &;L&#)C&,.. �$&;C%2=;=;?O-)#R$%>MBnacBenie symbolicB-ne28�2;/;LC&#>%?1?@%/�E&M<&&,*B%?=#E)=#P,&;-.�

�%@;PTB;E)%@%1>D)%-=%$. – otwiera go 2;#).,?&1)-O=�?)O=. >#E)E?%=<M�;<%C%/C&#-&#=C;P,&M#<;'1/1&-#B-%C&#$/;C%-=O,#C&%4�B�5�%B%$.?%-#B-%C&#/;-&#=C;P,&2=%-1�;>R#EB%;=%BB%2;-&#/[BL%-&#C&%4�':� � "5��E&D<&Proroków Ostatnich – -+;=$&##2&B;/O-BR.,&%E2;@#,BC;P,&�B=%#'% –1?%B1>M=#'%,>D/;2=%-%�;>R#EB;-#<;�% &,* )#$%).?%?;C,#C)=1>#E&D-;?O@?-#E)&& B&#$& – -%=1C?O-B%$&#EB?&-%C&% &$;R'&-;P,& >#> 1)=%). 4=5� % )%?R#-%=1C?1>#>;/B.E?%C&%4�B��B5 or%B?-#E)&&?1')1&$;=%'C;P,&4�$��B5. Zbiórten =;B-&>%)%?R#2=;L'#$%).?Droli i miejsca króla (IB, Za, Ml), 2;E)%-&;CM2=B#BBL&O= Proroków Pierws�ych�-E?%B1>M, ,;=%B-.=%[C&#> C% 2;>%-&#C&# E&D Me-sjas�a. &'C&#-.#?E2;C;-%C% )#$%).?%P-&M).C& i króla (Jr, Za, Hg, Ml5/;).�,B.=;'&-R.,&1-E2O'C;).&1?%B%C%>#E),BDE);>%?;/%=�-.C&?%>M,.-.@M,BC&#B�;R#>@%E?%-;P,&. �%-&MB.-%C&#/;2&D,&;?E&D<11?%B1>#ekskluBywiBm IBra-ela, natomiast w2=;-%/B#CE)%,&?=O'%&P-&M).C& akcentuje kwestie teodyceiw aspekcie uniwersalnym.

�%'#RC;PT 2;$&D/B.-M)?%$& kanonów Tory i Proroków$;RC% )%?R# /;�E)=B#,C%2@%EB,B.[C&#-M)?O-)#$%).,BC.,*29��;N,BM,#2&D,&;?E&M<E@;-%(��/��9��4�-):"��Q5-E?%B1>MC%?;C&#,2#-C#>#2;?&�+1C�

6�B%>%EBI2��X#=#$&%EBIB��9��X�B#,*&#'II ��(�&�29 J. Blenkinsopp, Prophesy and Canon. + Contribution to the Study of Jewish Origins, Notre

Dame 1977; Dempster B%1-%R%�R#2;/B&%@C%)=B.,BDP,&;/C;E&E&DB%-EB#do 2&D,&;?E&D<1�Wor-ship, as well as prophesy, is founded on Torah, and not on the psalms: Dempster, From Many Textsto One … s. 42-49; cytat, s. 44.

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/%$#C)%'C#>/la Objawienia. D@1<&,&M<2=;=;?O- – ��49�� – ?;C).C11>M >#� %?)1%'&B1>M, 2=%-;C%/%C#2=B#B�;>R#EB%� W.=%[C#2;-&MB%C&%E)=1?)1=%'C#>%-&ME&D2;$&D/B.2&D,&;?E&D<&#$%BL&;=#$ProrokówPierws�ych( 2&#=-EB. - /@1<&$ EB#=#<1 2=;=;?O-� ;B1#� 2=B#2=;-%/B&@ '1/2=B#B-;/D4�>�:��9��"�:�X;B:�"5XB/>M@L1).2=B#/H-&D).$�B=%#'%4�>:� �7X;B7��:��75X�'&%EB;-&C%F;=#L&#�2;/;LC&#>%?�;>R#EB;-&�;L>%-&@E&D�O<$&@;E&#=C. 4�>: ��6� :; 1Krl 19,125X 2=;=;?&C&F1'/% ;<@;E&@% C%/#>P,&# /C&%E2#@C&#C&%E&D2=B#?'#NE)-�B%2;-&#/B&%C.,*2=B#B�;>R#EB%4�2@ ��"�:8XPwt28,15-67; 2Krl 22,14-20).

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�;'#>C%�E&D<%� Lamentacje� ,B.)%C% - '&)1=<&& 12%$&D)C&%>M,#> BL1=B#C&#P-&M).C&- #=;B;'&$&#� 2;/#>$1>#-.=%[C&# ?-#E)&# 2=B.$&#=B%� C&#-&#=C;P,&�B=%#'% &-&#=C;P,&�;<%�- 2#=E2#?).-&# ?%=. & C%-=ócenia. �&Dcio,BDP,&;-%E)=1?)1=%�E&D<&C%-&MB1>#/;Tory i 8�/��. Tematem LamentacjiEMC&#EB,BD�P,&%�>%?&#E2%/@.C%#=;B;'&$DI,#C)=1$?1');-#&E.$L;');RE%$;P,& – 2=B#BC%>%B/�%L1,*;/;C;B;=%�%'# )=#PT;E)%)#,BC&#?&#=1>#E&D?1-;@%C&1; nawró-cenieI$;).-C&#).'?;<@DL;?;;L#,C.-$;-%,*�;>R#EB%4�2@ ��"Q�" �""�"7X �-) :Q��Q5� %'# )%?R# E);>M,. - ,#C)=1$ =#+'#?E>& )#;';<&,BC#> ;?=#E1

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W artykule prBedstawiam E)=1?)1=D katolickiego kanonu ST, który B%,*;-%@)=B.,BDP,&;-.2;/B&%@ 4-E2;$&C%C.-E)%=;R.)C.,* )#?E)%,*5�%'#$%1?@%/ )#�$%).,BC.&/B&#'&E&DC%(1�� &��M��, Dydaktyc�ne oraB Prorockie. Kato-licki kanon STB%-&#=%2&E$%�?)O=#C&#BC%'%[email protected]&D-?%C;C&#�F41�� &�7��4�� R4S�� (�� oraB fragmenty Esteryi Daniela), naBywane wtórnokanonicBnymi, p;-E)%@#;=.<&C%'C&#B%=O-C;-*#�L=%>E?&$, jak i greckim39. O2=O,B 1-B<'D/C&#C&% KE&M< /#1)#=;?%C;C&,BC.,*�is);)CM=ORC&,M2;$&D/B.�F&ST>#E))%?R#&CC%?'%E.+&?%,>%C&#?)O=.,*�E&M<s2;P=O/?%C;C12;/E)%-;-#<;� &#/#$4'1LEB#PT405�E&M<�?)O=#-�&L'&&F#�L=%>E?&#>C%'#RM/;BL&;=1Pism, w STB;E)%@.umiesBcBone w BbiorBe 1��&�M�4�� (Rut, Estery, 1-2 Kronik, E�dras�a i Nehemias�a) oraB w BbiorBeProroków (Lamentacje, Daniela)41.

�CC%?;C,#2,>%C%),*C&#C&%�C&#-.=ORC&%>M,%2&D,&;?E&D<1E2=%-&%�R#histo-ria opowiedBiana w korpusie tekstów RdB – 2Krl stanowi >#/C;'&)M ;2;-&#PT�;2&E1>M,M/B&#>#;/E)-;=B#C&%P-&%)%/;C&#-;'&L%L&';NE?&#>. �@M,B#C&#1�� &�!��2;$&D/B.�E&D<&�� a Samuela, nie wprowadBa nic istotnego -,*=;�C;';<&D;2;-&#P,&�</.R)=#PT >#>-2&E1>#E&D-;2;-&%/%CM*&E);=&D��?@%/?%�C;C1-E?%B1>#2=B#/#-EB.E)?&$C% &CCM?-%'&+&?%,>D E%$#> 1�� &��!�� ?)O=%

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39 Dohmen pisBe: „�;� R# ,*;/B&; E#CE;-CM E)=1?)1=D kanonu, a nie o posBcBególne ?E&D<&&&,*B%-%=);PT�2=B#>%-&%E&D-).$�R#)B-�?E&D<&/#1)#=;?%C;C&,BC#EM&C)#=#E1>M,#/'%,*=B#P,&�>%NE)-%B#C&#-B<'D/1C% E2#,.+&,BCM &C)#=2=#)%,>D ,*=.E);';<&,BCM ,B.C%-#);/=B1,#C&#2=B#B>1/%&B$��;-;/#$B%&C)#=#E;-%C&%>#E)+%?)�R#B2=B.>D,&#$).,*�E&M<EB@%-2%=B#=#E)=1?)1=.�B%,>%�&L'&& �B=%#'%� ?)O=%-%=1C?1># ;/$&#CC.2;=BM/#?�E&M<- >1/%&B$&# & ,*=B#P,&>%NE)-&#”.Dohmen, Stemberger, dB. cyt. s. 189. Boccaccini E1<#=1>#� R#?%C;C�F;/=B1,%C&#?)O=#2&E$%/'%)#<;�R#E);>M;C#-;2;B.,>&/; judai�mu saducejskiego; G. Boccaccini, Roots of Rabbinic Ju-daism. From E�ekiel to Daniel, Grand Rapids, Eerdmans 2002, sBcBeg. s. 73-201.

40�&E$%�B/=%EB%&�#*#$&%EB%-�FB;E)%@.2;@M,B;C#->#/CM�E&D<DX- �EM)=%?);-%C#>%?;/-&#;//B&#'C#�E&D<&�

41�;*$#C2;/)=B.$1>#*&2;)#BD�R#);, co tworBy Bbiór Pism-#-E2O@,B#EC#>�F�L.@;'1[�CM?;'#?,>M)#?E)O-�1-%R%C.,*B%C%),*C&;C#��)-;=B#C&1�ZZ2&E$%;,*%=%?)#=B#2=;=;,?&$'1L*&E);=.,BC.$-@M,B;C;� B<;/C&#B )#$%).?M�/; &E)C&#>M,#<; >1RBL&;=1 Proroków��;B;E)%@#2&E$%�;,*%=%?)#=B#/./%?).,BC.$�B%,*;-%C;>%?;;/=DLCM,BDPT��;*$#C�/B�,.)�, s. 176-196.Cross,E1<#=1>#�R#2&#=-;)C%)=%/.,>%@M,B.�)B /B�%�$CB#=��;@M,B#C&#�)��$C��C2��;*��E)4BL&O=�#<&';)5>#E)2O[C&#>EB#&-.=%E)%B'&)1=<&&� Cross, From Epic to Canon]� s. 222-223.

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W da'EB#>?;'#>C;P,&1$&#EB,B;C#EM1�� &�$�� i 1�� &��2=B.�C%'#RM,#/;2&E$?)O=#C&#-#[email protected]?@%/?%C;C1�F�/%'#> 1�� &�)�� B#BL&;=1�&E$&C%B%?;N,B#C&#/-&# 1�� &�� =O-C&#R2=B.C%'#RM,#

" �.E?1=E B 2=B.?%B%C&#$B%'#,%>M,.$,B.E);PT =%E.2;>%-&% E&D )%?R#-#-,B#PC&#>EB.,*2&E$%,*(�;>R#EB2;P'1L&%�%/&%C&)?D4�> � �5�%2;)#$�1EB.)?D4�L� ��5��%)?M/-O,*2;�)DRC.,*2;?;'#N�B=%#'%��+=%&$%&�%C%EE#E%�L.@%�<&2,>%C?%4�/B"��"7�7Q5�)%?R#$%)?M %';�$;C%L.@%2;<%C?%4 %$�� 7X� � "� 75�

43U%C/#=�%$� C% 2;/E)%-&# L%/%N '&C<-&E).,BC.,*� /;-;/B& B%E%/C;P,& 2;/B&%@1 C% /-&#�E&D<&��%R/%BC&,*E);E1>#-@%EC# +=%B. & )#=$&C;';<&DX?%R/%BC&,* =ORC& E&D )%?R#;/ 1�� &�1ronik. J.C. VanderKam, E�ra-Nehemiah or E�ra and Nehemiah, w: From Revelation to Canon.Studies in the Hebrew Bible and Second Temple Literature, Leiden 2000, s. 60-80.

52 ��

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(wtórno?%C;C&,BCM5�2=B.2&E%CME#?=#)%=B;-&#=#$&%EB%� CBDPT )%B;E)%@% jesB-cBe posBerBona o 1�� & �%��1$&#EB,B;CML#B2;P=#/C&;2;1�� )��4�. Tym sposobem uByskano Bbiór U4��8��B� ��, ,*=;C;';<&,BC&#;L#>$1>M,.,*;?=#E;/2O[nej monarchii do ,B%EO-2#=E?&,*�%<#;<=%+&,BC&#I;/1/.2;/&%E2;=D. �#$%).,BC&#E&'C%?;C,#C)=%,>%-;?O@#=;B;'&$.&P-&M).�C&�2;,BM-EB.;/ powodów BnisBcBenia, po ;/L1/;-D-,B%E%,*$#E>%NE?&,*�2=B.-;@1>#k-#E)&#<=O[L�B%-%=).,*-2&D,&;?E&D<142;=��2@ �X�-) 65.

Kolekcja 12-tu Proroków Mniejs�ych ,*=;C;';<&,BC&#&<#;<=%+&,BC&#;/2;�-&%/%,BDP,& 8��B� �� ,B#<;C&#L.@;-?%C;C&# BH. Zamyka>M,e,%@.?%C;C � proroctwo MalachiasBa akcentuje ocBe?&-%C&#$#E>%NE?&#, a t%�?&#B%?;N,B#C&#�2;/;LC&#>%?B%?;N,B#C&#K��&�Historyc�nych�2&D?C&#;)-&#�=%E&DC%2=B#E@%C&#NT. WeBwanie do prBestrBegania ��9��&� (Ml3,22) Bnajduje -.=%B&E)# /;2#@C&#C&# - E@;-%,* #B1E%� ?)O=. $O-& ; E;L&#(Pr�ys��/� ��?��/��? (Mt 5,17). �%$?C&D,&#?%C;C1 �2=;=;,)-#$�%'%,*&%EB%�B%2;-&%/%>M,.$2=B.>P,&#�#E>%EB%4�':� :� "5�?;=#E2;C/1>#B;)-&#=%>M,.$��=;/;-;/#$#B1E%4�)�5� )-;=BM,2;/E)%-D/;=;B2;BC%C&% ��>%?;>#/C;'&)#<;/B&#@%&>#/C#<;?%C;C1�

� � B;E)%@; BC%,BC&# E&'C&#>-.#?E2;C;-%Ce 1>D,&# /B&#>O- �B=%#'% >%?;$&#>E,%�L>%-&#C&%��@M,B#C&#C&#?)O=.,*2&E$ – którym w BH nie prBypisanoautorytetu natchnienia i ostatecBnie C&#2=B.>D)o do kanonu – oraB re-kompoBy-cja kanonu u)-;=B.@. B12#@C&# C;-M E)=1?)1=D� ;2%=)M ; E,*#$%)( ��/��?� F��A��?�F��/��?47��;@M,B#C&#2&D,&;?E&D<1;=%B&CC.,*�E&M<;2&E1>M�,.,*/B&#>#�B=%#'%2;B-;'&@;1)-;=B.T- �C;-Mhistoria sacra, która ujmuje�� ;/ E)-;=B#C&% P-&%)% %R /; ,B%EO- =B.$E?&,*�F&E);=&% )% ?;C,#C)=1>#E&D-;?O@ wybranych epiBodów B dBiejów IBraela, ale E&'C&#> %?,#C)1># %E2#?)*&E);=.,BC;P,&� ?;EB)#$ E.$L;'&?&. Tak utworBona historia I�raela /%># L%=/B;@%/C#-2=;-%/B#C&#/;/B&%@%'C;P,&#B1E%& pocBM)?O-�;P,&;@%�

��%C;C.�F& �=ORC&ME&DB%?=#E#$&1?@%/#$�E&M<�?)O=.I>#P'&1BC%TB%

C&#2=B.2%/?;-.IC&#E&#&CC#?;C,#2,>#)#;';<&,BC#�%B%)#$;/B-&#=,&#/'%&CC#2;/@;R#/;?)=.C%'C#48. Obserwowane w ostatnich dekadach próby stosowania�F- ,*=B#P,&>%NE?&#> #<B#<#B&# $%>M 1B%E%/C&#C&# ).'?; C% 2;B&;$&# 2#=.?;2.�% C&# ,%@#<; ?%C;C1��%C;C�F� B;=&#C);-%C. #E,*%);';<&,BC&# & %?,#C)1>M,.;,B#?&-%C&#$#E>%NE?&#�>#E),%@?;-&,&#B%$?C&D).C%>%?&#?;'-&#?/;2#@C&#C&#C;-.$& )#?E)%$&� );)#R Cie E)%C;-& %/#?-%)C#<;-E)D21 /; 2&E$ ,*=B#P,&>%N�

"9�;*$#C� )#$L#=<#=�/B�,.)�E��8��48 E. Frierichs, The Torah Canon of Judaism and the Interpretation of Hebrew Scripture, HBT

9 (1987), s. 13-25; J. Neusner, Jews and Christians. The Myth of a Common Tradition, Binghamp-ton 1991.

77��i�� A��

E?&,*. �>D,&# �C&#1-B<'D/C&%)%?-.=%[C&#;=&#C)%,>&?1Tor�e�>%?%L.@%-@%�P,&-;P,&M ?%C;C1 �F� %le I-@M,B%>M, ); /B&#@;- ,&M< *&E);=.,BC. I nadajenowy aspekt historycBno-BbawcBy. UtworBona prBeB ST historia I�raela dosko-nale ;)-&#=%E&DC% drugM,BDPT�&L'&&,*=B#P,&>%NE?&#>��owy Testament49.

Dwu,BDP,&;-%�&L'&%,*=B#P,&>%NE?% (ST-NT) )-;=B.B%)#$>#/C;=;/CM,%�@;PT. Kanon ten, C&# C&-#,BM, - C&,B.$ archetypicBnego charakteru dBiejówIBraela, dodaje nowy wymiar i nowe BnacBenie. W%E2#?,&#2=B#E)=B#CC.$1?%�B1>#P-&%);/E)-;=B#C&%nieba i �iemi (RdB 1,1) %R/;nowego nieba i nowej �ie-mi (�p 21,1-22,5);-%E2#?,&#,B%E;-.$;L#>$1>#;?=#E;/E)-;=B#C&%P-&%)%%R/;-.2#@C&#C&%E&D,B%E1&2;C;-C#<;2=B.>P,&%�%C%#B1E%��%>/;L&)C&#>EB#BnacBenie wprowadBa jednak prBeB ukaBanie postaci JeBusa Chrystusa jako owe-go proroka�?)O=#<;2=B.;L&#,%@�;>R#EB4�-)�6��65&>%?;króla�?)O=#<;RM/%@�B=%#' 4� %$ 8,5b5 & ?)O=#<; �O< E%$ /%T 2=B.;L&#,%@ 4 %$ 9�8-16)� #B1E�*=.E)1E >#E) B%)#$ E2#@C&#C&#$ obietnicy� C%/ ?)O=M =#+'#?);-%'& �� 9�� &?)O=#<;)%?R#E%$�;>R#EB2=B#-&/B&%@�

/�,,��

Biblical canons reflect the theology of communities that are responsible for their final shape.� majority of texts that were written during the biblical and early postbiblical period belong toa few communities and are collected in different canons. The present article considers two of them:the Hebrew Bible and the Catholic Old Testament, from the perspective of the Pentateuch, with theaim of grasping some of the doctrinal differences between early Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism.

The canon of the Hebrew Bible is totally oriented towards the Pentateuch and accentuatesmessianic hope, but is completely closed towards any new text, contrary to the canon of the OldTestament. The Old Testament is open towards New Testament by the rearrangement of basicwritings contained in the Hebrew Bible.

"��0��1�%C;C�E%,=#/-=&)&C<E�&C)#=2=#)%)&;C�/;,)=&C#V#=E1E,%C;C

"8�1)#=2;E)%C;-&@C%-&MB%T/;4;=.<&C%'C#>�-<C&#<;5�&L'&&R./;-E?&#>�%'#%L.B%,*;-%T=%/.?%'C.,*=.E);,#C)=.B$$1E&%@B%E);E;-%T1?@%/,*=B#P,&>%NE?&#<; ��&��$�� ,B.'&?;N,BM,.E&D2=;=;,)-#$�%'%,*&%EB%�

56 ��

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�2;-&#PT;-&#R.�%L#'B;E)%@%1$&#EB,B;C%-?;C)#?P,&#�/B1-11. �%'#�R./;2=#*&E)o=&&L&L'&>C#>� )%C;-&B%E%/C&,B;>#>;E)%)C&#)%2��&#$;RC%;/=.�-%T>#>;/)#<;?;C)#?E)1�%C&)#R)=%?);-%T>%?;B12#@C&#-.&B;';-%C#;2;-&%�/%C&#1. Stanowi ono je/C;,B#PC&#-2=o-%/B#C&#/;;2;-&%/%C&%;2%)=&%=,*%,*�B=%#'%�#E)-E)D2#$/;*&E);=&&C%=;/1-.L=%C#<;��).$?;C)#?P,&#E?@%/%E&DC%E2O>C.;L=%B1>D,&%<=B#,*12.

�;)%>#$C&,B#;2;-&%/%C&#�2#@C#%'1B>& &E.$L;'&�;/C;E&E&D/;2;,BM)?;�-#>E.)1%,>&'1/B?;P,&��E?%B1>#;C;C&#).'?;C%);�,;E&D-./%=B.@;�%'#=O-�C&#RC%);�,;$;R#E&D-./%=B.T&,;E&D-./%=B%3��#=.?;2%/B&#'&E&DC%,B)#=.,BDP,&��1);= C%>2&#=-2=B#/E)%-&% bohaterów opowiadania (RdB 11,1n). Dalejopowiada o budowie prBeB nich$&%E)% &-&#R.�%L#' 4�/B ��:C5��%E)D2C&#-E?%B1># C% =#%?,>D �;<% C% ); 2=B#/E&D-B&D,&# 4�/B ��7�65� �% ?;N,1 B%P-.>%PC&%E@;-;J�%L#'” (RdB 11,9)4.

�� !�"#$��%&'# �%$�(�)#��$%�*�+,-� +.//

1 �;=� ��%,*� 1�� &�!��>�B�� F�8��/�� &��/�� F�1� �� ;BC%N �8� �E�:Q8X��122#=)�Das Buch Genesis, t. 1: Kap. 1-25,18, Düsseldorf 1976, s. 129; �. Läpple, Odeg�ege�y do kateche�y, WarsBawa 1986, s. 57; T. BrBegowy, 8� ��&��9��>�B��&��&��1�� &��!��R4RR, Tarnów 1997, s. 223n; �. BanasBek, 8� ?��&�(��%=EB%-% QQ"�E�"7X��#$%NE?&�(�&��?�� ;!��RR�R4V=C, „ZesBytyNaukowe KUL” 3 (2006), s. 8.

2 Por. W. Chrostowski, B��9�(��F�"�� (�&C�;!��RR�R4V=�J�=B#<'M/PowsBechny” 12,760 (1984), s. 329n; M. Peter, Prehistoria biblijna��;BC%N�88"�E��Q7X��%-&�EB#-E?&�8� ��&��1�� &��>�B�� &�/��>�1� ��1�>�!��R�R4RR�V, Pel-plin 1996, s. 151n.

3 Por. C.M. Martini, :��A?�� , Kielce 1999, s. 76.4 Por. J.S. Synowiec, 8��/�&�1�� &��!��, Kraków 2001, s. 317.

58 ��

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W wersecie 11,�-.E)D21>#)%?R#)#=$&CsafahC%;BC%,B#C&#$;-.'1/B?&#>��?=#P'#C&# );;BC%,B%/;E@;-C&#-%=<&�#E);C;=O-C&#R1R.-%C#C%;BC%,B#�C&#&CC.,*;=<%CO-$;-.�>%?1E)%�,B.>DB.?42;=��n; IB 19,18; 28,11; 33,19;51,17; 66,14; EB 3,5CX:��:X�B�"�:5� #/C%?$#);C&$&,BC&#L.@;1R.-%C#C%;?=#P'#C&# $;-.� '1/B?&#<; >DB.?%� � %C%'&B;-%C#> 2#=.?;2&# C% 2=B#C;PC#BC%,B#C&e tego terminu wskaBuje dodany po nim Bwrot debarim ‘ahadim�?)O=.;BC%,B%J>#/C# E@;-%K��*;/B& B%)#$; >#/CM$;-D�-E2O'CM/'%-EB.E)?&,*9.

�#/@1< )#<; ;2;-&%/%C&% -EB.E,. $&#EB?%N,. B&#$& E)%C;-&'& C&#</.PE2;@#,BC;PT�?)ó=%2;E@1<&-%@%E&DJ>#/CM$;-MK��2;-&#PT;-&#R.�%L#'>#E)1E.)1;-%C% L#B2;P=#/C&; 2; +=%<$#C,&# B RdB 10 /;).,BM,.$ 2;,*;/B#C&%'1/B?;P,& 2;2;);2;-#>� ;?=#P'%nym jako „tablica narodów”. PrBedstawionaw-#=E#,&#��E.)1%,>%E);&-;2;B.,>&/;)#<;�,;B;E)%@;C%2&E%C#-�Q�7� Q�:��).,*-#=E#)%,*%1);=1-./%)C&%2=;,#E=;B2=B#E)=B#C&%C&%E&D2o);$?O-�;�#<; & E);2C&;-#<;=ORC&,;-%C&% >DB.?O-��/B�Q%1);=2=B.>$1># >%?; +%?)&E)C&#C&# =ORC.,*C%=;/O- P-&%)%� % >#/C;,B#PC&# =ORC;=;/C;PT >DB.?O-��%>#

7�;=��%=)&C&�:��A?�� E�9��6 Por. H.D. Preuss, Theologie des +lten Testament, t. 1: JHWH’s erwählendes und verpflich-

tendes Handeln� )1))<%=)��#='&C��k'C�88�� E�9::X ��#$%NE?&� (�&�� ?�� ;!��RR�R4V=C, s. 11n.

7�;=� ��%,*�1�� &�!��>�B�� ]� s. 309.8 Por. W. Chrostowski, B��9�(��]� s. 332; M. Peter, Prehistoria biblijna, s. 105.9�;=� ��%,*�1�� &�!��>�B�� ]� s. 309; G.J. Wenham, Genesis 1-15. Word Biblical

Commentary, t. 1, Waco 1987, s. 238; E. ZawisBewski, 8� ��&��1�� &��]� s. 155;J.S. Synowiec, @��>�8��7�!��R�R4RR�V��=%?O-�88��E� 7QX��#$%NE?&�(�&��?�� ;!��RR�R4V=C, s. 12.

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�#=E#) /;).,B.E.)1%,>&R.,&;-#>'1/B?;P,&(J�</.-D/=;-%'&B#-E,*;�/1� C%2;)?%'& =O-C&CD- ?=%>1 B&C#%= & )%$ B%$&#EB?%'&K� �1/B&#-D/=1>M B#-E,*;/1 & ;E&#/'%>M E&D C% C&B&C&# B&C#%=� �%>M ;C& B%)#$ C&# ).'?; J>#/CM$;-DK�%'#@M,B.&,*=O-C&#R-E2O'C%2=BeE)=B#NR.,&;-%��1/B?;PT>#E)1?%B%�C%2;/2;E)%,&M-E2O'C;). R.>M,#>-2&#=-;)C#> >#/C;P,&��-%,B.CC&?&/#)#=�$&C1>M-D/=O-?D '1/B?;P,&� M C&$&( >#/C%?;-# E@;-% & ?&#=1C#? JB#-E,*;�/1K��.=%R#C&# J-D/=;-%'& B# -E,*;/1K 42;=� �/B "��5 +1C?,>;C1># )1 >%?;;?=#P'eC&##<B.E)#C,>&-;<O'#��.=%R#C&#);;?=#P'%P,&E@M?;CE#?-#C,>D�J�D�/=;-%C&#B#-E,*o/1K;BC%,B%E)%@#;//%'%C&#E&D'1/B?;P,&;/�;<%12.

Z%$&#EB?1>M;C&C% =O-C&C&#-?=%>1 B&C#%=��).$;';<&% E@;-%J B&C#%=KC&# >#E) >%EC%��;/;LC&# )#R<=%C&,#<#;<=%+&,BC# )#=#C1� >%?&;L#>$;-%@% 42;=��/B�"��8X�B��X�C�� X�Q��X�%7��5��.T$;R#>#E));;?=#P'#C&#B-&MB%�C#B#E)%=;R.)CM-.$;-MCaBwy Sumer13� B&C#%=);2=%-/;2;/;LC&#C%>E)%=EB%C%B-% 2O@C;,C#>�#B;2;)%$&&�� %C%'&B;-%C#> 2#=.?;2&# ;BC%,B%�%L&';C&D��;?@%/C&#B%P >#>1=;/B%>CM2;@1/C&;-;�-E,*;/C&MC&B&CD�?)O=%-E)%=;R.)C;�P,&L.@%1BC%-%C%B%?;'#L?D'1/B?;P,&14.

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10 Por. L. Ruppert, Das Buch Genesis, s. 130; B. �nderson, M��9��(��F��&4 ��9��, „W drodBe” 7 (1978), s. 45; M. Peter, Prehistoria biblijna,s. 105; E. ZawisBewski, 8� ��&��1�� &��]� s. 155; J.S. Synowiec, @��]�E� 7QX)#CR#�8��/�&�1�� &��!��, s. 318; J. Bramorski, Wy��4�� E��, Pelplin 2004, s. 120.

11 Por. C. Westermann, Genesis, Kapitel 1-11��#1?&=,*#C�89"�E�9 8X��#$%NE?&�(�&��4��?�� ;!��RR�R4V=C, s. 12.

12 �;=� � �%,*� 1�� &� !��>�B�� ]� s. 311; L. Ruppert, Das Buch Genesis, s. 130;�. Läpple, :��1�� &��!�� )��&��, Kraków 1983, s. 133; W. Chrostowski, B��9�(4��]� s. 332n; G.J. Wenham, Genesis 1-15. Word Biblical Commentary, s. 238; M. Peter, Prehisto-ria biblijna, s. 106; E. ZawisBewski, 8� ��&��1�� &��]� s. 155; J.S. Synowiec, @��]�E� 7QCX)#CR#�8��/�&�1�� &��!��, s. 318n; B. Jacob,Das Buch Genesis, Stuttgart 2000, s. 297; M. SBamot, N��>�"��C, Kra-ków 2003, s. 139n; J. Bramorski, B�� E��, s. 120; J. Le$%NE?&�(�&��?�� ;!��RR�R4V=C, s. 13.

13 Por. �. Poebel, The Name of Elam in Sumerian, +kkadian, and Hebrew, „�merican Journalof Semitic Languages and Literatures” 48 (1931), s. 22n; R. Zadok, The Origin of Name Shinear,„Zeitschrift für �ssyriologie” 74 (1984), s. 240n.; M. Peter, Prehistoria biblijna, s. 106.

14 Por. �. Läpple, :�� 1�� &�� !�� )��&��, s. 134; E. ZawisBewski, 8� ��&��1�� &��]�E��77X��&O@?;-E?&�Najtrudniejs�e stronice Starego Testamentu, WarsBa-wa 2004, s. 328; M. Wojciechowski, 8��/��/>�:��A�(��BD�E);,*;-% QQ7�E��9X��#$%NE?&�Bóg chroni lud��?�� ;!��RR�R4V=C, s. 13.

60 ��

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�'%C/B&%@%C&%'1/B?;P,&/;).,B.C%>2&#=--.?;C%C&%,#<&#@��;E)%@;);;?=#�P';C#->DByku hebrajskim jako nibbenah lebenim��/B#N,B%E;-C&?%labanE)%�C;-&ME2O@<@;E?& lbn��#CB%P=/B#N2=B.-;/B&C%$.P'*#L=%>E?&#E@;-; neba-lah;BC%,B%>M,#EB%'#NE)-;��%-&#=%;C;-E-.$=/B#C&1;/-=;)C.1?@%/E2O@�<@;E#?� % $&%C;-&,&# nbl. �./%># E&D� R# B%-%=)% )1 B;E)%@% 2#-C% &=;C&%� )%C;-& ;C% C%-&MB%C&# /; 1R.)#<;-/%'EB#> ,BDP,& ;2;-&%/%C&% ,Basownikabalal;BC%,B%>M,#<;J$&#EB%TK4-�9&8519��.T$;R#,*;/B&)1;<=DE@O-;=%B/o$.P'C&#C%E1-%>M,#E&DE?;>%=B#C&%��*;,&%RC&#$%C&,B@#<;-2=;/1?,>&,#�<&#@LD/M,#>-.=%B#$2;E)D21,.-&'&B%,.>C#<;�);>#/C%?&C)#C,>%&,*2=;/1?,>&$;R#;?%B%TE&D EB%'#NE)-#$B =%,>&B%$&%=1;E&M<C&D,&%,#'1-L=#--;'&�;�

�7�;=��=&C#)B?&�W$�X��W)��X�� +��$�� J�&L'&E,*#�#&)E,*=&+)K74�8��5�E� ��C�

16 Por. M. SBamot, N��>� "�� C� E��"QX ��#$%NE?&� (�&��?�� ;!��RR�R4V=C, s. 13n.

17 Por. B. �nderson, M��9��(��]� s. 42; �. Läpple, :��1�� &��!��)��&�4��, s. 134; W. Chrostowski, B��9�(��]� s. 333; E. ZawisBewski, 8� ��&��1�� &��4��]� s. 155.

18 Por. C.M. Martini, :��A?�� , s. 76; M. SBamot, N��>�"��4��C, s. 142.

19 Por. G. Ravasi, 1�� &�!��;R4RR=, Kraków 1997, s. 181.

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�2;-&%/%C&# B �/B ��8 >#E) B%)#$ B-&MB%C# B ,.-&'&B%,>M E)%=;R.)C#>�#B;2;)%$&&��;)#<;?=%>12=B.L.-%'&?;,B;-C&,. & )%$B%)=B.$.-%'&E&DC%E)%@# :�� %C%'&B;-%C.$;2;-&%/%C&1 /%># E&D =O-C&#R B%1-%R.T 2%'#E).NE?M2#=E2#?).-DC%==%);=%��%$&#C&#&B%2=%-%E)%C;-&@.2;/E)%-;-.$%)#=&%@L1�/;-'%C.-�%'#E).C&#� #E) );L;-&#$ )#=#C-.R.CC. &<O=B.E).��.C%'#B&#C&#C%);$&%E) ,#<@. & E$;@. 2;B-;'&@; C% L1/;-%C&#-$&#>E,%,*� </B&# C&# L.@;?%$&#C&��.@);&E);)C.2;E)D2-=;B-;>1?1')1=;-;�E2;@#,BC.$ "��1);=L&L'&>�C.-�/B��:LB%?@%/%2;E)D2,.-&'&B%,.>C. '1/B?;P,&��/C;);-1>#;E&M<C&D�,&#-L1/;-C&,)-&#� >%?&$L.@;1R.,&#,#<@. & E$;@.��2&B;/ )#CE12;C1>#B%�)#$/@1REB.;/,&C#?,B%E1�,*;,&%R%1);=<;C&#;?=#P'%�%C&)#RC&#;2&E1># 7�

�%=);>#/C%?B-=O,&T1-%<D�R#C%-#)-C&B&CC#>�#B;2;)%$&&,#<@.C&#[email protected]#,*C.$$%)#=&%@#$L1/;-'%C.$� );E;-%C;>#B-.?'#/;L1/;-.;L&#?)O-E%?=%'C.,*��.T$;R#-E?%B1>#);C&#).'?;C%B-.?@M&C+;=$%,>D%1);=%;=ORC.,*)#,*C&?%,*L1/;-'aC.,*��;R# )1L.T =O-C&#RB%-%=)% &=;C&%C% )#$%) )=-%@;P,&$%)#=&%@1�B?)O=#<;'1/B&#,*,ML1/;-%T-&#RDE&D<%>M,M%R/;C&#L%��;R#;).$P-&%/,B.T<=%E@O-B%-%=)%--#=E#,&#:L(hallbenah – ‘eben i hemar – homer26.

20�;=��#$%NE?&�(�&��?�� ;!��RR�R4V=C, s. 14.21�;=� ��%,*�1�� &�!��>�B�� ]� s. 311n.22 Por. B. �nderson, M��9��(��]� s. 40; �. Läpple, :��1�� &��!��)��&�4

��, s. 134n; T. Jelonek, :� ��&��$�� , t. 1, Kraków 1992, s. 76; M. Peter, Prehistoriabiblijna, s. 106n; J.S. Synowiec, @��]�E� 7�CX)#CR#�8��/�&1�� &��Rod�aju, s. 326; M. Wojciechowski, 8��/��/]� s. 116.

23�;=� ��%,*�1�� &�!��>�B�� ]� s. 311n; M. Peter, Prehistoria biblijna, s. 106.24 Por. B. Jacob, Das Buch Genesis�E� 86X��#$%NE?&�(�&��?��

(Rd� 11,1-9)?, s. 15.25 Por. �. Läpple, :��1�� &��!��)��&��, s. 134n; W. Chrostowski, B��9�(��]�

s. 334; T. Jelonek, :� ��&��$�� , s. 76.26 Por. G. von Rad, Genesis, Brescia 1978, s. 189; G.J. Wenham, Genesis 1-15. Word Biblical

Commentary�E� :8X��#$%NE?&�(�&��?�� ;!��RR�R4V=C, s. 14n.

62 ��

�;#)%2&#2=B.<;);-%C&%$%)#=&%@O-L1/;-'%C.,* '1/B/#>$1>M?;'#>CM/#,.B>D( J�*;/[,&#� BL1/1>#$. E;L&#$&%E); &-&#RD� ?)O=#>-&#=B,*;@#?LD/B&#E&D<%@C&#L%� &-)#CE2;EOL1,B.C&$.E;L&#BC%?�%L.P$.E&DC&#=;B2=;EB.'&2;,%@#>B&#$&K4�/B��"5�Ta decyB>%1?%B1>#-@%P,&-.,#'2=B.<;);-%N27. Bohate-rowie opowiadania na równinie SBinear prByE)M2&'&/;L1/;-.$&%E)% &-.E;?&#>-&#R.�?)O=#>EB,B.)$&%@E&D<%T%R/;C&#L%��1/;-'%$&%@%&,*>#/C;,B.T&P-&%/�,B.T;2;)D/B#)#>E2;@#,BC;P,&��.@);2=B#>%-'1/B?&,*/MR#N/;-&#'?;P,&28.

Hebrajski cBasownik banah ;BC%,B%>M,.L1/;-%C&# >%?;/B&%@%'C;PT%=,*&�)#?);C&,BCM42;=��>��1; Pwt 8,12; 22,8; SdB 21,23; 1Krl 9,17; 16,34),-�/B � >#E) 1R.). C% ;?=#P'eC&# E)-;=B#C&% �-. B R#L=%�/%$%� %*-# B%P >#E);2&E.-%C. >%?; �#C� ?)O=. L1/1># 2=ByEB@;PT /.C%E)&& 42;=� � $ �:7X $7��5�'1LC%=;/142;=�=:��"X::�9X" ��Q5��/B��";-;L1/;-%C&#$;R#>#/C%?;BC%,B%T-)%=<C&D,&#'1/B&-E+#=DB%=#B#=-;-%CM�;<142;=�"��9529.

�/E%).E+%?,>&-.C%'#B&#C&%,#<@.L1/;-C&,B;-&#2=B#,*;/BMBatem /;2=;�>#?)1� ?)O=. $% L.T -&#,BC&# )=-%@.��.=%R% ;C '1/B?M E%$;-.E)%=,B%'C;PT��&%E); E)%C;-& E&#/B&LD� %-&#R% >#E) BC%?&#$C% =O-C&C&#� <-%=%C,>M L#B2&#�,B#NE)-%� #E) ); E-#<; =;/B%>1 antidotum C% C&#2#-C;PT L.)130� �?=#P'#C&#J-&#R%K ); )@1$%,B#C&#*#L=%>E?&#<; migddal. Ten termin pochodBi od rdBeniagdl ;BC%,B%>M,#<;).'#�,;J=;ECMT�E)%-%TE&D-&#'?&$K31��;);,BC#)@u$%,B#C&#)#<; =B#,B;-C&?% -E?%B1># >#/.C&# C% -.>M)?;-M -&#'?;PT ,%@#> ?;CE)=1?,>&��;R#;C% [email protected]%=O-C;,#';$$&'&)%=C.$� >%? & Eakralnym (por. SdB 8,9.17;9,46n.49; Ps 48,13; 61,4; EB 26,9)32.

�1/;-%C&#$&%E)%B-&#RML.@;C% E)%=;R.)C.$�E,*;/B&#,B.$PC;=$%'�C.$��#Bo2;)%$&& )%?%-&#R% L.@% B-.?'# 2;P-&D,;C% LOE)-;$;2&#?1N�,B.$$&%E)%��&#R# )# L.@. E.$L;'#$ E&@. & >#/C;P,&$&#EB?%N,O-33. �#C +%?)>#E)=O-C&#R2;)-&#=/B#C&#$�R#- opo-&%/%C&1L&L'&>C.$-.?;=B.E)%C#B;E)%@.=#%'&%E)%=;R.)C#>MeBopotamii. W wielu mias)%,*-BC;E&@.E&D)%$-&#R#I2&�=%$&/.B2;<%NE?&$&P-&M).C&%$&C%EB,B.)%,*��.<'M/ ).,*-&#R;=%B &,*C%�

27 Por. S. Pesaric, $��8��3��>�1�� &��(��=%?O- QQ��E�9QX��#�$%NE?&�(�&��?�� ;!��RR�R4V=C, s. 15.

28 Por. L. Ruppert, Das Buch Genesis, s. 130n; J.S. Synowiec, @��]�E� 7�X)#CR#�8��/�&�1�� &��!��, s. 320.

29�;=��#$%NE?&�(�&��?�� ;!��RR�R4V=C, s. 15.30 Por. C.M. Martini, :��A?�� , s. 76; M. SBamot, N��>�"��4

��C, s. 142.31 Por. K.N. Schoville, migddal, w: New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology

and Exegesis, red. W.�. VanGemeren, t. 2, Grand Rapids-Zondervan 1997, s. 841n.32 Por. C. Uehlinger, Weltreich und „eine Rede”. Eine neue Deutung der sogennanten Turm-

bauer�ählung (Gen 11,1-9)��=#&L1=<��k))&C<#C�88Q�E�:9 CX��#$%NE?&� (�&�� ?�� ;!��RR�R4V=C, s. 15.

33 Por. F. Ceuppens, Quaestiones selectae ex historia primaeva, Roma 1947, s. 350; M. Peter,Prehistoria biblijna, s. 106; E. ZawisBewski, 8� ��&��1�� &��]� s. 155.

�:�� i�� G��H�� i�� 4��85

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�2;-&%/%C&#L&L'&>C#C%-&MB1>#/;,BDE).,*-�#B;2;)%$&&L1/;-'&B-%�C.,*B&<<1=a)%$&�?)O=#E@1R.@./;,#'O-?1').,BC.,*��&#R#)#$&%@.,*%=%?)#==#'&<&>C.��.@. );P-&M)yC&#E,*;/?;-#�+;=)#,#�C%EB,B.,&#?)O=.,*L.@;$&#>�E,# P-&D)#��&<<1=%)[email protected];P-&D,;C#LOE)-;$;2&#?1N,B.$$&%E)%35��%B-%JB&<<1=%)K-.-;/B&E&D;/%?%/.>E?&#<;)#=$&C1�?)O=.;BC%,B%).'#,;J-BC;�E&T E&D-<O=DK36��&<<1=%). L.@. B-&MB%C# B# ,B,&M� >%?M 1$e=;-&# ;//%-%'&E-.$L;<;$C%-.R.C%,*&EB,B.)%ch gór37.

�&<<1=%). E)%C;-&@. =O-C&#R ;P=;/#? R.,&% 2;'&).,BC#<; & <;E2;/%=,B#<;/%C#<;?=%>u38��M,B.@.;C#C&#L;BB&#$&M��[email protected]%?&#$E&@.&>#/C;P,&$&#EB�?%N,O- $&%E)%� �&<<1=%). L.@. B-.?'# E&#/$&;?;C/.<C%,.>C#� �;EB,B#<O'C#?;C/.<C%,>#;BC%,B%@.E&#/#$2'%C#)��.@.;C#2;@M,B;C#B#E;LMB#-CD)=BC.�$&E,*;/?%$&��%R/.?;'#>C.2;B&;$L.@$C&#>EB.;/2;2=B#/C&#<;39��%C%>�-.REB.$)%=%E&#1$&#EB,B%C;2=B.L.)#?LOE)-%�?)O=#$1-&#R%L.@%2;P-&D,;�C%� )M//'%�B=%#'&)O--&#R#)#[email protected]%?&#$L1C)12=B#,&-?;�;<140.

2;P=O/B&<<1=%)O-C%>L%=/B&#>BC%C%>#E)L%L&';NE?%-&#R%�)#$#C%C?&�Tabudowla ); =;/B%> E,*;/?;-#> 2&=%$&/. B# P-&M).C&M L;<%�%=/1?%C% EB,B.�,&#41��.@);>#/#CBC%j-&D?EB.,*B&<<1=%)O--�%L&';C&&�?)O=%[email protected]@%B$;C1�$#C)%'C.,*L1/;-'&;/,B%EO-;d'#<@#> E)%=;R.)C;P,&��;-&MB%C&#-&#R.BLO�E)-#$2;<%NE?&$ E)%C;-& 2;/E)%-D;2;-&%/%C&% L&L'&>C#<;��&#R%�%L#' E)%�C;-& =#$&C&E,#C,>D<&<%C).,BC#>-&#R. P-&M).CC#>?1,B,&�%rduka, lub innej,o podobnej konstrukcji w Babilonii42��=B.L1/;-&#-&#R.�)#$#C%C?&E)oE;-%C;

34 Por. M. Wojciechowski, 8��/��/]� s. 116n.35 Por. B. �nderson, M��9��(��]� E� " X��&O@?;-E?&� Najtrudniejs�e stronice

Biblii, WarsBawa 1989, s. 173; T. Jelonek, :� ��&��$�� , s. 75; M. Peter, Prehistoriabiblijna, s. 108; T. BrBegowy, 8� ��&��9��]� s. 224; R.E. Murphy, :��RYR��E��$�� , Kraków 2003, s. 40.

36 Por. �. Parrot, (��9��, WarsBawa 1968, s. 108; G. Ravasi, 1�� &�!��;R4RR=, s. 180n.

37 Por. �. Läpple, :��1�� &��!��)��&��, s. 137; J.S. Synowiec, @��]�s. 258n.;)#CR#�Po��/�&�1�� &��!��, s. 328n.

38 Por. E. ZawisBewski, 8� ��&��1�� &��]� s. 156.39 Por. S. Wypych, B�� :�� ;1�� &�8�� ,!��.=, w: B��

�0 �� 0��&�� t. 1: 8� ��&�� red. J. Frankowski, WarsBawa 1869� E� ��X��&O@?;-E?&�Najtrudniejs�e stronice Biblii, s. 173; M. Peter, Prehistoria biblijna, s. 108; T. BrBe-gowy, 8� ��&��9��]� s. 224; G. Ravasi, 1�� &�!��;R4RR=, s. 181n.

40 Por. T. Jelonek, :� ��&��$�� , s. 76.41 Por. R.E. Murphy, :��RYR��E��$�� , s. 40.42 Por. N.M. Sarna, Understanding Genesis. Heritage of Biblical Israel, New York 1970,

s. 73; E. Testa, Genesi. Introdu�ione – storia primitiva, Torino 1977, s. 209; B. �nderson, M��9��(��]� s. 40; D.S. de Witt, The Historical Background of Genesis 11,1-9; Babel or Ur?,

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)#C E%$$%)#=&%@� ;?)O=.$-E2;$&C% %1);=L&L'&>C.��.@%C&$-.2%'%C% ,#<@%& E$o@%� �%>E)%=EB# /B&#># )#> -&#R. C&# EM BC%C#� �;E)%@% ;C% -.L1/;-%C%-B%$&#=B,*@#>2=BeEB@;P,&&&E)C&%@%2=B#B?&'?%C%P,&#E)1'#,&��L1=B;C%2;/,B%EC%>%B/1F#).)O--�7:� =;?1� B;E)%@%;/L1/;-%C% & 2=B#)=-%@%/;U��-&#?12=B#/�*=.E)1E#$��=%,>&/@1<&#>*&E);=&&L.@%;C%?&'?%?=;)C&#;/L1/;-.-%C%��@1<&,B%E>#>&E)C&#C&%E2;-;/;-%@�R#E)%@%E&D;C%E.mbolem Babilonu43.

�%B-%�)#$#C%C?& >#E)E.$L;'&,BC% &;BC%,B% ).'#�,;J/;$+1C/%$#C)O-C&#L% & B&#$&K� M/B;C;� R#-&#R%�)#$#C%C?& @M,B.C&#L; B B&#$&M44��#/@1<2=B#?%BO-2=B.>#>L1/;-&#L=%'&1/B&%@-EB.E,.'1/B&#B#-EB.E)?&,*?=%N,O-B&#$&��&%@%;C%E&D<%T;/B&#$&/;C&#L%��.@%1-%R%C%B%BC%?>#/C;P,&&2;�)D<& C%=;/1� B-@%EB,B%-)#/.� </.�%L&';CL.@ E);'&,M-&#'?&#<; &$2#=&1$��%P-&M).C&% C&</. C&# B;E)%@% 1?;N,B;C%��C&EB,B;C% 2=B#B #CC%,*e=.L%� ?=O'%%E.=.>E?&#<;�L.@%;/L1/;-.-%C%2=B#B�E1=L%C&2%'%4��8I� 95��#L;2;'%EE%�=% 4� �I�Q75 & �#L1,*;/C#BB%=% �� 4L&L'&>C. �%L1,*;/;C;B;= �Q7I7� 5� #>P-&#)C;PT 2=B.2%/% C% '%)% 2%C;-%C&% ).,* /-O,* ;E)%)C&,* ?=O'O- L%L&';N�E?&,*45��&#R%�)#$#C%C?&$&%@% ;?o@; /B&#-&DT/B&#E&D,&1$#)=O--.E;?;P,&�% >#>-.$&%=.12;/E)%-.-.C;E&@.(/B&#-&DT/B&eE&M) metrów na /B&#-&DT/B&#�E&M)$#)=O-�%?C%O-,B#EC#,B%E.L.@%);L1/;-'%;<=;$C%46.

„Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society” 22 (1979), s. 17n.; M. Peter, Prehistoria biblijna,s. 108; J.K. Waton, The Mesopotamian Background of the Tower of Babel +ccount and Its Implica-tions, „Bulletin for Biblical Research” 5 (1995), s. 161n.; J.�. Soggin, Das Buch Genesis, Darm-stadt 1997, s. 184; L. Boadt,�1�� &�!��, w:�� 8�� H�� &�,red. W. Chrostowski, WarsBawa 2000, s. 286; P.H. Seely, The Date of the Tower of Babel and SomeTheological Implications, „Westminster Theological Journal” 63 (2001), s. 18n.

43 Por. F. FestoraBBi, La Bibbia e il problema delle origini, Brescia 1967, s. 336; �. Parrot,(��9��, s. 80n.; W. von Soden, Etemenanki vor +sarhaddon und der Er�ählungvom Turmbau �u Babel und Erra-Mythos, „Ugarit-Forschungen” 3 (1971), s. 253n.; W. Chrostow-ski, B��9�(��]� s. 344; E. ZawisBewski, 8� ��&��1�� &��]� s. 158; J.S. Syno-wiec, @��]�E� 7�CX)#CR#�8��/�&�1�� &��!��, s. 327n;T. BrBegowy, 8� ��&��9��]� E� "X��#$%NE?&� (�&�� ?�� ;!��RR�R4V=C, s. 5n.

44 Por. �. Parrot, (��9��wiat, s. 108; W. von Soden, Etemenanki vor +sarhaddonund der Er�ählung vom Turmbau �u Babel und Erra-Mythos, s. 253n; G. Ravasi, 1�� &�!��;R4RR=, s. 181; L. Boadt,�1�� &�!��, E� 6�X��&O@?;-E?&� Najtrudniejs�e stronice StaregoTestamentu, s. 331.

45 Por. N.M. Sarna, Understanding Genesis. Heritage of Biblical Israel, s. 73; E. Testa, Gene-si. Introdu�ione – storia primitiva�E� Q8X��&O@?;-E?&�Najtrudniejs�e stronice Biblii, s. 172; J.S.Synowiec, @� ��]� s. 256n.; )#CR#� 8�� /�&�1�� &�� !��,s. 327n; G. Roux, Me�opotamia��%=EB%-%�886�E�: QX��#$%NE?&�(�&��?�� ;!��RR�R4V=C, s. 5.

46 Por. T. Jelonek, :� �� &�� $�� , s. 76; K. Pauritsch, Babel, PSB, kol. 81;M. Peter, Prehistoria biblijna�E��Q6X ��%,*�(��9, w: Encyklopedia Katolicka,)��=#/��=.<'#-&,B��1?%EB.?�� u@;-E?&��1L'&C �887� ?;'� � 8X��%-&EB#-E?&� 8� ��&��1�� &��]� s. 158; T. BrBegowy, Pi ��&��9��]� s. 224; M. Wojciechowski,8��/��/]� s. 116.

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47�;=� ��%,*�1�� &�!��>�B�� ]� s. 317; E. Testa, Genesi. Introdu�ione – storia pri-mitiva, s. 211n.; S. Wypych, B��:��;1�� &�8��,!��.=�E��X��&O@�?;-E?&� Najtrudniejs�e stronice Biblii, s. 172n; T. Jelonek, :� �� &�� $�� , s. 76;M. Peter, Prehistoria biblijna, s. 107; G. Ravasi, 1�� &�!��;R4RR=, s. 182; T. BrBegowy, 8� 4��&��9��]� s. 225; �/�� >�:��a�y, symbo�� &�4��&��8�� H�� , red. L. Ryken, J.C. Wilhoit, T. Longman III,WarsBawa 2003, s. 27n.

48 Por. E. ZawisBewski, 8� ��&��1�� &��]� s. 158.49 Por. S. Wypych, B��:��;1�� &�8��,!��.=, s. 66.50 Por. W. Chrostowski, B��9�(��]� s. 335.51 Por. J.S. Synowiec, @��]�E� �QX)#CR#�8��/�&�1�� &�

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52 Por. E. ZawisBewski, 8� ��&��1�� &��]� s. 157.53�;=� ��%,*�1�� &�!��>�B�� ]� s. 312 n; W. Chrostowski, B��9�(��]� s. 334;

M. Peter, Prehistoria biblijna, s. 106 n; J.S. Synowiec, @��]� s. 252; R.J. Clifford, R.E.Murphy, 1�� &�!��, KKB, s. 27n; M. Wojciechowski, 8��/��/]�s. 118.

54 Por. B��9�(��, w: �/�� ]�E��Q69X��#$%NE?&�(�&��4��?�� ;!��RR�R4V=C, s. 16.

55 �;=��&O@?;-E?&� Najtrudniejs�e stronice Biblii, s. 175; M. SBamot, N��>�"�� C, s. 143.

56�;=� ��%,*�1�� &�!��>�B�� ]� s. 312n; W. Chrostowski, B��9�(��]� s. 334n;M. Peter, Prehistoria biblijna, s. 106n; J.S. Synowiec, @��]� s. 252; R.J. Clifford, R.E.Murphy, 1�� &�!��, s. 27n; M. Wojciechowski, 8��/��/]� s. 118.

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57�;=��#$%NE?&�(�&��?�� ;!��RR�R4V=C, s. 16.58 �;=� ��%,*� 1�� &�!��>�B�� ]� s. 312n; M. Peter, Prehistoria biblijna, s. 106n;

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59 Por. J.S. Synowiec, @��]� s. 251n;�B��9�(��, w: �/�� ]�s. 1087; M. SBamot, N��>�"��C, s. 142.

60 Por. C.M. Martini, :��A?�� , s. 77.61�;=� ��%,*�1�� &�!��>�B�� ]� s. 313; E. ZawisBewski, 8� ��&��1�� &��4

��]� s. 157.62 Por. �. Clamer, Genèse, Paris 1953, s. 226.63 Por. N.M. Sarna, Understanding Genesis. Heritage of Biblical Israel, s. 74; J.S. Synowiec,

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65 Por. P.J. Harland, Vertical or Hori�ontal: The Sine of Babel, „Vetus Testamentum” 48 (1998),s. 517n.;��#$%NE?&�(�&��?�� ;!��RR�R4V=C, s. 17.

66�;=��#$%NE?&�(�&��?�� ;!��RR�R4V=C, s. 17.67 Por. W. Chrostowski, B��9�(��]� s. 335; J. �udusseau, P. Grelot, Babel-Babilon, STB,

s. 61.68�;=�)%$R#�E�::6X��%C;,B.�Nauka o stwor�eniu, Kraków 1999, s. 29.

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69 Por. M. Kikawada, The Shape of Genesis 11,1-9, w: Rhetorical Criticism, red. J.J. Jackson,M. Kessler, Pittsburgh 1974, s. 19n.; J.P. Fokkelman, Narrative +rt in Genesis: Specimens of Styli-stic and Structural +nalisis, �ssen-�msterdam 1975, s. 12n.; B. �nderson, M��9��(��]�s. 42n; W. Chrostowski, B��9�(��]� s. 338; V.P. Hamilton, The Book of Genesis. Chapters1-17. The New International Commentary of the Old Testament, Grand Rapids 1990, s. 253;T. BrBegowy, 8� ��&��9��]� s. 225n; D.W. Cotter, Genesis, Collegeville 2003, s. 67n.;��#$%NE?&�(�&��?�� ;!��RR�R4V=C, s. 10n.

70 Por. W. Chrostowski, B��9 Babel]� s. 338.71�;=��&O@?;-E?&� Najtrudniejs�e stronice Starego Testamentu� E�: 6X ��#$%NE?&� (�&

��?�� ;!��RR�R4V=C, s. 17.72 Por. M. SBamot, N��>�"��C, s. 144.

70 ��

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73 Por. �. Clamer, Genèse� E� �X ��%,*� 1�� &�!��>�B�� ]� s. 313; B. �nderson,M��9��(abel]� s. 42; E. ZawisBewski, 8� ��&��1�� &��]� s. 157; J.S. Sy-nowiec, @��]�E� 7 X)#CR#�8��/�&�1�� &��!��, s. 321;R.E. Murphy, :��RYR��E��$�� , s. 41.

74 Por. �. Clamer, Genèse� E� �X ��%,*� 1�� &�!��>�B�� ]� s. 313; B. �nderson,Hist��9��(abel]� s. 42; M. Peter, Prehistoria biblijna, s. 107; E. ZawisBewski, 8� ��&��1�� &��]� s. 157; J.S. Synowiec, @��]�E� 7 CX)#CR#�8��4��/�&�1�� &��!��, s. 321; T. BrBegowy, 8� ��&��9��]� s. 225n; S. Pesaric,$��8��3��>�1�� &��(��, s. 70; M. SBamot, N��>�"�� C, s. 143n; B��9�(��, w: �/�� ]� s. 1088.

75 �;=� ��%,*� 1�� &�!��>�B�� ]� s. 313; L. Ruppert, Das Buch Genesis, s. 131n;E. ZawisBewski, Pi ��&��1�� &��]� s. 157; J.S. Synowiec, @��]�E� 7 CX)#CR#�8��/�&�1�� &��!��, s. 321.

76 Por. L. Ruppert, Das Buch Genesis, s. 132; W. Chrostowski, B��9� (��]� s. 339;J.S. Synowiec, @��tku]�E� 7:X )#CR#� 8�� /�&�1�� &��!��,

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6 �;=�)%$R#�83 �;=� ��%,*� 1�� &�!��>�B�� ]� s. 313; L. Ruppert, Das Buch Genesis, s. 131n;

M. Peter, Prehistoria biblijna, s. 107; J.S. Synowiec, @��]� s. 253; T. BrBegowy, 8� ��4��&��9��]� s. 225n; M. SBamot, N��>�"��C�E��"9CX��#$%N�E?&� (�&�� ?�� ;!��RR�R4V=C, s. 19; D. �damcByk, Starotestamentalnecytaty ��)��&��/�&�� &�� 4�� >� �� 4��&#',# QQ�� E� �7X )#CR#� �� F:��?�F�)��>�8��&��, SBcBecin 2009, s. 43.

84 Por. W. Chrostowski, B��9�(��]� s. 340.85 �;=� ��%,*� 1�� &�!��>�B�� ]� s. 313; L. Ruppert, Das Buch Genesis, s. 131n;

B. �nderson, M��9��(��]� s. 42; M. Peter, Prehistoria biblijna, s. 107; J.S. Synowiec,@��]�E� 7:X)#CR#�8��t��/�&�1�� &��!��, s. 321; T. BrBe-gowy, 8� ��&��9��]� s. 226; S. Pesaric, $��8��3��>�1�� &��(��,s. 72; J. Bramorski, B�� E��, s. 121.

86 Por. E. ZawisBewski, 8� ��&� ��1�� &��]�E��79X��#$%NE?&� (�&��?�� ;!��RR�R4V=C, s. 20.

87 Por. E. ZawisBewski, 8� ��&��1�� &��]� s. 157.88 Por. B. Jacob, Das Buch Genesis�E�:Q:X��#$%NE?i, (�&��?��

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89 Por. L. Ruppert, Das Buch Genesis, s. 132n; B. �nderson, M��9��(��]� s. 42;W. Chrostowski, B��9�(��]� s. 340; E. ZawisBewski, 8� ��&��1�� &��]� s. 158;J.S. Synowiec, @��tku]�E� 7:X )#CR#� 8�� /�&�1�� &��!��,s. 322.

90�;=��#$%NE?&�(�&��?�� ;!��RR�R4V=C, s. 20.91 Por. B. �nderson, M��9�� (��]� s. 42; M. Peter, Prehistoria biblijna, s. 107;

T. BrBegowy, Pi ��&� ��9��]� s. 225n; C.M. Martini, :��A?� �� , s. 77;�. BanasBek, 8� ?��&�(��, s. 45.

92�;=� ��%,*�1�� &�!��>�B�� ]� s. 314.93 Por. B��9�(��, w: �/�� ]�E��Q66X��#$%NE?&�(�&��4

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94 Por. M. Wojciechowski, 8��/��/]� s. 120.95 Por. W. Chrostowski, B��9�(��]� s. 346.96 Por. M. Wojciechowski, 8�� /�� /]�E� � QX ��#$%NE?&� (�&

��?�� ;!��RR�R4V=C, s. 21.97 Por. C. Jakubiec, Prad�ieje biblijne. Teologia Genesis 1-11��;BC%N��%=EB%-%��1L'&C�8�6�

E� �66X��*=ostowski, B��9�(��]� s. 341; E. ZawisBewski, 8� ��&� ��1�� &�� 4��]�E��78CX��#$%NE?&�(�&��?�� ;!��RR�R4V=C, s. 11.

98 Por. W.J. Harrington, Kluc� do Biblii, WarsBawa 1984, s. 218; J. �udusseau, P. Grelot, Ba-bel-Babilon, s. 61.

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99 Por. G. Herrgott, Babilon, PSB, kol. 81; M. Peter, Prehistoria biblijna, s. 107; R. Borger,Babylon, w: Biblisch-historisches Handwörterbuch� =#/� �� #&,?#� �� ;E)� �k))&C<#C �88"�E��99CX ��%,*�(��9�?;'�� :QX��&2&NE?&�Babilonia, Babele, w: Di�ionario Enciclope-dico della Bibbia, red. P.M. Bogaert, Roma 1995, s. 233n.; J.S. Synowiec, @��]�E� 7:X)#CR#� 8�� /�&� 1�� &�� !��, s. 322; G. Ravasi, 1�� &� !��;R4RR=, s. 181; T. BrBegowy, 8� ��&��9��]� s. 225n; R.J. Clifford, R.E. Murphy, 1�� &!��, s. 28; B��9�(��, w: �/�� ]� s. 1088; M. Wojciechowski, 8��4�� /�� /]�E��CX ��#$%NE?&� (�&�� ?�� ;!��RR�R4V=C, s. 21n.

100�;=� ��%,*� 1�� &�!��>�B�� ]� s. 314; W. Chrostowski, B��9�(��]� s. 341;M. Peter, Prehistoria biblijna, s. 108; J.S. Synowiec, 8�� /�&�1�� &�!��, s. 331; R.E. Murphy, Odpo��RYR��E��$�� , s. 41; J. Bramorski, B�� E��, s. 121.

101 Por. �. BanasBek, 8� ?��&�(��, s. 45.102 Por. E. ZawisBewski, 8� ��&� ��1�� &��]� s. 151n.; G. Ravasi, 1�� &�!�4

��;R4RR=, s. 180.103 Por. W.J. Harrington, Kluc� do Biblii, s. 218; M. Peter, Prehistoria biblijna, s. 107n.

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116�;=��&O@?;-E?&�Najtrudniejs�e stronice Biblii, s. 177.117 Por. T. Jelonek, Biblijna historia �bawienia, Kraków 1991, s. 94.118�;=��.,*C&#-&,B� Stare Pr�ymier�e. Genesis, Kraków 1977, s. 204; J.S. Synowiec, @

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�;2;-&%/%C&1;-&#R.�%L#'%1);=B-=%,%1-%<DC%B>%-&E?;B@%B;=<%C&�B;-%C#<;�?)O=#C&#>#E)>#/.C&#E1$M<=B#,*O-2;EB,B#<O'C.,*>#/C;E)#?'1/B�?&,*� '#,B<=B#,*#$,%@#> E2;@#,BC;P,& '1/B?&#>��2;-&%/%C&# );B%-&#=% )#;';�<&,BC# 2=B#E@%C&#� /;).,BM,# <=B#,*1--.$&%=B# E2;@#,BC.$�$&D/B.C%=;/;�-.$� �%@% L;-&#$ E2;@#,BC;PT B%>$1># 2;E)%-D E2=B#,BCM B -;'M �;<%&B$&#=B%?1B@.$,#';$��2;-&%/%C&#;-&#R.�%L#'/;).,B.-&C.BL&;=;-#>133.Znajduje to wyraB w kulturBe, która jest odBwierciedleniem systemu aksjolo<&,B�C#<;/%C#<;E2;@#,B#NE)-%��E);)C#>#E)�C%>%?&,*-%=);P,&%,*L1/;-%C.>#E)O-E.E)#$?1')1=;-.��&#R%�%L#'E)%C;-&C&#>%?;).2?1')1=.'1/B?&#>2=B#,&-C#>>#/.C#$1�2=%-/Biwemu Bogu134.

�2&B;/;-&#R.�%L#' ;2&E1># 2;,BM)?& L%@-;,*-%'E)-%��B&#@; ,B@;-&#?%$%L.T-$&#>E,#�;<%,B.CC&?&#$&C)#<=%,>&'1/B?;P,&��%/B&#>#B).$B-&MB%�

130 Por. J.S. Synowiec, @��]�E� ��X)#CR#�8��/�&�1�� 4&��!��, s. 333.

131 �;=� ��%,*� 1�� &�!��>�B�� ]� s. 239; L. Ruppert, Das Buch Genesis, s. 129;S. Wypych, B��:��;1�� &�8��,!��.=, s. 66; T. BrBegowy, 8� ��&��9��]� s. 53; �. GanocBy, Nauka o stwor�eniu, s. 29; �. Couto, Pentateuco. Caminho da Vida+graciada, Lisboa 2003, s. 269n; J. WarBesBak, "�/�� (�&� �� ,WarsBawa 2005, s. 151.

132 Por. J. Jelito, Historia c�asów Starego Testamentu,�;BC%N�8�� E��Q:CX�� %C?;-E?&�Gr�ech jako historyc�na ��A��/��?�(�&� w: Drogi �bawienia. OdBiblii do Soboru, =#/��=B.L.'E?&��;BC%N��%=EB%-%��1L'&C�89Q�E�:8X��;$%C&1?�Krótki�arys historii �bawienia, WarsBawa 1987, s. 49n.

133 Por. J.S. Synowiec, @��]�E� ��X)#CR#�8��/�&�1�� 4&�� !��, s. 333n; C.M. Martini, :��A?� �� , s. 77; G. Ravasi, 1�� &� !��;R4RR=, s. 180.

134 Por. M. Peter, Prehistoria biblijna, s. 105n; M. SBamot, N��>�"�� C, s. 145.

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135 Por. W. Chrostowski, B��9�(��]� s. 346n.136 Por. M. Peter, Prehistoria biblijna, s. 107.137 Por. W. Chrostowski, B��9�(��]� s. 346; K. Pauritsch, Babel, PSB, kol. 81.138 Por. T. Jelonek, Biblijna historia �bawienia, s. 94n; M. Peter, Prehistoria biblijna, s. 105;

E. ZawisBewski, 8� ��&� �� 1�� &�� ]� s. 159; G. Ravasi, 1�� &� !�� ;R4RR=,s. 184.

139 Por. S. Wypych, B�� :�� ;1�� &�8�� ,!��.=, s. 66; G. Ravasi,1�� &�!�� ;R4RR=� E� �6"X ��#$%NE?&� Bóg chroni� ��?� �� ;!�� RR�R4V=C,s. 23.

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�#E@%C&#�1,*%H-&D)#<;B,1/#$>DB.?O--/C&1�&DT/B&#E&M)C&,.2=B#,&-�E)%-&% E&D *iE);=&&-&#R.�%L#'� #E) ); B%2;-&#/[ >#/C;P,& #E,*%);';<&,BC#>142��;BL&)% '1/B?;PT$;R# >#/C;,B.T E&D prawdBiwie tylko -;?O@ �;<%� �% ).$2;'#<%2=;,#E;/-=;)C./;)#<;�?)O=.%1);=C%),*C&;C.1?%B%@-;2;-&%/%C&1;-&#R.�%L#'�G-2=;,#E/%'#>C%2;).?%C%2=BeEB?;/.��B&#>#E&D)%?/'%)#<;�R#-,&MR>#EB,B#'1/[$&2;-;/1>M)#2;E)%-.�>%?&$&;/BCa,B%'&E&DL;*%)#=;-&#)#<;L&L'&>C#<;;2;-&%/%C&%143.

�%R/.,B@;-&#?-&C&#C/MR.T/;-.BL.,&%E&D<=B#,*1;=%B/;;/L1/;-%�C&% 1)=%,;C#> >#/C;P,& B &CC.$&� �&# ,*;/B& >#/C%? ; 1>#/C;'&,#C&# >DB.?%-EB.E)?&,*'1/B&�%=%,B#>;>#dC;PT/1,*;-M-=ORC;=;/C;P,&LD/M,#>-.C&?&#$-@%P,&-;P,& &?1')1=. =ORC.,*C%=;/O-� �E);)C% >#E)2=B. ).$1$&#>D)C;PT-@%�P,&-#<;?;=B.E)%C&%B2;E)D21,.-&'&B%,.>C;�?1')1=;-#<;;=%BR.,B'&-#<;/B&#�'#C&%E&D-@%EC.$&;E&M<C&D,&%$&B &CC.$&��D/B&# );P-&%/,B.T;B=;B1$&#C&1?#=.<$%)1;2;-&%/%C&%;-&#R.�%L#';=%B-2=;-%/B%C&1L&L'&jC#<;2=B#E@%C&%-R.,&#144.

140 Por. J.S. Synowiec, @��]�E� �:X)#CR#�8��/�&�1�� 4&��!��, s. 334.

141 Por. T. Jelonek, Biblijna historia �bawienia� E� 8"X )#CR#� :� �� &�� $�� ,s. 77; E. ZawisBewski, 8� ��&��1�� &��]� s. 159; T. BrBegowy, 8� ��&��49es�a]� s. 226; M. Wojciechowski, 8��/��/]� s. 120.

142 Por. M. Peter, Prehistoria biblijna, s. 109.143 Por. J.S. Synowiec, @��]�E� �:X)#CR#�8��/�&�1�� 4

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8�&$;�R# ./;CB;E)%@BC&EB,B;C./-1?=;)C&#4�992=B#B�E.=.>,B.?O-;=%B-78"2=B#B�%L&';N,B.?O-5� ,; 2;)-&#=/B% *&E);=.,BC;PT =#'%,>& 2=;=;,?&#>� J+;=$1@D =;B2;BC%C&%K C%'#R.1BC%TB%).2;-;E.$L;'&,BCM&=ed%?,.>CM�>%??;'-&#?)#;';<&,BC&#,%@?;-&,&#B<;/CMB=#);=.?M�B#,*&#'%�2;=�M. Greenberg, E�ekiel 21-37. + New Translation with Introduction and Commenta-ry, �B 22�, Doubleday, New York – London – Toronto – Sydney – �uckland 1997, s. 596.

9 Por. D.I. Block, The Book of E�ekiel. Chapters 25-48, NICOT, Eerdmans Publ. Comp.,Grand Rapids – Cambridge 1998, s. 177.

10 Sens jednak tego Bwrotu ukaBuje bardBiej1BC%C&#2=B#BC&#L=%?11B%E%/C&#C&%-@%EC.,*2=#)#CE>&-;L#, C%=;/1-.L=%C#<; i-@%EC.,* 2=B#,*-%@#? B )#<; ).)1@1-;L#, 2;)D<& ,*-%@.�;<%�B=%#'%�?)O=.;E)%)#,BC&#-#[$&#E-O>'1/-;L=;CD�por. L.E. Cooper, E�ekiel. +n Exegeti-cal and Theological Exposition of Holy Scripture, NIV N�C 8, Broadman & Holman Publ., Na-shville 1994, s. 345.

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;@)%=B#$;EOLnieuprawnionych, jak )#R;+&%=;-%C&#?%/B&/#@C&#2=B#BC%,B;C.,*/;)#<;,#'1�,;E)%@;E&D2=B.2%/?&#$/-O,*E.CO-�%=;C%��%/%L%&�L&*1�?)O=B.B<&CD'&2;=%R#C&2=B#B�;<%�2;=�R.D. Cole, Numbers. +n Exegetical and Theological Exposition of Holy Scripture, NIV N�C3B, Broadman & Holman Publ., Nashville 2000, s. 270. Opis bunt1�;=%,*%��%)%C% &�L&=%$%-�L��"Q4B-@�-��Q5-E?%B1>#�R#C%-#)'#-&);$C&#-;'C;L.@;E?@%/%T;+&%=.?%/B&/@%�2;=�#<B#<#BD��R. �shley, The Book of Numbers, NICOT, Eerdmans Publ. Comp., Grand Rapids –Cambridge 1993, s. 326.

14 Por. F. Michaeli, Les Livres des Chroniques, d’Esdras et de Néhémie, C�T XVI, Delachauxet Niestlé, Neuchâtel 1967, s. 215.

15 �C#<%).-C.$E#CE=�)%?R#�L � 9X "��QX� $�8� X Q�:QX $:�6X �='7��16 �1);=L&L'&>C.,#';-;C%-&MB1>#)1/;2;E)D2;-%C&%Saula, pierwsBego króla BjednocBone-

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17 Por. 2Krn 13,6; 25,27; 28,19.22; 29,6; 30,7; 36,5��;@M,B#C&#��$�� B%-&#=%�>M(JoB 22,19.23.29; 2Krn 25,27; 28,22; 30,7; Syr 10,12; Ba 3,8, B%P��$�� %��(�-): � 7X� %' ��7XFL=:�� =ORC.,*?;C+&<1=%,>%,*-.=%B;-.,*2;@M,B#C&#;L1 )#=$&CO-BC%>/1>#E&DjesBcBe w Lb 14,9; Pwt 7,4; 13,11; JoB 22,18; PsSal 4,1; 9,1; 2,5; 17,5; Dn 9,9. W?%R/.$-&/�C&#># &/#%E2=B#C&#-&#=B#C&%E&D�;/E)M2&#C&%�L1C)1 '1L2;=Bu,#C&%�;<%�,; >#E)-.C&?&#$-@%E�C.,*L@D/O-&B@#<;2;E)D2;-%C&%��;21EB,B%>M,.E&D)#<;B%,&M<%>MB%?%R/.$=%B#$#-&/#C)CM-&CD�por�)%?R#H. Schlier, art. ��$�� , �� , #�!� �� , TDNT I, s. 512-513.

18�#=E#) )#CC&#$O-& >#/C%?;,*-%'#1�;<%� '#,B,*-%'#�;>R#EB%�;/?)O=#<;-&D?EBM,*-%@M,&#EB.E&D�*=.E)1E��.$C&#$C&#>B%1-%R.T$;RC%2#-CML'&E?;PT)#;';<&,BCM�2;C&#-%R,*-%@%�;>R#EB% >#/C;BC%,BC&#-.C&?%B >#<;L'&E?;P,&B%*-#�;,B.$B%P-&%/,B%�L� ��6�2;=�F��%C<?%$$#=�List do Hebrajc�yków, w: 8�� H�� &��@��&��$�� , RWKUL Lublin 1998, s. 44-45.

19�;=� ��D/%'%�)��&��/�&�H�� &��>��;B/B&%@.�� NKB NT, t. IV/1, CBD�stochowa 2010, s. 535.

20 Por. R. Popowski, �/��&��4��@��&��$�� , WarsBawa 1997, s. 242.

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�%=)%>#EB,B#?=O)?&#<;;$O-&#C&%>#E)2;E)%-%E%$#<;?=O'%�?)O=.B%-=B%@<C&ewem (��52=B#,&-E@1<;$P-&M).C&��%?&<C&#-C%'#R.1BC%TB%C#<%�).-C. & ,BDE);-�ZZ );-%=B.EBM$1?;C?=#)C#� C&#E2=%-&#/'&-# 2;E1C&D,&%?%=C#��)#CE2;EOL�1).+%=1-&DB&@OB#+%C%E?1)#?+%@EB.-#>/#C1C,>%,>&>#<;R;C.�,;-BL1/B&@;>#<;<C&#-4�/B:8��8� Q5� %1'BL#EB)%@;C%)%C%2;C&R%>M,2=B.).$>#<;$%)?D%E-MR;CD4� $ Q�:Q5�?=O'�E%-)=M,&@do -&DB&#C&%2=;�=;?% 4 �=C ��9��Q5� F%$%C 2;-B&M@ /#,.B>D -.C&EB,B#C&% �./O- - 1B&#&&$2#=&1$2#=E?&$4�E):�7��5�?=O'�%L1,*;/;C;B;=2=%<CM@B#$P,&TE&DC%?=%�>%,*�?)O=#B=#-;');-%@.E&D2=B#ciw niemu (Jdt 1,12), wresBcie H#=;/2;E)%C;�-&@B<@%/B&T/B&#,&L#)'#>#$E?&#C%E?1)#?B%-;/1�>%?&/;BC%@B#E)=;C.�D/=�,O-4�) ��5��;RC%E&DL.@;E2;/B&#-%T=O-C&#R-2=B.2%/?1=;B<C&#-%C#<;�B>%EB%>%?&,*P/B&%@%N;/-#);-.,*C%;/-%RC.,*?%2@%C%,*P-&M).C&22��=%-�/;2;/;LC#B%2D/.?=O'%2;-E)=B.$%@; >#/C%?Ca).,*$&%E);-#/B&%@%C&#�;R#�

�%=M� >%?% C%/#EB@% ;/�;<% L.@ )=M/ 4��)23� ?)O=.$ 2;?=.@; E&D ,B;@;?=O'%�B%)#$$&#>E,#%'L;C%>L%=/B&#>-&/;,BC# & =B1,%>M,#E&D-;,B.�%'L; );�C%?)O=.$;BC%?&L1)C#<;<C&#-1?=O'%[email protected]%>L%=/B&#>-&/;,BC#��=M/1,B.C&@<;C&#,B.E).$ =.)1%'C&# & E2;@#,BC&#� ,; E?%B%@;<;C% &B;'%,>D & C%$;,.�2@�:� B;E)%@ 2;BL%-&;C. $;RC;P,& E2=%-;-%C&% -@adBy24� �#,.B>M ?%2@%CO-1C&#$;R'&-&@;$1);2=%?).,BC&#E2=%-;-%C&#+1C?,>&?=O'#-E?&,*%R/;P$&#=�,&4-��8L� �525. �=M/>%?;?%=C#C%=BD/B&#�;<%2;>%-&@E&D)%?R#-2=B.2%/?1C&#<;/B&-.,*/B&%@%N�&=&%$�E&;E)=.�;>R#EB%�?)O=%-.E)M2&@%2=B#,&-C&#$12;-;/;-%C%B%B/=;P,&M;>#<;2;-%R%CP=O/E2;@#,BC;P,&�B=%#'%4�L� ��

21�;=��=C 8�� 6X �=C�� X�9�7;=%B<#C#=%'&B1>M,ME#C)#C,>D#B1E%-�) :�� X�?�"��

22�%?&#<;,B.C1/;21P,&@E&D>1R %1'C%?%B1>M,B%$;=/;-%T?%2@%CO-2=B.L.)?1-E2;$%�<%>M,.,*�%-&/%�2;=�� $ ��9��6�

23�%>2=%-/;2;/;LC&#>C&#,*;/B&>#/C%?;)=M/-#-E2O@,B#EC.$)#<;E@;-%BC%,B#C&1�'#,[email protected]?DC% E?O=B#�$C&#> <=;[CM� '#,B$;R'&-&#/@1<;)=-%@M� 2;=�U�F1'E#� The Natureof Biblical Leprosy, PEQ 107/1975, s. 87-105.

24 Por. H. Langkammer, 8�� %��&�1�� &�1��>� $/� �� ,w: 8�� H�� &�� @��&��$�� /�� &��, RW KUL,Lublin 2001, s. 320-321.

25 Por. J.�. Thompson, 1,2 Chronicles. +n Exegetical and Theological Exposition of HolyScripture, Nashville 1994, s. 331.

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�B%E;-C&?&#$-E?%B1>M,.$--� QC%?%=D >#E) ��, „C&EB,B.T�<1�L&T� B%L&>%T� <@%/B&T�-.)=%,&TK� ?)O=. 2;>%-&@ E&D >1R-#-B$;,C&;C#> +;=$&#--��8�-.=%R%>M,2#-C;PT&C&#;/-;@%'C;PT+%?)1�?)O=.$%C%E)M2&T4�� 5��%=); B%1-%R.T� R# 2;>%-&% E&D ;C - -� Q /-1?=;)C&#� -2&#=--;/C&#E&#C&1/;C%=;/O-2;<%NE?&,*4��5�2O[C&#>/;�B=%#'%4�� 5��.P' %1);=% >#E)-;L#, )#<; >#/C;BC%,BC%( )#C E%$ ';E�?)O=. E2;)?%@ >1R '1/.-.2D/B;C#&-.C&EB,B;C#2=B#B�;<%�E2;)?%)%?R##<;-@%EC.C%=O/28. TakiepoE)D2;-%C&#�;<%>#E),%@?;-&,&#1B%E%/C&;C#+%?)#$�R#--��82;>%-&%E&DE#=&%<=B#,*O-�B%?)O=#1E1C&D)#B;E)%@.'1/.2;<%NE?&#�B%$&#EB?1>M,#B&#$&D;L&#,%CM�%,;;L#,C&#<=;B&�B=%#'&);$(2O>PTB%;L,.$&L;<%$&29�L.&$;//%�-%T2;?@;C30 & [email protected] &$31. W takim Besta-&#C&1-%RC. ,Basownik ��)��JB%2;$C&#TK2;E&%/%?;C;)%,>DC&#2=;E)#<;L=%?12%$&D,&�'#,B-.=%[C#<;'#?,#-%R#C&% C%?%BO-2=B.$&#=B%32. Omawiany cBasownik �� B%$&#EB�

26 .="Q� �B%1-%R%�R#B%=O-C;L;<%,)-;, jak &E&@%2;-;/1>M-.-.REB%C&#E&DE#=,%'1/B�?&#<;C%,;-@%P,i-M;/2;-&#/B&M$%L.TL;>%[N�;R%��.P'2;B;E)%>#-%=);P,&;-%$&$;1R.,&%2=B#B%1);=%C&#,;&CC#>)#=$inologii: !�� !��&�� #��.

27 Por. E.P. Blair, +n +ppeal to Remembrance: The Memory Motif in Deuteronomy, Int 15/1961, s. 41-47.

28�&#=C;PT2=B.$&#=B1>#E)-%=1C?&#$#<B.E)#C,>&�B=%#'%�#P'&C%=O/2O>/B&#/=;<M@%$%C&%2=B.$&#=B% & BaE.$&'1># E&D B 2;E)D2;-%C&#$�%C%C#>,B.?O-� E)%C&# E&D '1/#$2=B#?'D).$� >%?)%$,&� &2=B#BC%,B;C.$/;#?E)#=$&C%,>&�2;=� P. Buis, J. Leclercq, Le Deutéronome, Paris 1963,s. 87 ; R.C. Van Leeuwen, What Comes out of God’s Mouth: Theological Wordplay in Deuterono-my 8, CBQ 47/1985, s. 55-57.

29 Zwrot typowo deuteronomistycBny B ,B%EO-L#B2;P=#/C&; 2=B#/-.<C%C&#$/; C&#-;'&L%L&';NE?&#>�2;=��-) 6,14; 28,14; SdB 2,12.19; 1Krl 11,10; '�� 7,9; 13,10; 25,6; 42,15.

30 Por. Wj 20,5; 23,24; Lb 16,9; Pwt 4,19; 5,9; 28,14; 30,17; 31,20; JoB 23,7; SdB 2,19; 2Krl17,35.

31 Por. Wj 20,5; Pwt 4,19; 5,9; 11,16; 17,3; 29,25; JoB 23,7; 23,16; SdB 2,12.17.19; 1Krl 9,6.9;22,54; 2Krl 17,35; 21,21; 2Krn 7,19.22; IB 44,15.17.19; 46,6; '�� 8,2; 13,10; 16,11; 25,6.

32 �BDE); 2;@M,B;C. B 2;-.REB.$& 2=%?).?%$& &/;'%)=.,BCymi, por. Pwt 32,18; 1Sm 12,9;& 77,11; 105,13.21; '��:� �X :� 9X�B�:��X�'%)#<;-@%PC&#-#B-%C&#�� w for-mie negatywnej, por. Pwt 4,9.23; 6,12; 8,11; 9,7; 25,19; 31,21; 2Mch 2,2; Ps 77,7; )%?R#�E""� ��'%)#<;B;E)%@;CB%C;);-%C. =O-C&#R-#-B$;,C&;C#> +;=$&# �� -.=%R%>M,#>2#-�C;PT & /@1<;)=-%@;PT 2;E)%-.� B$&#=B%>M,#> /; >#> 2#)=.+&?a,>& & B%,&D,&%-12;=B#-;L#,�;<%�#E) );-.=%[C.*#L=%&B$� ,;C;)1># 2&#=-;-BO=-?;CE)=1?,>& �� - P,&E@#> %C).)#B&# /o

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,B;C.B;E)%@>%?;&C?'1B>%,%@#>2#=.?;2.-�� Q�?)O=%--��B%-&#=%%C)y)#BDR.,&% w cBasowniku �� (��)33��//%-%C&#,B,&;L,.$LOE)-;$2;@M,B;�C#B;E)a@;-C&#>B2.,*ME#=,%4-��"5�B=;/B;CMB/;E)%)?1&/;L=;L.)1�?)O=.'1/2;-&C&#CBa-/B&D,B%T-.@M,BC&#;2%)=BC;P,&%*-#34��;L#,C.$?;C)#?P�,&#C&#E);&;C%-2=%-/B&#-,#C)=%'C.$$&#>E,1=#'%,>&%1);=%�L;-&#$C%>-%R�C&#>EBM,#,*M2;E)%-.�?)O=#>%*-#C&#$;R#B%%?,#2);-%T >#E) &/;'%)=&%��.$C&#$C&#>@M,B.E&D;C%P,&P'#B-.=%R#C&#$2;E)%-.2.,*.�?)O=#>[=O/@#$E)%@;E&D 2=B.2&E%C&# 2=B#B '1/ 2;-;/B#C&% - ?=%>1 -@%EC.$ >#<o BdolC;P,&;$&$;R'&-;P,&;$4-��9535�,;;BC%,B%2;E)%-DB%?@%$%C&%&,;�;>R#EB2=B.2;�$&C% '1/;-&--� �6 >%?; 2=B.C%'#RC#-.@M,BC&#�;<1� ?)O=. E)%'# ;-#> E&@.'1/;-&1/B&#'%36. PoC%/);-%RC. )1 ,.)%)�B�:�� @M,B.L#B2;P=#/C&; 2;E)%-D2.,*.&B%2;$C&#C&a o Bogu (�&�� #��)�� )37. UderBa to wprost w BnacBenie dla IBraela pierwsBego prBykaBaniadekalogu38��;RC%C%)#>2;/E)%-&#-C;E&T�R#/#,.B>% )%?;E)%)#,BC#<;1?%=%�C&%-&C;-%>,O-2=B#B�;<%2;/.?);-%C% >est w BnacBnej mierBe spo/B&#-%CM2;E)%-M'1/139.

�B�:�9�8);?;'#>C.B,.)%)O-=#2=#B#C)1>M,.)D<=12D)#?E)O-(

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'�� /�9��&��+��>B�� A��A,!��

Bwrotu �� O<1B%'#RC&%- )#C E2;EOL E-#/B&%@%C&# ;/ 2;E)D2;-%C&% '1/1� �;=� )%?R#��;<E-#''�Less We Forget: + Sermon (Dt 8,11.14), Int 15/1961, s. 32-40.

33�-=;) )#C;L#,C. >#E) >#EB,B#-�-)"��X��6X�� Q =O-C&#R-B-&MB?1B B%E&#/'#C&#$B&#$&&?;C&#,BC;P,&M2=B#E)=B#<%C&%C%?%BO-2=B.$&#=B%�

34 Por. T. Veijola, „Der Mensch lebt nicht vom Brot allein”. Zur literarischen Schichtung undtheologischen +ussage von Deuteronomium 8, w: Bundesdokument und Geset�. Studien �um Deu-teronomium, red. G. Braulik, HBS 4, Freiburg – New York 1995, s. 143-158.

35�;/;LC#E)%C;-&E?;B;E)%@;B%,.);-%C#-;/C&#E&#C&1/;-@%/,.�.=1w EB 28,4.36 Por. D.L. Christensen, Deuteronomy 1:1-21:9, WBC 6�, Word Books Publ., Dallas 2001,

s. 174-175.37 �;/;LCM)#;';<&D2=#B#C)1>M)%?R#$�&C�PrB 30,9 oraB & 126,1.38 Por. E.H. Merrill, Deuteronomy. +n Exegetical and Theological Exposition of Holy Scriptu-

re, NIV N�C 4, Nashville 1994, s. 188.39 Por. M. Weinfeld, Deuteronomy 1-11. + New Translation with Introduction and Commenta-

ry, �B 5, New York – London – Toronto – Sydney – �uckland 1991, s. 395.

94 ��

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40 �@1$%,B#C&# C% 2;/E)%-&# Les Dou�e Prophètes: Osée, w: La Bible d’+lexandrie� )@�E. Bons, J. Joosten, S. Kessler, Cerf, Paris 2002, s. 157-159.

41�1);=<=#,?&-)#CE2;EOL;/,B.)%@*#L=%>E?&;=.<&C%@(�� J2=B.,B%>DE&DK�L=B$&M,.&/#C�).,BC&#�>%?�E.=&%� )M/B/%C&#*#L=%>E?&#L=B$&( �� 2;=�%C%�'&BDE. Ben Zvi, Hosea, FOTL XXI�/1, Grand Rapids 2005, s. 272.

42�-&#=BD)% /=%2&#RC#-.E)D21>M ,BDE);-E2O'C&# C% ;BC%,B#C&# C&#EB,BDPT ,B.*%>M,.,*C%<=B#EBC&?O-. W kilku tekstach �ZZEM);��, „lew” oraB ��#��, „pantera”/„lampart”, por. Syr28,23; Jr 5,6. Nat;$&%E)�O<2=B.=O-C%C./;'-%�2;=��B��QX�B:��"� #?-#C,>%B%C;);-%C%-�B�:�9BC%>/1>#E&D-� $�9�:"�:9�

43 �;=�$�&C��2@ �� X�-) : � "��;R'&-;PT %)%?1/B&?&,* B-&#=BM) L.@% >#/C.$B 2=B#�?'#NE)-=B1,%C.,*>%?;E%C?,>#-E)%=;R.)C.,*)=%?)%)%,*L'&E?;-E,*;/C&,*-=%B&#B@%$%C&%>#<;2;E)%C;-&#N2=B#B-%E%'%�2;=�D.R. Hillers, Treaty Curses and the Old Testament Prophets, BibOr16, Pontifical Biblical Institute��;$#�8�"�E�7"�7��%?R#�$:��Q��X�B7"� 8�:QX9��6X�"� 8X�7�8X7��8X= ,14-15; 4,7; 12,9; 48,40; 49,22; 50,44; Ha 1,4.

44 Por. E. Jacob, Osée, w: E. Jacob, Keller, S. �msler, Osée, Joël, +mos, +bdias, Jonas, C�TXIa, Genève 1965, s. 92-93.

45�B&%@%C&% )# B% ,B%EO-�,*%B% ;2&E1># �=' ��9�8��;/;�<&2)1- E2;EOL;<O'C&#>EB.)%?R#�B:Q��6�2;=��%-=;)� 2&/��+�� &��>�+�� '�ZY�S[4ZZ� )1/&%&$%)#=&%@.��;BC%N QQQ�E�:9�"9�

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Sens Bwrotu �� w w. 8 C%>'#2&#>2%E1>#/;?;C)#?E)1;2&E1>M�,#<;<-%@);-C;PTB%,*;-%C&%B-&#=BD,&%;E%,B;C#<;2=B#B$.P'&-.,*�?)O=#B#-EB.E)?&,*E&@2=%<C&#E&DL=;C&T&E)%>#E&DC&#2=B#-&/.-%'C#��&$;�&R);�O<;E%,B% E-O> '1/� %1);=;-& )#?E)1 ,*;/B& ; 2;/;L&#NE)-;/; B%,*;-%C&% B-&#�=BD,&% =;BEB%'%@#<;� 2=%<CM,#<; 2=B#/# -EB.Et?&$ =;BEB%=2%T C%2%E)C&?O-47��?;'#&B%2;-&#/[=;B#=-%C&%B%$?C&D,&%E#=,-).$E%$.$-#=E#,&#C%-&MB1�>#>1R);/;?'%)?&2&#=E&;-#>�-?)O=#>E#=,#E&DBC%>/1>#�>1R);/;E%$#>B%)-%=�/B&%@;P,&E#=,�?)O=#B%$.?%>ME&DC%-,B#PC&#>EB#�;R#;E)=B#R#C&%�?&#=;-%C#2=B#B2=;=;?O-��DE)-&C%);BCO-C%)1=%'C#$&#>E,#2=B#L.-%C&%/B&?&,*B-&#�=BM)� ?)O=# B C&#>-.,*;/BM C% 2;';-%C&#� B%=O-C; '-., jak i C&#/[-&#/B&#48��-&#=BD)%2;'C#<#C#=%'C&#/;@M,BM/;C&EB,B#C&%/B&#/B&,)-%�%NE?&#<;�?)O=.$>#E) �B=%#'�L./;?;N,B.T/B&#@%?%=%C&% '1/1� ,;-.=%[C&#-E?%B1>#� &RC&#$%$&#>E,%� </B&#$;RC%L. E&D E,*=;C&T 49� #P'& L;-&#$1,&#?%>M,.C&#-#>/M/;'%E1�L.C&#E2;)?%TB-&#=BM)/=%2&#RC.,*�)%?&';EE2;)?%&,*C%2;'1�</.=B1,ME&D C% C&,* 2;B;E)%@# B-&#=BD)%50� �;/;LC&# B%)=-%R%>M,. ;L=%B 1,&#,B?& ;L@M�?%Ce<;B# E)=%,*1,B@;-&#?%�?)O=.-/B&#N�%NE?& B/;@%1$?CMT2=B#/ '-#$�'#,B C%)?C&# E&D C% C&#$C&#> <=;[C#<; C&#/[-&#/B&%� B%-&#=% )%?R#�$7��8��O-C&#R )1)%> ;L% B-&#=BD)% 2#@C&M =;'D 2=B#/E)%-&,&#'&�;R#> E2=%-&#/'&-;P,&?%=BM,.,*<=B#EBCików.

�)#CE2;EOL/;?;C%E&DC&#$%',%@?;-&)#BC&EB,B#C&#(E?1)#,BC#&L;'#EC#�>%?-2=B.2%/?1=;BEB%=2.-%C&%B/;L.,B.2=B#BR%=@;,BC# /B&?&#B-&#=BD)%��%?&>#E)E#CE =BecBownika #��$�� JBC&EB,B#C&#K�?)O=#<;%1);=#$LD/B&#�O< 4-�8551.

46�;=� �='�7��8� Q� 8X�9�:�� :$O-&-2=;E);?%=B#�>%?ML.'&�E.=.>,Bycy dla IBra-ela B woli Boga.

47 Por. Les Dou�e Prophètes: Osée, s. 158. �%=O-C;-<=#,#� >%? &-;=.<&C%'#*#L=%>E?&$=B#,B;-C&?O- >#E) =;/B%>1R#NE?&#<;�2;/;LC&#/;� $�9�:"�:9X $�9�6X�=B�9�� X 6��7��)#?P,&#�B#%EB%C&#/[-&#/B&,%2;BL%-&;C%>#E)E-#<;2;);$E)-%�,;,B.C&>MEB,B#<O'C&#C&#�L#B2&#,BCM & <;);-M /; =;BEB%=2%C&% -EB.E)?&,*� ?)O=B. E)%CM >#> C% /=;/B#� �-&#=BD B;E)%@;1$&#EB,B;C# )1)%> B%2#-C# /'% >#<;-.<'M/1 & E&@. /%'#?; 2=B#?=a,B%>M,#>$;R'&-;P,& ;L=;CC#,B@;-&#?%E)%=;R.)C#<;�2;r. F.I. �ndersen, D.N. Freedman, Hosea. + New Translation with Intro-duction and Commentary, �B 24, Doubleday, New York – London – Toronto – Sydney – �uckland1980, s. 635.

48 Por. m.in. �m 3,4; Mi 5,7; 2Krl 2,24; Jr 5,6; 12,8.49 %�� w tej ro'&2;=�)%?R#2Sm 21,10; 2Krl 14,9; 2Krn 25,18; Hi 39,15; OB 2,14; '��

12,9; EB 31,13; 33,27; 34,5.50�;$#C)%);=B.B%1-%R%>M)12#-CML'&E?;PT)#$%).,BCMB"L#E)&%$&�C9��6�?)O=#C&EB�

,BMP-&%)�2;=�D.L. Garrett, Hosea – Joel. +n Exegetical and Theological Exposition of Holy Scrip-ture, NIV N�C 19B, Broadman & Holman Publ., Nashville 1997, s. 259.

51 ��$�� >%?;/B&#@;�;R#-;L#, IBraela lub narodów, por. )%?R# ;:��X '�� 13,14; 15,3;28,8; Lm 4,20; EB 19,4.8; 21,36.

96 ��

IBrael w sp;EOL<@u2& &2.EBC.B%2;$C&%@;E-#>,%@?;-&)#>B%'#RC;P,&;/%*�-#�B'#?,#-%R.@#<;;E)=B#R#C&%�);)#R;L#,C&#C&#$;R#1/%-%TE&D/;�&#<;2;2;$;,� )M/=#);=.,BC#2.)%C&#(?)OR$O<@L.;,%'&TC%=O/-.L=%C.;/C%/�,*;/BM,#>=1&C.S�;>%-&%E&D;C;-,B%E&#�</.�B=%#'&,&E-#C%/B&#>#?&#=;-%'&B-@%EB,B%-E)=;CDL;R?O-;L,.,*-B.-%>M,&,*C%2;$;,,%2;$&>%>M,E-#<;>#/.C#<;�L=;N,D52. Poetycki tekst Pwt 32,37-38 Bawiera stwierdBenie Jahwew for$&#2.)%C&%;&E)C&#C&#&$;R'&-;P,&;L=;CC#LOE)-�?)O=.$'1/E?@%/%@)@1�E)#;+&%=.2;?%r$;-# & [email protected]#� #/CM B-%RC.,*?%= B% B@%$%CE)%C;-&#N2=B.$&#=B% >#E) 2=B.$1E;-# E?@%/%C&# ;+&%= +%@EB.-.$ L;R?;$ 2;<%NE?&$-B&#$&C&#-;'&�/;?)O=#>1/%E&D'1/��B=%#'LD/B&#-&#/B&%@�R#C%C&,$1E&D);C&#B/%&LD/B&#,*,&%@-=O,&T/;%*-#�E-#<;�;<%�?)O=.�;E)%)#,BC&#>%?;�O<$&@;E&#=C. & @%E?%-.� C&# /;21P,& /; B@%$%C&% 2=B.$&#=B% & ,%@kowitego wy-nisBcBenia swego ludu (Pwt 4,28-31)53��O-C&#R-2=B#?;C%C&1�B#%EB%BC&EB�,B#C&#C&#LD/B&#);)%'C#�2;C&#-%R- � Q2=;rok Bapowiada odnowienie prBy-mierBa BarówC;B#E-.$'1/#$� >%? &-EB.E)?&$&B-&#=BD)%$&�?)O=#E)-;=B.@�,; 2;B-;'& #<; '1/;-& B%R.T-=#EB,&# 2;?;>1 C% E-#> B&#$&54��%>-.=%[C&#>2=;=;?/;?;C1>#=;B=ORC&#C&%$&D/B.C%=;/#$-.L=%C.$�>%?;E)=;CM2=B.$&#�=B%�?)O=#$1�O<B%-EB#/;,*;-1>#-&#=C;P,&�%?;C?=#)C.$>#<;-,&#'#C&#$- ,B%E%,* /B&%@%'C;P,& 2=;=;,?&#> �B#%EB%� �#C <=B#EBC. C%=O/ $1E& B;E)%TBC&EB,B;C.�L.-.C&EB,B.TB@;>#<;&/;'%)=&&&2.,*.�

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�.=;,BC&% )%2=B#2;-&%/%C% >#E)- &$&D�;<%B-&%E)1>M,#<;C&#;/-;@%'CM?%=D B% ;<=;$CM2.,*D$&#EB?%N,O-�/;$1��#B2;P=#/C& >#> ?;C)#?E) )-;=BM-��L�8L�-?)O=.,*2=;=;?2=B#/E)%-&%;2&EBL'&R%>M,#>E&D?'DE?&�/;$1��=;�=;?- &$&#C&1 %*-#B%,*D,% ,B@;C?O-E-#<;C%=;/1/;-.E)M2&#C&%2=B#,&-?=O'#E)-12;@1/C&;-.,*EME&%/O-�?)O=# >1R;/,B%EO-2=;=;?%�$;E%B;E)%@;$;,C;C%2&D)C;-%C#B%E-#,B.C.2=B#,&-&B=%#'E?&$2;L=%).$,;$4-��LX2;=��$ ��555� �-% ).2. 2=B#?'#NE)- B;E)%@. =B1,;C# 2=B#B �;<% C% O- C%=O/(

52�;B%-&#=%@.2;E)%C;-&#C&%2rBymierBa w Pwt 33,7.26.29.53 Por. D. Stuart, Hosea – Jonah, WBC 31, Dallas 1987, s. 204-205.54 Por. C.J. Labuschagne, The Similes in the Book of Hosea, OTWS� 7-8/1965, s. 65-66 (64-76).55 �;?=#-&#NE)-;);-.-;/B&E&DB)=%/.,>&L=%)#=stwa Jakuba i EBawa, którego Edomici w#�

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�/;$B?;'#&2=B.=O-C%C.B;E)%@/;;=@%�2)%?%BC%C#<;B-.E;?&,*';)O-�;<%=C&%>M,#<; E-.$ E2;>=B#C&#$ ;<=;$C. ;LEB%= ;=%B B%?@%/%>M,#<; <C&%B/%- -.E;?&,* & C&#/;E)DpC.,* E?%@%,*� � )%?&,* -.E;?;P,& 2)%? 2=B.21EB,B%P$&#=)#'C.%)%?C%E-#;+&%=.�?)O=#IE)%'#2;/?;C)=;'M>#<;-B=;?1IC&#$%>M/;?M/ 1,&#, %C& E&D E,*;-%T� �;/;LC&#�/;$&,&� B-.E;?;P,& E?%@ E-#<; B%�$&#EB?%C&%,B.C&'&<=;[C#-.2%/.,B-@%EB,B%C%B&#$&#&B=%#'E?&#�2;,B.$-=%�,%'&/; swych beBpiecBnych kryjówek58.

�.$,B%E#$�O< �B=%#'% C&#$% E)=%,*12=B#/-B';)#$C% )%?&#-.E;?;P,&1?%B1>M, ).$E%$.$-2#@C&E-O>%1);=.)#) &-@%/BDC%/C%=;/#$2;<%NE?&$�2=B#B )%?/@1<& ,B%E )=%2&M, naród wybrany. HistorycBnie ucByni to Ba p;$;,M2;)D<&�%L&';C1�?)O=#>C&,C&#>#E)-E)%C&#E&D;2=B#T��.,*%$&#EB?%N,O-?=%�>12;'#<%>M,%C%-.?;=B.E)%C&1?;C+&<1=%,>&)#=#C1&>#<;$;R'&-;P,&%,*;L=;C�C.,*>#E)-&D,2;2=;E)1J/1,*;-.$E%$;LO>E)-#$K59.

�%RC#<; BC%,B#C&% C%L&#=% - ).$ ?;C)#?P,&# ,B%E;-C&? ��J2;/C;E&TE&D/;<O=.�-.C;E&TE&D�-.-.REB%TK�?)O=.B#-B<'D/1C%E-#/;2#@�C&#C&# �� J;=B#@� ED2K 2;E&%/% C%>2=%-/;2;/;LC&#> 2;/E)%-;-# BC%,B#C&#';)1C%BC%,BC.,*-.E;?;P,&%,*�-.R#>�C&R-EB#'?&#&CC#2)%?&60. Zastosowanietego porówC%C&%-=#'%,>&/;-�:1?%B1>M,#<;2.,*D$&#EB?%N,O-�/;$1�?)O�=B.-)=1/C;/;E)D2C.,*$&#>E,%,*L1/;-%'&E-#/;$;E)-%-E?aB1>#�R#</.L.$&#'&$;R'&-;P,&�$;<'&L.E&D-BC&#PTC%-#)2;C%/E?%@.E-#<;B%$&#EB?ania61.

-%@%&,*'&,BC#-.2%/.C%2o@u/C&;-#?=%N,#B&#$&�B=%#'%2=B.C;EBM,-&#'#;+&%=&,&#=2&#N$&#EB�?%N,O-�>%??;'-&#?2;;L1E)=;C%,*konfliktu, por. D. Stuart, dB. cyt., s. 313.

56�;=�=O-C&#R�2@ �� :�X�-)"� 9X 6�� 57�;=�<@O-C&#�-) 6� 7� 9�":�""�58 Wielokrotnie starcia iBraelsko-edomickie opisuje Stary Testament, por. 1Sm 14,47; 2Sm

8,12-14; 1Krl 11,14-25; 2Krl 8,20-21; 1"�9��Q� �2;=�)%?R#B.K. Smith, F.S. Page, +mos – Oba-diah – Jonah. +n Exegetical and Theological Exposition of Holy Scripture, NIV N�C 19B, Na-shville 1995, s. 184.

59 W ten sposób B.C. Cresson, Obadjah, BBC 7, Nashvi''#�89 �E��"9��;/;LCM$.P'B%-&#�=%)%?R#B%2;-&#/[�B�"�� 7;B=B1,#C&1?=O'%�%L&';C1B-.E;?;P,&<-&%B/&;L@;?O-�

60�;/;LC#$;R'&-;P,& ';)1;=@%C;)1>M )#R(�-): ��X�=B :�7X:Q��8XF&:8� 9X ="8� X�$"��8X�26��:�

61�E#CE&#$;R'&-;P,&*&2;)#).,BC.,*L%=/B&#>C&RC&#=#%'C.,*�2;=�P.R. Raabe, Obadiah. + New

98 ��

To jednak jesBcBe nie koniec, skoro autor dorBuca drugi segment swej wypowie-dBi w imieniu Boga,%?)O=.1?%B1># >#EB,B#-.REB#B%$&%=.�/;$&)O-$;<M�,.,*BL1/;-%T E-#/;$;E)-%C%-#)2;P=O/<-&%B/� ,;%LE;'1)C&#1,B.C&@;L.># C&#/;E)D2C.$& /'% >%?&#>?;'-&#? E&@. '1/B?&#>��B#,B;-C&? �� oBC%,B%<C&%B/;�2;>$;-%C#E.$L;'&,BC&#-@%PC&#>%?;/;$;E)-;�-?)O=.$-.,*;-1�>#E&D/B&#,&&?)O=#E)%C;-&21C?)/;,#';-.R.,&%$&#EB?%Nców62��)#CE2;EOL%1);= =.E1># )=&%/D -.=%R#N 1?%B1>M,.,* ,;=%B L%=/B&#> -BC;EBM,M E&D 2.,*D$&#EB?%N,O-�/;$1(B%$&#EB?&-%C&#-=;B2%/'&C%,*&-.E;?&,*E?%@%,*I,*DTLu/;-./;$;E)-C%-.E;?;P,&';)1;=@%I$%=B#C&%;-BC&#E&#C&1E&D/;-.E;�?;P,&<-&%B/��EB.E)?;);>#/C%?E)%C&#E&D>#/.C&#2%E)-MC&EB,BM,#<;/B&%@%�C&%�;<%�/'%?)O=#<;C&#$%;/'#<@;P,&�-.E;?;P,&,B.<@DL;?;P,&C&#$;R'&-.,*/;/;E&D<C&D,&%63.

BardBo bliski wymowie tego tekstu jest cytat '��:Q��Q;/C;EBM,.E&D)%?R#/;BC&EB,B#C&%�/;$1&1R.-%>M,.)#<;E%$#<;;L=%B1P,&M<C&D,&%B-.E;?;P,&&B=B1,#C&%-/O@'1LBL1=B#C&%64�>%??;'-&#?=ORC&ME&D;L%,B%E;-C&?&/B&%@%C&%�;R#<;��;/,B%E</.�L"Bawiera cBasownik ��)#?E)<=#,?&=B%C;);-%@��65��)#?P,&#�L/&%EB%,B%E;wC&?)#CE)%C;-&-.=%[CM�;RM ;/2;-&#/[C%=#);=.,BC#2.)%C&#/1$C.,*�/;$&)O---�: �� ,„KtOR$C&#B=B1,&C%B&#$&DSK��#?E)<=#,?&=2;-E)%@2=%-/o2;/;LC&#C%L%�B&#,.)%)1�L&;/C;E&C%).,*$&%E)/;�#)=.�E?%'&E)#>E);'&,.?=%>1�,*;,&%R;L#,�C&# %=,*#;';/B. E?@%C&%>M E&D =O-C&#R ?1 E)%C;-&E?1�$$#'��&>%=%� <O=B.E)#>E&#/B&L&#;-.E;?;P,&:QQ$2;C%//C;/;'&C.�2;B%,*;/C&#>E)=;C@;R#C&%�#)=.66��*#L=%>E?&$)#?P,&# #=#$&%EB;-.$$;,C&#>EBM>#/C%?1-%<DB-=%,%2;@M,B#C&#2.,*.BL;R?%$&�,;<=#,?%-#=E>%?E&D<&>1RC&#B%1-%R.@%67.

Translation with Introduction and Commentary, �B 24D, New York – London – Toronto – Sydney– �uckland 1996, s. 130.

62�2=B#C;PC.$BC%,B#C&12;=�)%?R#�L "� �� B%?,#C)#$C%B=B1,#C&#&,*B-.E;?;P,&X�B �Q��"X '�� :Q��QX >%?; 2;=O-C%C&# -.=%R%>M,# 2;,B1,&# L#B2&#,B#NE)-% )%?R# '�� 22,23;Hi 39,27; Ha 2,9.

63�;E%$;2=B#?;C%C&#R.-&%1);= &� �:6�9�� -E2;$&C%>M,;%LE;'1)C#>C&#$;R'&-;P,& >%�?&#<;?;'-&#?1?=.,&%E&D2=Bed Bogiem, podobnie do wyrocBni �m 9,2-3.

64 Por. L.C. �llen, Jeremiah. + Commentary, OTL, Louisville – London 2008, s. 497-498.65 W formie��B%-%=)#>--��Q-&CC.,*)#?E)%,*2=;=;,?&,*;/C;E&E&D;C/;�;R.,*

2;,B.C%N?%=C.,*�2;=��B7�7;=%B�%8��66�C%'#B&;C;)%$2&#,BDTC&#>%?&#<;m;E��%L=%�?=O'%�/;$1�BC%C#<;B &CE?=.2,>&%E.=.>�

E?&,*?=O'O-(�E%r*%//;C%&�EE1=L%C&2%'%�,;2;B-%'%/%);-%T;-ME&#/B&LDC%U��-�2=B#/�*=��2;=� J.R. Lundbom, Jeremiah 37-52. + New Translation with Introduction and Commentary, �B21C, New York – London – Toronto – Sydney – �uckland 2004, s. 331.339-340.

67 �� !�� #�� $;RC%2=B#)@1$%,B.T>%?;J?2&C%)-;>%B=;/B&@%-);L&#B%)-%=/B&%@;PTE#=,%)-#<;K�,;C&#>#E)P,&E@.$;//%C&#$*#L=�� !�"�� #��$��%��J)-O>*;==;=B-&O/@,&#L&#-2.EB#E#=,%)-#<;K�</B&#=B#,B;-C&?�$��%��E)%C;-&2;,*;/�CM�$��%��, Bapisanego w 1Krl 15,13 i co odnosi do cBcB;C.,*-�/;$&#LOE)-�?)O=.,*/;$C&#$%�C%;2&#?%2;@M,B;C%B )=1/C.$/;B/;L.,&# )#=#C#$/;2=;-%/B&@./;2.,*.2;E)D2;-%C&%�2;=�G.L. Keown, P.J. Scalise, T.G. Smithers, Jeremiah 26-52, WBC 27, Dallas1995, s. 331. SBerBej

88�� F��G��G��

�2;/;LC.$/B&%@%C&1%*-#$O-&)%?R#%2;?%'&2).,BC.)#?E)�B ��7$O�-&M,.; )=ojaki$/B&%@%C&1�;<% �B=%#'%-;L#,2.EBC&M,.,* E&D2=B#,&-C&?O-(,%@?;-&).$2;C&R#C&1 4�� 5-EB.E)?&,*� ?)O=B. C%-.E;?;�P,&%,*1,B.C&'&E;L&#$&#EB?%C&#�2owaleniu (��) mocnego miasta i rBu-ceniu (��) go w proch68��;?@%/C&#>EB% #gBegeBa suger1># >#/C%?� R# C&#,*;/B& )1 ).'# ; ?;C?=#)C. C%=O/ 2;<%NE?& ,&#$&DRM,. �B=%#'i)O-� &'# E%$.,*�./O-� =#C#<%)O- & ;/E)D2,O-� 2=B#$&#EB%C.,* B #'#$#C)%$&2;<%NE?&$&� B%�$&#EB?1>M,.$&$&%E);P-&D)#. B.@;to tematem<@O-C.$;?=#E1�B/=%EB%!�#*#�$&%EB%B?;C&#,BC;P,&M;,B.EB,B#C&%C%=;/1-.L=%C#<;B )#>,BDP,&E2;@#,BC;�P,& R./;-E?&#>� ?)O=%;2);-%@% B% B-&MB?&#$BC%=;/%$&2;<%NE?&$& &- B )ejracji 1-%R%C%L.@%B%�./O-C&ewiernych prawu. Prawdopodobnie in extensionenaBywano ich krótko „�mmonitami”, „Edo$&)%$&K'1LJ�;%L&)%$&K4B-@%EB,B%�B�7�8X��:��"; 25,10)69.

�E)%)C&$B)#?E)O-2=#B#C)1>M,.,*;$%-&%CM)#$%).?D>#E) '�� 31,38b-39:

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�%>L'&REB. ?;C)#?E) -� :6L�:8 1?%B1># �;%L 2=B.=O-C%C. /; =;BL&)#<;&C&#B/%)C#<;/;1R.)?1C%,B.C&%70�2;/;LC&#/;-,B#PC&#>EB#<;';E1>1/B?&#<;

o religii Edo$&)O--B-&MB?1B)#?E)#$�2;=�)%?R#�R. Bartlett, Edom and the Edomites, JSOT-Supp. 77, *#++&#'/�868�E��69� Q9�#P'& >#/C%?2=B.>MT$;R'&-;PT�R#-;=.<&C%'#*#L=%>E?&$49,7-22 to Jahwe jest Bogiem Edomitów, wówcBas $&#EB?%N,.)#<;?=%>1L.'&L.1?%=%C&B=B1,#�C&#$-2=Be2%PTB%=O-C;B%B@%$%C&#2=B.$&#=B%, >%?&B%2.,*D-.C&?@MB-&%=.-2#wC;PTL#B�2&#,B#NE)-%B =%,>& E-#<;<#;<=%+&,BC#<;2;@;R#C&%�2;=� L. Haney, YHWH, the God of Israel…and of Edom? The Relationships in the Oracle to Edom in Jeremiah 49:7–22, w: Uprooting andPlanting. Essays on Jeremiah for Leslie +llen, red. J. Goldingay, New York – London 2007, s. 78-115. �%?%*&2;)#B%>#/C%?C&#BC%'%B@%2;-%RC&#>EB.,*B-;'#CCików.

68�)#CE2;EOL-&#=C&%*-#$&#EB?%N,.$&%E)%P-&D)#<;�?)O=#<; ?%@M>#E)E%$�O<4-��"X :�7��5 ,&#EB.T E&DLD/MB12%/?1$&%E)%2.EBC#<;�2;E)%-&;C#<;-.E;?;�L1/;-%C#<; >#/.C&#E&@M'1/B?&,*B%$.E@O-�2;=� J.N. Oswalt, The Book of Isaiah. Chapters 1-39, Grand Rapids 1986,s. 473. n. 18.

69 Por. J. Vermeylen, Du prophète Isaïe à l’+pocalyptique. Isaïe I-XXXV, miroir d’un demimillénaire d’expérience religieuse en Israël, t. 1, EB, J.Gabalda, Paris 1977, s. 366-369.

70 Po=O-C%C&#-B&D)#BR.,&%,;/B&#CC#<;�C%);$&%E)-?;C)#?P,&#$&'&)%=C.$2;=� /B9� Q�

100 ��

?=O'%#,*;C&%EB%�E.C%;>%?&$%�?)O=.2%C;-%@-1/B&#>#/.C&#)=B.$&#E&M,#�2;,B.$B;E)%@12=;-%/B;C./;�%L&';C12=B#B�%L1,*;/;C;B;=%-,B%E&#>#<;2&#=-EB#>&C-%B>&C%1/D-=;?17892=B#/�*=�4 � 6571��%E);E;-%C./;;2&�E1';E12;<%NE?&ego narodu cBasownik ��B%-&#=%-E;L&#&/#D,%@?;-&�)#<; BC&EB,B#C&%� ?)O=#<; E?1)?&#$ >#E) C&#$;RC;PT ;/=;/B#C&% /%-C#> E&@.&2;)D<&72. Z kolei rBecBownik ��;/C;E&/;:��</B&#�;%L1?%B%C.B;�E)%@>%?;C%,B.C&#2#@C#E2;?;>1�C&#-B=1EB;C#�B%,*;-%C#%R/;)#>2;=.2=B#/C&#EB,BDP,&#$-y<C%C&%��;>#/C%?>1REB.L?;1'#<C&#B$&%C&#�2;C&#-%R-�� B%2;-&%/%/B&%@%C&#�;<%�?)O=.2;P'# �� JB$1EB%>M,.,*/;1,&#,B?&K�-?)O=.,*C%'#R.L#B-M)2&#C&%-&/B&#T%=$&DL%L&';NE?M4'�� 34,3-8). Symbo-licBny obraB nacBynia w ten sposób roBbitego i nienada>M,#<;E&D>1R/;C&,B#<;1?=.-% E)%C C%=;/12; 2=B#<=%C#> B-;>E?%$& C%>#[/[,B.$&� ?)O=# ,%@?;-&,&#<;2;/L&>M73��)#>=#'%,>&-�:6LE)%C;-&@L.-.2#@C&#C&#'1LC&#B-@;,BCM%?,>D�?)O=#>,B%EC%/#>P,&%>#E)>1RL%=/B;L'&E?&74.

W w. 39 cBasownik �� prByjmuje swój pierwotny sens „Bmiany”B odniesieC&#$2=%-/;2;/;LC&#/;C;-#<;2;@;R#C&%�?)O=#E)%@;E&D1/B&%@#$�;%L&)O-2;B%2;-&adanej interwencji Boga IBraela75. Oto B dawnego pocBuciaL#B2&#,B#NE)-%B$&#C&@;E&D;C;-E)=%,*&/=R#C&#2=B#/C%/,*;/BM,.$-.=;�?&#$�;R.$76.

Kolejny Bwrot �� &�� oBnacBa „odwrócenie grBbietu”. Sensu jed-nak wBgar/.�-&/;,BC#<;-2;E)%-&#$&#EB?%N,O- 1/.-;L#,�;<%- � 9;=%B:8�::4�ZZ577C&#$;RC%)11B%E%/C&TB#-B<'D/1C%;L#,C;PT&$&eE@;-1

71 #<;2%C;-%C&# B;E)%@o ;,#C&;C# 2=B#B %1);=O-L&L'&>C.,* B/#,./;-%C&# C#<%).-C&# B#-B<'D/1C%C&#-&#rC;PTC%?%B;$2=B.$&#=B%�2or. 2Krl 24,8-16; 25,27; 1Krn 3,16; 2Krn 36,8-9;Jr 22,24.

72�)#>E%$#>+;=$&#�,;-<=#,?&$)#?P,&##=#$&%EB%,B%E;-C&?O-$%B/#,./;-%C&#C%>�,BDP,&#>2;/$&;)L;E?&-/B&%@%C&12=B#,&-#<;C&#2=B.>%,&;@;$�2;=��2@26,13; Jr 35,2; EB 30,21,jakkolwiek nawet w odnieE&#C&1/;,B@;-&#?%1?%B1>#C%2&#=-EB.$$&#>E,1$;,&%1);=.)#)�2;=��-)8��9X��,*�Q�7 XF& 8��9��O<>%?;2;/$&;),B%E;-C&?%-=ORC.,*;?;'&,BC;P,&%,*�C%>�,BDP,&#> >#/C%?$&'&)%=C.,*� 2;=��> �7�:X �2@ ��:X �=C Q�:9X /) 8�9X �� X �E :�6X 6�7X::��8� �X:��9X79�9X�/ al 1,3; PrB 6,16; �m 1,5; Mi 4,6-7; Jon 1,4; IB 1,28; 10,33; 28,13; 42,13;Jr 19,11; 25,15; 35,2.11-12; 37,8; Lm 1,15; 2,7.9; EB 30,8.22; 34,27; RB 16,20.

73�;/;LCM$.P'B%-&#=%)%?R#�E �8$O-&M,.;=;BL&,&1<'&C&%C#<;C%,B.C&%2=B#B�#E>%�EB%C%BC%?1)wier/B#C&% E-#>-@%/B.C%/2=B#,&-C&?%$&�2;=��%V%E&� Psalmy 1-19 (wybór)�,BDPT��)@�K. Stopa, Kraków 2007, s. 175-176.

74 Por. D.J. Clark, Wine on the Less (Zeph. 1.12 and Jer 48.11), BT 32/1981, s. 242-248.75 Por. �. Bailly, Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris26 1963, s. 1040. �-&#'#,BDE)EB#BC%,B#C&#

,Basownika to „2;>#/C%TE&DK� '#,BC&#2%E;-%@;L.;C;B12#@C&#/;?;C)#?E)1B%-%=)#<;--#=�E#,&#�

76 Hebrajski pierwowBór �� %?,#C)1>#$;,C&#>;-MB$&%CD$O-&M,;J-E)=BMPC&D,&1�/=R#�C&1� 2=B#E)=%EB#C&1K�;%L1� 2;=� - E%$#> ).'?;�E&D/B# #=#$&%EB% 17,18; 21,13; 23,4; 30,10;46,27; 48,1.20.39; 49,37; 50,2.36; 51,56.

77�%?1-%R% J.R. Lundbom B#-B<'D/1C% )D E%$M?;CE)=1?,>D E@;-CM� #/C%?R# ?;C)#?E);L1-.2;-&#/B&=ORC&E&D,%@?;-&,&#, por. Jeremiah 37-52, s. 301.

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�� !��, pocho/BM,#<;;/,B%E;-Cika �� !�� JB%-E)./B&T E&DK� ,;-;/�C&#E&#C&1/;�;%L1BoE)%@;B%BC%,B;C#>1R--��)#<;=;B/B&%@178. Dlate<;C&#$;RC%;?%B.-%T-B<%=/.LD/M,=O-C;,B#PC&#B%-E)./B;Cym, co B kolei lepiejpasuje do kontekstu nowej postawy Moabitów, jako reakcji na karne dBia@aC&#�;<%�B=%#'%��#2EB.$E#CE#[email protected]?%B%C&#2'#,O-C%BC%?2=OL.1,&#,B?&��)%?&#>1,&#,B,#$O-&MB=#EB)M-�7��)#<;E%$#<;=;B/B&%@1��1);=--#=E#,&#EB./#=,B; =%/B&$&#EB?%N,;$ EB.L?&# 1/aC&# E&D C% 21E).C&D� L. =a);-%'& E-#R.,&#�,*;,&%R;/=%B1B%2o-&%/%�R#C&#LD/B&#R%/C#>$;R'&-;P,&=%)1C?12=B#/BC&EB,B#C&#$��%/C#L;-&#$$&%E);�=O-C&C%,B./;'&C%C&#;,a'#>M4-�65�H,&�<%>M,.&,*R;@C&#=B#%=$&&L%L&';NE?&#>E2;-;/1>M2%C&?D&12=o-%/B#C&#/%'#?;;/&,*E&#/B&L�?)O=#B=#EB)M?;$2'#)C&#BC&EB,BM4-�� 5�G-E#CE2;-.REB#<;B-=;)1B/%>#E&D2;)-&#=/B%T $ �"��-?)O=.$/B&D?&2;$;,.�;<%C&#C%�-&/BM,.%1);=%-=;<;-/%>M$1E-#?%=?& 4�� !�� #�� ).

�%?)�R#�;%LE)%@E&D2;P$&#-&E?&#$4��5-.2#@C&%=O-C&#RB%2;-&#/[B-� ��-?)O=.$2=;=;?-;@%;E.$L;'&,BC#12&,&#�;%L1�?)O=.2;/C&OE@E&D2=B#,&-�;<1��'%)#<;B$;,M1/#=B.;B&#$&DC%2;P$&#-&E?;-EB.E)?&$�?)O�=B.<;;<'M/%TLD/M79�� )#C E2;EOLC%E)M2& B$&%C%;L&#?)1 EB./#=E)- &CC.,*C%=;/O-(�;%L&,&�?)O=B.E%$&-,B#PC&#>/=-&'&E;L&#B�B=%#'%4-� 95�;L#,C&#E)%CME&D2=B#/$&;)#$?2&CB#E)=;C.).,*�?)O=B.E)%CME&DP-&%/?%$&ich upad-ku80��; )#<; E)%C1/;@M,B. >#EB,B# �� J<@DL;?% &=.)%,>%� B%<C&e-%C&#K�)#=$&C-.E)D21>M,.-�ZZ>#/.C&#-).$-#=E#,&#�BC%C.C%);$&%E)�>%??;'-&#?C&#BL.),BDE);-'&)#=%)1=B#<=#,?&#>��;C)#?E)-.2;-&#/B&'&)#=%,?&,*-E?%B1>#�R#>#E));B%<C&#-%C&#'1LC&#C%-&PT2;-;/;-%C%12=B#/C&$&/;P-&%/,B#C&%$&B#E)=;C.).,*�?1?)ó=.$E&D?&#=1>#�>%?);1?%B1>MB-@%EB,B%C&#?)O=#/B&#@%81�

78�E)./ )#C 2;>%-&% E&D B%-EB#C% E?1)#? E2=B#C&#-&#=B#C&% E&D�;<1 & #<;C%?%B;$� ,;B/%=B% E&D B-@%EB,B%- ,B%E&# 2;-;/B#C&% & 2;$.P'C;P,&� 2;=� Jr 2,26; 8,9; 12,13; 14,4; 20,11;22,22; 27,12; 28,51.

79�ZZ@%<;/B&)1;E)=;PT-.=%R#C&%hebrajskiego � �&�� &%�'��!, „i uderByE&D�;%L-#-@%E�C.,*-.$&;,inach”, które wyrBuci mocno upity.

80 %$ #=#$&%EB /;P-&%/,B.@ ,&DR%=1 )%?&,*?2&C� </.1,B.C&;C; E;L&# B C&#<; &,* 2=B#/�$&;)�2;=� Q�9��?;'#&-�$:��"%1);=>%?;-@%EC#;/L&#=%EB./#=E)-%�>%?&#E2%/@.C%#=;B;'&�$DB#E)=;C.-EB.E)?&,*C%=;/O-B=%,>&-@%EC.,*<=B#,*O-&;L#,C#<;E)%C112%/?1��;R'&-#)%?R#�R#?1C&#$1L#B2;P=#/C&;?&#=1>ME&D/=-&C.C&#?)O=.,*,B@;C?O--@%EC#<;'1/1B=%,>&,&M<�'#B%,*;-.-%C#>-&%=.�</.E%$�O<E)%@E&D=%,B#>>#<;C&e2=B.>%,&#'#$�B%P;L,#C%=;/.BC&EB�,B.@.,%@.?=%>�2;=�D. Garrett, P.R. House, Song of Songs – Lamentations, WBC 23B, Nashville2004, s. 412. "�,*7� 9� 6C;)1>#E@;-%>#/C#<;B);=)1=;-%C.,*E.CO-$%)?&�?)O=.B-=%,%>M,E&D/; ).=%C%�C)&;,*% �UB%2;-&%/%�R#CB-;'&$1-.P$&#-%TE&D B niego i nie skosBtujeBabroC&;C#<;2=%-#$$&DE%��D,B#CC&?-&#�R#E2;R.,&#<;C&#).'?;B@%$%@;L.2=%-;�'#,B)%?�R# C%=%B&@; C% ?2&C.?=O'%� ?)O=. E)=%,&@L./;C&#<; EB%,1C#? B%-&#=C;PT C%?%B;$2=B.$&#=B%�2;=��;>,&echowski, +pokryfy � Biblii greckiej, RSB 8, WarsBawa 2001, s. 153.

81 W formie prBymiotnika odcBasownikowego ��, por. Herodot, D�ieje III, 59; VI, 73.133;VIII, 29; IX, 110; �jschylos, Ofiarnice 386. 900. 1051; cBasownik ��, por. RdB 27,41; &7"�"X�>E,*.';E�)%$R#: �

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82�;=� �=':�"� 9X�:� QX �=C Q��X ; �6�8�)%?R#��#<'#=�Das Leid des Nachbarvolkes.Beobachtungen �u den Fremdvölkersprüchen Jeremias, w: Werden und Wirken des +lten Testament.Festschrift für C. Westermann, red. R. �lbertB, H.P. Müller, H.W. Wolff, W. Zimmerli, Neukirchen--Vluyn 1980, s. 271-287.

83 Wielu egBegetów opowiada siD)1B%E?=O)#$$.P';-.$EB#=EB#<;=;B-&C&D,&% �=' Q�� 2;=� $�&C� ��L. Curtis, �.�. Madsen, The Books of Chronicles, Edinburgh 1910, s. 491;W. Rudolph, Chronikbücher, Tübingen 1955, s. 313-314.

84��E&D/B#�=;C&?�2;=�B-@%EB,B%:�� 3 w prBypadku SedecjasBa.85�);-%=B.EB#C&#$=ORC.,*#+#?)O-?%=C#<;/B&%@%C&%, por. Wj 4,14; Lb 11,10; 16,22; 32,14;

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86 ��9B%2;-&%/%B%2;P=#/C&,)-#$2=;=;?%�R#%*-#C&#;?%R#E-#<;<C&#-1;EB,BD/B%>M,

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��5 C% 1/D & #=1B%'#$87� )M/ L=%? /;2#@C&#C&% J�;R.K - ;$%-&%C.$-� 7>#E)/'%%1);=%&,B.)#'C&?O-,%@?&#$B=;B1$&%@.��%=/B;/;L=B#)#;';<&,B�C&# 2%E1># )1 )#?E) .= 7�9�-?)O=.$%1);= =%/B& ,B.)#'C&?;-&� L.C&# B-'#?%@B C%-=O,#C&#$/;�;<% & C&# ;/?@%/%@ <; ad calendas graecas, bowiem ��$;R#C%/#>PTC&#E2;/B&#-%C&#&1C&#$;R'&-&TC%-=O,#C&#88.

To, co KronikarB naBywa gniewem Jahwe nad królem i miastem, autor 2Krlprawdo2;/;LC&#B%C;);-%@>%?;-.=;,BC&D2=;=;?%�B%>%EB%2=B#,&-�B#,*&%EB;�-& & ,%@#$1 $&%E)1� B%2;-&%/%>M, =%L1C#? -EB.E)?&,* E?%=LO- 2%@%,;-.,*&P-&M).CC.,*&12=;-%/B#C&#E.CO-?=O'#-E?&,*/;�%L&';C14 Q�� 8�B-@�-��9��65��)OR)#?E) �='=#'%,>;C1>#-&B.)D2oE@O-L%L&';NE?&#<;?=O'%�#=;/%?��%'%/%C%�2=B.L.@.,*/;?=O'%�B#,*&%EB%-B-&MB?1B,1/;-C.$-.'#,B#C&#$<;B,*;=;L.4-�� 5��&#?)O=#B%,*;-%C#/;?1$#C).2;B%L&L'&>C#2;)-&#=/B%�>M�R#$;RC%)=%?);-%T)D2=B.,B.CD>%?;*&E);=.,BCM89, ponadto -?;$2;C;-1>#E&D;C%/;L=B#-'&)#=%,?&B%$&%=%1);=%�?)O=.$>#E)1?%B%C&#EB,B#<O'C#>@%)-;�-&#=C;P,& & C%&-C;P,& ?=O'% >1/B?&#<; -;L#, ;L,.,* %$L%E%/;=O-� L;-&#$-$.P' -� �: ?=O' B%/;-o';C. B 2=B.L.,&% 2;E@O- 2;?%B%@ &$ C&#=;B)=;2C&#

#=;B;'&$D2=B#/&C-%B>M+%=%;C% B&EB%?%��%);$&%E)C&#).'?;12;?;=B#C&#?=O'%E)%C;-&@;2;/�E)%-D )%?&#> /#,.B>&� '#,B )%?R# 2=%-/;2;/;LC&#-&#=C;PT ?1').,BC% >%?&#>P ,BDP,& 1/#>,B.?O-�2;=� J.�. Thompson, 1,2 Chronicles. +n Exegetical and Theological Exposition of Holy Scripture,NIV N�C 9, Nashville 1994, s. 259. �;/;LCM=#%?,>D-BL1/B&@%1�B=%#'&)O-=%/%2=;=;?%�/#/%�?)O=.=%/B&@ �Braelitom, by nie brali do nie-;'&E-.,* >1/#>E?&,*2;L=%).$,O-�L.C&#-BL1/B%T).$E%$.$-&#'?&#<;<C&#-1�;R#<;�%??;'-&#?Lowiem interwencja IBraeli)O-2=B#,&-�,*%�B;-&-1/B&#E)%C;-&@% >#>-.=%B��O<$;R#;/-=O,&TE&D;/?=O'eE)-%2O@C;,C#<;&-=OwC#>$&#=B# >#1?%=%T 4 �=C 6��75� 2;=� S. Japhet, The Ideology of the Book of Chronicles and ItsPlace in Biblical Thought, BE�T�J 9, Vg Peter Lang, Frankfurt a/Main – Bern – New York – Pa-ris 1989, s. 192. Z kolei '��":�9-.=%R%>#/.C&#C%/B&#>D�R#B%)-%=/B&%@.'1/B/;@%E&DC%-=O,&T�B%C&$/;E&D<C&#<;E2=%-&#/'&-.<C&#-�;R.��% );1,B.C&TE@1,*%>M,B1-%<M,B.)%C.,*E@O-�;<%�B%C;);-%C.,*2=B#BE%$#<;2=;=;?%�2;=�G.L. Keown, P.J. Scalise, T.G. Smithers, dB. cyt.,s. 205. �/-=;)C&#�-$.P'=#'%cji 2Krn 25,15-16 brak posta-.12;?;=B#C&%&B%)-%=/B&%@;PT2;E)%�-.E2=;-%/B&@.B<1LDC%�$%B>%EB%�?=O'%1/.B%-2=;-%/B#C&#L;R?O-2;<%NE?&,*/;?=O'#�E)-% &;//%-%C&# &$,B,&�2;=� F. Michaeli, Les Livres des Chroniques, d’Esdras et de Néhémie,C�T XVI, Neuchâtel 1967, s. 212.

87 �-&/#C)C&# >%?; ?%=% B% E2=B#C&#-&#=B#C&# E&D ;L;-&MB?;$?1').,BC.$ & B'#?,#-%R#C&#2=B#2&EO-��2@ �� X�-) 6� 7X= 7��6�2;=�F�Langkammer, 8��%��&�1�� &�1��>$/� �� ntar�, w: 8�� H�� &�� @��&�� $�� /�� &��, RW KUL, Lublin 2001, s. 332.

88F#L=%>E?&)#?E)[=O/@;-.2;,*;/B&B?;$L&C%,>&-%RC.,*)1,.)%)O-�2@�Q� ;=%B�L��:7B%$&#EB,B%>M,.,* )#C E%$$;).-BE)M2&#C&% ;<C&% <C&#-1�;R#<;C%-&C;-%>,O- & C&#<;/B&-�,O-�EgBegeBa, por. �.�. Di Lella, The Wisdom of Ben Sira. + New Translation with notes by P.W.Skehan. Introduction and Commentary, �B 39, New York – London – Toronto – Sydney – �uckland1987, s. 183-183.

89 Jakkol-&#?2=B.,B.CM<@O-CML.@%2=%-/;2;/;LC&#2=OL%$;C);-%C&%?;%'&,>&%C).%E.=.>�E?&#>�/'%?)O=#>?=O'�%L&';C&&,*,&%@2;B.E?%T >%?C%>-&D,#>1,B#E)C&?O-�2;=��%,*� 1�� &�R4S�1��>�B�� F��/��&��/��F�� – ekskursy, w: 8�� H�� te Starego Testa-mentu�)��U� ��%'';))&C1$��;BC%N QQ9, s. 539-540.

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90%?);L.@;-,B#PC&#>2=B.2%/?&#$�<&2)1-�B:Q��6;=%B:��:��2=B.2%/?1�,*%B%- >#<; E)%=%C&%,*; =;BL&,&# ?;%'&,>&�%$%EB?1 & %$%=&& 2=B#,&-C&#$1 4 �=' ��7X �B 9��95�B%-#Bwana na pomoc �syria wype@C&@%-%=1C?&2=B.$&#=B%�'#,BB%RM/%@%-B%$&%C;<=;$C#>?;C�)=.L1,>&&E)%)1E1-%E%'%;/1/.�2=B.B%,*;-aC&1>#/.C&#+;=$%'C#>C/'#<@;P,&?=O'#E)-%4 �='��9�85��=1/C;>#/C%?B%1-%R.T-I>%??;'-&#?C&#%kceptowanych B religijnego punktu widBeniaIBajasBa – wyraB pychy króla, jak sugeruje J.��%,*�2;=�/B� ,.)�� E�7"Q��%'#R. =%,B#>$O-&T;L=%?11+C;P,&B>#<;E)=;C.2;@;R;C#>-�;<1�,;'#2&#>1?%B1>#�B:Q�� 2;=�H. Wildberger,Isaiah 28-39. + Continental Commentary, Fortress Press, Minneapolis 2002, s. 122-123.

91�#=E>%�B%>%EB%-:6�� -2;@M,B#C&1B2&#PC&M/B&D?,B.CCM?=O'%B%1B/=;-&#C&#>#EB,B#$;,C&#>%?,#C)u>M2;?;=D?=O'%&>#<;P-&%/;$;PT�,;/;?=1,*;P,&';E1'1/B?&#<;�2;=�G.V. Smith,Isaiah 1-39. +n Exegetical and Theological Exposition of Holy Scripture, NIV N�C 15�, Nashvil-le 2007, s. 635-654.

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�;=O-C%C&#;L1)#?E)O-I �='& �=CIB%-&#=%/;E.TBC%,BC#C&#P,&E@;P,&&/'%)#<;#<B#<#,&B#E)%-&%>M>#=%,B#>BL=%?1'#2EB#<;-.)@1$%,B#C&%�C&RP,&E�@#<; ;/2;-&#/C&?%� �)OR )#?E) �=' C&# B%-&#=% R%/C#> -B$&%C?& najpierwo pysBe królewskiej oraB o gniewie Ja*-# >%?; >#> E?1)?1�B-@%EB,B%B%P +%?)112;?;=B#C&%E&D?=O'%-;L#,�;<%�,;;EB,BD/B&@;$1B%2;-&%/%C#>1)=%)y tro-nu91. Dalej w tym samym )#?P,&# �='L=%?-B$&%C?&;,;+C&D,&12=B#B%*-##-#C)1%'C.,*E?1)?O-E-#<;<C&#-1(-.=;,BC&%�B%>%EB%2;B;E)%@%-$;,.C%?;'#>C#>#EB,B#2;?;'#C&%?=O'O-B=;/1�%-&/%��'%)#<;2;=O-C%C&#;L1)#?E�)O- L&#=B# E&D =%,B#> C% +1C/%$#C,&# 2;/;L&#NE)-% E.)1%,>& ,*;=;L. ?=O'%- �=' Q��& �=C: � "% )%?R#E)-&#=/B#C&%%1);=% �=C: � ��R#E?1)?&;-#<;<C&#-1C&# E2%/@.C%?=O'% &$&%E);B%,B%EO-�B#,*&%EB%� ,;B%1-%R%=O-C&#R �=' Q��8��&#$;R#)%?R#L.T;/C&#E&#C&#$/;2.,*.- �=C: � 7;-% C&#=;B)=;2C;PT ?=O'%-;L#, 2;E@O- L%L&';NE?&,*- 2;?%B.-%C&1 &$ L;�<%,)-2%@%,1&?=%>1�2;C&#-%R-=#'%,>& �='?=O'C&#R%@;-%@E-#<;2;E)D2?1��%=/B&#>B%)#$B>#<;2.,*MC%'#R.-&MB%TE%$$;$#C),1/;-C#<;1B/=;-&#�C&%� ,; =B#,B.-&P,&#$;<@; E2;-;/;-%T$.'C#-=%R#C&# ;-@%EC.$-.L=%N�E)-&# & EB,B#<O'C#>2=B.,*.'C;P,&�;<%-;L#,C&#<;��O-,B%E<C&#-� >%?&B%�

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92 H.W.F. Saggs1-%R%>M>#/C%?B%*&E);=.,BCM�2;=�B��?��(��, �%=EB%-%�89:� E� �� EB%?R# &CE?=.2,># B ?%$2%C&& #CC%,*#=.L% -E2;$&C%>M ; >#<; 2=B.$&#=B%,*B'1/%$&=#<&;C1-,#'12=Be,&-E)%-&#C&%E&D�E.=.>,B.?;$��O-,B%EC%'#R%@;L.>M2'%E;-%TC%=;?9Q7�?=O)?;2;P$&#=,& %=<;C%��;B?;'#&C&#-E2O@<=%B=#'%,>%$& �=' Q�� ;=%B�B:8��-E2;$&C%>M,.$&�R#�#=;/%?L.@-O-,B%E?=O'#$L%L&';NE?&$��&</B&#)#R&CE?=.2,>#C&#C;)1>M=1,*O-�#=;/%?%- ?&#=1C?1 B%,*;/C&$��<=;$ /B&#'M,#> ;L&# E)=;C. &$2#=&1$ %E.=.>E?&#<;21E).C&%=%LE?&#>E?1)#,BC&#*%$;-%@)%?;-#B%2D/.�#/C%?-#/@1<C&#?)O=.,*%1);=O-)%?%2;�'&).?% �#=;/%?% ;L'&,B;C% L.@% =%,B#> C% ;/-=O,#C&# 1-%<& ?=O'O- %E.=.>E?&,* ;/ ?%$2%C&&-�%L&';C&&2;2=B#B-.-;@%C##-#C)1%'C#=;B=1,*.&L1C).�).$L%=/B&#>�R#)%?R#=#<&;CB%,*;/�C& &$2#=&1$$&%@ E-#2'%C.� ,; /; B=B1,#C&% 2;/'#<@;P,&�E.=&&� por. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_ 0002_0014_0_13704.html

93 Por. J.E. Morby, %�� > Pr�ewodnik chronologic�ny i genealogic�ny, Kraków1998, s. 45.

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The article argues that anyone who sins with any of the attitudes denoted by the verb .&��will not evade adequate punishment. When an individual commits this sin the punishment is lossof the ability to rule, illness or even death. If nations succumb to pride their fate is destruction aspunishment for impenitence and disobedience to God. Punishment is inflicted on heathen rulersand nations as well as on the kings and the chosen people. Then God is the ultimate punishinginstance and the foundation of justice. In turn the attitude of those who bravely oppose the prideof the rulers and whole communities encourages others to persevere in the conduct that pleasesGod.

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The Gospel according to St. Mark is an echo of the early Kerygma least in-fluenced by subsequent interpretations. The original Gospel preaching of JesusChrist has been enriched only with the reminiscences of Peter – the eye witnessand observer of Jesus deeds and words, which seems to promise a rather unelabo-rated theology1.

The Gospel according to St. Mark does not present a fully homogeneous theo-logy. For obvious reasons, evangelical theology will always have the personof Jesus Christ, i. e. his evangelical image, in its centre. Looking closer at thestory of evangelical Jesus, His verba et gesta, we notice a very significant andinteresting theme of the theology of the temple in the Gospel according to St.Mark.

The theme, I admit, is not evident right away and perhaps not easy to benoticed in the content of St. Mark’s evangelical account from chapter 112. Thehouse of God (Mk 2,26) mentioned in the pericope on plucking the ears of corn(Mk 2,23-28) refers rather to a question of the sanctity of the Sabbath3. So it doesnot address directly and primarily the relationship between Jesus and his com-munity, i. e. the disciples and the Temple. The evangelist presents this relationonly in the final chapters of his account – from Mk 11 – the activity of Jesus inJerusalem (Mk 11,1-13,37) till the Passion and Resurrection of Jesus (Mk 14,1-16,20).

�� !�"#$��%&'# �%$�(�)#��$%�*�+,-� +.//

� ��M/#,?&�B�� &��C&#BC;�88 �2�""�2 I mean that the theme of the Temple is not noticeable for the reader right from the beginning

of the second synoptic Gospel.3 Cf. H.H. Langkammer, )��&��/�&��>��>�$/� �� , Lub-

lin 1997, p. 40.

108 ��

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�ccording to Deut. 16,16 every Jewish male was obliged to make a pilgrim-age to the Temple three times a year: for the Feast of Unleavened Bread, the Feastof Weeks and the Feast of Tabernacles. On these days appointed by the Law tensof thousands of pilgrims would gather in the Temple. But realiBation of this dutywas quite arduous for the Israelites. It is hardly conceivable that every Jew wasable to observe so onerous a commandment. In my opinion this obligation wastoo difficult to fulfil for the faithful.

When we study the theme of the pilgrimage to Jerusalem up till the NewTestament times4 we notice that the commandment to make pilgrimages for theFeasts of Unleavened Bread, Weeks and Tabernacles was not observed verystrictly. The commandment itself was considered as rather vague. By „vagueness”I mean that though it was obviously a very important Jewish practice whichboosted up their religious and cultic vital forces and gave them hope. But in thephysical sense the pilgrimage was seen as an imposed duty and treated as a cum-bersome obligation. The commandment of going on a pilgrimage to the Templethree times a year in a very strict and ascetic sense was only fulfilled by peopledesiring special spiritual growth. There are certain biblical characters who wentto Jerusalem once a year or even once in several years only. We know e. g. thatit was a custom of Maria and Joseph to go once a year to the Jerusalem Templein accordance with the Law (Lk 2,41). �nd there is no doubt whatsoever that theyhave been presented by St. Luke as good and godly Jews, faithful followersof JHWH observing His Law (Lk 2,41).

But even if we agree that this was the state of affairs concerning the dutyof going on pilgrimages, that for many followers of JHWH it was impossible tofulfil the commandment of Deut. 16,16, I still believe that we can use the lexemethe Jew interchangeably with the phrase the one who makes a pilgrimage to theTemple in Jerusalem. Because for every follower of God – JHWH the Temple inJerusalem had always been the holiest place in the world, in particular for thoseliving in exile (Babylonian captivity), i. e. in a foreign land even after the Tem-ple had been demolished5.

This spiritual tie with the Jerusalem Temple had its roots in the history of theChosen People. It was King David who made Jerusalem the depositary of the an-cient Jewish tradition. He brought the �rc of Covenant back to the capital of Is-rael. David also received a prophecy from God JHWH by the prophet Nathan.

"�E2#,&%''.&C;E#2*1E�'%V&1E�)*#�#-�#E)%$#C)%C/)*#%2;,=.2*%�5 I am sure that this longing for the Temple in Jerusalem can still be seen and felt among the

Jews nowadays.

�Q8�� F��F��F��:

We find it in the Second Book of Samuel (2Sam. 7,14ff). On behalf of GodJHWH Nathan promised David that his dynasty would endure forever. The Sec-ond Book of Samuel is devoted to the idea of establishing a kingdom in Israel.The earlier Book of Judges presents a bleak situation of the Chosen People. Weread: In those days [there was] no king in Israel: every man did [that which was]right in his own eyes (Judg. 21,25). The first king did not meet the expectationsof God so his dynasty could not remain. The prophet Nathan describes the futurekingdom without end and he presents his prophecy after David has decided tobuild the temple for JHWH. It ill befits for the king to live in a palace and God –JHWH to reside in a tent (as was the case during their wandering in the wilder-ness). David discusses his plans of building the temple with Nathan. �ccordingto the account of the First Book of Chronicles it was Nathan who wrote downthe history of David and it probably became the source of the two books of Sam-uel. So the prophecy is also confirmed as historically credible.

God – JHWH rejects David’s plans to build him a temple. David cannot buildthe temple because he has shed too much blood. It is the will of God for Solo-mon to erect the temple (2Sam. 7,13; 1Chron. 17,12;22,7-8). God himself willbuild an everlasting home (bajit) for David (2Sam. 7,12-16). There are threeaccounts of the Nathan’s prophecy: one in 2Sam. as well as 1Chron. 17 and Ps.89. Of the three the first one (2Sam. 7,12-16) is the earliest. The Chronicler andthe Psalmist expand on the subject theologically.

The ties of the Temple and the city with the family of David, Messianicprophecies as well as the fact that Jerusalem was the political capital of the na-tion have made the Temple a place of higher importance than other sanctuaries.�lso the subsequent religious reforms directed not only against pagan cults butalso against smaller sanctuaries of God – JHWH decided about the centraliBationof the religious cult in Jerusalem. The fall of Jerusalem after the siege of Nebu-chadneBBar, destruction of the Temple, the cessation of the two kingdoms and theexile did not weaken the position of Jerusalem and the Temple as the centreof Israel but reinforced it. The Jews in exile and in the Diaspora would alwaysturn in prayer towards the land of their fathers, the holy city and the sanctuary(1Kings. 8,47b-49).

It proves the fact that the Jerusalem Temple was gradually being presentedas the representation of cosmogony and cosmology. Jerusalem was establishedby God as the very centre of the nations (EBek. 5,5). This representation is espe-cially characteristic of the rabbinic literature. For example the Kelim Mishnahtreatise enumerates ten levels of holiness which start with „all lands”6 and getgradually narrower until we come to Jerusalem, then to the Temple and finally to

��3,#2))*#)#==&);=.;+�E=%#'�

110 ��

the Holy of Holies. �nother treatise, Midrash Tahumah teaches that the creationof the world began with the formation of a rock. Then the temple was raised onthat rock. Thus it is the geographical centre of the world and the cosmogonicbeginning7. From a different text we learn that the Creator JHWH upholds theworld through the Jerusalem Temple. The Jewish sanctuary is the heart of the wholeworld and a sign of God’s presence in this world8.

In this context we should also mention the Temple Scroll which presentsa view similar to the one presented above and comes from the Qumran commu-nity (so from the New Testament times). It describes the concentric architectureof the courts of the Jerusalem sanctuary which was reconstructed by Herod theGreat. Each successive court is gradually holier until we come to the Holy Placeand finally to the Holy of Holiest. So for the Jews this would be the place whereeverything had its beginning and from where everything is being upheld. Conse-quently, this is the holiest place in the world and its centre. �nd every Jew headstowards that place – the Jerusalem Temple – as a pilgrim.

That is why Jerusalem was the very heart of the religious life of Israel. Nowa-days the site where the Temple used to stand reminds of a huge terrace ina shape of irregular trapeBium (which measures 491 m along the west, 462 malong the east, 281 m along the south, 310 m along the north). Only the externalwalls remain of the former Jewish temple. Today it is called Haram ash Sharif –the Noble Place. In the past the place was known as Mount Moriah. �ccordingto Jewish tradition it was a mount sanctified by the unfulfilled �braham’s sacri-fice of Isaac (Gen. 22,2.12; 2Chron. 3,1).

Four thousand years ago a patriarch of the Chosen People, �braham, travel-led along the road from Hebron with his son Isaac. He was accompanied by hisservants who lead a donkey with a load of wood on its back. They descendedinto the Kidron Valley leaving behind Urushalim populated by the Canaanites.�nd it was there, on the Noble Place, that �braham was about to sacrifice hisson Isaac (Gen. 22,9-10). But God did not desire a bloody human sacrifice. Heonly tested �braham’s faith and presented His will written down later in theTorah (Lev. 8,21).

�t the time when the Chosen People settled down in Canaan and King Davidsubdued Jerusalem Mount Moriah belonged to �raunah, a Jebusite. He builta threshing-floor on the top of the mountain. �nd it would have remained a threshing– floor, if it weren’t for David’s vision at the time of plague which was decimatinghis people. On Mount Moriah David saw an angel raising his hand over Jerusalemto kill its inhabitants. But God stopped the angel. �dvised by the prophet Gad

9�+��%C*1$%�m#/;E*&$��Q�8�Cf. Zohar, Shlach Lecha, III 161b.

�� F��F��F��:

David bought �raunah’s threshing-floor and David built there an altar unto theLord, and offered burnt offerings and peace offerings. So the Lord was intreatedfor the land, and the plague was stayed from Israel (2Sam. 24,25). David plannedto build a temple on the �raunah’s threshing – floor but finally it was built by hisson, Solomon. He ruled over many lands and wanted to bring them together notonly by a uniform administration but also by a centraliBed cult of God.

The first Temple in Jerusalem was a huge building, ca. 1500 m in perimeter.The Temple’s measurements, objects, ornaments and furnishings had a very im-portant symbolic meaning. � catechism of the Old Testament was hidden in it,recogniBable even for people who did not know the Scripture.

The second Temple built by Zerubbabel after the destruction of the first onein 587/86 B.C. was erected according to the same design. The third Templeof Herod the Great was even more grandiose than the second one.

Except for the remnants of the walls and rocks riddled with holes there areno traces left of the three Temples. The Solomon’s edifice must have been magni-ficent. In the Bible we find detailed descriptions of the process of Temple buildingand of Temple furnishings (1Kings 6,1-38; 2Chron. 3,1-17; EBek. 40-42;46,19-24)as well as the ritual of bringing the �rc of Covenant in (2Chron. 5,1-10). Recentarchaeological excavations prove how precisely biblical and extrabiblical sourcesdepict this exceptional ancient sanctuary.

Since the third millenium B.C. ancient temples had been considered to behouses of deity and consequently they were designed like human abodes. Thisbelief of the ancient East peoples also influenced the shape of the Solomon’sTemple. It was not a palace chapel but a true House of the Lord. Even God re-spected this kind of thinking by revealing the exact plans of His House to David(1Chron. 28,11ff).

�s I have mentioned earlier King David started gathering building materialsfor the Jerusalem Temple. His contacts with the Sidonians and Tyrians indicatethat he drew on their experience in building. Solomon continued his father’s planemploying Fenician workers who were considered best in the Semitic world(2Chron. 2,1-17).

Construction of the first Temple on Mount Moriah lasted seven years. Thou-sands of workers took part in its building. It had been decided that the centralpart of the Temple – the altar – was to be placed on the very rock on which �b-raham was supposed to sacrifice his son Isaac. �fter seven years of intensivework the new Temple rose up over Jerusalem. From the east it was supported bythe walls on the steep slopes of the Kidron Valley and from the west it leaned ongentle hillocks of the Tyropoeon Valley. The Temple formed a self-containedwhole with the king’s palace which joined the city on the south. This magnifi-cent Temple was – as it has been already mentioned – destroyed in 587/586 B.C.

112 ��

�fter returning from the Babylonian captivity the Jewish people decided toerect a new temple. It was erected on the ruins of the Solomon’s Temple. Con-struction began under the supervision of Zerubbabel and the high priest Joshuain 520 B.C. (EBra 4,3). The Temple was finished in four years and in 515 B.C. itwas consecrated.

This new Temple was called the Zerubbabel’s Temple. The Scripture men-tions the building of the Temple quite often (EBra 3,10;4,5.24; Neh. 3,30; 1Macc.4,38.48;6,7). The Zerubbabel’s Temple was stripped of its riches and holy ob-jects by �ntiochus IV Epiphanes (1Macc. 1,23.57) and then by �ntiochus VEupator. Premature death of �lcimus prevented him from a similar devastationof the Temple (1Macc 9,54ff;12,36)9.

Herod the Great undertook the task of rebuilding the Zerubbabel’s Temple.He did it because he wanted to immortaliBe his name and win over the Jews. TheBible seldom mentions it but there is more on the subject in Josephus Flavius10

and Nishna in the Middoth tractate.

The Jerusalem Temple consisted of two parts. One of them was a spaciouscourt accessible to everyone. The second part was a sanctuary open only to theJews (�cts 21,28). The former was called the Court of the Gentiles and it resem-bled a common public square. It was surrounded with porticos. To the east of thecourt there was the Portico of Solomon (Jn. 10,23). The columns in the porticowere 11 m high. People could walk there (Matt. 26,55; Jn. 7,14). Sacrificial ani-mals could be purchased there (Mk 11,15) and money could be exchanged forthe Jewish coins indispensable for the payment of the Temple tax. From the cen-tre of the court through the Gate Beautiful (�cts 3,2) one would enter the Courtof the Women which had a shape of a square with the sides of 65 m each. This iswhere were the Temple collecting boxes stood (Mk 12,41), near the treasury.Then there was the Court of the Israelites devoted exclusively for men. It sur-rounded the Court of the Priests. In the centre of the Court of Priests there wasan altar for burnt offerings. Inside the Temple building there were two rooms;the first one was called the Holy place (Lk 1,9) with the incense altar, the goldencandlestick and the table with shrewd bread; the second one was the Holy of Holiest.Separated with a double curtain from the Holy place, it was empty in the timeof Jesus (Hebr. 9,3).

When we study the history of the Temple in Jerusalem we notice that it wasnot a common temple like many other in the pagan world. It was a unique place;a place where God would meet with a man, where every object and measurementhad its peculiar meaning.

8�+�OB#+�'%-&1EB� ��9��9��:�7��10 Ibid., 15,11,1-7.

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�ccording to synoptic accounts Jesus visited Jerusalem only once, i. e. afterthree years of his public activity. Since the moment of his baptism in the JordanRiver he was planning to culminate his Messianic ministry in the Holy City. Fromthe John’s narrative we can infer that Jesus visited Jerusalem more than once.Numerous scientific commentaries, especially the commentaries to the synopticGospels unanimously agree that the chronological and historical criteria of thesynoptic authors are less probable than the account of the fourth Gospel.

In my opinion the synoptic authors expounded their own structure of theGospel account. I would call this formal editing a synoptic reduction of the pub-lic life of Jesus. They presented the life of Jesus as one long journey from Gali-lee to Jerusalem. I believe that there is still plenty to be discovered and researchedin the synoptic narratives in this respect. Modern exegesis can be carried outcomprehensively – of the whole synoptic account or it can be narrowed down –as in the present monograph – to one aspect only (i.e. the theology of the templein the Gospel of Mark).

In our research we can make a theoretical assumption that synoptic narrativeis the result of two traditions: a Galilean one focused on the preaching of theKingdom of God and the Jerusalem one, presenting the drama of the Passionof Jesus since its first announcement. But the sequence Galilee – Jerusalem isprobably neither a literary device nor a historical testimony but a result of thetheological – catechetic styliBation. The binominal Galilee – Jerusalem succinctlypresents the beginnings and the dramatic ending of the mission of King Jesus,the Messiah. I have already pointed out in my earlier research on the theologyof the temple in the two works of Luke that this polarity can be found in severalspeeches especially in �cts 10,37-39. So it is possible that here we come acrosssome old, traditional catechetic formula. It can be also said that it has inspiredthe general structure of the synoptic Gospels.

So the journey of Jesus from Galilee to Jerusalem has been presented ina form of a cultic act – a pilgrimage. In the canonical texts of four Gospels I havenoticed the following verb form: ��11.

5"��1(�0#)�#,�)(��(/�/��(��/�(,� �+��1(��(,0(�#+�,3�%%>%5

�nalysing Mark’s evangelical account of the journey of Jesus to Jerusalemand the Temple I have come to a conclusion that before the seventh chapter

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114 ��

of the second Gospel it was Jerusalem that made pilgrimages to Jesus. St. Markpresents Jesus’ mission as fairly successful (Mk 3,7-8). The evangelist mentionsthat the populace accepted Jesus’ teachings and put great trust in him. So muchso that we read about crowds of people coming to him from different places, alsofrom Jerusalem (Mk 3,7b-8)12.

It is worth stressing that even the Scribes were coming to Jesus. They didnot have convincing evidence to negate Jesus’ rule over demons, so perverselythey claimed that Jesus was given his power by BeelBebub (Mk 3,22)13. It is alsointeresting that the Scribes and the Pharisees also criticised the disciples of Jesuswho allegedly opposed the tradition and heritage of their forefathers. TheseScribes and Pharisees were not the local religious leaders but came from Jerusa-lem, the heart of orthodoxy (Mk 7,1)14.

So in the first part of the second Gospel it was Jerusalem that was coming toJesus but from chapter 10 Jesus starts his journey towards the holy city – thecapital of Israel (Mk 10,32-34). Jerusalem is still the seat of Judaism and of thereligious leaders. They will soon start opposing Jesus not only in words but willtranslate their words into action and reveal their deep hatred towards the Messi-ah. Finally they will have him killed, first inflicting suffering on him. The disci-ples of Jesus, though they had been forewarned of the need of his suffering, per-haps overwhelmed with fear and anxiety, seemed to lag behind Jesus. But Jesusleads them with determination. The time is coming near when Jerusalem willbecome the city of suffering of the Son of Man – Jesus, the King and Messiah.This is how Mark depicts the last stage of Jesus’ pilgrimage to Jerusalem and theTemple – in very a dynamic and expressive way. Carrying out orders of theirMaster the disciples do not think of what is going to happen in Jerusalem.

In Mk 11,1 the author of the second Gospel describes the moment when Je-sus and his disciples see the city for the first time. Jesus gives them orders toprepare a procession which will lead him into the city among joyous messianicproclamations.

�ccording to Mark’s narrative Jerusalem reacts with indifference to the comingand activity of Jesus. The inhabitants of Jerusalem are not moved by the com-ing of their King and Messiah15. Only the people accompanying him in a proces-sion applaud loudly, expressing their joy of the fact that Jesus enters the city.

� �+�F�F��%C<?%$$#=�)��&��/�&��>��>�$/� �� 1�L'&C�889�22�"��":X,+�%'E;(�%))�"� :� 7X� ��7++X�?��9��8�

13 Cf. also: Matt. 12,24-29.31ff; Lk 11,15-22.28-29;12,10.14 Cf. H.H. Langkammer, )��&��/�&��>�Marka, p. 74; cf. also Mk 15,1-9.15 �ccording to Matthew the whole city has been shaken and asking questions about the iden-

tity of Jesus. The crowds recogniBed him as a prophet coming from NaBareth in Galilee (Matt.21,10-11); cf. also Lk 19,29-40; Jn. 12,12-19.

��7�� F��F��F��:

When we look at the account of St. Mark from a slightly different perspec-tive it seems that he is not interested in the city as such. Some of the versesof the eleventh chapter testify to that. Jerusalem is mentioned only in connectionwith the Temple (Mk 11,11). So probably his intention was to present Jerusalemas subordinate to the Temple. In my opinion in the Gospel according to St. Markthere are two fulfilments of place and time. The evangelist does not present Jeru-salem and the Temple as two synonyms to be used interchangeably but intendsto indicate progress. I have noticed that St. Mark uses the second object, i. e. theTemple as more important or even the most important. It specifies the first. �ndthat is why St. Mark speaks more often of coming up to the Temple and not somuch of coming up to Jerusalem. Later Jesus leaves the Temple and does not goto any other place in the city but leaves it16.

St. Mark does not present Jesus as someone despising the city and scoldingit even though Jesus expresses sorrow and weeps over the city17 or asks withreproach why it kills its prophets and emissaries of God18.

�nalysing the text of the Mark’s Gospel and the chapters about Jesus’ activityafter his coming to Jerusalem in particular we notice that the capital, its inhabitantsand even other holy places outside the Temple are not important to St. Mark.Generally speaking the Temple is most important and the city plays a secondaryrole of the background.

St. Mark mentions Jerusalem for the last time in the context of events afterthe death of Jesus (Mk 20,41)19. The evangelist refers to people accompanyingJesus in his public activity and pilgrimage to the holy city. He lists several womenwho followed him in Galilee serving him. They also witness his death on the cross.

So we can conclude that for St. Mark Jerusalem is a complex entity. �s thecapital of Israel it showed some interest in Jesus perceived as a prophet fromGalilee. Jerusalem is also a fortress of traditional Judaism. Jerusalem is the cityof the Temple as well. �nd finally Jerusalem is the place of death of the Sonof Man. �ll these aspects are presented in relation to Jesus and interpretedaccordingly. The attitude of the disciples to Jerusalem is also varied. �nd a generalconclusion from our research is that for St. Mark it is a different thing to go up tothe city and to make a pilgrimage to the Temple.

��F#'#%V#E)*#,&).);<;);�#)*%C.4�?��L��85;=);�;1C)�'&V#4�?�:��:5�17 Cf. the text of the third synoptic Gospel (Lk 19,41-44) with the announcement of the fall

of Jerusalem.18 Cf. the text of the first synoptic Gospel (Matt. 23,37-39), and especially Matt 23,31-32; cf.

also: J. Homerski, )��&��/�&��>��>�$/� �� , Lublin 1995,pp. 132-133.

19 Cf. H.H. Langkammer, )��&�� /�&� ��>� Marka, p. 146; cf. also: Matt.27,55-56;Lk 23,49.

116 ��

6"��(��/�(,��+��1(��(,0(�#+��1(�)�/0(��,��3

Let us study then what it means for the Jew to go up to Jerusalem and to go upto the Temple according to St. Mark. On the basis of the previous research my con-clusion is that these two expressions are synonymous. In my attempt to explain themeaning of the phrase to go up in the Gospel of Mark I compared it with the textsof St. Luke and St. John. They both use the verb ��without any noticeabledistinction20. Whereas St. Mark uses the verb ��only in reference to goingup to Jerusalem and always in the plural number (Mk 10,32-33). In Mk 10,32 Je-sus goes up to Jerusalem accompanied by other people but goes before them as theevangelist remarks �� . Mk 10,33 containsthe third announcement of the death and resurrection of Jesus and predicts precise-ly what is going to happen to the Son of Man in Jerusalem. In this context the verboccurs in the plural number: ��21.

It is obvious that in the whole evangelical account of St. Mark the verb�� is not only a verb of motion connected with Jerusalem. �nalogicalverbs of motion used in the second Gospel with the goal of the Holy City almostalways occur in the plural number.22 These other verbs are: �� (��) which occurs in Mk 11,1 and two �� (�� )from Mk 11,15.27. The only exception is �� !�� "� #��"�� (…) whichinforms about Jesus going into the city (Mk 11,15.27).

I would like to point out a very interesting means of expression used by St.Mark in the aforementioned verses of Mk 11,11.15.27: first in Mk 11,11 the us-age of a compound word ��$�� in the singular number, and then ��%�� & in Mk 11,15, in the plural number. These three vers-es are almost identical in the Mark’s account. They apply respectively to goingup to Jerusalem in Mk 11,11 (cf. Matt. 21,1-11; Lk 19,29-40; Jn. 12,12-19) andto Jesus returning to the Holy City on consecutive days in Mk 11,15.27 [(cf. Matt21,12-17;21,23-37; Lk 19,45-48;20,1-8) – Mk 11,11: '�(�� "�#��(…); Mk 11,15: '�(�� )�'�(��$�� "�#��"�� (…); Mk 11,27: '�(�� (…)�� )�'�� *#��* +��+� �,- ��. �,� (…)].

20 �� is used indiscriminately of going up to Jerusalem (cf. Lk 18,31;19,28;J 2,13;5,1;11,55; �cts 24,11) as well as of going up to the temple (Lk 18,10; J 7,14; �cts 3,1).

21 The phrase �� in Mk 10,33 (i.e. Behold we go up to Je-rusalem) can be compared with the phrase from Matt. 20,17 '�(� �� /� ��0�1�� (going up to Jerusalem). In some manuscripts the verb in Matt. 20,17 is in the singu-lar number. �lso in the third synoptic Gospel, i. e. in Lk 19,28 we find the phrase2� �+��1� ��+�� (+nd when he had thus spoken, he went before, ascend-ing up to Jerusalem).

22 We can compare them with other parallel verbs in synoptic Gospels of St. Matthew and St.Luke which express the motion of Jesus towards Jerusalem and they occur in the singular number(cf. Matt. 16,21a;21,10; Mk 8,31ff; Lk 9,22;9,51;13,22;19,28).

��9�� F��F��F��:

Thereby the only exception23 in Mk 11,11 is explained by parallel accountsof Mk 11,15.27. St. Mark introduces a differentiation between Jerusalem and theTemple. It is an interesting stylistic device of St Mark: while talking about Jeru-salem (�� ) he uses �� in the plural number but discussingthe Temple (�� "� #��& he utilises the compound word ��$�� in thesingular number, i.e. �� –� +��+� �,- ��. It is a very remarkable andunique device: after all many people go up to Jerusalem (�� ) but only one goes up to the Temple (�� "�#��"�).

I would also like to add that in Mk 11,15.27 both objects depend on the verbused either in the plural or singular number in Mk 11,11. So they are both usedwith reference to �� and �� "�#��"�. St. Mark uses only this oneverb in reference to the Temple in a sense of „going up to the Temple” (��$$�� "�#��"�). St. Mark does not use any other phrase like for example„ascend” or just „go”. Thus we can draw a justified and valuable conclusion:because the verb (��$��) occurs in the singular number, of the two ob-jects ��and �� "�#��"�3 the latter is more important. Jesus is thesubject of the sentence, the verb ��$��is used in the singular number andthe object is the Temple.

�nother conclusion of the study of the Gospel according to St. Mark is hisconsistency in using verbs while talking about the Temple (#��"�) and Jerusalem(��). Whenever St. Mark writes about #��"� he does not take into con-sideration other people accompanying Jesus (even if they are there and we knowit from the context). The verb is always used in the singular number and the sub-ject is Jesus alone. For example in Mk 11,15.27 Jesus goes to Jerusalem witha group of people ('�(�� ) but it seems that it is only himwho goes up to the Temple [Mk 11,15:�'�(��$�� "�#��"��(…); Mk11,27: '�� *� #��* +��+� �,� ��. �,� (…).] St. Mark underscores thefact that Jesus is the only one who acts there [Mk 11,15 4�5� ��'�6��(…)'� � ��7��; Mk 11,16: '�(� �.'� 48�� 9�� ':� '�,�� ;� �,#��,]. This is also where Jesus stays: (Mk 11,27b: '�(� �� * #��*� +��+�$ �,� ��) and teaches (Mk 12,35a: '�(��+�'�� (��/�<�0�,��6'�� * #��*; Mk 14,49: '� =� >��4�0��+�"��?�@�� * #��* �6'��'�(��.'��'�� A� ��2��=�9��+�0�� B��#��8��). In an analogicalway St. Mark informs the readers about the fact that Jesus leaves the Templeusing a verb in the singular number '�(��'+��. �,��'� �,�#��,(…) (Mk 13,1)24. Therefore we can conclude that writing about Jesus entering orleaving the Temple St. Mark uses the singular number of verbs intentionally to

23 The verb ��$��%�� & used only once in the singular numberin the Gospel of Mark in reference to motion, i. e. Jesus going up to Jerusalem.

24 It is typical of Mark to use this grammatical and syntactic device suggesting that it was onlyJesus who left the sanctuary.

118 ��

contrast it with the plural number signifying going to Jerusalem. We can also seea consistent usage of the plural number like in Mk 11,11b �� ;� B��C�'� tomark the exit from the Temple which for St. Mark also means leaving the city(cf. Mk 11,19). In Mk 11,12.20 we notice another example of the plural numberdenoting a morning walk of Jesus and his disciples from Bethany (Mk 11,12; cf.Matt 21,18; Mk 11,20 cf. Matt. 21,20ff). So this perceived consistency in usingone grammatical form allows us to conclude that in his Gospel St. Mark utilisesa special „#��"� language” reserved for Jesus only.

Other synoptic authors St. Matthew and St. Luke have a more flexible andmore positive concept of the Temple. In their Gospels the Temple is not just a placeof clash between Jesus and Judaism. The apostles feel at home there; it is theirhouse of prayer. �ccording to Matthew’s narrative the blind and the lame enter theTemple to plead Jesus for miraculous healing. St. Matthew also writes about thechildren praising Jesus and shouting: Hosanna to the Son of David (Matt. 21,14-15).

St. Luke finishes his evangelical narrative in the Temple and writes that the�postles were continually in the temple, praising and blessing God (Lk 24,54;cf. Mk 16,19; �cts 1,2-10). So for St. Luke the goal of Jesus and his followers isJerusalem and not the Temple. For St. Luke the motif of heading towards Jerusa-lem which is the pivotal element of his Gospel is embedded in the Jewish tradi-tion of making a pilgrimage to the Temple. But according to St. Mark the Sonof Man leads his disciples to Jerusalem because of his coming Passion and cruci-fixion and that is why Jesus goes to the #��"� alone. But he does not go to the#��"� as a pilgrim. The fact that Jesus preached good news and fulfilled his mis-sion astounding the Bealous and godly members of the Galilean synagogues (Mk1,27;6,2-3) makes his presence in the Temple very special.

/��(/'-'(+#(

�-%C<#'&%-#/@1<P-��%=?%C&#2=#B#C)1>#,%@?;-&,&#>#/C;=;/C#>)#;';<&&��&%/;$;�R#%L.$O-&T;)#;';<&&�-.C&?%>M,#>B&/#&2&#'<=B.$;-%C&%/;P-&M).C&-P-&#)'#�?��:�)=B#L%$&#T12;/E)%-�E;LD#B1E%�*=.E)1E%I#<;#-%C<#'&,BC.;L=%B��)%?&$?;C)#?P,&#%1);=%=).?1@1- E2;EOL EB,B#<O'C. 1-B<'D/C&@ *&E);=&D #B1E% #-%C<#'&,BC#<;� EB,B#<O'C&#-�?��:� %L.1B.E?%T-@%P,&-#-.C&?& L%/%N��-#-C&;E?& ?;N,;-# B;E)%@.-./;L.)# B 2=B#2=;-%/B;C.,*L%/%NC%1?;-.,*C%/[=O/@;-.$)#?E)#$�?��:�EB,B#<O'C&#-?;C)#?P,&#2=;L'#$%).?&;/�C;PC&#/;2&#'<=B.$;-%C&%/;P-&M).C&I- �&#-%C<#'&&,B)#=;2;E)%,&;-#>-;<O'C;P,&��B.�E?%C#-.C&?&L%/%N EMC&#B-.?'# &C)#=#E1>M,#� =#%'&B1>M,#-.).,B;C.-21C?,&#-.>P,&% ,#'L%�/%-,B.��;RC%>#1BC%T>%?;2;)-&#=/B%>M,#&E)C&#C&#�%=?;-.,*&/#&)#;';<&,BC.,*I-?;C)#?P�,&#;/C;PC&# /; 2&#'<=B.$;-%C&%/;P-&M).C&IEB,B#<O'C&#-P-&#)'##<;#-%C<#'&,BC#>=#'%,>&-�?��:�

�:�0��3��0�12&#'<=B.$;-%C&#�P-&M).C&%�#=;B;'&$%�)#;';<&%��B=%#'I�B=%#'&,&��=%-;I�;=%�

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Problematyka wychowawcBa, B-.,&DE)-%� %'# & )=1/C;P,& rodBiców na tympolu BnaC#L.@. =O-C&#R w star;R.)C;P,& )ak C&#,*=B#P,&>%NE?&#>� >%? & ,B%EO-�;P,&;@%, którym to Bagadnieniom 2;P-&D,;C% >#E) L;<%)% '&)#=%)1=% B%=O-C;;,*%=%?)#=B##C,.?';2#/.,BC.$�>%?&EB,B#<O@owym1.

#P'&,*;/B&;,B%E.,*=B#P,&>%NE?&#�);2=B#/#-EB.E)?&$C%1-%<DB%E@1<1�>#)-Or,B;PTP-��$L=;R#<;� biskupa Mediolanu2. B#B-M)2&#C&%-&#'?&[email protected]

�� !�"#$��%&'# �%$�(�)#��$%�*�+,-� +.//

1 PrBy?@%/#$$;<ML.TC%E)D21>M,#;2=%,;-%C&%(P. Blomenkamp, Er�iehung, w: R�C, Stutt-gart 1966 t. 6, coll. 502-559; M. �=;R#?�1��/��9�� , „Meander” 24 (1969), B. 7-8, s. 313-325; G. Delling, Eheleben, R�C, Stuttgart 1959,t. 4, coll. 691-707; F.J. Dölger, Das Lebensrecht des ungeborenen Kindes und dieFruchtabtreibungin der Bewertung der heidnischen und christlichen +ntike, „�ntike und Christentum” 4 (1933)s. 1-61; �. Eckmann, ��9��&�� , VoxP 8-9 (1985) s. 29-51; J. Gaudemet,Socjologic�ne aspekty r�ymskiej rod�iny, „CBasopismo Prawno-HistorycBne” 27 (1975) B. 2, s. 41-56; W. Jaeger, Paideia. Die Formung des griechischen Menschen, Berlin und LeipBig 19362�2=B#�?@%/2;'E?&(��'#B&%� Paideia, WarsBawa 1962; J. 1C/B&@@� 8��>�B�� 9�tnym, w: Historia wychowania� �;BC%N �88"� E� 8�18; )#CR#( $�� /9�E�� w: !�� 9�� !�� , BydgosBcB 1993s. 73-82; O. JurewicB, L. WinnicBuk, ��9��N�� !�� 9�� E��4�� , WarsBawa 1973; K. Korus, Grecka teoria pedagogic�na a problem por�ucania d�ieci, „Mean-der” 9 (1979) s. 439-454; S. Kot, Historia wychowania, t. 1: :��9��N��/��\'''��, Lwów 19342; WarsBawa 19963; G. KulecBka, D�ieci w systemie prawnym staro9��&��!�� ,„Meander” 34 (1979) s. 237-250; J. �1@%,B?;-E?&�!��49��N�� !�� , „Studia Gnesnensia” 12 (1998) s.179-187; �� Kurdybacha [red.], Historiawychowania�)��%=EB%-%�8�7X)#CR#(�� Kurdybacha, '��/��jowym,WarsBawa 1948; S. LongosB, !��E��1��/� �� , „RocBniki Teo-logicBne” 51 (2004), B. 10, s. 27-56; �. Lumpe, H. Karpp, Eltern, w: R�C Stuttgart 1959, t. 4, coll.1190-1219; B. �%2&,?&�Prawo r�ymskie, WarsBawa 1948; H.I. Marrou, Histoire de l’éducation dansl’antiquité�2=B#?@%/2;'E?&( ��;P�Historia wychowa��9��, WarsBawa 1969; L.Winni-cBuk, 3��9��N��!�� , WarsBawa 1983.

2 �mbrosius �urelius (ok. 339–397).

120 ��

C%>#<;2;<'M/.#).,BC#;L;?,*=B#P,&>%NE)-%-.-%=@ stoicki filoBof, Cyceron3�?)O=. >#E)$&D/B. &CC.$& %utorem De officiis adresowanego synowi MarkowiprBeb.-%>M,#$1C%E)1/&%,*-�=#,>&� Bawi#=%>M,# poucBenia moralne ojca dladBiecka.

Z kolei dB&#@; biskupa Mediolanu 2;-E)%@#w r. 386 E?@%/%>M,#E&DB)=B#,*ksiM<,>#E)2&#=-EB.$E.C)#).,BC.$;2=%,;-%C&#$#).?&,*=B#P,&>%NE?&#>&-B;�=1># E&D )%?-1?@%/B&#� >%? & %=<1$#C)%,>& ;=%B E).'&E).,# na dBiele Cycerona.�$L=;R. Ewoje De officiis ministrorum� >%? E%$ B=#EB)M B%BC%,B%� /#/.?1>#E-.$ duchowym synom,L.2;1,B.T&,*;B%E%/%,*$;=%'C.,*4.

� 2;/;LC.$ ,*%=%?)#=B# EM 2;B;E)%@# 2&E$% $;=%'C;-ascetycBne biskupaadresowane tym raBem do dBiewic i wdów�-?)O=.,*2;=1EB%$&D/B. &CC.$&)#$%)-.,*;-%C&%.

�P=;/;-&E?1 rBymskim Bagadnieniami moralnymi i wychowawcBymi Baj-$;-%@E&Dnie tylko �.,#=;C�%'#)%?R#$&D/B.&CC.$&+&';B;+ i polityk Seneka5.To, co $;R#@M,B.T Cy,#=;C%� #C#?D�%2;C&#?M/&�$L=;R#<;>#E)#).?%E);&,�?%, którM biskup Mediolanu E)%=%@ E&D ,*=.E)&%C&B;-%T, prBenoEBM, )=%/.,.>C#=B.$E?&#-%=);P,&$;=%'C#C%<=1C),*=B#P,&>%Nstwa.

)M/ )#R$%>M,C%1-%/B# E)%@M?;C&#,BC;PT E&D<%C&%/;[=O/#@ );RE%$;P,&#1=;2#jE?&#>-.=;E@#> C% <=1C,&# ?1')1=. <=#,?&#>� =B.$E?&#> & ,*=B#P,&>%NE?&#>�/;=;B-&MB%N&2=;2oB.,>&-.2=%,;-%C.,*-)%$).,*,B%E%,*�?)O=#$%>M-%=�);PT2;C%/,B%E;-M, by na prByEB@;PTC2#@C&%T).,*E%$.,*L@D/O-�,#'#$C%EB#> 2=%,. LD/B&# 1?%B%C&# C%1?& ;-ychowaniu obecnej w pismach SenekioraB pismach moralno-%E,#).,BC.,*P-��$L=;R#<;, biskupa Mediolanu.

�CC.$& E@;-.� - 2=#B#C);-%C.$ ;2=%,;-%C&1 ,*,#$. ;/2;-&#/B&#T C%2.)%C&# ,B.$;RC%-.BC%,B.T 2;$&D/B.-.2;-&#/B&%$&�$L=;R#<; & #C#?&>#R#'&C&#B%'#RC;PT-#rL%'CM, to prBynajmniej wspólne linie ideowe;=%B=;B-&M�B%C&%S

�;/E)%-MC%EB#<;E)1/&1$,;2=%,;-%C#<;$#);/M%C%'&).,BC;-E.C)#).,BCM,LD/M takie pisma Seneki jak: +d Helviam matrem de consolatione6, +d Marciam

:�%=,1E�1''&1E�&,#=;��Q�I":%��*=��;=��%-=;,?%�J�#;++&,&&EK"��J�#;++&�,&&E$&C&E)=;=1$K��>�+ ��9�&�>�8�� "��E��>�+ 4��9�&��J )1/&%�C)&\1&)%)&E�*=&E)&%C%#K��%=EB%-%�866�)�6�E�:�� "�

4 H-��$L=;R.�De officiis ministrorum, I, 7, 24; PL 16, 30C – 30 D.5 Lucius �nnaeus Seneca (ok. 4 a. Chr.–65).6 Seneca, +d Helviam matrem de consolatione, wyd. L. +nnaei Senecae opera quae super-

sunt, vol. I fasc. 1. L. +nnaei Senecae Dialogorum libri XII, #/&/&)�$&'F#=$#E��&2E&%# �8 :�2=B#?@%/2;'E?&(�#;C;%,*&$;-&,B�O pocies�eniu do matki Helwii, w: LucjusB �nneusB Seneka,Pisma filo�ofic�ne, t. 1, WarsBawa 1965.

� ��F�� F �� H��]

de consolatione7, De beneficiis8, De constantia sapientis9, De providentia10, +dNovatum de ira11, Epistulae morales ad Lucilium12 ;=%B C%E)D21>M,# /B&#@% P-��$L=;R#<;(De officiis ministrorum13, Exhortatio virginitatis14, De viduis15 oraBDe virginibus16.

�%@;PT;2=%,;-%C&%E?@%/%TE&DLD/B&#B)=B#,*,BDP,&�W2&#=-EB#>B%2;BC%�$.E&DB,*%=%?)#=.E).?M2=;,#E1-.,*;-%-,B#<;/;?;C%CM2=B#B;L1%utorów.

W drugiej 2=B.L'&R.$.&,*2;<'M/.C% )#$%)2=B#/$&;)1-.,*;-%C&%/B&#,�?%�B%P-)=B#,&#>1?%R#$.)#-.2;-&#/B& #C#?&&�$L=;R#<;�?)O=#;/C;EBME&D/;;,#C.2=;cesu wychowawcBego, tak od strony poBytywnej, jak i negatywnej.

#"�-1��3�(�/�3��0��-(/��-1��-'()�

�2&#=-EB#> ,BDP,&C%EB#<;;2=%,;-%C&%2;E)%=%$.E&D1?%B%T E)%C;-&E?;C%EB.,* %1);=O-/;).,BM,# ,*%=%?)#=.E).?& 2=;,#E1-.,*;-%-,B#<;� Paragraf

7 Seneka, +d Marciam de consolatione, wyd. L. +nnaei Senecae opera quae supersunt, vol. Ifasc. 1. L. +nnaei Senecae Dialogorum libri XII�#/&/&)�$&'F#=$#E��&2E&%#�8 :�2=B#?@%/2;'�E?&(�#;C;%,*&$;-&,B�O pocies�eniu do Marcji, w: LucjusB �nneusB Seneka, Pisma filo�ofic�4ne, t. 1, WarsBawa 1965.

8 Seneka, De beneficiis libri VII, wyd. Lucii +nnaei Senecae Opera quae supersunt, vol. I,fasc. 2, De beneficiis libri VII� &)#=1$#/&/&)�%=;'1EF;E&1E��&2E&%#�8�"�2=B#?@%/2;'E?&(�#;C;%,*&$;-&,B�O dobrod�iejstwach, w: LucjusB �nneusB Seneka, Pisma filo�ofic�ne, t. 2, WarsBa-wa 1965.

9 Seneka, +d Serenum de constantia sapientis, wyd. L. +nnaei Senecae opera quae super-sunt, vol. I fasc. 1. L. +nnaei Senecae Dialogorum libri XII� #/&/&)�$&'F#=$#E��&2E&%# �8 :�2=B#?@%/2;'E?&(�#;C;%,*&$;-&,B�:��/� �� , w: LucjusB �nneusB Seneka, Pismafilo�ofic�ne, t. 1, WarsBawa 1965.

10 Seneka, De providentia, wyd. L. +nnaei Senecae opera quae supersunt, vol. I fasc.1. L. +nnaei Senecae Dialogorum libri XII� #/&/&)�$&'F#=$#E��&2E&%# �8 :� 2=B#?@%/ 2;'E?&(�#;C;%,*&$;-&,B�:�:��ci, w: LucjusB �nneusB Seneka, Pisma filo�ofic�ne, t. 1, WarsBa-wa 1965.

11 Seneka, +d Novatum de ira, wyd. L. +nnaei Senecae opera quae supersunt, vol. I fasc.1. L. +nnaei Senecae Dialogorum libri XII�#/&/&)�$&'F#=$#E��&2E&%#�8 :�2=B#?@%/2;'E?&(�#;nJoachimowicB, O gniewie, w: LucjusB �nneusB Seneka, Pisma filo�ofic�ne, t. 1, WarsBawa 1965.

12 Seneka, Epistulae morales ad Lucilium, wyd. F#CE#��#&2B&< �8�"�� 2=B#?@%/ 2;'E?&(�%B&$&#=B�#PC&%?�Listy moralne do Lucylius�a, WarsBawa 1961.

13 H-� �$L=;R.� De officiis ministrorum, wyd. J.P. Migne, Patrologiae cursus completus,PL 16, s. 25-184, Paris 1880: Sancti �mbrosii Mediolanensis Episcopi – De officiis ministrorumLibri Tres; J.G. Krabinger, Tubingae 1857. �=B#?@%/2;'E?&(��L<%=;-&,B�H-&D).�$L=;R.B�#�/&;'%C1�:��. WarsBawa 1967.

14 H-��$L=;R.�Exhortatio virginitatis, wyd. PL 16, s. 355-364; M. Salvati, Torino 1938.15 H-��$L=;R.�De viduis, wyd. PL 16, s. 335-364.16 H-��$L=;R.� De virginibus, wyd. PL 16, s. 187-232; O. Fall#=��8::X�� %'V%)&��;=&C;

�8:6X2=B#?@%/2;lski: K. Obrycki, O d�iewicach, w:P-��$L=;R.�Wybór pism, WarsBawa 1986,cB. II, s. 173-228.

122 ��

ten E?@%/%TE&DLD/B&#B/-O,*,BDP,&�PierwsBa 1?%R#nam ;,#CD #C#?&&�$�L=;R#<;/;).,BM,M trudu wychowywania potomstwa.

W drugiej ,BDPci,2;P-&D,;CejP=;/;-&E?1-.,*;-%-,B#$1/B&#,?%�$;-%LD/B&#C%)#$%)rodBiców, jako pierwsBych jego wychowawców, dowi#$.E&D)#R�,B#<;1,BMC%E&%utorBy na temat klimatu-.,*;-%C&%�[email protected] rodBiców na Ba-chowania dBiecka oraB o jakich metodach wychowawcB.,*-.2;-&%/%>ME&D.

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�naliBu>M,-.2;-&#/B&;L1C%EB.,*%utorów,$;R#$.2=B#?;C%TE&D� &REMoni B<;/C&-).$�R#-.,*;-%C);$E)-%>#E);L;-&MB?&#$ rodBiców. )M/)#R C% 2=B.?@%/�$L=;R.- ?;C)#?P,&#-.2;-&#/B& C% )#$%) wychowania dodBiewictwa, 2=B.2;$&C%=;/B&,;$;).$-%RC.$ ich Badaniu/;-.2#@C&#C&%17.

Temat wychowania roBumianego jako;L;-&MB#?bardBiej >#/C%?B;E)%@=;B�-&C&D).2=B#B+&';B;+% #C#?D�PotwierdBenie tego Bnajdujemy w jego '&P,&#?;C�E;'%,.>C.$, pisanym podcBas pobytu na wygnaniu na Korsyce (41 rok), adreso-wanym do -@%EC#> matki Helwii, w którym nie tylko BaBnacBa�R# >#>-C1,B?%-&CC%E&D-.,*;-.-%TB<;/C&#BR.,B#C&#$%/=eE%)?&�%'#2;/?=#P'%�R# to Ba-danie jest jej �� (sollemne officium)18.

�.2#@C&#C&# )#<;;L;-&MB?1-&MR# E&D� >%? 2=B#?;C1># #C#?%� B pewnymryBykiem. �utor bowiem m% P-&%/;$;PT� R# Ba,*;/BM takie sytuacje- R.,&1,B@;-&#?%, kiedy to dBie,&&R;C.B%-;/BMgo w jego nadBiejach. Pomimo jednaktegoC&#L#B2&#,B#NE)-%, jak podkreP'%�2;P'1L&%E&Dkobiety�=;/B&E&D/B&#,&&>#-.,*;-1>#��/%>M,E;L&#-2#@C&E2=%-DB)#<;ponosBonego ryByka,1-%R%�R#,B@;-&#?C&#).'?;nie powinien )=%,&T)ych nadBiei, ale nadal winien P-&%/,B.T/;L=;/B&#>E)-% drugim19.

�B&#'M, E&D E-.$& 2=B#$.P'#C&%$&� B%1-%R% =O-C&#R� R# =;/B&,# C&#$%>[email protected]%);,>%?&#&$E&D=;/BM/B&#,&��#E-#>E)=;C.$;<M;C&>#/.C&#R.,B.TE;L&#�%L.L.@.;C#>%?C%>'#2EB#�#/C%?C&#B%'#RC&#;/)#<;�>%?&#&$E&D=;/BM/B&#,&�)%?&# jednak $1EBM-.,*o-.-%T20.

�.2;-&%/%>M, )D$.P'� E)%=% E&D >M 2;<@DL&T =#+'#?E>M ; ,*%=%?)#=B# +&';B;�+&,BC.$ BaL%=-&;CM�-C%EB.$2=B#?;C%C&1�2#-CM/;BME,#2).,.B$1. �-%R%L;-&#$�R#C&</.C&#$;RC%;,B#?&-%T na ��?�� praw-dy�2;C&#-%R/;?@%/C# jej poBnanie jest bardBo trudne��'%)#<;)#R?%R/.$1E&2;/MR%T/=;<M�?)O=M wiedBie go ��E��. �?;C)#?P,&#)#>-.�

�9H-��$L=;R.�%��G��&��9�: X��86��18 Seneka, +d Helviam matrem de consolatione, 18, 8: „Hoc tibi tam sollemne officium pro

remedio erit (…)”.19 Seneka, De beneficiis, I, 1, 10.20 Seneka, De beneficiis, III, 11, 1.

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2;-&#/B&, a1);= +;=$1@1># E)-&#=/B#C&#� &R C% )#> B%E%/B&# E2#@C&%C% >#E) ?%R/%2;-&CC;PT�-P=O/?)O=#>-.$&#C&%(B%-&#=%C&#$%@R#NE)-%�=;/B#C&#/B&#,&&-.�,*;-.-%C&#21.

�CC.$&E@;-.�w prBekonaniu autora, 2;$&$;R#C&#>#E)BC%C. skutek R%/�C#>B).,* podejmowan.,*2=B#B,B@;-&#?% spraw, to jednak 2=B.E)D21># on /;-.?;C%C&%).,*B%/%Nw dobrej nadBiei i wierBe�R#E&D$12;-&#/B&#�Nikt)#R�>%?-.C&?%B?;C)#?E)1-.2;-&#/B&�C&#$;R#B%<-%=%C);-%T$DR;-&,C;)'&-#>R;C.�%=;/B&,;$?;,*%>Mcych ich dBieci. -M re+'#?E>D%1);=?;N,B.E)-&#=/B#�C&#$� które jednak B 21C?)1-&/B#C&% ,*=B#P,&>%NE?&#<; >#E) C&# /; 2=B.>D,&%�%B?)O=#<;to wynika, R#,B@;-&#?2;/MR%)%$�/;?M/ wiedBie go roBumowanie,a nie prawda22.

�#CE)%=;R.)C.+&';B;+E);&,?&1-%R%)%?R#�R#C&#-EByscy ojcowie /;R.-%�>M ,*-&'&, �� &�� ?�� /�9�� . Jednak w jego prBekonaniu w�� 49��23.

� ).$� R# -.,*;-%C&# /B&#,& >#E) )=1/C.$ i ryBykownym Badaniem C&#;$&#EB?%@wspomnieT )%?R#�$L=;R.�?)O=.2;/;LC&# >%? #C#?%B/%-%@E;L&#E2=%-DB)#<;�R#/B&#c?;$;R#;?%B%TE&D?&#/.P-.=;/C.$E.C#$2=B.C;EBM�,.$-E)./ ;>,124. Jego Bdaniem do trudów, jakie B kolei $1E& 2;C;E&T$%)?%C%'#RM 2=B.?=;P,&B-&MB%C#B?armieniem, wychowaniem &;R#C?iem. Te Bmar-twienia jednak, jego Bdaniem, EM1/B&%@#$ �� /9�nków��1);= )#C�-.2;-&%/%>M,)#E@;-%�ma nie tylko P-&%/;$;PT�R#$%)?%=;/BM,?;'#>C#/B&#�,&, >#/C;,B#PC$C%R%E-#bóle, ale podobnie jak Seneka uw%R%�R#C&#C%'#�R.$O-&T; )=1/C;P,&%,* rodBicielskich, aby C&# 1E1-%T, jak argumentuje, od-wagi � serca rod�iców naj�� ts�ych25.

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�E�� !��F ��; ��!?��!�; � ��!?�� !

�=B.);,B;C# 2=B#/ ,*-&'M 1-%<& B-@%EB,B% #C#?& 2;?%B1>M� R# 2=B#/#-EB.E)?&$;L;># =;/B&,O- EM2&#=-EB.$&-.,*;-%-,%$& E-.,*/B&#,&� % C&#�

21 Seneka, De beneficiis, IV, 33, 2: „Omne hac via procedit officium: sic serimus, sic naviga-mus, sic militamus, sic uxores ducimus, sic liberos tollimus (…)”.

22 Seneka, De beneficiis, IV, 33, 2: „(…) sequimur, qua ratio, non qua veritas traxit”.23 Seneka, De beneficiis, V, 5, 2: „(…) paucos usque ad verum fructum a liberis percipiendum

perduxit aetas, ceteri filios onere senserunt”.24 H-��$L=;R.� De officiis ministrorum, I, 7, 24; PL 16, 30C – 30 DX )%$R#( �� ::� 171;

PL 16, 73 B.25 H-��$L=;R.� De virginibus, I, 6, 26; PL 16, 196 B: „Nam de adversis non oportet dicere,

ne sanctissimorum parentum animi contremiscant”.

124 ��

>%? );L.@;-2=B.2%/?1�%'&<1'&26, który 1=;/B&@ E&D-;L;B&#-;>#CC.$&B;�E)%@�>%?+;=$1@1>#); #C#?%� wychowany prBeB legiony27. PotwierdBenie�R#=;�/B&,#EM2&#=-EB.$&-.,*;-%-,%$&/B&#,&&&,*�>%?);;?=#P'%do �� 49 � 28, Bnajdujemy w kolejnym stwierdBeniu tego a1);=%� ?)O=. E)%=% E&D1-.21?'&T 2=%-/D� R# stan rodBicielski dlatego >#E)- P-&D).$2;EB%C;-%C&1�po��9� �� /� �� 29� �&#,; /%'#> #C#?%1B12#@C&%E-M-y2;-&#/[2;/?=#P'%>M,�R#2;R.)#,BC#>#E)/'%$@;/.,*,L.C&$&?);P?&#=;-%@ i nad nimi cBu-%@30.

)M/)#R�B%)D2;E)%-D=;/B&,O-�?)O=B.C%/E-.$&/B&#T$&$%>M2=B#-%<D- P-&%dcBonych dla nich d;L=;/B&#>E)-%,*� % B-@%EB,B% B% E@;-% ��&��?�� 9�� /��C%'#R.L.T&$-/B&D,BC.$31.

�C%'&B1>M,C%1,B%C&# #C#?&,B%1-%R%$.�&R1,BM,C%)#$%) rodBiców, jakopierwEB.,*-.,*;-%-,O-/B&#,&/;E)=B#<%@;CE2#,.+&,BC#Badania, jakie$%>M-;L#,C&,*/;E2#@C&#C&%Barówno ojciec,>%?&$%)?%� )M/)#R->#<;2=B#?;C%�C&1;>,&#,;2&#?1>#E&D/B&#c?&#$�%-=;/B&C&#B%$;RC#>E2#@C&%C&#=%B2;/;LC#;L;-&MB?& ,; $%)?%� )%=% E&D -&D, o ubranie i pokarm dla dBieci, BdobywapotrBebne dla nich -.2;E%R#C&e� 2;E.@% C% C%1?D oraB L=;C& ># B C%=%R#C&#$-@%EC#<;R.,&%32. PrBede wsBystkim jednak d;,B.CC;P,&;>,%�>%?BaBnacBa au-);=�C%'#R.E)%-&%C&#/B&#,?1-.$%<%N33.

�O-C&#R$%)?%C&#).'?;&/#C).+&?1>#E&DB#E-;&$/B&#,?&#$34 cBy jak �1�)&''%�$%)?%�1=#'&1EB%�;)).�/B&#'&>#<;';E1/%>M,E&D-=%BC&$C%-.<C%C&#35�%'# )%?R# >%?F#'-&%�-E2;$%<% E-#<; E.C%36. �;/=ORC&#C&1 ;/ )#<; %1);=%�

��%&1E�1'&1E�%#E%=�#=$%C&,1E�%'&<1'%X� I"�X,#E�=B�:9�"��27 Seneka, De constantia sapientis, 18, 4: „(…) hoc enim in castris natus et alumnus legionum

vocari solebat (…)”.28 Seneka, De beneficiis, III, 11, 2: „(…) illi quasi domesticos magistratus (…)”.29 Seneka, De beneficiis, III, 11, 1.30 Seneka, De beneficiis, III, 11, 2: „(…) Deinde alia condicio parentium est (…) sub quorum

custodia contineretur”.31 Seneka, De beneficiis, V, 5, 2.32 Seneka, De beneficiis, III, 32, 1; +d Novatum de ira� �� X )%$R#( �� ::� –6. Por.

J. 1C/B&@@�Praktyka i teoria wychowania w rod�inie w pismach Seneki, Epikteta i Marka +ureliu-s�a, VoxP 8 – 9 (1985), s. 59.

33 Seneka, De providentia, 1, 6: „ (…) cogita filiorum nos modestia delectari, vernularum li-centia, illos disciplina tristiori contineri, horum ali audaciam”.

34 Seneka, +d Helviam matrem de consolatione, 15, 1–2. Por. J. 1C/B&@@� '��/�9�� „Wy�naniach”��>�+�&�� , VoxP 15 (1988), s. 827.

35 Seneka, +d Helviam matrem de consolatione, 16,9X�%&1E�1=#'&1E�;))%B;E)%@E?%B%C.C%-.<C%C&#B%sprBy>%C-E)%N,;$&)%'E?&$-=;?18�%��*=��)#<;-.<C%C&%2;-=O,&@-=;?16 %��*=��;=�J. 1C/B&@@, Po��/�� – &/��4��, w: Rod�ina w staro9�� !�� , BydgosBcB 1993, s. 261.

36 Seneka, +d Helviam matrem de consolatione, 15, 1.

� 7��F�� F �� H��]

Liskup Mediolanu Ba wBór matki sta-&% 2=B#/#-EB.E)?&$�%=.>D� �&# ).'?;2;/?=#P'%2=B.?@%/C;PT=#'&<&>CMH-&D)#>�;/B&C.4�? �"�537�%'#�%=.>DE)%-&%B%-BO=$%)?&/;C%P'%/;-%C&%38.

GE�3� ;��!?��

�L.2=;,#E-.,*;-%-,B.2=B.C&OE@E2;/B&#-%C#;-;,#�$1E&;/L.-%TE&D-#-@aP,&-.$?'&$%,'#<%>M,.$$&D/B.&CC.$&C%).$�R#dBiecko w okre-sie swego roBwoju E2;)?% E&D w rodBinie B %)$;E+#=M partnerstwa, B-@%EB,B%-2;/B&%'#2=%-&;L;-&MB?O-;=%B-B%>#$C#go BroBumienia39.

�%>M,B%2#-C# );C%1-%/B#� >ak pokaBuje to lektura pism Seneki,-&#'?M-%<D2=By-&MB.-%@ ;C/; ,C;). ,&#=2'&-;P,&� ?)O=%-.=%R% E&D$&D/B. &CC.$&-).$�R#=;/B&,E)%=%E&D-C&?%T-$;).-.2;E)D2;-%C&%E-#<;/B&#,?%2;);).'?;�%L.$O,'#2&#>C&$?&#=;-%T40. �&#).'?;2%=)C#=E)-;,B.,&#=2'&-;PT$%BnacBenie w procesie wychowawcBym, ale2=B#/#-EB.E)?&$$&@;PT/;/B&#,?%��-=%,% C% ); 1-%<D B kolei �$L=;R.� ?&#/. ); E)%-&% B%-BO= 2;E)D2;-%C&#=;/B&,O-�%=.&�?)O=B.?;,*%'&E-M,O=?D41.

Ta?&#>)#Rpostawy =;/B&,%-;L#,-@%EC#<;/B&#,?%/;$%<%E&D)%?R# #C#�?%�PrBeL.-%>M,C%-.<C%C&1,2=;E&E-M$%)?D�L.)%->#<;&$&#C&1prBytula@%�;-%)&''D�E-;>M-C1,B?D&B%C&#<;>M?;,*%@%��;E)D21>M,-)#CE2;EOL,2;$;�R#>#>1P$&#=B.TLO'2; skaBaniu ojca na wygnanie. �B1@;PTF#'V&&E2=%-&, Bda-niem Seneki, =O-C&#R );�R#�;-%)&''%�?)O=%1)=%,&@%$%)?D�LD/B&# ).'?;L;'#T2; jej stracie, ale C&#LD/B&#;/,B1-%@% jej braku42.

�;)%?&,*B%,*;-%N=;/B&,O--;L#,/B&#,&;/-;@1>#E&D=O-C&#R�$L=;R.�?&#/.);2;,*-%'%>M,L;<;L;>C#<;;>,%�%<1#'%,2;/?=#P'%-C&$;L#,C;PT,C;�).1,B,&-;P,&2;'#<a>M,#>C% ).$�R#C&# )%&@-%/E-#>-@%EC#>,O=?&�C&#E)%=%@E&D ; );� L. >M-./%-%T B%$MR, %'# ,B.C&@ B%/;PT 2=;PL&#� 2;C&#-%R B/%C&#$�&E?12%�/'%C&#<;,B.$P-%RC&#>EB.$L.@;EB,BDP,&#,O=?&%C&R#'&�� 4��9� ��43.�;/;LCM2;E)%-D2=B.>$;-%@L&L'&>C.

:9H-��$L=;R.�%��G��"� 7X�� " ��;=��&<C#''&�3* �&��F� ��"��J�&L#=�CC11EK: 4�86 5�E��97��9��

38 H-��$L=;R., Exhortatio virginitatis, 8, 55; PL 16, 352 B: „Mater quoque ad imitationemcoelestis exempli gaudet (…)”.

39 J. 1C/B&@@, Praktyka i teoria wychowania w rod�inie w pismach Seneki, Epikteta i Marka+urelius�a, VoxP 8-9 (1985), s. 61.

40 Seneka, +d Novatum de ira, II, 30, 1X)%$R#(��"�7X�� 6��3; De clementia, I, 15, 2-7;Por. J. 1C/B&@@, Praktyka i teoria wychowania w rod�inie w pismach Seneki, Epikteta i Marka +u-relius�a, VoxP 8-9 (1985), s. 60.

41 H-��$L=;R.� De virginibus, II, 2, 10; PL 16, 210 �.42 Seneka, +d Helviam matrem de consolatione, 18, 7.43 H-��$L=;R.� De officiis ministrorum, III, 16, 96; PL 16, 172 B.

126 ��

%?1L 4RdB 27,1-35), który L%=/B&#>,#C&@ ,C;)D%C&R#'& �wyrod��/�&�� &�44.

�,BM,)%?&#>2;E)%-.=;/B&,%-;L#,-@%EC#<;/B&#,?%�%utor ten, podobniejak Seneka, dokonuje jednak 2#-C#><=%/%,>&-;?%B.-%C&1$&@;P,&��;/?=#P'%�>M,� R# /B&#,?; - BC%,Beniu fiB.,BC.$$;R# B%-&#PT ;,B#?&-%C&% =;/B&,O-�1-%R%�R#C%'#R.L%=/B&#>?;,*%T).,*�� 9�?�� 9��9�� .�CC.$&E@;-.�%1);=>#E)2=B#?;C%C.�R#$&@;PT/;B=;/B;Cych fiBycBnie dBieci�-2=B#,&-&#NE)-&#/; dBieci w BnacBeniu ducho-wym, jakimi byli dla niego klerycy, �� E��/�&��/�� /��/�45.

!E��F�� !H��!?�� !��

WypowiedBi obu nasBych autorów w sposób wyr%[C.2;?%B1>M�R#2;/$&;�)#$2=;,eE1-.,*;-%-,B#<; >#E) ?;C?=#)C. ,B@;-&#?� %?-.C&?% ); B-.2;�-&#/B& #C#?&?&#=;-aC.,*2;/%/=#E#$>#<;$%)?&�/B&#,?;>#E)/'%E-.,*=;�/B&,O-,#'#$R.,&%&=%/;P,&M�?)O=%2;,*;/B&B,&M<@.,*?;C)%?)O-,B-@%EB,B%-.,*;-%-,Bych i edukacyjnych46.

�L#,C;PT/B&#,?%-=;/B&C&#C&#).'?;E2=%-&%=%/;PTC%>L'&REB.$�%'#E)%�C;-&/'%C&,*B%/%C&#�?)O=#$1EBM;C&-;L#,C&#<;-.2#@C&T-E2;EOL;/2;�-&#/B&%'C. L&;=M, 2;/ 1-%<D +%?)� R# /B&#,?;� 2&'C. ;LE#=-%);= R.,&%� ,BDE);C%P'%/1>#-E-.$2;E)D2;-%C&1Bachowania rodBiców. PotwierdBenie tego Bnaj-dujemy u Seneki, który -?;C)#?P,&#-.2;-&e/B&C%)#$%)-.,*;-%-,.&-.�,*;-%C&% B%1-%R%� R# ?&#/.-.,*;-%C#<;1�'%);C%$@o/B&#N,% B 2;-=;)#$2=B.2=;-%/B;C;/;=;/B&,O-)#C, -&/BM,?@O,M,#<;E&D<-%@);-C&#;>,%�;/?=.@�&R C&</. ,B#<;P 2;/;LC#<; C&# -&/B&%@ w Bachowaniu Platona wobec swychucBniów. NasB autor ?;$#C)1>M,);wydarBenie, E)-&#=/B%�R#C&#$%-M)2'&-;�P,&�R#$@;/B&#C&#,)#C,*D)C&#>C%P'%/;-%@L.;>,%C&R�'%);C%47.

W nasBym prBekon%C&1)D-.2;-&#/[ #C#?&C%'#R.=;B1$&#T-?;C)#?P,&#tego, co2;-&#/B&%@nieco -,B#PC&#>�</.2&E%@�R#��9��&��4�� /�� /�� &�� E��.

""H-��$L=;R.�%�� ::��9�X��9:��45 H-��$L=;R.� De officiis ministrorum, I, 7, 24; PL 16, 30 D – 31 �: „Plus certe diligere

debemus quos perpetuo nobiscum putamus futuros, quam quos in hoc tantum saeculo. (…) Itaqueilli necessitate diliguntur, quae non satis idonea atque diuturna est ad perpetuitatem diligendi magi-stra (…)”.

46 � 1C/B&@@, 8��/�� ek w literatur�e c�asów r�ymskich – &/�� ,w: Rod�ina w staro9�� !�� , BydgosBcB 1993, s. 261.

47 Seneka, +d Novatum de ira, II, 21, 10.

� 9��F�� F �� H��]

�;C).C11>M,E-M$.P',/;/%>#�R#�wyc�aje i oby�� /�� ychowawców48.

�#CC#<%)[email protected]%,*;-%N =;/B&,O-C%/B&#,& %1);= /;E)=B#<% )%?R#- &CC.$ miejscu, kiedy ); 2&EB# C% )#$%) R;C. +&';B;+% ;?=%)#E% 4469–399a. Chr.)��#/@1< #C#?&L.@%);;E;L%��/�� 4��. �.2;-&%/%>M,)#E@;-%,/;/%>#�R#=O-C&#R��/��4�� 9��49.

�%=#+'#?E>%;).$�R#/B&#,?;C%P'%/1>#B%,*;-%C&%E-#<;;);,B#C&%;L#,�C% >#E) )%kR#-?;CE;'%,>&/;$%)?&F#'-&&�?)O=#>2=B.2;$&C%� R#2=B.?@%/ >#>2;E)D2;-%C&%LD/B&#$&%@-&#'?&#BC%,B#C&#/'%>#>-C1,B?&50��O-&M,)#E@;-%,$&%@ B%2#-C#C%$.P'& );� ,;-y2;-&#/B&%@ >1R C&#,;-,B#PC&#> 2;/ %/=#E#$E-#>$%)?&��%1-%R.@L;-&#$�R#B;E)%@a ona -.,*;-%C%2=B.?@%/C&#-2=%E)%�=#> &2=B#E)=B#<%>M,#>E1=;-.,*;L.,B%>O-=;/B&C&#�Owo,#$)#<;-.,*;-%C&%L.@;);�R#C&#1'#<@% ona 2;?1E&#C%P'%/;-%C&%<;=EB.,*51.

�;� R# /B&#,?;- B%,*;-%C&1 C%P'%/1># E-.,* =;/B&,O- /;E)=B#<%@ )%?R#L&E?12�ediolan1��$L=;R.��2=B#,&-&#NE)-&# >#/C%? /; #C#?&� ?)O=. L%=�/B&#>=;B-&CM@)#C)#$%)�%1);=)#CB%1-%R%>#/.C&#�R#wielu �najduje upodo-banie w �awod�ie swego ojca� )M/ )#R� >#<; B/%C&#$� C&#?)O=B. C% 2=B.?@%/)%? >%? ;>,&#,-.L&#=%>M E@1RLD--;>E?1��'% )#go auto=% C&# >#E) ); >#/C%?=#<1@M</.R�>#<;B/%C&#$�EM)%,.�?)O=B.B?;'#&;L&#=%>ME;L&#;/$&#nny =;�/B%>B%>D,&%52.

�E�,��!?��!��

�2=;,#E&#-.,*;-%-,B.$C&#).'?;&E);)C.$>#E)-.)-;=B#C&#-@%P,&-#�<; ?'&$%)1� %'# )%?R# stosowanie wobec dBiecka odpowiednich metod wycho-wawcBych. �; )%?&,*C%'#R.C%2=B.?@%/ =;B$;-%B/B&#,?&#$��;)-&#=/B% ); #C#?%� ?)O=. LD/M, C% -.<C%C&1, prBypo$&C% B )DE?C;)M )# ,*-&'#� ?&#/.);$O<@=;B$%-&%TB#E-M$%)?M53.

48 Seneka, +d Novatum de ira, II, 21, 9: „Pertinebit ad rem praeceptores paedagogos que pu-eris placidos dari: proximis adplicatur omne quod tenerum est et in eorum similitudinem crescit;nutricum et paedagogorum rettulere mox adulescentium mores”.

49 Seneka, Epistulae morales ad Lucilium, XVII – XVIII, 104, 27: „Quibus ille domi exercitus<est>, sive uxorem eius reminiscimur moribus feram, lingua petulantem, sive liberos indociles etmatri quam patri similiores”. NasBym Bdaniem, B12#@C&# odmienny;L=%BR;C. ;?=%)#E%/;E)=B#,$;RC%,B.)%>M,2'%);NE?&#<;Fedona.

50 Seneka, +d Helviam matrem de consolatione, 18, 9.51 Seneka, +d Helviam matrem de consolatione, 16, 3.52 H-��$L=;R.� De officiis ministrorum, I, 44, 217; PL 16, 88 �.53 Seneka, +d Helviam matrem de consolatione, 15, 1; De beneficiis��:Q�:X)%$R#(��: �

–5. �;=�1C/B&@@��Praktyka i teoria wychowania w rod�inie w pismach Seneki, Epikteta i Marka+urelius�a, VoxP 8 – 9 (1985), s. 58, 61.

128 ��

�#CR#E)%=;R.)C.%1);=C&#;$&#EB?%@ )#R-E2;$C&#T;?%=%,*E);E;-%C.,*wobec E)%=EB.,* >1R/B&#,&�%-&D, ).,*�?)O=#-.=;[email protected]&#$;-'D,)-%. Ma tomiejsce w sytuacji, gdy dBieci C&#,*,ME&D1,B.T. �)#/.)#RrodBice�>%?B%1-%�R%%utor, &��9�� /�� a��c� ��/��&/��54��;E)D21>M,- )#C E2o-sób,;?%B1>M?;CE)=1?).-CM-;L#,C&,*E1=o-;PT55�-2=B#,&-&#NE)-&#/;L=1�)%'C#<;)=%?);-%C&%1,BC&O-56.

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�&#=-EB.$&B%E%/C&,B.$%E2#?)#$�?)O=.$1E&1-B<'D/C&T2=;,#E-.,*;�-%-,B.,B@;-&#?%>#E)>#<;+;=$%,>%=#'&<&>C%��%RC;PT)#<;%E2#?)1/;E)=B#<%@>1R #C#?%, dla któ=#<; C%>-%RC&#>EB.$ -.,*;-%-,M ,B@;-&#?% >#E) �O<��-B<'D/C&%>M,?;C)#?E)+&';B;+&,BC.&=#'&<&>C.2;<'M/O- #C#?&�2=B#/E)%-&,&#�'% C#;E);&,.B$1 � & ��-&#?1� B%1-%R%$.� &R %utor ten, w swej nauce o Bogu,naBywa G;-E2%C&%@.$;>,#$�?)O=. ��&� ��ie wymaga cno�� 4�� /�� r��4��57. �.P')D #C#?%1B12#@C&%C&#,;/%'#>&/;/%>#�R#��&��4��o��&��/�� &�� 58.

54 Seneka, De beneficiis, VI, 24, 1: „(…) flentium corpora ac repugnantium diligenti cura fo-vent et, ne membra libertas inmatura detorqueat, in rectum exitura constringunt et mox liberaliastudia inculcant adhibito timore nolentibus; ad ultimum audacem iuventam frugalitati, pudori, mori-bus bonis, si parum sequitur, coactam adplicant”.

55 �1C/B&@@� Praktyka i teoria wychowania w rod�inie w pismach Seneki, Epikteta i Marka+urelius�a, VoxP 8-9 (1985), s. 59.

56 W. Rudnicka, D�iecko w s�kole elementarnej �a c�asów cesarstwa r�ymskiego, w: %�� /e��E��>��9��?�F�H��, red. J. 1C/B&@@��;@M/[� )=B#',B.?,BydgosBcB 2002, t. 1, s. 151.

57 Seneka, De providentia, 1, 5: „ (…) quam parens ille magnificus, virtutum non lenis exac-tor, sicut severi patres, durius educat”.

58 Seneka, De providentia, 1, 6: „Idem tibi de deo liqueat: bonum virum in deliciis non habet,experitur, indurat, sibi illum parat’”.

� 8��F�� F �� H��]

WskaBanie na Boga, jakoC%>-.REB#<;�.,*;-%-,D2;?%B1>#�&R)#CE)%=;�R.)C.%1);=1-B<'D/C&%@w swym naucBaniu i wskaBaniach moralnych BC%CM>1R-,B#PC&#>, bo od cBasów filoBofa Platona (427–347 a. Chr.), *&#=%=,*&D-%=);P,&��utor ten B%1-%R% bowiem�R# rod�i��/��/��4��E�� , gdy nie Bostanie obrane B%,#'R.,&%C%>-.REB#/;L=o�?)O=.$LD/B&#E&D?&#=;-%T59.

�;� R#�O<--.,*;-%C&1 ,B@;-&#?%$1E& L.TC%2&#=-EB.$$&#>E,1/;�E)=B#<%@)%kR#�$L=;R.��*;,&%R-2&E$%,*LD/M,.,*2=B#/$&;)#$C%EB#<;E)1�/&1$C&#-.2;-&%/%@E&D;Bogu jako Wychowawcy,)%?>%?);1,B.C&@ #C#?%,to jednak dla niego -B;=#$2=%-&/@o-#<;-.,*;-%C&% /B&#,?% L.@% 2;E)%-%).,*=;/B&,O-�?)O=B.Boga stawiali BawsBe na pierwsBym miejscu. Takim ,B@;�-&#?&#$ dla tego a1);=%L.@�braham. On to, Bdaniem �mL=;R#<;�/%@/;-O/E-#>$M/=;P,& 2=B#B );� R#-&#=B.@ �;<1, a swej $&@;P,& /; E.C% C&# E)a-&%@-.R#>C%/=;B?%B )-O=,.60.

�?;'#& %=<1$#C)#$2=B#$%-&%>M,.$B% E2=%-&#/'&-;P,&M�L=%*%$% by@o�B/%C&#$�$L=;R#<;� oddanie syna otr�ymanego od Boga, dowodem jego $D�E)-%opanowanie gor��&��E��. ?@%/%>M,B%P syna w ofie-rBe, �/��&/��(�&�61.

�&#=1>M,E&D2=B#$.P'#C&%$&�.,#=;C%, mówcy i filoBofa rBymskiego, a)%?�R#C&#-Mtpliwie i Seneki, wskaBuje tak samo jak oni C%-.=%[CM*&#=%=,*&D-%=�);P,& ;L;-&MB1>M,M- R.,&1. �%2=%-/% E+;=$1@;-%C% B;E)%@%- E)-&#=/B#C&1�B?)O=#<;-.C&?%�R#oL;-&MB?&#$B%,C.,*$@;/B&#N,O->#E)R.T-L;>%[C&�;�R#>,2;C&#-%Rmi/��?��9�� (�&�62.

�#E+;=$1@;-%C&%)#;=#).,BC#E)%=%@E&D�&E?12�#/&;'%C1;/C&#PT/;?;C�?=#)C.,*E.)1%,>& R.,&;-.,*� �'1E)=1># ); nie tylko >#<;-.2;-&#/[-B.-%>M,%/;-.,*;-.-%C&%$@;/B&#N,O--L;>%[C&�;R#>, %'#)%?R#)%�w której napomi-na, aby skromna i cBysta matka 1,B.@% E-# ,O=?& 2;L;RC;P,&� % C&# )%N,%63.�)%?&$-@%PC&#-.,*;-%C&1-<@DL;?&#>-&#=B#Bdobywanym >1R;/-,B#EC#>$@;/;P,&P-&%/,B.T$;R#, jak wskaBuje na to �$L=;R., Bachowanie i postawamatki oraB synów machabejskich-;L'&,B12=B#P'%/;-%C&%=#'&<&>C#<;64.

78 #C#?%� )�� 3�� ZU� 87� "7( J�=;2;C%$1E ;2;=)#) +&C#$ E1$$&L;C&�%/\1#$C&)%$1=�%/\1#$;$C#+%,)1$C;E)=1$/&,)1$\1#=#E2&,&%)4]5K�

60 H-��$L=;R.� De officiis ministrorum, I, 25, 119; PL 16, 58 C.61 H-��$L=;R.� De officiis ministrorum, I, 25, 119; PL 16, 58 C.62 H-��$L=;R.� De officiis ministrorum, I, 27, 127; PL 16, 60 D – 61 �: „Justitiae autem

pietas est prima in Deum (…)”.63 H-��$L=;R.� De virginibus, III, 6, 31; PL 16, 229 �.64 H-��$L=;Ry, De officiis ministrorum, I, 41, 202; PL 16, 84 B.

130 ��

+��6��0� ��7��

�=B#/$&;)#$-.,*;-%C&%$@;/#<; ,B@;-&#?% >#E) )#R 1?EB)%@);-%C&# >#<;$;=%'CoP,&��;;BC%,B%�R# rodBice 2=;,#E1-.,*;-.-%C&%$@;/#<;,B@;-&#?%C&#$;<M;<=%C&,B%T).'?;/;)=;E?&;-.<'M/B#-CD)=BC.&E2=%-C;PT+&B.,BCMdBiecka65��&#,*;/B&-&D,;);�L.;C;>%?dBieci w kraju Partów ucBy@;E&Dtyl-ko -@%/%nia@1?&#$�=B1,%nia/B&/M jak w Germanii cBy ?;CC#>>%B/.&P,&<%C&%E&D-=D,BBC&#2=B.>%,&#'#$ jak mia@;);$&#>E,#u prBodków RBymian66.

�CC.$&E@;-.�-2=B#?;C%C&1 #C#?&;2=O,BB/;L.-%C&% ).,*1$&#>D)C;P,&i sprawC;P,&+&B.,BC.,*,-&#'?&#BC%,B#C&#$%);�R#by dBieci B/;L.-%@.E2=%-�C;P,&$;=%'C# )%?� >%? );$&%@;$&#>E,# w rodBinie jego 2=B.EB@#>$%)?&67. )M/)#R, m%>M, B%2#-C# ); C% 1-%/B#, 2=;E& E-M$%)?D, L. E-#>-C1,B,#� % >#<;,O=,# -EB,B#2&%@% -B;=;-# ;L.,B%>#68. Ta troska, by dBiecko wychowywanomoralni#-.=%R;C%B;E)%@%)%?R#-&CC.$$&#jscu, w którym a1);=B%1-%R%�R#gdy $@;/.,B@;-&#? wyroPC&# B/B&#,&NE)-%� to wtedy jego wybuja@a$@;/;PT-/=%R%na jest �� ora� dobrych obyc�ajów69.

�'% #C#?&-%RC.$>#E)=O-C&#R�%L./B&#,?;2;/C%/B;=#$=;/B&,O--.�,*;-.-%@;E&D-/1,*1?%=C;P,&&2;E@1EB#NE)-%”70�E)%-%@;E&D/'%C&,*2;/2;�=M&,*'1LM71. WychowaC&#$;=%'C#/B&#,?%;L#>$1>#=O-C&#RC%1,B#C&e-@%P,&�-#<; E);E1C?1/;-%=);P,&$%)erialnych��@;/B&#R L;-&#$� >%? 2;/?=#P'% tenautor, �9�� &��?��&�� i�� 9�� ?��?��9��72.

�2;/;LC.$&E)-&#=/B#C&%$&�E)%C;-&M,.$&-@%P,&-&#Barys programu wy-chowania moralnego, E2;).?%$.E&D )%?R# podcBas lektury pism moralno-asce-tycBnych biskupa Mediolanu. �&#=1>M, E&D bowiem 1BC%-%CM2=B#B E&#L&# *&#�=%=,*&M-%=);P,&,1-%R%�R#2;Bogu na drugim miejscu ?;,*%TC%'#R.ojcByBCD�C%E)D2C&# =;/B&,ów, %-?;N,1 wsBystkich poBosta@.,*, </.R tego ucBucia, jakuBasadnia, ucBy sama natura. �'%)#<; )#R;/2&#=-EB#> >1R$@odoP,&, jak cByta-

65 Seneka, De providentia, 1, 5 – �X)%$R#( � -6; De beneficiis�U�7� X)%$R#(U�� "��X+dNovatum de ira, II, 30, 1. �;=� � 1C/B&@@� Praktyka i teoria wychowania w rod�inie w pismachSeneki, Epikteta i Marka +urelius�a, VoxP 8-9 (1985), s. 59.

66 Seneka, Epistulae morales ad Lucilium, IV, 36, 7.67 Seneka, +d Helviam matrem de consolatione, 16, 3: „(…) nec intra viscera tua conceptas

spes liberorum elisisti (…)”.68 Seneka, +d Helviam matrem de consolatione, 18, 8.69 Seneka, De beneficiis, VI, 24, 1: „(…) frugalitati, pudori, moribus bonis (…)”.70 Seneka, De beneficiis, III, 11, 2: „(…) quia utile est iuventuti regi, inposuimus illi quasi

domesticos magistratus, sub quorum custodia contineretur”.71 Seneka, +d Marciam de consolatione, 17, 1.72 Seneka, +d Novatum de ira, II, 21, 8: „Et divitias parentium in conspectu habeat, non in

usu”.

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my, ��/��9��?�� 9�� (�&�� /u�� 73, a C%E)D2C&# =O-&#PC&?O-�B?)O=.$&2=%<C&#2=B#L.-%T74.

�%>M,);C%1-%/B#, biskup 2=B.2;$&C%�R#C%'#R.)%?-.,*;-.-%TdBiec-ko, aby 1$&%@;>%?�%=.>%�?)O=%C%-#)-.=%B#$)-%=B.C&#E2=%-&%@%2=B.?=;�P,& E-.$ =;/B&,om75, ;?%B.-%T im ,B#PT, /%=B.@; sBacunkiem osoby starsBe�T-&,B.@;E&Dw pokorBe, 1$&@;-%@; @%<;/C;PT oraB E?=;$C;PT (verecundia)LD�/M,M �� /��E��&�76.

�;<@DL&%>M, E-M =#+'#?E>DC% )#$%)BC%,B#C&%,C;). E?=;$C;P,&, w poucBe-niach kierowanych pod adresem dBiewic B%,*D,%>#, by -$@;/EB.$-&#?1E)%�=%@.E&D o to, aby odwiedBiny ich rodBiców &2=B.>%,&O@L.@. =B%/EB#� -M =%/D1B%E%/C&% ).$� R# &�� ?��&/� � �� &�� /��?�� 9�� ?��77.

�=%BB#B/;L.-%CM,C;)ME?=;$C;P,&�B/%C&#$�$L=;R#<;� =;B-&>%TC%'#�R. 1 $@o/#<; ,B@;-&#?% ,C;)D ,B.E);P,&78. �=B.2;$&C%>M, ; tym ;L;-&MB?1w wychowywaniu $@;/e<; ,B@;-&#?% C% 2=B.?@%/B&# L&L'&>C#<; �*%$% 4�/B8�18-26), E.C%�;#<;�?)O=.2;2%/@-C&#@%E?DP$&#>M,E&DC%-&/;?;LC%R;C#<;;>,%, biskup Mediolanu ;/-;@1># E&D /; BwycBaju praktykowanego w RBymiei w innych miastach, kiedy to, jak cBytamy, �� 4 �� &��/��&��a��94�� 79.

� )#<; )#R-B<'D/1 B%,*D,% B-@%EB,B% rodBiców córek, aby podtr�ymywaliu d�iewi��/� ��E�9�� &/;/%>#�R#chwalebniej jest ��&��E� /�4��&�� &��&��80 �� 9��81. �CC.$&E@;-.�B tej wypowiedBi �$�L=;Rego, podobnie jak L.@; );B%1-%R%'C#1 Seneki wynika� R#-@%P,&-.?'&$%)-.,*;-%C&%E2=B.>%2;/#>$;-%C&1-@%P,&-.,*/#,.B>&$;=%'C.,*,B@;-&eka.

9:H-��$L=;R.�%��G��&�� :X�� Q��74 H-��$L=;R.� De officiis ministrorum, I, 27, 127; PL 16, 60 D – 61 �: „(…) secunda in

patriam, tertia in parentes, item in omnes: quae et ipsa secundum naturae est magisterium. Siqu-idem ab ineunte aetate ubi primum sensus infundi coeperit, vitam amamus tamquam Dei munus,patriam, parentesque diligimus, deinde aequales quibus sociari cupimus”. Por. Cicero, De officiis��9� X)%$R#(�9�79.

75 H-��$L=;R.� De virginibus, II, 2, 7; PL 16, 209 B.76 H-��$L=;R.� De officiis ministrorum, I, 17, 65; PL 16, 42 C – D: „(…) verecundiam, quae

ornamento sunt minori aetati (…)”.77 H-��$L=;R.� De virginibus, III, 3, 9; PL 16, 222 C.78 H-��$L=;R.� De officiis ministrorum, I, 17, 65; PL 16, 42 C – D.79 H-��$L=;R.� De officiis ministrorum, I, 18, 79; PL 16, 47 �.80 H-��$L=;R.� De virginibus, I, 11, 62; PL 16, 206 �.81 H-��$L=;R.� De virginibus, I, 7, 32; PL 16, 198 � – B.

132 ��

�'%L&E?12%�#/&;'%C1-%RC.$L.@;=O-C&#R);�%L.2=;,#E-.,*;-%-,B.1-B<'D/C&%@ )%?R#-%=);PT$&',B#C&%� �;)-&#=/B#C&# )#<; BC%>/1>#$.-2;E)%�-&;C.$2=B#BC&#<;2.)%C&1� B ?)O=#<;-.C&?%� R#;B/;LM ,B@;-&#?% >#E) ,B.�E);PT�?)O=MB?;'#&2;,*-%'%B%,howywane milcBenie 82.

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�;=$%,>%/1,*;-%,B@;-&#?%C&#$;R#2;$&>%T-.,*;-%C&% &C)#'#?)1%'C#�<;��C%'&B% 2&E$LD/M,.,* 2=B#/$&;)#$C%EB#<; E)1/&1$2;?%B1>#� &R C% )#C)#$%)-.2;-&%/%@E&D>#/ynie Seneka, który B%1-%R%@�R#,B@owieka, gdy ;E&M<�C&#-@%P,&-./;)#<;-&#?R.,&%83 ksBta@,&E&D=O-C&#Rw sBtukach wyBwolonych(liberalia studia)84. W jego prBekonaniu temu proceE;-&2;//%>#E&D,B@;-&#?C&#/'%)#<;�R#L. te nauki $;<@.;L/%=B%T,C;)M�'#,B/'%)#<;�R#pr�y&��4�� . �CC.$&E@;-.� #C#?%$O-&M,)#E@;-%,-.=%R% prBeko-nanie�R# same te nauki ��&��4�� /o�� 85.

�%?E+;=$1@;-%C#2=B#$.P'#C&%)#<;E)%=;R.)C#<;%utora w nasBym2=B#?;�C%C&1;BC%,B%>M� &R autor ten /;E)=B#<% <@DLEB# BC%,B#C&# +;=$%,>& &C)#'#?)1%'�C#>, 2;C&#-%R-.=%[nie wskaBuje na Badanie�?)O=#$%;C%/;E2#@C&#C&%-;L#,,B@;-&#?%� a którym jest pomoc tych nauk w ;E&M<C&D,&1 formacji moralnej.

NasB autor nie ograC&,B%E&D).'?;/;).,*)#;=#).,BC.,*E)-&#=/B#N�%'#2;�2&#=%>#2=B.?@%/%$&B%,B#=2C&D).$&BR.,&%��>#<;2&E$-&%/;$;�R#C&#-M)2�'&-&#/;+;=$%,>&&C)elektualnej jego E%$#<;2=B.,B.C&@%E&D>#<;-@%EC%$%)?%�;E;L%L%=/B;1B/;'C&;C%�?)O=%E%$%C&#$;<@a jednak poprBeB studia filoBoficB�ne 2;<@DL&T E-#> -&#/B.� �;$&$; )#<; 1,B#E)C&,B.@% - 2=%,%,* C%1?;-.,*�-E2&#=%@%-).$ swego syna,,&#EB.@%E&D>#<;;E&M<C&Dciami&2=;-%/B&@%BC&$/.E?1E>#86.�;/;LCE)D2;-%@% )%?R#�%=,>%-;L#,-@%EC#<; E.C%, o któ=#>

6 H-��$L=;R.�%��G��&��:�8X�� (J4]5/#V&=<&C&L1E\1&/,%1)1$21)%�$1E�&C\1&L1E21/;=;=C%)%#)%)#$�)%,&)1=C&)%E,;$$#C/%)21/;=#$SK

83 Seneka, De beneficiis, VI, 24, 1.84 Seneka, De beneficiis, VI, 24, 1: „(…) mox liberalia studia inculcant (…)”. �L#>$;-%@.

;C#E&#/#$/.E,.2'&C(<=%$%).?%�=#);=.?%�/&%'#?).?%�%=.)$#).?%�<#;$#)=&%�$1B.?% i astrono-mia. �/U-&#?1-.?@%/%C;>#-1?@%/B&#E?;/.+&?;-%C.$2=B#B��%2#''D;L#>$1>M,.$/-%E);2C&#(C&REB.4trivium5(<=%$%).?%�=#);=.?%�/&%'#?).?%;=%B-.REB.$4quadrivium5(%=.)$#).?%�<#;$#)=&%�$1B.?% & %E)=;C;$&%� �;=��@;-&NE?&� T. �;EtkiewicBowa, ��?;2&#N- @%-&NE?%�� @%-&NE?&� �/�� =;,@%-I�%=EB%-%I�/%NE?I�O/[�866�E�7�7�

85 Seneka, Epistulae morales ad Lucilium, VIII – XIII, 88, 20: „quid ergo? nihil nobis liberaliaconferunt studia?’ ad alia multum, ad virtutem nihil (…) non quia virtutem dare possunt, sed quiaanimum ad accipiendam virtutem praeparant (…) sic liberales artes non perducunt animum ad vir-tutem, sed expedient”.

86 Seneka, +d Helviam matrem de consolatione��7��X)%$R#(�9�".

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#C#?%2&EB#� R# jej B$%=@. syn pod jej kierunkiem 1?;N,B.@ C%1?&, które roB�wi>%@.-C&$>#<;-=;/B;C#B/;'C;P,&87.

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�E)%)C&21C?)C%EB#<;;2=%,;-%C&%2;P-&D,&$.;,#C&#2=;,#E1-.,*;-%-�,B#<;/okonanej prBeB nasBych au);=O-��2&#=-EB.$=BD/B&#2=B.L'&R.$.&,*;2&C&#C%)#$%);-oców wychowania/B&#,?%�-/=1<&$B?;'#&21C?,&#1?%R#�$.)#-.2;-&#/B&�?)O=#2=BeE)=B#<%>M2=B#/2;2#@C&%C&#$L@D/O--.,*;-%-�,B.,*�

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�=%-&/@;-;2=B#L&#<%>M,.2=;,#E-.,*;wawcBy, pochwalany 2=B#B #C#?D88

i innych prBedstawicieli E)%=;R.)C;P,&C&#,*=B#P,&>%NE?&#>89, prBynosi swoje owo-ce nie tylko na polu intelektualnym,%'#�>%?2;)-&#=/B%>M);;L%>%utorBy, prBedewsBystkim moralnym i religijnym.�;�&R-)%?&,*-%=1C?%,*-B=%E)%@%2=B.EB@%$%)?% #C#?& P-&%/,B. >#<;-.2;-&#/[�-?)O=#>2;/?=#P'%� R#C&#1'#<@% ona2'%/B#E)1'#,&%�>%?M-)#/.E)%C;-&@B%C&?2;,B1,&%-E)./1, a jej charakteru �� /�� /�� &�� /�� bogactwo, jako naj-�� dobro rod�aju lud�kiego� �;� R# ;/ /B&#,&NE)-% -.,*;-.-%C% L.@%- ).$ /1,*1 2;)-&#=/B%T $;R# +%?)� R# - 2O[C&#>EB.$ >1R -&#?1 >#> R.,&%�%-&D, wtedy, gdyL.@%;E;LM/;=;E@M� ��/�� &�� &�� potom-stwa, co� ��/�� or�ystnie o �� 9� �� /��&�� &�� 9��&�� /��,� �� /�� o�� /��/��,��9 �� >�@�&��9��4��/�� 9�90.

Na temat skutków dobrego wych;-%C&% #C#?%-.2;-&%/% E&D )%?R# 2;/%/=#E#$B$%=@#<; E.C%�%=,>& 1-.21?'%>M, w tym prBypadku aspekt religijny.�&EBMc do niej swój list konsolacyjny, E)-&#=/B%�R#B$%=@. jej E.C;/BC%,B%>M,.E&D/;L=.$&;L.,B%>%$&B%R.,&%$O<@�/B&D?&[email protected];$$%)?&�wyb=%T2;E@1<D?%2@%NE?M91.

69 #C#?%�+�� "� �88 Seneka, De providentia, 1, 6.89 �.Lumpe H. Karpp, Eltern, w: R�C Stuttgart 1959, col. 1197.90 Seneka, +d Helviam matrem de consolatione, 16, 3: „(…) nec intra viscera tua conceptas

spes liberorum elisisti (…)”.91 Seneka, +d Marciam de consolatione, 24, 3: „Hac sanctitate morum effecit, ut puer admo-

dum dignus sacerdotio videretur (…)”. �*;/B&)1;E@1RLD?%2@%NE?M-=%$%,*-&%=.2;<%NE?&#>�

134 ��

�O-C&#R biskup Mediolanu /;E)=B#<%>M,BC%,B#C&#-@%P,&-#> formacji mo-ralnej, któ=#> 1?;=;C;-%C&#$ >#E) R.,&#- ,B.E);P,& & /B&#-&,)-&#, C&# 2;$&>%@)%?R# owoców formacji religijnej dBiecka. Dla �$L=;R#<;L;-&#$o-;,#$2=%�-&/@;-#<;-ychowania religijnego dBiecka jest >#<;<@DL;?%-&%=%2=B#>%-&%>M�,% E&D- ).$� R# ,B@;-&#?<;)O- >#E) B% C&M ;//%TC%-#) E-# R.,&#� Dla tegoautora)%?&#-@%PC&#-.,*;-%C&#1>%-C&@;E&D-2;E)%-&#$%)?&&>#>E.CO-;2&�E%C#>- 1�� (2 Mch 7,1-42). �1);=-E2;$&C%>M,; ich mD�,B#NE)-&#, pochwala nie tylko &,*;/-%<D�%'#)%?R#&&,*$%)?D�?)O=%B=%/;P,&M2%)=B.@%C%)=&1$+ swych dBieci, kiedy);-$;$#C,&#2=OL.C&#B%2%='&E&D-&%�=.�%'#>M;/-%RC&#-=%BB$%)?M-.BC%'&&B%C&M2;P-&D,&'&E-#R.,&#92.

Z wypowiedBi obu a1);=O--.C&?%=O-C&#R�R#2=%-&/@;-#-.,*;-%C&#C&#).'?;$% 2;B.)[email protected] C% /B&#,?;, %'# )%?R# prBynosi poBytywne skutkisamym rodBicom. PotwierdBa to Seneka, gdyB%1-%R%�R#�%=,>%�$%)?%B$%=@#�<; syna, -.E)%=,B%>M,;,B#=2%@%=%/;PTB>#<;-.,*;-.-%C&%93. W.2;-&%/%>M,-)#CE2;EOLE-M$.P', pragnie, w nasBym prBekonaniu, uwypukl&T2=%-/D�R#,B.CC;PT-.,*;-.-%C&% E)%C;-& [=O/@; =%/;P,& /'% =odBiców i nie jest tylkosamym pasmem ponosBonych prBeB nich trudów, jak wynika to B kolejnej jegouwagi,-?)O=#> B%BC%,B%� R# ��?� � �� ?� �� 9�� /��/��&��&��&��?��/��9��&��?��&��&/��?��&��/94.

�;�R#-.,*;-.-%C&#2=B.C;E&=%/;PT=;/B&,;$-.2;-&%/%)#C%1);=)%?R#-?;CEo'%,>& 2&E%C#>/;$%)?&��&#$;<M,L;-&#$B2;-;/1-.<C%C&%;E;L&�P,&#-.,*;-y-%T-@%EC#>,O=?&,2;-&#=B.@>M� >%?>1R;).$2&E%'&P$.�-@%EC#>$%),#��B.C&M, );� B%BC%,B%� R#-.2#@C&#C&# )#> �� LD/B&# /'%E%$#>F#'V&&'#?%=E)-#$C%1P$&#=B#C&#LO'12;-.<C%C&1E.C%95.

Na temat owoców wychowywania, B których korBystajM=;/B&,#-.2;-&%/%@E&D)%?R#�$L=;R.��;/=ORC&#C&1>#/C%?;/ #C#?&/;E)=B#<%)#;-;,#C%2@%EB�,B.[C&#=#'&<&>C#>��%,*D,%>M,L;-&#$ rodBiców, by swe córki wychowywali /;,CO)&1,B.'&>#-@%P,&-.,*BaE%/2;E)D2;-%C&%, u-%R%�R#/B&D?&B%E@1<;$ ichcórek rodBicom B;E)%CM/%=;-%C#&,*-@asne prBewinienia96.

8 H-��$L=;R.�%�� "�� Q X��6"��93 Seneka, +d Marciam de consolatione, 12, 2.94 Seneka, +d Marciam de consolatione, 12, 2: „Licet itaque nil tibi industria eius contulerit,

nihil diligentia custodierit, nihil prudentia suaserit, ipsum quod habuisti, quod amasti, fructus est’”.95 Seneka, +d Helviam matrem de consolatione, 18, 8.96 H-��$L=;R.� De virginibus, I, 7, 32; PL 16, 198 �: „�udistis, parentes, quibus erudire

virtutibus, quibus instituere disciplinis filias debeatis; ut habere possitis quarum meritis vestra de-licta redimantur”.

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Obaj nasi a1);=B. -.2;-&%/%>M, E&D C% )#$%) 2=%-&/@;-#<; -.,*;-%C&%2;);$E)-%,C$&CD'&-E-.$C%1,B%C&1 oceny negatywnych B%,*;-%N=;�/B&,O-$%>M,.,*[email protected]% B%,*;-%C&% /B&#,?a. �*;/B& )1 2=B#/#-EB.E)?&$;)%?E)%-.�?)O=#-E?%B1>MC%=ORC&,D-E)%-&%C&1-.$%<%N/B&#,?12=B#B=;/B&,O-�%?)O=#1>%-C&%>ME&D-).$�R# albo >#E)E&D-;L#,/B&#,?%BL.)2;�L@%R'&-ym, %'L;)#RBL.) surowym.

O takich postawach rodBiców wypowiada E&DSeneka, kiedy to dokonuje po-równania--.,*;-.-%C&1/B&#,&C&#-;'C&?O-;=%B/B&#,&2;B;E)%@.,*;L.-%�)#'&��LE#=-1>M,2;,Bynania jednych, jak i drugich, B%1-%R%� R# =;/B&,#/B&#,&).,*/=1<&,*,&#EBME&D&,*E?=;$CoP,&M�B%P/B&#,&C&#-;'C&?O-;/BC%,B%>ME&DE-%-;'M��;-;/#$)#<;->#<;2=B#?;C%C&1>#E) );�R#>#/C#EM��&��;]��=��uchwalstwie97.

�%>M, ); C% 1-%/B#, t#C E)%=;R.)C. %utor prBestrBega prBed wychowaniem � �� (educatio mollis et blanda)�?)O=#�>#<;B/%C&#$�2;/�E.,%$@;/B&#N,B#E?@;nC;P,&/;<C&#-1��;C).C11>M,E-M=#+'#?E>D,B%1-%R%�R#C&#$;RC%�B-@%EB,B%E.C;$ >#/yC%?;$�-C&,B.$2;L@%R%T,B. )#R2;B-%'%Tim na ulubione prBeB nich piesBcBoty,</.R ule<@;PTw).$-B<'DdBie2;-;/1>#E?%R#C&# ich dusBy.�%?&,B@;-&#?� jak cBytamy dalej, któ=#$1E&D ��/9� �� &�� /��/��, którego BawsBe broniE&D2=B#/-.,*;-%-,M��?��bra�y98.

�%)#$%)2;L@%R'&-;P,&=;/B&,%-;L#,/B&#,?%$O-&)%?R#biskup Mediola-nu, kiedy to ocenia prBede wsBystkim wsBelkie Bachowania Barówno rodBica, jaki dBiecka sprBeciwiajM,# E&D ,C;,&# ,B.E);P,&��;$#C)1>M, 2=B#?%B #-%C<#'&E).�%=?%$O-&M,.;P$&#=,&%C%�hrBciciela (Mk 6,17-29), autor /;?;C1>#;,#C.F#=;/&%/. C%B.-%>M, >M ,1/B;@;RCM $%)?M, % )%?R# >#> ,O=?&� ?)O=% 2=B#/)#$1?=.-%C%�%2=B.).$['#-.,*;-.-%C%�)%N,B.@%C%;,B%,*$DRcByBn podcBasbiesiady, co wtedy --&#'1P=;/;-&E?%,*L1/B&@;-&#'?&#B<;=EBenie.

�%>M, B%2#-C#C%$.P'& ); L&L'&>C#-./%=B#C&#, E)%-&% 2.)%C&#� B ?)O=#<;-.C&?%�R# ��/�� &�� y/, albo ��?� ��/. �CC.$& E@;-.�-#/@1<�$�L=;R#<;C&#,B.E);PT,O=?& p;'#<%@%C%).$�R#2;?%B.-%@%;C%B%?=.)#,B@;C?&�

89 #C#?%�%��G��(J4]5�)%\1#,1$V&/#=&EL;C;EV&=;E%,,#2);E\1#/&&E'%L;=%�=#�E1/%=#�2#=%=/11$#E,#C/#=#�$%';E%1)#$'%E,&V&=##)V;'12)%)&L1E+'1#=#�,;<&)%+&'&;=1$C;E$;/#E)&%/#'#,)%=&�V#=C1'%=1$'&,#C)&%�&'';E/&E,&2'&C%)=&E)&;=&,;C)&C#=&�*;=1$%'&%1/%,&%$K�

98 Seneka, +d Novatum de ira, II, 21, 6: „(…) educatio mollis et blanda (…) Non resistet of-fensis cui nihil umquam negatum est, cuius lacrimas sollicita semper mater abstersit, cui de paeda-gogo satisfactum est”.

136 ��

-;/B&@%-.B.-%>M,.$-B=;?&#$�?=D,&@% ramionami &$&%@%=;B-&,*=B;C#-@;E.,na co B<;/D-.=%R%@% jej matka99.

�;'#>C.$ 2=B.?@%/#$ B%,*;/BM,.,* E?=%>C;P,&� &'1E)=1>M,.$ B kolei C%/�$&#=CME1=o-;PT-2;E)D2;-%C&1-;L#,/B&#,?%�>#E)/'%�$L=;R#<;, %'L;C%�?@%C&%C&#,O=?&/;$%@R#Nstwa,</.R>%?C%>EB.L,&#>2=%<C&#E&Dwnuków100, '1L)#RB%L=%C&%E&D-.L;=1R.,&%-/;B<;nC.$/B&#-&,)-P-&D,;C.$�;<1101,co w ocenie b&E?12%�#/&;'%C1 P-&%/,B. ; L=%?1 troski & R.,B'&-;P,& wobecdBiecka102.

Niekiedy jest to jednak tylko próba, jakiej =;/B&,#2;//%>M E-M,O=?D� Po-twierdBa to �$L=;R.� </. B%1-%R%� Re ,BDE); =;/B&,# 2;BL%-&%>M /B&#/B&,)-%,O=?D� ?)O=%-.L=%@% /B&ewictwo. �;-;/#$ )%?&#<;2;E)D2;-%C&% jest to, Bda-niem biskupa, &R =;/B&,#C&#EM-2#@C&2=B#?;C%C& o2=%-/B&-;Pci decyBji &,*/B&#,?%��)#/.)#RC&#?&#/.o��nie�adowolenie, ale po to tylko,�� ?�� &��9�� , aby wy��?� �� ?� ��/�� &�� ?� �� 9�� /� �� / ?. W takich sytuacjach tenprBymus, Bdaniem autora, ��?�� 4��9��enia rod�iców103.

�?;N,1?o'#>C.$L@D/#$-.,*;-%-,B.$�/;E)=B#<%C.$tym raBem 2=B#B #C#?D� >#E)-.,*;-.-%C&#$@;/#<; ,B@;-&#?%- B@#> %)$;E+#=B# 2;'#<%>M,#>C% -.2;-&%/%C&1 2=B#?'#NE)- ?&#=;-%C.,* 2;/ %/=#E#$ /B&#,?%�� >#/C.$B'&E)O-%/=#E;-%C.,*/;�1,yliusBa, a1);=LD/M,2=B#?;C%C.$�R#%/=#E%)/;�BC%@ - E-.$ R.,&1 -&#'1 ?=B.-/ B# E)=;C. C%>L'&REB.,*, -.2;-&%/% ;2&C&D�B ?)O=#>-.C&?%� R#C%2#-C;;E;L&P,&# C&# R.,B.;C E;L&# )#<; ��&�� 9��/ �� &�� ka, wychowawca lub matka��?;C)#?P,&# )#<; B%1-%R%� R#RycBenia najbl&REB.,*EM/'%,B@;-&#?%Bgubne, %'#E)%>ME&D;C#BgubniejsBe wte-dy, gdyE&DE2#@C&@.. WsBelkie bowiem C&#EB,BDP,&%� jak cBytamy, ��4��/��j��&��E�� &��9��/��e��E��104.

88H-��$L=;R.�%��G��&�� 9X�� 6��100H-��$L=;R.�De virginibus��9�::X��86��X)%$R#(��12, 65-66; PL 16, 206 C –

208 �.101 H-��$L=;R.� De virginibus, I, 11, 58; PL 16, 205 �.102 H-��$L=;R.� De virginibus, I, 12, 65; PL 16, 207 �: „Si talem habetis, non refuto optio-

nem: si non reperitis, non providetis mihi, parentes, sed invidetis”.103 H-��$L=;R.� De virginibus, I, 12, 63; PL 16, 205 D.104 Seneka, Epistulae morales ad Lucilium, VI, 60, 1: „Iam non admiror, si omnia nos a prima

pueritia mala secuntur: inter execrationes parentum crevimus”.

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1. NaucBanie obu nasBych autorów pokaBuje�R#-.,*;-%C);$E)-%>#E);Lo-&MB?&#$ =;/B&,O- & P-&D)M 2;-&CC;P,&M 4 #C#?%5��;$&$;R# 2=;,#E-.�,*;-%-,B.C&#>#E)@%)-.�</.R2;-&MB%C.>#E)B2;C;EB#C&#$)=1/O-�C%?)O=#E?@%/%>M E&DC&e tylko kosBty fiC%CE;-#� %'# )%?R#2#-C# =.B.?; 4 #C#?%5;=%BB-&MB%C#B ).$2=B.?=;P,& 4�$L=;R.5� ); >#/C%?;L%>%1);=B.B%,*D,%>M =;/B&�,O-/;2;/>D,&%E&D)#<;B%/%C&%�

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�C%'&B% C%1,B%C&% B-@%EB,B% #C#?& 2;?%B%@%� R# /B&#,?; >#E) ,#'#$R.,&%&=%/;P,&M/'%E-.,*=;/B&,O-�OL#,C;PT/B&#,?%-=;/B&C&#E)%C;-&/'%=;/B&�,O-)%?R#B%/%C&#�?)O=#$1EBM;C&-.2#@C&%T-E2;EOL;/2;-&#/B&%'C.L&;=M,2;/1-%<D +%?)� R#/B&#,?;,BDE);CaP'%/1>#-E-.,*B%,*;-%C&%,* =;/B&,O-�

�2=;,#E&#-.,*;-%-,B.$&E);)C.$>#E))%?R#E);E;-%C&#-;L#,/B&#,?%;/�2;-&#dnich metod wychowawcBych�/;?)O=.,*C%'#R.=;B$;-%B/B&#,?&#$;=%BE)%-&%C&#$1-@%P,&-.,*-.$%<%N��2=B#,&-&#NE)-&#/;�$L=;R#<;�?)O=.C%)#C)#$%) w pismach bD/M,.,*2=B#/$&;)#$ )#<;E)1/&1$E&DC&#-.2;-&%/%, Seneka2&EB#;<=;[L&#?%=.,*@;E).E);E;-%C#>-;L#,).,*�,;C&#,*,ME&D1,B.T.

2. �.,*;-%C&#,B@;-&#?%C&#$;R#;<=%C&,B%TE&D).'?;/;>#/C#<;%E2#?�)1�%'#$1E&L.T?;$2'#?E;-#&1-B<'D/C&%T+;=$%,>D=#'&<&>CM�$;=%'CM;=%B&C�)#'#?)1%'CM�

Dla Seneki C%>-%RC&#>EB.$-.,*;-%-,M >#E)�O<� )M/ )#R &-.,*;-%C&#$1E&1-B<'D/C&%T-@%P,&-M*&#=%=,*&D-%=);P,&, na temat, której-.2;-&%/%'&E&D;L%>%utorBy. �'% #C#?&&�$L=;R#<;C%>-.REBM-%=);P,&M>#E)�O<, roBumianyjako C%>-.REB# /;L=;� #/C%? - ;/=ORC&#C&1 ;/ #C#?&� �$L=;R. -.=%[C&#>$O-&;-.,*;-.-%C&1/B&#,&-L;>%[C&�oR#>,2;L;RC;P,& &<@DL;?&#>-&#=B#.

138 ��

�%/%C&#$ =;/B&,O- >#E) )%?R# 1?EB)%@);-%C&#$;=%'C;P,& /B&#,?%��naliBapism Sene?&2;?%B%@%�R#C&#).'?;-%RC.$>#E)C%L.-%C&#2=B#B/B&#,?;E2=%-�C;P,&+&B.,BC.,*�%'#)%?R#&$;=%'C.,*��utor teC?@%/@C%,&E?C%);�%L.,B@;�-&#? ;/$@;/.,* '%) E-#<; R.,&% T-&,B.@ E&D- /;L=.,* ;L.,B%>%,*� ?)O=.,*-.=%B#$ >#E) 2=%,;-&);PT, E?=;$C;PT, ?%=C;PT, 2;E@1EB#NE)-; oraB -@%P,&-ystosunek do dóbr materialnych. �O-C&#R L&E?12�#/&;'%C1- E-.,* 2;1,B#�C&%,*$;=%'C.,*?@%/@C%c&E?C% );�%L./B&#,?;1,B.@;E&D2=B#E)=B#<%C&%-@a-P,&-#>*&#=%=,*&&-%=);P,&. Ma ono po Bogu $&@;-%T;>,B.BCD�C%E)D2C&#=;/B&�,O-�;L/%=B%T)%?R# sBacunkiem osoby starsBe��/1,*1)#>*&#=%=,*&&-%=);P,&/;2&#=;C%E%$.$?;N,1winno ono ;L/%=B%T$&@;P,&M;E;L.2;B;E)%@#.

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Questo articolo intitolato „La dottrina sull’educaBione dei figli negli scritti di Lucio �nneoSeneca e nelle opere morali e ascetiche di S. �mbroggio di Milano” è composto di tre parti.

La prima parte è stata dedicata alla valutaBione della fatica di educaBione fatta da parte diSeneca e di �mbroggio.

La parte seconda presenta le opinioni di Seneca e di S. �mbroggio sull’oggetto dell’ educa-Bione la quale riguarda la formaBione religiosa, morale e intellettuale.

L’ultimo punto ci fa conoscere un giudiBio dei nostri autori in proposito degli effetti positividell’educaBione e presenta gli errori di educaBione commessi spesso da parte dei genitori.

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2 Por. Katon, O gospodarstwie 27: „Wino dla cBeladBi. �=B#B )=B.$&#E&M,# 2; 1?;N,B#C&1-&C;L=%C&%C&#,*2&>M';=D4$;,C#-&C;B-.)@;,B.C5��,B-%=).$$&#E&M,1-./%-%>/B&#CC>#/C#>*#$&C&# 4Q� 9" '5� )>�/-% &2O@?;C<&% 4,;C<&1Ep:�: '5$&#E&D,BC&#��$&#E&M,12&M).$�EBOE).$�E&O/$.$&OE$.$-./%-%>/B&#CC>#/C.$E#?E)%=&1EB14Q�77'5�)BC�2&DT?;C<&O-$&#E&D,BC&#��C%E)D2C.,*$&#E&M,%,*I2;)=B.*#$&C./B&#CC&#�,;E)%C;-&>#/CM%$+;=D4%$+;�=%I?-%/=%C).p �� 7 '5C%$&#E&M,��;C%/);-P-&D)% %)1=C%'&% & K;$2&)%'&%/;/%>C%<@;-D)=B. &2O@?;C<&O-��<O'C% &';PT-&C%C%<@;-D=;,BC&#-.C&#E&#E&#/#$?-%/=%C)%'&��'% '1/B&�?)O=B.2=%,1>ME?1,&�/;/%>C&#,;-&D,#>�B%'#RC&#;/=;/B%>12=%,.�#R#'&;C&B1R.>M-,&M<1=;?12;/B&#E&DT?-%/=%C)%$&�C&#LD/B&#B%/1R;”. T@�2;'��&CC&,B1?�dB. cyt., s. 324.

142 ��

�.2;-&#/B& �2;E);@% �%=;/O- potwierdBa>M� R# - E2;@#,BC;P,& 2&#=-EB.,*,*=B#P,&>%CB/%=B%@.E&D2=B.2%/?&C%/1R.-%C&% wina.H-��%-#@ klasyfikuje C%/�1R.-%C&# %'?;*;'1 I 2&>%NE)-; – ;L;? C&#=BMdu & L%@-;,*-%'E)-% jako jedenB tych 1,B.C?O-� ?)O=. E)%># E&D 2=B#EB?;/M /; ;E&M<C&D,&% ?=O'#E)-%�;R#go(Por. Ga 5,19-21)3. �%,*D,%-&D,, %L. ,*=B#P,&>%C&# E)%=%'& E&D 2;-E)=B.$.-%T;/E2;R.-%C&%-&C% (Por. RB 14,21)��2;E);@;?=#P'% )=-%C&#-)=B#[-;P,& (Por.1 Tm 3,3) >%?;>#/C;B?=.)#=&O-2=B./%)C;P,&?%C/./%)%/;L&E?12E)-%��'%P-��&;)=%C%/1R.-%C&#-&C%>#E)-.=%B#$)=-%C&%-2;<%NE)-&# (Por. 1 P 4,3).

�>,;-&#�;P,&;@%L;=.?%'&E&D =O-C&#RB ).$2=;L'#$#$&E)M/� >%?;/1EB�2%E)#=B#B%)=;E?%C&;BL%-&#C-&#=B;C.,*E;L&#-&#=C.,*�E)%=%'&E&D2;$O,'1/B&;$2;<=MR;C.$-C%@;<1%'?;*;'&B$1�

�#'#$C&C&#>EB#<; %=).?1@1 >#E) 2=B#/E)%-&#C&# C%1,B%C&% ;>,O-�;P,&;@%�->%?&E2;EOLC%'#R.?;=B.E)%TB-&C%�-?)O=.$-&/B&#'&/%=�;R.�oraB>%?C%�'#R.2;$O, alkoholikom i ich rodBinom.�$O-&#C&#)#>,BDP,&2%E)#=E?&#>/B&%�@%'C;P,& /1EB2%E)#=B. E)%=;R.)C;P,& ,*=B#P,&>%NE?&#> LD/B&# L.T$;R# 2;$;,ne/'%-E2O@,B#EC.,*/1EB2%E)#=E)-B%>$1>M,.,*E&D)%?2;-%RC.$-/B&E&#>EB.$E2;@#,B#NE)-&#2=;L'#$em alkoholiBmu.

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�2&E$%,*%1);=O-E)%=;R.)C#<;,*=B#P,&>%NE)-%;/C%>/B&#$.-&#'# &C+;=�$%,>&; E2;R.-%C&1 wina tak prBeB duchownych, >%? & P-&#,?&,*��>,;-&#/;�21EB,B%>M picie wina$%>M, P-&%/;$;PT� &R jest ono �;R.$ darem danym lu-dBiom ?1=%/;P,&� jak mówi Psalm 104,15: B��/��.

Zdaniem Klemensa �leksandryjskiego wino L#B R%/C#>-M)2'&-;P,&$;<M2&T;E;L.E)%=EB#,&);C%-#)--&D?EB.,*&';P,&%,*, bowiem nie prBynosi im onoBL.)/1R#>EB?;/.. �leksandryjcByk Bapewnia, R#�arówno ro�um, jak wiek � �� /�� 4. �;B#-B<'D/1C%-&#?C&#<=;RM >1R E)%=EB.$ '1/B&;$B<1LC#E?1)?&C%/1R.-%C&%-&C%� InnegoBdania jest jednak Jan ChryBostom��#/@1<C&#<;-P=O/ludBi w starsBym wiekuEM �� /�� 5. Dla CeBarego

:�;=��%7��8� �(J#E)B%P=B#,BM-&%/;$M�>%?&#1,B.C?&=;/BME&DB,&%@%(C&#=BM/�C&#,B.�E);PT�-.1B/%C&#�W12=%-&%C&#L%@-;,*-%'E)-%�,B%=.�C&#C%-&PT�E2O=�B%-&PT�-BL1=B#C&#�C&#-@%�P,&-%2;<;NB% B%EB,B.)%$&� C&#B<;/%� =;B@%$.�WB%B/=;PT�W2&>%NE)-;�*1'%C?& & ).$2;/;LC#��;/;C&,* B%2;-&%/%$-%$� >%? ); >1R B%2;-&#/B&%@#$( ,&� ?)O=B. E&D )%?&,* =B#,B./;21EB,B%>M�?=O'#E)-%�;R#<;C&#;/B&#/B&,BMK�

4 Klemens �leksandryjski, Paedagogus II, 2. �@�2;'�M. Michalski, +ntologia Patrystyc�na,t. I, WarsBawa 1975, s. 346. Por. I. Gately, Kulturowa historia alkoholu, WarsBawa 2011, s. 61-63.

5 Jan ChryBostom, In epistulam ad Titum, hom. 4,1. �@�2;'�T. Sinko, M� ��4��>�8�/��3��do Filomena, Kraków 1949, s. 336. Por. P. SBcBur, 8�� /��4

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B �rles natomiast wiek nie jest&C&#$;R#L.T kryterium BeBwolenia na picie wina��%RC% >#E)C%);$&%E)/;>=B%@;PT;E;L;-;P,&;-%,B@;-&#?% &-.2=%,;-%C#2=B#BC&#<;,C;).�2=B#/#-EB.E)?&$,C;)%1$&%=1��EB%?1,B.$D/=B#,�%NE?&-?E&D�/B# yracha: ��9�� /�� A�� (Syr 31,27; 35.Wlg)6. �.P')%2;>%-&%E&D-&#';?=;)C&#--.2;-&#/B&%,*Liskupa �rles: wino jestdarem�;R.m i dlatego �� 7. �&#/;$%�<%E&D-&D,galijski kaBnodBieja od E@1,*%>M,.,*<;wiernych abstynencji, %B%'#R.$1>#/.C&#C%).$�L.pili roBumnie, i tylko tyle […], ile wystarc�y8.

�>,;-&# 2;/#>$1>M 2=;L'#$ E2;R.-%C&%-&C% )%?R# B#-B<'D/O--.,*;�-%-,B.,*��=;/B&C%,*,*=B#P,&>%NE?&,*2;-&CC;E&D/L%T�%L.$@;/#2;?;'#�C&# >%? C%>/@1R#> 2;-E)=B.$.-%@; E&D ;/ 2=OL;-%C&% %'?;*;'1� �%?�'#$#CE�'#?E%C/=.>E?&, jak i %C�*=.B;E);$=%/BM=;/B&,;$(8�� /�� i� ��/�9�� ?�� : W@��4 �� E��…”9��)#CE2;EOL,*,&%C;1,*=;�C&T$@;/B&#R2=B#/2;2%/C&D,&#$-2;-%RC#-.?=;,B#C&%$;=%'C#�

�nachoreci, jako prBedstawiciele nurtu surowej asceBy,=#2=#B#C)1>M=.<;=.�E).,BCM2;E)%-D – ,;2;P-&%/,B%>MB%2&E.-�poftegmatach – &BB%E%/.1C&?%>ME2;R.-%C&%-&C%��LL%�;>$#CE)-&#=/B%kategorycBnie: Wino w ogóle nie jestdla mnichów10��;E)%-D)D2;)-&#=/B%2;E)%-%%E,#).B ?#)&E(B��/��4�� >�:��/� �� 7�W2�� ?”11. �?=#P'#C&%-&C%>%?;JP$&#=TK;/C;E&E&DB2#-C;P,&M/;2=B#?;C%C&%� &R C%/1R.-%C&#-&C% ;E@%L&% )%? L%=/B;-;'D ,B@;-&#?%� R# C&#�1,*=;CC&#2=;-%/B&/;2;2#@C&%C&%,&DR?&,*<=B#,*O-�K;C)#?E)2;-.REB#>-.�2;-&#/B&-E?%B1>#�R#C&#-EB.E,.$C&E&L.'&2=B#?;C%C&;?;C&#,BC;P,&B%,*;�-.-%C&% %LE).C#C,>& & 2&'&-&C; 2=B. 2;E&@?112. �bba Hyperechios, który samB%,*D,%@/;%LE).C#C,>&� 1-%R%@>#/C%?�R#2&,&#-&C%C&#>#E)C%><;=EBM=B#,BM�?)O=M$;R#B=;L&T$C&,*��#2&#>>#E)L;-&#$ ��?� � ��?�� 9��9��?�� /��13.

��A��+�� &��"�� Lublin2008, s. 449.

6 Por. CeBary B �rles, Sermo 46, 5.7 CeBary B �rles, Sermo 46, 5. �@�2;'�S. RyBnar, Ka�ania do ludu 4��6Q5�j��79��=%?O-

Q�� 9 �8 CeBary B �rles, Sermo 47, 1. j��79� 97�9 Jan ChryBostom, De inani gloria et de educandis liberis, 8Q��@�2;'� W. Kania, O wychowa-

niu d�ieci, BOK 19, Kraków 2002, 103. Por. Klemens �leksandryjski, Paedagogus II, 2.10 +poftegmaty Ojców Pustyni, t. 1. Gerontikon, 19 (59:5��@�2;'� E�� Borkowska�j�"�

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j�8��=%?O-�88:��Q7�12 Por. t%$R#.13 +poftegmaty Ojców Pustyni, t. 1, dB. cyt., 4(921)�j�"�"98��;=�+poftegmaty Ojców Pus-

tyni, t. 2, dB. cyt., IV, 48 (895).

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W B%?@%/%C.,*2=B#B�%chomiusBa pierwsBych wspólnotach monastycBnych,B<;/C&#B;2=%,;-%CM2=B#BC&#<;=#<1@M�;L;-&MB.-%@L#B-B<'D/C.B%?%BE2;�R.-%C&%-&C%, i to C&#).'?;-?'%EB);=B#�%'#)%?R#-,B%E&#;/-&#/B&Cu krew-nych��7"2=B.?%B%C&1=#<1@. Bapisano: @�� ?��[rybnych]��?��&��&��&��9�� /�&��4��14.�%);$&%E)2O[C&#>EB# =#<[email protected]&#L.@. >1R )%? =.<;=.E).,Bne w tej materiii dopusBcBano w nich picie wina prBeB mnichów. W Regule Mistr�a cBytamy: :��&��/�� ?�� 15. �1);= =#<[email protected]&#;?=#P'%/;?@%/C&#� &'#-.C;E&;-% porcja wina.CByni to natomiast wBorowana na Regule Mistr�a =#<1@% P-��#C#/.?)%��2%)B�;C)#�%EE&C;B%2&E%@-C&#>: M��&��/��?�� 9�� ;Y�S[U��=��E��9��&�16. Warto >#EB,B#/;/%T�&R-#-E2;$C&%C#>Regule Mistr�a mnisi w letnie dni mieli prawo do dodatko-wej porcji wina, jednak nie cBystego, %'# B$&#EB%C#<; B-;/M��;C%/);$;<'&;)=B.$%T?-%PC#�<;=M,#-&C;17.

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27 Por. �ugustyn, Sermo 17, 3. Por. �. Hamman, D��+��8�/��4��>�+�&��WarsBawa 1989, s. 77.

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:"�1<1E).C�%�� Q� 9��j��:6��=%?O- QQ�� "�35 Por. CeBary B �rles, Sermo 46, 1. j��79� �8�36 �. Hamman, dB. cyt., s. 77.37 Por. CeBary B �rles, Sermo 46, 1. j��79� �8�38 CeBary B �rles, Sermo "9�9�j��79� 98�39 Por. CeBary B �rles, Sermo 46, 8. j��79� 9"�40 Por. Pytania i odpowied�i starców 8, w: +poftegmaty Ojców Pustyni, t. 3. 2��

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61 BaByli Wielki, Hom. XIV. In ebriosos, 2. �P II, 189.62 BaByli Wielki, Hom. XIV. In ebriosos, 4. �P II, 190-191.63 BaByli Wielki, Hom. XIV. In ebriosos, 7. �P II, 193.64 Por. Jan ChryBostom, +dversus Iudaeos, or. 8, 1. Por. t%?R#( P. SBcBur, dB. cyt., s. 447.65 Por. Jan ChryBostom, Hom. LVII, 5: Mt 17,10-21.

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Podobne C&#L#B2&#,B#NE)-a/;E)=B#<%-C%/1R.-%C&1-&C%=O-C&#R�#B%=.B�='#E��%BC;/B&#>% g%'&>E?& 2;P-&D,% )#$1 B%<%/C&#C&1, tak samo jak BaByliWielki i Jan ChryBostom, osobne kaBanie� B ).$� R# /'% B;L=%B;-%C&% 2;-%R�C.,*?;CE#?-#C,>&C%@;<12&>%NE)-%2=B.-;@1>#L&L'&>C#;2;-&#P,&; '1/B&%,*�?)O=.,*C%/1R.,&#%'?;*;'1/;2=;-%/B&@;/;cBynów <;/C.,*2;)D2&#C&%�WE2;�$&C%-&D,;�;,&#�?)O=.�� /9�/�� /��4 �� . �O-& )#R ;�./%,*� ?)O=B.- ,B%E&#-D/=O-?& 2=B#B 21E).C&D /;B&#$&;L&#,%C#>2;/[email protected]#$-&C%E2=B#C&#-&#=B.'&E&D>#/.C#$1�;<1&B%RM�/%'&��/��70.�=B.2;$&C%=O-C&#R*&E);=&DF#=;/%. �#B%�=. C%>2=%-/;2;/;LC&#> 2=B.>M@� R# C% 1,B,&# 1=;/B&C;-#> ?=O'%-&C;$1E&%@;[email protected];L+&);P,&, a król L#B-M)2&#C&%$1E&%@L.T2;/>#<;[email protected]#$ – B<;/B&@E&DC%2=;PLD,O=?&F#=;/&%/. &?%B%@P,&MT%C% ChrBciciela71. �;$;,M-?%)#�,*#B&#, 1?%B1>M,#> >%?-&#'?&$B@#$ >#E) 2&>%NE)-;, L.@. odpowiednio dobraneprBeB niego fragmenty biblijne: !�� &�� (Syr 19,1), B�� / �� (Syr 19,2), 1��/�� &�� (PrB 21,17 [Wlg.]), @�� &��E�� (�9��&�� (Por. PrB 31,4-5 [Wlg.]), @��

��%C�*=.B;E);$�M� >�3''��^7��R[��RY4SR>�j�� :��89�67 Jan ChryBostom, +dversus ebriosos et de resurrectione domini nostri Jesu Christi 1. �@�2;'��

�� &C?;�%��cia homilij i mów, Kraków 1947, s. 178. Por. P. SBcBur, dB. cyt., s. 448.68 Por. Jan ChryBostom, Hom. LVII, 5: Mt 17,10-21.69 Jan ChryBostom, +d populum +ntiochenum, hom. 1, 5. �@�2;'�T. Sinko, %�� 4

�� 53. �;=�)%?R#(P. SBcBur, dB. cyt., s. 441.70 CeBary B �rles, Sermo 46, 5. jMT 57, 271.71 Por. CeBary B �rles, Sermo 46, 5.

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N%/1R.-%C&# %'?;*;'1 [email protected]% )%?R# na P=;/;-&E?; - ?)O=.$ alkoholikRyje, prBede wsBystkim na >#<;=;/B&CD��=;L'#$%).?D)DporusBa <@O-C&# CeBa-ry B �rles. �%1-%R%�R#2&>%,.?=B.-/BME-;&,*C%>L'&REB.,*, bowiem potrafiM2=B#2&T-,&M<1?&'?1/C&);�,;$;<@;L.B%2#-C&TE2;?;>C.L.)/'%,%@#>=;/B&�C.C%-#)2=B#B/-%I)=B.$&#E&M,#76.

9 �#B%=. B�='#E�� "��7�j��79� 9 �73 Por. CeBary B �rles, Sermo 189, 5. �@�2;'��@%/.EB#-E?&��9��$��"��E4

��, Lublin 1976, s. 57.74 BaByli Wielki, Hom. XIV. In ebriosos, 6. �P II, 192.75 Por. CeBary B �rles, Sermo 46, 8; 47, 5.76 Por. CeBary B �rles, Sermo 47, 7.

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77 Por. CeBary B �rles, Sermo 47, 4.78 Por. Hermas, Paster� 36, 5; 45, 1; 65, 5; Didache 1-4.79 Por. Constitutiones +postolorum IV, 6, 5.80 CeBary B �rles, Sermo "9�"�j��79� 99�81 CeBary B �rles, Sermo "�� j��79� 9Q��;=�)%?R#(�%B.'&�&#'?&�Hom. XIV In ebriosos, 4.82 CeBary B �rles, Sermo "9�"�j��79� 99�83 CeBary B �rles, Sermo 189,5. STCh, 56.84 Por. Jan ChryBostom, Hom. LVII, 5: Mt 17, 10-21; +d populum +ntiochenum, hom. 1, 5;

154 ��

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Catechesis ad illuminandos 5, 9; +dversus ebriosos et de resurrectione domini nostri Jesu Christi1, 2. Por. P. SBcBur, dB. cyt., s. 444.

85 Por. BaByli Wielki, Hom. XIV. In ebriosos, 4; Jan ChryBostom, +d populum +ntiochenum,hom. 1, 5.

86 Por. CeBary B �rles, Sermo 47, 1.87 Por. CeBary B �rles, Sermo 47, 1.88 Por. CeBary B �rles, Sermo 47, 4.89 BaByli Wielki, Hom. XIV. In ebriosos, 8. �LP II, 194.

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The article deals with the teaching of the Church Fathers on the consumption of wine and theensuing problems. From an analysis of the statements of ancient authors it follows that they werenot absolute enemies of wine drinking and claimed that as God’s gift wine could give people joyand warm up the organism. It can therefore without much fear be drunk by the elderly whose desiresare curbed by age and reason. The young, however, should be aware of the many dangers entailedby the abuse of alcohol. Drunkenness, according to the teaching of St. Paul, is classified as gravesin. In the opinion of the Fathers drunkards cannot control their emotions and passions and thisleads them to neglect their families and draw away from God. For this reason ancient preachersaddress those who abuse alcohol with words of encouragement to take up struggle against theaddiction and in this way take care of the salvation of their souls. In their efforts to free themselvesfrom their addiction they should be supported by those closest to them.

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11 Por. �. �mato, Gesù, il Signore. Saggio di cristologia, s. 272; K. SchatB, Sobory pows�ech-ne. 8��1��/, Kraków 2001, s. 84; M.D. Knowles – D. Obolensky, M��4��1��/. Tom II: 600-1500, WarsBawa 1988, s. 74.

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j=O/#@ 2ogardy dla materi%'C#> =B#,B.-&E);P,& – E)-;=B;C#> 2=B#,&#R 2=B#B�;<% – /;EB1?1>#E&D%C�%$%E,#NE?& w nauce manichejcByków i gnostyków,/#2=#,>;C1>M,.,* -%=);PT $%)#=&&�� ;/2;-&#/B& C% B%=B1)� >%?;L. ?1') &?;C-&MB%@ E&DBL.)$;,C;B ).$,;B&#$E?&#�-idBialne i materialne, akcentuje on�� .C&?%);>1RB samego +%?)1�R# jest ona stwo-r�ona pr�e� Boga��%/);- B>#/C;,B#C&1 B�;<;E#$� ?)O=.2=B.>M@ 2=%-/B&-#'1/B?&# ,&%@;�$%)#=&% B;E)%@% 1,B,B;C%/; )#<; E);2C&%� R# E)%@% E&D <;/CM� L.2=B#BC&MB;E)%@-.=%R;C.;L=%BniewidBialnego Boga. B��4/�� /�� ;/,&C%>M,E&D;/ negatywnego jej postrBegania. C%@% ��4�� , co prowadBi �%�$%E,#N,Byka/;2#@C#<;;2).$&B$1E)-&#=/B#C&%( 8�� /�� . Materia nie E)%C;-&2=B#EB?;/.C%/=;/B#/;�;<%�'#,B2=B#B-@M,B#�C&#- )%>#$C&,D�*=.E)1E% E)%># E&D miej�� . Nie jest;C% ,B.$P najbardBiej oddalonym od Boga, ,%@?;-&,&# ;L,.$ /1,*;-& i C/'#<%>M,.$BL%-&#C&1jak w neoplatoniBmie. TrBeba racBej 2;-&#/B&#T�R#,%@%*&E);=&%BL%-&#C&% urBecBywistniaE&D nieustannie B%2;P=#/C&,)-#$$%)#=&&� �;2=B#B$%)#=&D /;?;C1># E&D BL%-&#C&# ,B@;-&#?% &-EB#,*P-&%)%��=;,#E 2;E)D�21>M,#<;-,B%E&#1/1,*;-&enia i prBebóstwieC&%P-&%)% urBecBywistnia siD2;�2=B#B$%)#=&D&prBy jej udBiale12.

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12 Por. Ch. Schönborn, Ikona Chrystusa��;BC%N QQ��s. 164, 202-203; t#CR#�(�&��//��&�>�"��&��;BC%N QQ � s. 222, 224-225; M.M. Dylewska, B�� /;2=B#?@%/1 „Dr�4&�� X, s. 378.

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DB&D?&B>#/C;,B#C&1B�;<;E#$,&%@;�*=.E)1E%E)%@;E&DP-&D)#�2#@C#@aski,„bogopodobne”. Tym samym /B&D?&-,&#'#C&1 materia B;E)%@% w Nim 1P-&D,;�C%, a &?;C.EM widBialnymi tego Bnakami. %?;P-&D)e obraB.�LD/M,materiM2=B#�C&?C&D)M @%E?M, one same stajM E&D w pewnym sensie nosicielami @aski jak Ten,kogo prBedstawia>M13. %C�%$%E,#NE?& prByrównuje 2=B.?@%/;-;P-&D);PT&?;�C. do sBaty cesarskiej( E%$% B E&#L&# C&#$% ;C% R%/C#<; 2=%-% /; >%?&#<;PEB,B#<O'C#<;EB%,1C?1�%'#B,*-&'M�</.,#E%=B,*;TL.=%B).'?;>M2=B.-/B&%@�EB%,1C#?C%'#RC. ,#E%=B;-&2=B#,*;/B& =O-C&#RC% )D EB%)D� Podobne roBumo-wanie ujawniaE&D1�%$%E,#N,B.?%prBy porównywaniu ikon B relikwiami, kie-dy to stwierdBa on, R#;L&#C%2#@C&;C#EM@%E?M&L;E?M#C#=<&M14. �BC%>M,&konyBa materiD-.2#@C&;CM@%E?M, %C�%$%E,#NE?&mówi Batem o ich -#-CD)=BCej,niemal sakramentalnej P-&D);P,&�� EB,B#<O'C;P,& ;/C;E& E&D ); /; &?;C�*=.�E)1E%�Podobnie jak Jego ,B@;-&#,B#NE)-; jestC;PC&?&#$@%E?&;/?12&#C&%�=O-�C&#R ikona, prBedstawia>M,% samo [=O/@o @%E?&� 1,B#E)C&,B.-#-CD)=BC&#- )#>P-&D);P,&, stajM,E&DC;Pnikiem@%E?&��#'&?%)C%?-#E)&%E%?=%$#C)%'C;P,&&?;C/;/B&P2;B;E)%>#R.-.$)#$%)#$-)#;';<&&;=);/;?E.>C#>15.

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14 Por. Ch. Schönborn, Ikona Chrystusa��;BC%N 2001, s. 204.15 Por. �. �mato, Gesù, il Signore. Saggio di cristologia, Bologna 1988, s. 272.

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Kult ikon Chrystusa uBnany Bostaje prBeB ikonoklastów BaL%@-;,*-%'E)-o.#/CM B podstawowych prBycByn kontestacji obraBów B ich strony L.@starotesta-mentalny BakaB: @�� /�9��A��9��&�� &��&�� &�� < (Wj 20,4).�*;/B&;C#<%,>D;L=%BO--.C&?%>M,MBB%?%B1;//%-%�Cia kultu -EB.E)?&#$1�,;1,B.C&;C#=D?M,B@;-&#?%C%2;/;L&#NE)-;L;R?O-�OdpowiedBi na ten BarBut 2;P-&D,% %C�%$%E,#NE?& w swych mowach wieleuwagi, ,B.C&M,-.=%[C#=;B=ORC&#C&#$&D/B. )%=.$&�;-.m Testamentem.

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16 Por. B. Sesboüé, W nurcie Chalcedonu: chrystologia i soteriologia od VI wieku, w: Historiadogmatów. Tom I: (�&��>�$��&�/�� wiary. Ekonomia �bawienia. Ro�wójdogmatów trynitarnych i chrystologic�nych, red. B. Sesboüé, Kraków 1999, s. 392.

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$#C)%'C# B%?%B. 2=B#B-.,&DR;C# B;E)%@. & B%=%B#$ 1C&#-%RC&;C# 2=B#B C;-#,B%E.B%&C&,>;-%C#-,&#'#C&#$�?)O=#E2=%-&@;&R;L'&,B#�;<%E)%@;E&D-&/B&%'�C.$��@%PC&#B#-B<'D/1C%-,&#'#C&#okaBujeE&D$;R'&-#;/2%=,&#;E?%=R#C&%;L%@-;,*-%'E)-;�Od)M/$;RC%)-;=B.T obraBy .C%�;R#<;, któ=.;L>%-&@E&DC%$-,&#'#17. @�� "��,Boga nas�ego – dodaje Jan % ��Eski – ��&��.„2�� /E�� 9� ��? �miana Prawa” (Hbr 7,12)4� ��75� �?;C.C% 2;/;L&#NE)-; Ewangelii Bwiast1>M-.B-%'%>M,#-,&#'#C&# @;-%�;R#<;��'%)#<; )#R C&#$% C&,-E2O'C#<; 2;$&D/B. ,*=B#P,&>%NE?&$&&?;C%$&& +%@EB.-.$&&/;'%$&2;<%NE?&$&18.�%'?&B;L=%B%$&C&#$;<M1E2=%�-&#/'&-&%TC%-#)2;>%-&%>M,#E&D-?1',&#C%/1R.,&%(

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R;BE)=B.<%>M,e BnacBenie ma w kulcie obraBów jego wymiar personalistyc�4ny��L=%B 2=B#/E)%-&% ;E;LD� ,B.'& *&2;E)%BD� /;?)O=#> ;/E.@%��%$%E,#N,B.?C%-&MB1>#/;[email protected]#<;2;-&#/B#C&%�%B.'#<;�&#'?&#<;B�#B%=#&: "��?��4�� 20. J#E);C%,%@?;-&,&#1?&#=1C?;-%C%

17 Por. G. Dagron, Ikonokla�m i ustanowienie ortodoksji (726-847), w: Biskupi, mnisi i cesa-r�e (610-1054), red. G. Dagron – P. Riché – �. VaucheB, WarsBawa 1999, s. �Q9X��1?%EB1?�$��"��(�&�9��&�>�%�& ��&�� &�� , Kraków 2000,s. 319.

18 Por. Ch. Schönborn, Ikona Chrystusa, s. 213; �. �mato, Gesù, il Signore, s. 275; B. Sesboüé,W nurcie Chalcedonu: chrystologia i soteriologia od VI wieku, s. 395.

19�;=��C;-'#EI��L;'#CE?.�F&E);=&%�;P,&;@%��;$��(�QQ��7QQ��%=EB%-%�866�s. 74; Ch. Schönborn, Ikona Chrystusa��;BC%N QQ�� s. 206; K. SchatB, Sobory pows�echne, s. 87-88; F. Bécheau, Historia soborów, s. 91.

20 BaByli Wielki, :�%��H�� , s.18, 45 (PG 32,149)��%B.'#<;)%-.2;-&#/[2;>%-&%E&D-C%1,B%C&1;�=O>,.H-&D)#>/'%2;/?=#P'#C&%&E););-#>=O-C;P,&�>,%& .C%� Por. JD 1,21.

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C%2=B#/E)%-&%C.2=B#BC&#2&#=-;-BO=�%-&D,C%1?%B%CM-C&$;E;LD21��'1�,B;-M=;'D-).$E)-&#=/B#C&1;/<=.-%E@;-;hiposta�a (�� ), bo w nimtkwi sedno odpowiedBi danej ikonoklastom,2;/-%R%>M,.$$;R'&-;PT2=B#/E)%�-&#C&%L;E?&#>C%)1=.Chrystusa. �,&#';C. .C�;R.1?%B1>#E&DC%$-,%@.$E-ym osobowym bogactwie w widBialnym obraBie swojej ludBkiej figury. Jegoosoba jest jedna i nie2;/B&#'C%- E;L&#� ,*;T2;E&%/%/-&#;/=DLC# & C&#B$&#�EB%C#B E;LMC%)1=.� W ikonie nie okaBujemy cBci boskiej cBy ludBkiej naturBeChrystusa, lecB Jego osobie�?)O=%� >%??;'-&#?>%-&E&DC%$-'1/B?&#>2;E)%,&�C&#2=B#E)%>#L.T*&2;E)%BML;E?M��/.B%)#$?);PB-&%=M2%)=B.C%&?;CD�-&/B&-&E);,&#1?%B%CMC%C&#>;E;LD��).$?;C)#?P,&#EB,B#<O'C#<;BC%,B#C&%C%�L&#=%-.2&E%C#C%&?;C&#&$&D2=B#/E)%-&;C#>;E;L.22.

%C�%$%E,#NE?&$O-&, co prawda, o pewnym2;/;L&#NE)-ie $&D/B.2;<%N�E?&$&$&)%$&&,*=B#P,&>%NE?M�-%C<#'&M�2;<%NE?&$?1')#$L;R?O-&,*=B#P,&�>%NE?&$?1')#$;L=%BO-�B-=%,%>#/C%?1-%<DC%-.E)D21>M,M$&DdBy nimi Ba-sadnicBM =ORC&,D� ; ?)O=#> /#,./1># 2=B#/$&;) ?1')1� #E) C&$ - 2&#=-EB.$=BD/B&# ;E;L% JeBusa �*=.E)1E%�-,&#';C#<; .C%�;R#<;�� ).$ ?;C)#?P,&#B=;B1$&%@.E)%>#E&D%=<1$#C)L=;C&M,. &?;C�*=.E)1E%�?)O=.,*C&#E2;EOL2;�=O-C.-%T B &/;'%$&� �%B.-%>M, ?1') L;R?O- &/;'%)=&M, �%$%E,#NcByk $;R#2;-&#/B&#T B% P-��%-@em: "�� 9�� /�9��9�� C�+�� 9�� C�+��9��/��&�� /4��(�&� (1 Kor 10,19-20). CB#PT;//%-%C%;L=%B;-&C&#>#E)&/;'%)=&M�>%?;R#>#E);C%E?&#=;-%C%C&#?1$%)#=&&�'#,B?1)#$1�?)O=#<;;L=%B2=B#/E)%-&%� W kulcie obraBu nie doBnaje cBci materia, ale T#C�?)O=. >M E)-;�=B.@ &?)O=.2=B#B2;P=#/C&,)-;$%)#=&&C%E;/?12&@� �utentycBnego k1')1;L=%�BO-C&#$;RC%C%B-%T &/;'%)=&M &C&# >#E);CL%@-;,*-%'E)-#$2;/2%/%>M,.$2;/E)%=;)#E)%$#C)%'C.B%?%B;L=%BO-�2;C&#-%RE?@%C&%).,*�?)O=B.$;/'ME&D2=B#/&?;CM�/;1-&#'L&#C&%2=B#/E)%-&%C#>2=B#BC&M;E;L.��>#E)C&M2=B#,&#RC%/#-EB.E)?; sam Je�us Chrystus�-,&#';C. .C�;R.��O<��B@;-&#?23.

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Jan �%$%E,#NE?& wskaBuje na dwa nieBbywalne elementy ,*=B#P,&>%NE?&#>tradycji, �/�� , analogicBnie do E@1,*u i wBroku, 1B12#@C&%>M,.,* E&DwBajemnie w procesie poBnania.

21 Por. B. Sesboüé, W nurcie Chalcedonu: chrystologia i soteriologia od VI wieku, s. 395;�. �mato, Gesù, il Signore, s. 275; F. Bécheau, Historia soborów, s. 91.

22 Por. Ch. Schönborn, Ikona Chrystusa, s. 205, 214; ��1?%EB1?� $��"��(�&�9��&�, s. 325.

23 Por. �. �mato, Gesù, il Signore. Saggio di cristologia, Bologna 1988, s. 272; Ch. Schön-born, Ikona Chrystusa, s. �:X��1?%EB1?�$��"��(�&�9��&�>�%�& ��4��&�� ciu integralnym, Kraków 2000, s. 319.

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UP-&D,%$.E&DC%>2&#=-2=B#B-B=;? 42&#=-EB.$L;-&#$B#B$.E@O- >#E)-B=;?5� �L=%B L;-&#$ >#E) 2=B.2;$C&#C&#$ ,B#<;P� 2;/;LC&# >%? ;/L&#=%C#2=B#BE@1,* – E@;-%��B.$B%)#$/'%1$&#>M,.,*2&E%T>#E)?E&MR?%�).$/'%C&#�2&P$&#CC.,* >#E) ;L=%B� � ,B.$E@;-; >#E) /'% E@1,*1� ).$;L=%B/'%-B=;?1 –prBynosi nam BroBumienie (JD 1,17).

�% ).$%C)=;2;';<&,BC.$%=<1$#C)#$-&/%T-.=%[C&# )@;,*=.E);';<&,BC#��,&#'#C&#$O-&C%$�R#;/-&#,BC# @;-;E)%@;E&[email protected]%'C#-'1/B?&$E@;-&#i BaraBem widBialne w ludBkiej postaci. �C%';<&,BC&#/;E@;-%,;L=%B >#E)BC%�?&#$;/E.@%>M,.$ /; &CC#>�2=B#=%E)%>M,#> ># =B#,B.-&E);P,&� �?%B%C#- &?;C&#$&E)#=&1$�*=.E)1E%;2&E%C#B;E)%>#2=B#B �-%C<#'&D-E@;-%,*24. �C%,B#>$O�-&M,� &?;C%,B.C&$&E)#=&1$1,*-.)C.$/'%-B=;?1�2;/,B%E</.)#?E)-.=%R%>#�2;E@1<1>M,E&D '1/B?&$E@;-#$25� @;-; i obraB�?%R/#C%E-O>E2;EOL�;/�E@%C&%>M2=B#/C%$&$&E)#=&1$�1$;R'&-&%>M,>#<;=;B1$&#C&# (JD 1,17).

�%$%E,#NE?& teolog wypracowuje teologicBne 2;>D,&#;L=%B1�-E?%B1>M,C%=ORC# jego BnacBenia. „ObraB” to, w jego prBekonaniu, 2;>D,&#%C%';<&,BCe. Jestono obecne w samym ,#C)=1$$&E)#=&1$,*=B#P,&>%NE?&#<;�E&D<%>M, nawet <@D�L& trynitarnego R.,&%. Pierwo-B;=#$-EB#'?&#<;;L=%B1>#E) .C�/;E?;C%@.;L�=%B�>,% 4�;' ��75� On jest naturalnym, -E2O@&E);)Cym obraBem�;<%� ?)O=.2=B#B2=B.>D,&# '1/B?&#>C%)1=. E)%@ E&D-&/B&%'C./'% '1/B?&,*;,B1��&#-&/%T=%,>&�-2=B#?;C%C&1�%$%E,#N,B.?%�dla któ=.,*C&#L.@;L.-;'C;2=B#/E)%-&%T .C%-;L=%B&#�E?;=;E)%@E&D�Cuchwytny dla nasBego wBroku. Jan wymieniaC%E)D2C&#kilka kategorii obraBów�%R2;wy;L=%R#C&%=B#,B.2=B#EB@.,*�?)O=.,*2%$&DT,*,#$.B%,*;-%T, -.?;C.-%C#B%2;$;,M'&)#=-?E&MR?%,*;raB malo-wane na obraBach, do których BalicBa ikony26.

Dla Jana obraB B%-&#=%-E;L&##'#$#C)2;/;L&#NE)-%do -.=%R%nego prBeBsiebie prototypu (�� !�� )� 2=B. =O-C;,B#EC.$B%,*;-%C&1;/=DLC;P,& & ;/$&#CC;P,&. �/.L.C&#L.@; R%/C#<;2;/;L&#NE)-%�C&#$;RC%L.$O-&T;;L=%B&#, gdyby B%P podobieNE)-;L.@;,%@?;-&)#�;L=%B$&#EB%@L.E&DB$;/#'#$ (JD 1,9). Kwestia ta nie Bostaje jednak wystarcBajM,;doprecyBowana->#<;$;-%,*�,;E2=%-&�R#&?;C;?'%E).,BC.?=.B.E2;-=O,&BC;-ME&@M-C%E)D2C.$ wieku.

"�;=��*� ,*kCL;=C� '��"��E� �:�25 Por. B. Sesboüé, W nurcie Chalcedonu: chrystologia i soteriologia od VI wieku, w: B. Ses-

boüé (red.), Historia dogmatów. Tom I: (�&��>�$��&�/�� >�)��4 ��>�!��& ��&��, Kraków 1999, s. 395.

26 Por. Ch. Schönborn, Ikona Chrystusa��;BC%N QQ��s. 200-201; B. Sesboüé, W nurcie Chal-cedonu: chrystologia i soteriologia od VI wieku, w: B. Sesboüé (red.), Historia dogmatów. Tom I:Bóg �bawienia. Trad��&�/� �� >�)�� >�!��& ��4�� &��, Kraków 1999, s. :8�X��1?%EB1?� $�� "�� (�&9��&�>�%�& ��&�� &�� , Kraków 2000, s. 318.

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�B&D?& %C;-& �%$%E,#NE?&#$1 wielowiekowa tradycja kultu obraBów;)=B.$%@%E;'&/C#2;/E)%-.)#;';<&,BC#�StworBona prBeB niego teologicBna syn-teBa Bawiera argumenty, które skutecBnie prBeciwstawi;C# B;E)%CM *#=#).,?&$2;<'M/;$ ikonoklastów. Jego teologia obraBów LD/B&# E)%C;-&@% teolo<&,BCM2;/E)%-D/'%E+;=$1@;-%C&%/#+&C&,>&-&%=.Soboru Nicejskiego II. Zostanie onadopracowana w drugim okresie kontrowersji ikonoklastycBnych w IX w. prBeBNicefora, patriarchD Konstantynopola, i Teodora StudytD.

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In the face of the escalating Iconoclast heresy in the 8th century there appeared the necessityof establishing whether the veneration of icons is justifiable from the Christian viewpoint. Thedebate primarily concerned the Christological question of venerating Jesus Christ’s icons. St. Johnof Damascus (675–749) is considered to be one of the most outstanding defenders of sacred icons.We owe to him the first Catholic theology of the icon. His work, „The Defence speeches againstthose who reject sacred icons” constitutes the answer given to the iconoclasts. The most importantargument justifying the veneration of icons is the mystery of the incarnation of the Son of Godbeing the image of the invisible God. The incarnation which liberates one from idolatry lies at theroot of a positive vision of matter. John of Damascus refers to the ancient Christian traditionof icon veneration recogniBing the word and the image as its essential elements. His teaching wouldplay a key role during the Council of Nicaea in 787.

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�B=%#'�?)O=.>%?;'1/C;$%/O-2=B.L.@/;�%C%%C1�$O<@E2;)?%T-EB.E)�?&#)#?;C,#2,>#&-@M,B.T>#-E-;>M-@%ECM-&%=D�#E)-&#',#2=%-/;2;/;LC#�R# C%=O/ -.L=%C. 2=B#>M@ ;/ �%C%C#>,B.?O- &$&D LOE)-% �'� ?)O=# ;/<=.-%&E);)C% =;'D-,%@.$ )%=.$�#E)%$#C,&#� �$&D ); &E)C&#>#-#-EB.E)?&,* >DB.�?%,*E#$&,?&,*B-.>M)?&#$#)&;2E?&#<;��B&D?&;/?=.,&1/-O,*)%L'&,B#?-�%E *%$%=%4�-&#$.� R#�' L.@ 1-%R%C. B% EB#+% 2%C)#;C1� L;<% E)-O=,D & )#<;�?)O=.=BM/B&B&#$&M��%,*;/C& #$&,&=;B-&CD'&C%-#)&/#D�'>%?;L;<%;E;L;�-#<;� ,; >#EB,B#$;,C&#> BL'&R% C%E /;-&%=. �B=%#'%��=%/.,>% L&L'&>C% ,BDE);,B.)% ); &$&D B /;2#@C&#C&#$ )-;=BM,-.=%R#C&# �' 4�O<5 J)-ego ojca”, albo„wasBych ojców” (por. RdB 31,5.42; 32,10; Pwt 26,7)5��%?&#E+;=$1@;-%C&%E2;�).?%E&D,BDE);-*&E);=&&2%)=&%=,*O-�</B&#�'-.L&#=%�L=%*%$%�%L.B%-=B#TBC&$ & >#<;2;);$E)-#$2=B.$&#=B# 4RdB 17,1-22)6. Od tego momentu osobajedynego �;<% C%L&#=% -.$&%=1 1C&-#=E%'C#<;� 2#@C#<;$;,.- ;/C&#E&#C&1B%=O-C;/;2;EB,B#<O'C#<;,B@;-&#?%�,%@#<;C%=;/1, jak i kosmosu7��%?&�O<LD/B&#E&DE);2C&;-;;L>%-&%@-*&E);=&&C%=;/1-.L=%C#<;�%?%R/#-./%=B#C&#LD/B&# ;/C;EB;C# L#B2;P=#/C&; /; �&#<;� �O<�?=O' LD/B&# =BM/B&@ C%=;/#$&>#<;';E%$&�%+%?).,BC#1BC%C&#�;B%?=O'%C%E)M2&2;2=B#>P,&12=B#B�;=B#

3 Por. X. Leon-Dufour, Vocabulaire de théologie biblique, Paris 1970, kol. 1135-1136; TheInterpreter’s Dictionery of the Bible, vol 3, s. 14-15; Dictionnaire encyclopédique de la Bible, Turn-hout – Paris 1960, kol. 1606-1608; I. Engnell, Studies in Divine Kingship in the +ncien Near East��3+;=/�8�9��;L#=)E;C $&)*1-%R%�R#E#$&,&C%/%-%'&E-;&$L;<;$/;PT2;-EB#,*C&#)ytu@?=O'%� 2;C&#-%R ;,B#?&-%'& ;/ C&,*� )%? >%? ;/ $;C%=,*O- B&#$E?&,*� )=B#,* =B#,B.( 2;$;,.-L&)-%,*2=B#,&-?;-=;<;$B#-CD)=BC.$� =;B-&MB.-%C&% 2=;L'#$O--#-CD)=BC.,* & 2=%-%�?)O=#$;<@;L.=;-&MB.-%T?;C+'&?).L#B;/C;EB#C&%E&D/;'1/B?&#>E2rawiedl&-;P,&)%?,BDE);B%�-;/C#>� Lectures on the Religion of the Semites Londres 1894. Na temat królów kananejskich Bob.�. Lods, Israël. Des origines au milieu du VIIIe siècle, Paris 1930, s. 135-137.

4�,**&E);=&D�>%?=O-C&#RB-&MB#?B�&L'&M�2=B#/E)%-&%�. de Langhe, La Bible et la littéra-ture ugaritique, w: L’+ncien Testament et l’Orient. Etudes présentées aux VIes Journées Bibliquesde Louvain (11-13 septembre 1954), Louvain 1957, s. 65-87. Na temat imienia El Bob. E. Jacob,Les thèmes essentiels d’une théologie de l’+ncien Testament, Neuchâtel 1955, s. 33-37.

5 ��/#U%13B%1-%R%�R# „la formule au singulier est plus primitive que la formule au plurielqui ne se rencontre dans les sources anciennes qu’accidentellement et en dehors de la Genèse, etqui ne devint fréquente que cheB le Deutéronomiste et surtout cheB le Chroniste”. Histoire ancien-ne d’Israël��%=&E�89��E� 7��.)%).�&E$%H-&D)#<;-<: 8�� H�� &��@��&��$��4 �� wydanie online: http://biblia.deon.pl/

6 �utor natchniony prBedstawia tutaj Boga jako El Shaddaï, to BnacBy „Boga gór”��%=);)%?�R#B%BC%,B.T�R#�'-.E)D21>#).'?;=%B2;B%�E&D<M�;/B%>1�-/=1<&$;2&E-;@%C&%�;>R#�EB%-�>�� 6�

7 R. de Vaux, dB. cyt., s. 268.

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�B#=-;C#��/)M/�B=%#'LD/B&#?=O'#E)-#$%*-#C%B&#$&8�B-&MB%C.$-.L=%�C&#$ & 2=B.$&#=B#$��%@% *&E);=&% C%=;/1-.L=%C#<;LD/B&# ;E,.';-%T-;?O@)#<;-./%=B#C&%9�?)O=#E)%C&#E&DE&'CM'#?,>MC%)#$%)�;<%&,B@;-&#?%��=B#>�P,&#2=B#B�;=B#�B#=-;C#2;?%B1>#L;-&#$C%>2&#=-�;<%->#<;2;)D/B#�2#@C#<; $%>#E)%)1 & C&#?-#E)&;C;-%C#> -@%/B.� ?)O=. -,*;/B& - =#'%,>D B#E-;&$'1/#$� )M/B%$&%E)2.)%T;C%)1=D�;<%��B=%#'LD/B&#-,&MR2.)%@�>%?&>#E)�O<-;L#, E-;&,*-.L=%C.,*��.>P,&# B �<&2)1 C&# ).'?;-E?%B1># C%/B&%@%C&#-.B-%'%>M,# 4'1/ +%?).,BC&# ;21EB,B% /;$C&#-;'& I�> Q� 5� %'#)%?R# C% #<; '&);PT [email protected]%@ ?=B.? & C%=B#?%C&# E-#<; '1/1 2;E.@%>M, $1-.L%-,DI�>:�9CC5�

�=B#?;C%C&#;);-%=B.EB#C&1�;<%E-#$1'1/;-&�/;2#@C&;L=%B�;<%>%?;2%E)#=B% �B=%#'%� %*-# );-%=B.EB.C%=;/;-&�C%-#) >#P'&C%E?1)#?-.E)D2?O->#E) 2=;-%/B;C. C% 21E).C&D��O< >#E) B%-EB# 1 L;?1 '1/1� ?)O=.-.L=%@�$%-C&$E-;>#$&#EB?%C&#&2;B-%'%/;P-&%/,B%TE-#>;L#,C;P,&�,;%1);$%).,B�C&#C%/%>#C%=;/;-&2;,B1,&#12=B.-&'#>;-%C&%��EB.E)?;);E2=%-&%�R#'1/C;�$%/O--&MR#E-M-&%=DB-./%=B#C&#$*&E);=.,BC.$;=%BE)%># E&D '1/#$C%�/B&#&� �/)M/� $&$; -;>#C� ?;C+'&?)O- B#-CD)=BC.,* & -#-CD)=BC.,*� $&$;E-.,*-@%EC.,*<=B#,*O-�B=%#'-&#(>#E)-,&#C&1�%>-.REB#<;�?)O=.>#E)�%�C#$*&E);=&&&?)O=.)=;EB,B.E&D;E-O>'1/�%L.B=#%'&B;-%T;L&#)C&,#1,B.C&;C#�L=%*%$;-&��%/C#B@;4&/#C).+&?;-%C#B)%?&$,B.&CC.$'1/B?&$-@%/,M'1LL;<&#$5C&#>#E)E&'C&#>EB#C&R>#/.C.�O<��O<�B=%#'%�

�.>P,&#B�<&2)1$% )%?R#2#-&#C-.$&%=E2;@#,BC.�%*-#-.B-%'%<=1�2D�%C&#&C/.-&/1%'C#<;,B@;-&#?%��%@%�&L'&%B/%>#E&D,BDE);2;/?=#P'%T�R#,B@;-&#?C&# >#E);/;E;LC&;C.;/ &CC.,*�;/ E-;>#<;C%=;/1� �C%,B#>$O-&M,�C&?) B C%=;/1 -.L=%C#<; C&# $;R# ;,B#?&-%T BL%-&#C&% 42;>$;-%C#<; >%?;/B&%@%C&#�;<%5&C/.-&/1%'C&#-)%?&E2;EOL�%L.$O,1C&?CMTB/%=B#NC%E)D21�>M,.,*-P-&#,&#B#-CD)=BC.$��B@;-&#?>#E)B%-EB#B?&$P(B#E-;>M=;/B&CM�B#E-;&$2'#$&#C&#$�B#E-;&$C%=;/#$�#P'&C%=O/>#E);/=B1,;C.2=B#B�;<%

8 �=B#L%$;,C;2;/?=#P'&T)=1/C;P,&B-&MB%C#B)@1$%,B#C&#$)#<;-.=%R#C&%� @;-;?=O'#�E)-;$%/-%;/2;-&#/C&?&-)@1$%,B#C&%,*�&L'&&(<=#,?&#;//%>M >#-E@;-&# basileia�% @%,&N�skie w regnum��L%EM1R.-%C#/;;2&E%C&% )=B#,*2;>DT*#L=%>E?&,* )%=#<;�#E)%$#C)1( malo-ukâh� ?)O=#-.=%R%<;/C;PT?=O'#-E?M� malkout, ?)O=# ;BC%,B% =BM/.?=O'#-E?&#� E1-#=#CC;PT�C%>-.REBM-@%/BD;=%Bmamlâkâh, które wskaBuje na królestwo. Por. J. Carmignac, Le mirage del’eschatologie: royauté, règne et royaume de Dieu – sans eschatologie, Paris 1979, s. 13-16.

9 „Ce qui est arrivé à Israël n’est pas un coup de chance que l’on raconte indifféremment. Israëly a reconnu et proclamé Jahvé qui veut seul être loué. L’importance de cet événement du début del’Exode se reconnaît aussi par le fait que, dans toute l’histoire d’Israël, aucun événement n’est en-touré d’autant d’interventions miraculeuses de Jahvé que la sortie d’Egypte. Chaque fois que l’onrappelle la sortie, il est toujours question des ‘merveilles et des signes’ accomplis par Jahvé enfaveur de son peuple ‘à main fort et à bras étendu’. (…) L’�ncien Testament rappelle constammentcette histoire dans ces ‘credo’, dans des sommaires détaillés de l’histoire de Jahvé et d’Israël, com-me dans de brèves formules à la manière du préambule du Décalogue’’, W. Zimmerli, Esquissed’une théologie de l’+ncien Testament, Paris 1990, s. 21.

�99�� S��F� �� ]

I?%R/.B >#<;,B@;C?O-)%?R#X >#P'& '1/ >#E);,%';C.B/;P-&%/,B#C&%I?%R/.�./)%?R#�

�%E.<C%'&B;-%C; >1R-,B#PC&#>� R#-=%B B-.>P,&#$B�<&2)1� EB,B#<O'C&#B2=B#>P,&#$2=B#B�;=B#�B#=-;C#��B=%#';<@%EB%�;<%?=O'#$� 2;P=O/)#?E�)O-L&L'&>C.,*�?)O=.,*/%);-%C&#>#E)E)%=EB#C&R;?=#E2=;=;,?&�)=B#L%-E?%B%TC%(�>�7��9��6��L :� �;=%B�-)::�7��#)=B.)#?E).2;)-&#=/B%>M2=B#?;C%�C&#�R# ).)1@ mèlèk (krO'�2=B#-;/C&?5C%'#R./; >#/.C#<;�;<% & R# =B#,B.-&�P,&# >#E)�C?=O'#$ �B=%#'%� #<;2%C;-%C&# =;B,&M<% E&D C% B&#$&D� ); BC%,B.�� '��>�)&��4�� ch wojennych10.

W literaturBe profetycBnej, prawdopodobnie po raB pierwsBy, królowanieBoga jest wspominane u proroka IBajasBa: (�� <� �� &��<�B�� 9� ��&�� 4&�� &��/��1��8��2�� <� (IB 6,5).�#?E))#C2;,*;/B&B/=1<&#>2;@;-.U��-&#?1&>#E)B@M,B;C.B-,B#PC&#>EB.$*.$C#$E#=%+&CO-(H�� H�� H�� 8��2�� >�"/�� /��&��/�4�B��:5��;C)#?E)&B%-%=);PT)#?E)O-2;B-%'%EM/B&T�R#?=O';-%C&#�;<%>#E)&/#ML%=/B;E)%=M&R#B-&MB%C%>#E)-2=;E)B<@;EB#C&#$,*-%@.%*-#�?)O=.-,.);�-%C.,* )#?E)%,*2=B#/E)%-&%C. >#E) >%?; mèlèk i adonai� ;/B&%C.-?=O'#-E?&2@%EB,B&E&#/B&C%)=;C&#��O<2=;=;,)-%>#E)�;<&#$C&#L&%NE?&$�?;E$&,BC.$�?)O=. I B 2;-;/1/.$1� )=BDE&#C&% B&#$& & ;L#,C;P,& E#=%+&CO-� '1L& ;L>%-&%TE&D-L1=B.��;/;LC.E2;EOL-.2;-&#/B&$%%1);=��=' ��8� �</B&#$;-%>#E);%*-#E&#/BM,.$C%)=;C&#��;L1-.2%/?%,*/;E)=B#<%$.-.=%[CM-&%�=D-?=O';-%C&#�;<% �B=%#'%( %*-#?=O'1># C% 2&#=-EB.$$&#>E,1-C&#L&#�'#,B>#<;,*-%@%=;B'#-%E&DC%B&#$&DX/.E2;C1>#�CP=;/?%$&�L./%T;/,B1TE-;>M$;,-*&E);=&&P-&%)%X2;E@1<1>#E&D,B@;-&#?&#$42=;=;?&#$5�L.B=#%'&�B;-%TE-;>M &C)#=-#C,>D��&$;>#/C%?-&%=.-?=O';-%C&#�;<%��CE%$C&#>#E);?=#P'%C.>%?;?=O'E-#<;'1/1�%�� >�@�� >�B�� ?�&��>�+�� '�� &�� /�� E��&�>� �� /�� '�� jego jako &��4��@�� 11.

10 J. Coppens, La royauté, le règne, le royaume de Dieu. Cadre de la relève apocalyptique��#1V#C�898� E� �6��1);= 2=B#/E)%-&% )1 ,%@M 2=;L'#$%).?D /%);-%C&% *&E);=.,BC#<; )#?E)O-4E� �7� �85��;L�)%?R#Dictionnaire de la Bible sous la direction de L. Pirot et �. Robert, H. Co-nelles et � Feuillet, Supplément, Paris 1985, t. II, kol. 21-24.

11 J. Coppens, dB. cyt., s. 225-226. Obok cytowanych tekstów dwa inne, to BnacBy Jr 8,19i IB 10,10, ta?R#2;)-&#=/B%>M2=B.C%'#RC;PT)#$%)1?=O';-%C&%�;<%/;)=%/.,>&2=;+#).,BC#>2=B#/C&#-;'ML%L&';NE?M�

178 ��

2;P=O/&CC.,*?E&M< )%=#<;�#E)%$#C)1EB,B#<O'C#$&#>E,#B%>$1>M2E%'�$.� �;P-&D,%>M ;C# -&#'# $&#>E,% ?=O';-%C&1 & ?=O'#E)-1 �;R#$1 E?12&%>M,-E;L&# '&,BC#)=%/.,>#�?)O=.,*/%);-%C&# >#E)C&# ).'?;=ORC;=;/C#�%'#-=D,B,B%E%$& )=1/C#/;1E)%'#C&%��@O-C%$.P'2E%'$O-12 E2=;-%/B% E&D/;-.=%[�C#<;$O-&#C&%;%*-#>%?;?=O'1�?)O=#<;-@%/B%=;B,&M<%E&DC%/,%@.$E)-;�=B#C&#$&2;2=B#B-EB.E)?&#-&#?&(

8��A�� 8��`�� ?��/��&��4��7�`�� &��`�� <�`�+�� 8�� (�&�� `�� 1�� 4& �7�`�&/ �� &�� `��&��9��@��&�>�`��&��/��7��:�� /��`��/��/��/��&�� 4�E87��75�:�

�=O';-%C&#�;<%;L>%-&% E&D- E2;EOL E2#,>%'C.-L1=B.�L; &E)C&#>#;C;C%>2&#=--C&#L&;E%,*��E%'$&E)%2=B#,*;/B&;/�;<%�1-%R%C#<;B%E)-O=,D/;�;<%� ?)O=. >#E)-@%/,M B&#$& & ?)O=. =BM/B&-EB.E)?&$& '1/%$&� 2;P=O/C&,*%*-#-.L=%@ >#/#C C%=O/�- ?)O=.$1=B#,B.-&E)C&% E-;># C&#L&%NE?&# ?=O'#�E)-;��?;CE#?-#C,>&�B=%#'�?)O=.,B1>#E&D-.L=%C.�-2=;-%/B%-E-O>?1')C&#).'?;P-&D)%B-&MB%C#B2=B#EB@.$&-./%=B#C&%$&*&E);=.,BC.$&�'#,B,B.C&B?=O';-%C&%�;R#<;?'&$%) E-#<;R.,&% & E-;&,*C%/B&#&��O<�?=O'-.?;C1>#E-;>M E2#,>%'CM =;'D�L; );�CC%/%># '1/;-&2=%-;�BL&O= E#C)#C,>& #).,BC.,*& '#<&E'%,.>C.,* 4EB,B#<O'C&# ).,* /;).,BM,.,* E2=%-&#/'&-;P,& E2;@#,BC#>14).Psalmy prB#/E)%-&%>M?=O';-%C&#%*-#-)=B#,*-&#'?&,*%E2#?)%,*(*&E);=.,B�C.$�?;E$&,BC.$&#).,BC.$��EB.E)?&#C%'#RM/;)=%/.,>&2=B#/C&#-;'ML%L&�';NE?M� 2; ?)O=#> B;E)%@. =;B-&C&D)# & 1L;<%,;C#��$&#>E,#-&B>& ?;E$&,BC#>&>#/C;,B#PC&#$&E).,BC#>?=O'#E)-%%*-#�$O-&E&D=%,B#>�-E2;EOL/;PT$<'&�E).�;L;E?&$B%@;R#C&1C&#L%&B&#$&��$&#>E,1E2;>=B#C&%*&E);=.,BC#<;&&C�)#=-#C,>&%*-#�2;>%-&E&DB/#,./;-%C&#)#$%);/C;-&#C&% .>;C14)%?$&%E)%�>%? & P-&M).C&5��=#EB,&#/;2;=BM/?1#).,BC#<;/;/%E&D )=;,*DBC%?;$&);P,&�2;C&#-%R/;=B1,&E&D/;-.?;C.-%C&%-@%/B.?=O'#-E?&#>2;P=#/C&,)-;2=;+#�).,BC# & ?%2@%NE?&#��O< E)%@ E&D ?=O'#$ E2=%-&#/'&-.,*� /;E?;C%@.,*� 2;?;=�C.,*�1L;<&,*�2=B#P'%/;-%C.,*>%?=O-C&#R-/O-&E&#=;)�

Taka perspektywa królowania jeE)C&#-M)2'&-#,%@?;-&)MC;-;P,&M��,B#P�C&#>�B=%#';<=%C&,B%@?=O'#E)-;�;<%/;�&#<;E%$#<;X)#=%B/;)#<;?=O'#E)-%

12�;$&D/B.-&#';$%2E%'$%$&�?)O=.,*)#$%)#$>#E)?=O';-%C&#�;<%2;/?=#P'$.( Ps 5, 9i 10, 24, 29, 44, 47, 48, 68, 74, 84, 89, 93, 97, 99 (trBy ostatnie naBywane psalami królewskim), 95,96, 98, 103, 145, 146, 149. Por. J. Coppens, dB. cyt., s. 89-214; E. Lipinski, La royauté deJahvé dans la poésie et le culte de l’ancien Israël, Bruxelles 1968; P.E. Dion, Dieu universel etpeuple élu, Paris 1975, s. 105-107.

13 �;L�)%?R#: Ps 29; 47; 93; 95; 97; 135; 145. Por. �. Fruillet, Etudes d’exégèse et de théolo-gie biblique. +ncien Testament, Paris 1975, s. 363-394.

14 �E%'$.,BDE);$O-&M; EM/%,*�;<%��;L�/'%2=B.?@%/1(�E9�� ; 9,5.9.20; 10,18; 26,1;35,24; 37,33; 43,1; 51,12; 58,12; 75,3.8; 87,1.8.

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�.LO=B#E)=;C.�;<%2;,&M<%)%?R#?;C?=#)C#?;CE#?-#C,>#/'%C%=;/1IL#B-B<'D/C.$;C;)#&B$�#P'& &CC#C%=;/.;P,&#CC#$&%@.-&#'1L;<O-� �B=%#'$&%@).'?;>#/C#<;��#C�O</%>#;L&#)C&,D2=B.EB@#>-&#'?;P,&<=12.�?)O=M-.�L&#=%( LD/B&# )%? '&,BC%� >%? gwiaBdy na niebie (por. RdB 15,5)18� % ); ,; =;L&�

�7�;=��;22#CE�/B�,.)��E� Q�� "�16 Por. E. Jacob, Les thèmes essentiels d’une théologie de l’+ncien Testament, Neuchâtel 1955,

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C%-.LO=-;'C.&C&#1$;).-;-%C.�Por. E. Jacob, dB. cyt., s. 164.18�,B%E&#2&#=-EB#<;E2;)?%C&%�O<B%2;-&%/%�L=%*%$;-&�R#LD/B&#;>,#$'&,BC#<;C%�

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�;E&%/%C&# P-&M).C&� >%?; $&#>E,% 12=B.-&'#>;-%C#> ;L#,C;P,& �;<%� C&#2=B#EB?;/B&@;'1/;-&2=;E&T;?=O'%B&#$E?&#<;��R/;$;$#C)1-.L=%C&% %1�'%�);%*-#L.@1-%R%C.B%>#/.C#<;?=O'%C%=;/1&,%@#<;-EB#,*P-&%)%24. WraB

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20 Por. Y.M.–J. Congar, Le mystère du Temple, Paris 1958, s. 23-28. „�lors que la tente résol-vait le problème divin dans le sens d’une rencontre entre Dieu et l’homme, l’arche était conçue, dumoins dans la tradition la plus ancienne, comme une véritable habitation de la divinité’’. E. Jacob,dB. cyt., s. 208. To ostatnie stwierdBenie jest warte podkrePlenia.

21�%$.P'$;,C;>#E)2;/?=#P';C%2=B#B-.2;-&#/[2=;=;?%�%)%C%- $9�7�9�#<;?;C�).C1%,>%BC%>/1>#E&D=O-C&#R-�;-.$�#E)%$#C,&#�C2��Kor 3,16-17 i Ef 2,21-22.

22 #=;B;'&$%C%B.-%C% >#E) =O-C&#R Tronem Pana (Jr 3,17), Pan jest tam (EB 48,25), Mia-stem Pana, �� H�� &��'��&� (IB 60,14). „Le Temple de Salomon a été le centre reli-gieux d’Israël, et il l’est resté même après la séparation des deux royaumes et malgré l’érection parJéroboam d’un sanctuaire concurrent à Béthel’’. R. de Vaux, Les institutions de l’+ncien Testament,Paris 1958, vol. �E��1);=/%>#)1)%?R#?=O)?&#E)=#EB,B#C&#)#;';<&&P-&M).C&4E��9:5�

23 F. Musser, Le Peuple de Dieu selon Ephésiens 1, 3-14, „Concilium’’ 10/1965, s. 4.24 „La conception de Dieu comme le seigneur et gouverneur semble avoir été ancienne en Israël.

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Ce fut dans cette perspective théopolitique, que toute l’histoire d’Israël antérieure à l’établissementde la monarchie, a été décrite comme le récit des événements qui se sont déroulés entre le roi Jahvéet son peuple’’. J. de Fraine, dB. cyt., s. 134.

25 Por. J. de Fraine, dB. cyt., s. 134-135; R. de Vaux, Les institutions]� vol. 1, s. 155-176;L. Desnoyers, La politique et la religion, 1c., 12.

26 R. de Vaux, Les institutions]� vol. 1, s. 173.27 Por. E. Jacob, dB. cyt., s. 191.28 Por. J. de Fraine, dB. cyt., s. 129.29 S. Mowinckel, He that Cometh, Oxford 1956, w: R. Schnackenburg, Règne et royaume de

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Koncepcja k=O';-%C&%�;<%- )%=.$�#E)%$#C,&#B-&MB%C% >#E) B )=B#$%-&#'?&$& )#$%)%$& *&E);=&& C%=;/1 -.L=%C#<;� �%R/. B C&,* /;L=B# &'1E)=1>#,BDPT )#<;E%$#<;2;>D,&%;L#,C;P,&�;<%C%B&#$&� I�rael nie �na królowaniaJahwe c�ysto transcendentnego, ogranic�onego �� E��>� ��A�� /� �� W��X�(�&�� ?� &�� &��9��&��4�� &�� /� �� &��W��X>�B� ��(�&��&�� 4��30�%?;2;>D,&#)#;';<&,BC#�?=O';-%C&#�;<%;BC%,B%)%?M;L#,C;PT�;<%�?)O=.2=B#B/B&%@%C&%/;,B#EC#[email protected]%C%2=B.EB@;PT'1/B&&P-&%)%�

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W;L#,?=.B.E1$;C%=,*&& *&E);=.,BC#>� C%=O/-.L=%C.?&#=1># E-M1-%<DC%&/#D2;E)%,&�?)O=%>%?;2;E@%C&#,�;R.�$1E&B=#%'&B;-%T-EB.E)?&#;L&#)C&,#/%C#2=B;/?;$��#C/B&#N-2=B.EB@;P,&C&#>#E)L'&R#>;?=#P';C.��EB.E)?;�,;$;RC%;C&$2;-&#/B&#T�E2=;-%/B%E&D/;B%E?;,B#C&%&<-%@);-C;P,&:�%CE%$C%<'#2=B.LD/B&#-=%BB#E-;&$-.E@%CC&?&#$& );;L>%-&#C&#LD/B&#/;E)D2C#/'%'1/B&&/'%,%@#<;E)-;=B#C&%� %$%2;E)%T-.E@%CC&?%2;B;E)%>#)%>#$C&,B%�C%-#) >#P'& )%=.�#E)%$#C)2;P-&D,% >#>/1R;$&#>E,%��;$&C1># >#/C%?-C%�/B&#& �B=%#'%W& E)=#EB,B% 2=B.EB@# ;,B#?&-%C&%��./B& ;2&#=%>M ># ; #E,*%);';<&D=B#,B.-&E);P,&B&#$E?&,*�;C;-#?=O'#E)-;2#@C#;L+&);P,&�;2;-EB#,*C.EB%�,1C#?-;L#,P-&M).C&&�;<%�?)O=.-C&#>$&#EB?%&?)ó=.-@%/%BC&#>-EB.E)�?&$& '1/[$&31�� )#>-&B>&�#E>%EB� ?)O=. 2;>%-& E&D C% B&#$&� ;/C;-& C% C&#>

E&;C%/;%*-#L.T$;R#>1RC%2;,BM)?1P-&%/;$;P,&=#'<&>C#>C%=;/1-.L=%C#<;��;=��/#�=%�&C#, dB. cyt., s. 130-132.

30 R. Schnackenburg, dB. cyt., E��6��#%1,%$22;)-&#=/B%�R#&/#%�;<%�?=O'%>#E)/'%'1/1-.L=%C#<;+1C/%$#C)%'C%&R#B%,*;-.-%@L.>M%R/;?;N,%�%?;21C?)-.>P,&%$%;C%E)-orBe-nie P-&%)% & C&# ;<=%C&,B% E&D /;2=;<%$12;'&).,BC#<;� C%-#)-'&,B%>M, w ); /.C%E)&D�%-&da.Królowanie B;<%;BC%,B% %LE;'1)CM/;$&C%,>DC%/ B&#$&M E)-;=BonM2=B#B�&#<; & B-.,&DE)-;?;E$&,BC#C%/-EB.E)?&$&$;,%$&B@%��=O'#E)-;�;<%;L#>$1>#,%@.-EB#,*P-&%)&/;2#@C&E&D-B$%=)-.,*-E)%C&1�Les grands thèmes de l’+lliance, Paris 1988, s. 202-203.

31 Por. L. Dennefeld, Le messianisme� �%=&E �8 8� E� :6��%2;,BM)?1 )%=.�#E)%$#C) C&#/%-%@�#E>%EB;-&BC%,B#C&%#E,*%);';<&,BC#<;;-&MB%@<;B%-EB#B*iE);=&MC%=;/1��;=��%�

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�#E>%C&B$ R./;-E?&-./%># E&D$&#T E&'CM L%BD *&E);=.,BCM33� ,*;T E%$%*&E);=&a>#E)/'%C&#<;).'?;=B#,BM/;/%)?;-M��,&M<1-./%=B#N*&E);=.,BC.,*C%=O/-.L=%C.=;B2;BC%>#;E;LD&/B&#@;�#E>%EB%&C%-#)>#P'&EB1?%E&D[=O/#@)#<;C1=)12;=O-C1>M,<;I%-?;CE#?-#C,>&)%?R#E%$#<;�#E>%EB% – B inny-mi relig&%$& �'&E?&#<;�E,*;/1� -.=ORC&% E&D ;C ;/ C&,*-@%EC.$& ,#,*%$&,*%=%?)#=.E).,BC.$&��=B.C%'#R./;-&%=.�-.E)D21># >1R-C%>E)%=EB#> )=%/.,>&2=B#/$;C%=,*&M�%-&/%� % L;<%,)-; #'#$#C)O- E2=%-&%-=%R#C&# E2=B#,BC;�P,&��>#/C#>E)=;C.)#?E).$O-&M;�#E>%EB1>%?;?=O'1B&#$E?&$�?)O=.B=B1,&,&DR%=2;//%NE)-%�B/=1<&#>B%P1?%B1>M<;>%?;2;E)%TL%=/B&#>/1,*;-M;?=#�P'%CM).)1@#$ .C%,B@;-&#,B#<;XB>#/C#>E)=;C.>#<;/B&#@;$#E>%NE?&#;<=%C&�,B% E&D /; C%=;/1 R./;-E?&#<;� '#,B B /=1<&#> /;).?% )%?R# ,%@.-EB#,*P-&%)&$%-.$&%=?;E$&,BC.34.

,;E)#�Dictionnaire critique de la théologie, Paris 1998, s. 721. „Le mot ‘messie’ prend sa racinedans le mot hébreu mesiash, ‘oint’. Celui-ci figure presque toujours dans la combinaison ‘l’oint deJHWH’. C’est donc un concept théologique du pays d’Israël, et bien propre à lui, car les peuplesantiques de l’Orient, ses voisins, ne connaissaient pas de notion comparable. Il vient d’une tradi-tion très précise, celle de l’élection de David et de sa descendance”. W. Beuken, Israël avait-ilbesoin du Messie?, „Concilium” 245/1993, s. 18.

32 Por. H. Desroche, Dieux d’hommes. Dictionnaire des messianismes et millénarismes de l’èrechrétienne, Paris 1969, s. 7-11.

33�.)%C&#;[=O/@%$#E>%C&B$1�?)O=.)%?$;,C;B/;$&C;-%@-&%=DC%=;/1-.L=%C#<;�-.�/%>#E&D1B.E?&-%T,B)#=.$;R'&-#;/2;-&#/B&C%2;/E)%-&#2=%,*&E);=.,BCych i e<B#<#).,BC.,*��&#=-EB% B;E)%@% 2=B#/E)%-&;C% 2=B#B EB?;@D ��#''*%1E#C%� ?)O=% 1$&#EB,B%-EB.E)?&#$;-.$#E>%NE?&#-2O[C&#>)=%/.,>&;=%BC&#C%/%>#&$BC%,B#C&%2;'&).,BC#<;&E2;@#,BC#<;��CCM;/2;�-&#/[/;E)%=,B.@. =#B1')%).2=%, %=,*#;';<&,BC.,*C%�E,*;/B/?;C&#,Z�Z-&#?1��#;=&#F��1C?#'% &F��=#EE$%CC%-E?%B1>M� R# &/##$#E>%NE?&# EM E)%=EB#C&R )# 2=#B#C);-%C#2=B#B2=;=;?O-&R#EM-E2O'C#/'%-EB.E)?&,*?1')1=&-&#=B#N�'&E?&#<;�E,*;/1��=B#,&M;2&C&D2=;�2;C1># ��;-&C,?#'� ?)O=. =;B2%)=1>#$#E>%C&B$ ).'?;-2;-&MB%C&1 B #E,*%);';<&M R./;-E?M>%?;-.=%B'&)1=<&,BC#<;?1')1%*-#�EB,B#<O'C&#-P-&D,&#&C)=;C&B%,>&�;<%�?=O'%��B-%=)%�+%�-;=.B1>M,%1?%B%C&# E&D %*-#C%<O=B# .C%>� 1?%B%C&# ;,B#?&-%C#2=B#/ ,B%E#$?=O'#-E?&,*2=;=;?O-��%?;C,#2,>% B;E)%@% =;B-&C&D)%2=B#B�� #''&C% & >#<; EB?;@D� Por. L. Dennefeld, dB.cyt., s. 253-265; �. Vacant, E. Mangenot, E. �mann, Dictionnaire de théologie catholique, Paris1928, t. 10, kol. 1536-1542.

34�&E$;H-&D)#E2=;-%/B%;,B#?&-%C&%$#E>%NE?&#/;)=B#,*B%E%/C&,B.,*C1=)O-��&#=-EB.�C%>E)%=EB.� );$#E>%C&B$?=O'#-E?&� ?)O=. &E)C&#>#--&D?EB;P,& )#?E)O- & )=%/.,>&��=1<& ); C1=)2=;+#).,BC.�?)O=.=;B-&CM@E&D2;,BM-EB.;/C&#-;'&L%L&';NE?&#>&�#1)#=;��B%>%EB%��2&E1>#;C�#E>%EB% >%?;C;-#<;?=O'%-.L=%C#<;2=B#BC%$%EB,B#C&# %*-#�?)O=. =BM/B&C;-.$ '1/#$�'#,B?)O=.B;E)%C&#B%E)M2&;C./;PTEB.L?;2=B#B$D,B#CC&?%'1LE@1<D,2;2=B#/B;C.2=B.?;N,1,B%EO-2;>%-&#C&#$E&D�'&%EB%��=B#,&).22=B.C%'#R./;%2;?%'&2).?&&?@%/B&#C%,&E?C%C%).,*�$&%E);-M &C)#=-#C,>D�;<%� 2=B. B%,*;-%C&1 >#<; )=%CE,#C/#C,>&��%E?%?1>M,# >#E)� R# ,B%E%$&-EB.E)?&# )#C1=).EM-.$&#EB%C#C%-#)1 >#/C#<;%1);=%2=B.B%,*;-%C&1-@%EC#<;,*%=%?)#=1&).2;-.,*)#$%)O-��#?E).$#E>%NE?&#2=B#/E)%-&%Catholicisme. Hier, aujourd’hui, demain, Pa-ris 1982, t. 9, s. 12-16. Por. Nouveau dictionnaire de théologie, Paris 1996, s. 464.

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�); 2;/$&;) C%/B&#& '1/1 -.L=%C#<;( �$$%C1#'� ?)O=. LD/B&# &/#%'C.$?=O'#$� ;,B#?&-%C.$ B =;/1�%-&/%� ;/C%-&%>M,.$2;?O> & 2=B.-=%,%>M,.$2&#=-;)CM*%=$;C&D 42;=� �B��5��D/B&#/B&%@C&# ).'?;-E2=%-%,*-#-CD)=B�C.,* C%=;/1� '#,B )%?R# B#-CD)=BC.,* I LD/B&# L=;C&@ �B=%#'% 2=B#/-=;<%$&��EB.E)?&#)#/B&%@%C&%2;B-;'M$1;)=B.$%TC%2=B#E)=B#C&-&#?O-).)1@2%E)#�=B%42;=��%8��"5�?%2@%C%�?=O'%42;=��E &��Q537� @1<&%*-#42;r. IB 42,1-9;

35 „En ces jours tragiques le Dieu de la conquête apparut le seul appui, la seule forteresse, etses hérauts refusèrent toute alliance défensive avec l’étranger: Jahvé seul, telle fut leur politique.Jahvé règne, l’antique acclamation des jours glorieux qui berçait le rêve d’Israël, devenait alors,aux jours de détresse, l’expression héroïque d’une foi toute nue”, Les grands thèmes de l’+lliance,Paris 1988, s. 207.

36 �%$R#, s. 207-209.37�;=#?;CE)=1?,>&P-&M).C&-#=;B;'&$&#=;/B&E&D- >1/%&B$&# &/#%�#E>%EB%�?%2@%C%�#>

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#/C%?R#?%R/.�./$;R#2=B.<;);-%T E&D C% ,B%E )#<;?=O'#E)-%� L; B%�=O-C;�&E$;H-&D)#, >%? & )=%/.,>%2;/?=#P'%>MB<;/C&#�R#B%,*;-.-%C&#EB%�L%)1�>%@$1RC%�%B-@%EB,B%2;?1)%EMP=;/?%$&2;B-%'%>M,.$&C%1/B&%@-2=B.�EB@.$?=O'#E)-&#� #P'& B%P BC%?& >#<;C%/#>P,&% EM C&#-&/;,BC#� ); /'%)#<;� R#

=%C-E?%B1>MC%/-O,*�#E>%EBO-(?=O'%&-&#'?&#<;?%2@%C%� Por. J.L. Lacoste, dB. cyt., s. 723;H. CaBelles, Le Messie de la Bible, Paris 1995, s. 120-123; P. Grelot, L’espérance juive à l’heurede Jésus, Paris 1994, s. 62-105; M.J. Lagrange, Le messianisme che� les juifs, Paris 1909, s. 68-78.

38 Por. M.J. Lagrange, Le messianisme]� s. 228.39 Cierpienia�#E>%EB%C&#EM@%)-ME2=%-M/;-.>%PC&#C&%-�&L'&&��-&#'?&$2=B#?;C%C&#$

�%<=%C<#E)-&#=dBa: „Pris dans son ensemble le judaïsme rabbinique a fermé les yeux aux textesqui faisaient présager les souffrances du Messie. Très rarement, certains rabbins les ont admis, maissans s’expliquer sur leur valeur expiatoire. (…) Jamais sa mort n’a été envisagée à un degré quel-conque comme ayant une utilité expiatoire pour Israël. (…) … dans l’ancien rabbinisme il n’estjamais question de la mort expiatrice du Messie, fils de David. Si parfois on parle de sa mort, com-me dans le quatrième livre d’Esdras, cette mort est le terme naturel de son règne glorieux; elle n’estjamais la source du salut et la raison d’être du pardon”. Le messainisme]�E� :8� "Q;=%B 7Q��=#';)$;R# E)-&#=/B&T: „�̂ &C)#=2=`)%)&;C /# ,# 2%EE%<# _,B-%=)#> 2&#PC& E@1<& %*-#Y /%CE leTargoum de Jonathan ne prouve aucunement l’identification ancienne du Messie davidique et duServiteur de YHWH. La souffrance du Juste dont parle le passage a été appliquée, dans l’ancienJudaïsme, aux justes persécutés qui pouvaient se reconnaître aussi dans certains Psaume (Ps 22etc.). La première allusion à cette interprétation se trouve dans Dn 11,33-35, où les ‘docteurs’ dupeuple sont présentés comme ‘purifiés par la souffrance’. Mais à partir du moment où le texte reçutson interprétation chrétienne qui l’appliquait à Jésus, Serviteur souffrant, la lecture juive dut réagiren écartant l’idée d’un Messie persécuté. Le titre messianique de Serviteur fut retenu pour expliqu-er l’ensemble; mais les seules images de réussite et de gloire lui furent rattachées, tandis que lesimages d’humiliation et de souffrance étaient appliquées soit aux épreuves des Juifs exilés, soit à lapunition des païens”, dB. cyt., s. 264;B;L�)%?R#E� 6�� 68�

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41 �B&#@;� ,*';EE#=a-.'&,B%-EB.E)?&#$&#>E,%-�;-.$�#E)%$#C,&#B-&MB%C#B?=O'#�E)-#$�;R.$�Le règne de Dieu dans les dits de Jésus, t. 1. Paris 1980, s. 42-46;1��%=$&<C%,%$;RCa Bnale[T=O-C&#R?&'?%-.>%PC&#N#<B#<#).,BC.,*�Le mirage de l’eschatologie, s. 19-82.

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42 Na temat logionu Bob. J. Dupont, Les béatitudes, Paris 1969, t. 2, s. 143-218.

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43 Por. J. Héring, Le royaume de Dieu et sa venue. Etude sur l’espérance de Jésus et del’apôtre Paul, Neuchatel-Paris 1959, s. 23.

44�P-�%C%;2&E2%E>& >#E)B/;$&C;-%C.2=B#B )#$%)#B1E�Basileus. Por. I. de la Potterie,Jésus roi et juge d’après Jn 19, 13, „Biblica” 41/1960, s. 239; �. Descamps, Le messianisme royaldans le Nouveau Testament, w: L’attente du Messie, B. Rigaux (ed.), Brugge 1958, s. 78-82.

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46 Por. G. Gloege, Reich Gottes und Kirche im Neuen Testament, Gütersloh 1929, s. 244nn.

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47�%?&#B%@;R#C&#L.@;2;/E)%-M/;=;B-&>%C&%?;C,#2,>&$&''#C%=.E).,BC.,*;2%=).,*C%)#?P�,&#�2 Q�� C)#=2=#)%,>% )#<; +=%<$#C)1� 2;/?=#P'% );$;,C; �� ,*C%,?#CL1=<� >#E) >#/C%?$;R'&-% ).'?;- 2#=E2#?).-&# ,%@;P,& &-EB.E)?&,* 2=B#E@%N�2;?%'&2E.� Règne et royaume deDieu�E� 67��#/@1<��%C&`';1#'#$#C).$&''#C%=.E).,BC#/-O,*'&E)O-/;�#E%';C&,BC%C4��#E"��9& �#E��9�85EM2;/E)%-M/;=;B-;>1-&B>&%2;?%'&2).,BC.,*�Théologie du judéo-chrétien-ne, Paris – Tournai – New York – �;$# �876� E� :":� �%@. E#CE )#<; =;B/B&%@1 E)=#EB,B% E&D-2=B#E@%C&1C%/B&#&/'%,*=B#Pcijan BanurBonych w wirBe aktualnych wyda=B#N;=%B--&B>&EB,BD�Pcia opisanego prBeB proroków, tBn. w;,B#?&-%C&1;L>%-&#C&%E&D�;<%&>#<;2%C;-%C&%C%*&E�);=&MPwiata. Por. P. Prigent, L’apocalypse de saint Jean, Genève 2000, s�" 7�"::��[email protected])#>?;C�,#2,>&$&''#C%=.E).,BC.,*C%-E2O'C;). ,*=B#P,&>%NE?&# >#E) 2;)-&#=/B;C.2=B#B�&E)�E#/;��%=�C%L.�2&E$%�%2&%EB%�1E).C%&�=#C#1EB%B�.;C1%R/;�1<1E).C%��&E?12F&22;C.&/B&#B%�.�,*;C&1EB#$�?)O=. „interprète l’�pocalypse comme signifiant la victoire du Christ dès l’incarnation.Le millenium devient alors le règne de l’Eglise chrétienne. Tichonius écrit: ‘(Les saints) régnerontmille ans, c’est-à-dire dans le siècle présent (…). L’Eglise est destinée à régner mille ans en unsiècle jusqu’à la fin du monde’”. J. Delumeau, Mille ans de bonheur��%.%=/�887�E�:Q��%?M>#/�C;BC%,BCM2;B.,>D;/=B1,%-E2O@,B#EC%#<B#<#B%��;=�� ,*C%,?#CL1=<�/B�,.)�� s. 285-286.

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�)-%=)M 2;B;E)%># >#/C%??-#E)&%�;P,&;@%��B. >#E) ;C ?=O'#E)-#$�*=.�E)1E%S�B. >#E) )%?R#- >%?&$PE);2C&1 >1R?=O'#E)-#$�;R.$S%?;?=#P'&T )D=#%'&B%,>DS �% )# 2.)%C&% ;)-%=)# 2=B#B �;-. �#E)%$#C) ;/2;-&%/% )=%/.,>%?;P,&#'C%� </.R )#$%) ?=O'#E)-% �;R#<; 2;B;E)%@ ,#C)=%'C. /'% -&#'1 2&E%=B.& )#;';<O-��BDE);2;-=%,%@ 2;/[email protected]#$E.)1%,>& E2;@#,BC#>�;P,&;@% & >#<;B%%C<%R;-%C&% >%?; B-&%E)1C%L'&E?&#<; BL%-&#C&%��,B#?&-%C&# L'&E?&#<;2;�-=;)1�*=.E)1E% 2=B#C&?%$.P'#C&# )#;';<O-;?=#E12%)=.E).,BC#<;� B%P B-&M�B#?�;P,&;@%&?=O'#E)-%-,*;/B&)%?R#-R.,&#'&)1=<&,BC# &$;/'&)-D-E2O'C;�).� Opis modlitwy eucharystycBnej Bachowany w Didache stwierdBa:

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�;?=#E&#E)%=;R.)C.$-.2=%,;-%C#B;E)%>M,B)#=.-&#'?&#;2&C&#/;).,BM�,#B-&MB?1�;P,&;@%&?=O'#E)-%�;R#<;��&#=-EBM2=;2;C1>#�=#C#1EBB�.;C1�/'%?)O=#<;=B#,B.-&E);PT?=O'#E)-%>#E),%@?;-&,&#2=B.EB@%��=B.,*;/B&;C%;/�;<%>%?;;,B#?&-%C%&12=%<C&;C%C%B&#$&��E-;&$<@O-C.$/B&#'#+dver-sus haeresesP-� IreneusB pisBe:

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1,B#E)C&,)-;-?=O'#E)-&#�;R.$C&#;/2%=1B>&�*=.E)1E%�'#,B;/;)=B.$%C&%2=B#B-EB.E)?&,*'1/B&,&%@%/1,*;-#<;�)BC�C&#P$&#=)#'C;P,&>%?;E?1)?1)=%CE+;=$%,>&��;-=O)�*=.E)1E%>#E)).'�?;$;$#C)#$=#%'&B;-%C&%E&D )%?&#<;-%=1C?1� Noyau et enjeux de l’eschatologie paulinienne:De l’apocalyptique juive et de l’eschatologie hellénistique dans quelques argumentations de l’a-pôtre Paul, Walter de Gruyter – Berlin – New York 1997, s. 116 i 261.

49 Por. R. Schnackenburg, dB. cyt., s. 284-285.50 Didache 9, 4, w: 8��H��=#/��#<%�)@1$��Hwiderkówna; prByp. M. Sta-

rowieyski, Kraków – SandomierB 1998.

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51 Cytat Ba: Contre les hérésies V, 32, 1. Por. V, 35, 1-2; V, 36, 1-3: SC 153, Paris 1969.52 Por. )%$R#, V, 32, 2 – 33, 4.53 Por. )%$R#, V, 34, 3.54�=B.2;$C&#C&#�R#?=O'#E)-;�;R#>#E)=B#,B.-&E);P,&M#E,*%);';<&,BCMC%E)M2&/;2&#=;2;/

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56�=O'#E)-; &?=O'#-E?;PT#B1E%EM,BDE);-E2;$&C%C#2=B#B�=.<#C#E%�?)O=. „essaie demanifester leur nature propre. Les Mages recherchent le Roi des Juifs, sans savoir ce qu’est sonroyaume, et ils lui offrent de l’or comme à un Roi. Hérode s’effraie de sa royauté, car il la com-prend comme une royauté de ce monde. La femme de Zébédée la représente de même, lorsqu’elledemande que ses fils soient assis à la droite et à la gauche du Sauveur dans son royaume. � laTransfiguration Moïse et Elie entourent Jésus comme des licteurs le Roi. L’entrée triomphale dansJérusalem le jour des Rameaux, c’est la venue du ‘roi juste, sauveur et doux’. Jésus est roi par sapassion et sa croix et cela manifeste clairement tout ce qui le sépare d’un roi terrestre. Devant Pi-late il s’affirme comme le roi de tous les hommes et sa royauté est l’objet des moqueries des sol-dats. Elle est affirmée cependant par l’inscription mise sur la croix. � plusieurs reprises il est faitallusion à la parabole des mines, à ses concitoyens qui ne veulent pas qu’il règne sur eux etenvoient une délégation derrière lui sans but”. H. CrouBel, „Quand le Fils transmet le royaumeà Dieu son Père”: interprétation d’Origène, „Studia Missionalia” 33/1984, reedit. w: Les fins der-nières selon Origène, Variorum 1990, s. 361.

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�E);)C.>#E)2=;L'#$2;-&MB%C&%?=O'#E)-%�;R#<;B�;P,&;@#$��/.L.,*;�/B&@; ).'?; ; ?=O'#E)-;�*=.E)1E%�$;RC% L. )#C B-&MB#?;2=B#T C% &/#& ,&%@%$&E).,BC#<;��=.<#C#EC&#-%*% E&D�</. &/B&#; )%?M &/#C).+&?%,>D� %2=B#B );;/C;E&�;P,&O@/;?=O'#E)-%�;R#<;� �,* =#'%,>% ,B%E%$&2=B.2;$&C%;/B.E?&�-%C&#>#/C#<;2=B#B/=1<&#�%,B%E%$&I-2=B#-%R%>M,#>,BDP,&IC&#>#E) )%?%-B%>#$C%� �;-;/#$ >#E) E%$�;P,&O@� ?)O=.-?%R/#> ,*-&'& E-#<; &E)C&#C&%$;R#L.T,B.E).&C&#,B.E).�P-&D).&<=B#EBC.�)%?>%?�%*%L'1L�%=&%�%</%�'#C%��%?=#E?=O'#E)-%�;R#<;2;?=.-%E&DB�;P,&;@#$�%'#C&#>#E)2=B#BC&#<;-R%/#CE2;EOL;<=%C&,B;C.61.

�=B#,&$-&#'?&$C1=)#$2;EB1?&-%NB-&MB?1?=O'#E)-%�;R#<;&�;P,&;@%>#E)$.P'�1B#L&usBa B CeBarei. Tym,,;B%>$;-%@;<;,%@#R.,&#�);-&B>%�;P�,&;@%�?)O=M2=B#/E)%-&%>%?;%2;';<#)%� 1?,#E.�;P,&;@%& >#<;B-.,&DE)-%EM/B&#@#$�;<%62�-EB.E)?&# 2;=%R?& EM %?)%$& /B&%@%C&%$;,./&%L#'E?&,*� %?;

59 Por. 1� ��)��&��/�&�� 16,5; 1� ��3�� &��8�/��!�� V, 6.

60J�;/;LC#>#E)I$O-&I?=O'#E)-;C&#L&#E?&#&)/�#P'&2;/;LC#>#E)/;?=O'%�?)O=.>#E))%?&E%$&)%?&#=B#,B.,B.C&�);?;<;C%'#R.-.$&#C&T�>#P'&C&# .C%�;R#<;S %$L;-&#$>#E)?=O�'#$C&#L&;E&>%?>#E)E%$M$M/=;P,&M4autosofia5�E%$ME2=%-&#/'&-;P,&M4autodikaiosune5&E%$M2=%-/M4autoaletheia5�)%?)#RB%2#-ne jest samym Królestwem (autobasileia5I?=O'#E)-#$C%'#�RM,.$C&#/;?;<;PB ).,*� ,; EMC%/;'#� %C& ,BDP,& ).,*� ,; EM-<O=B#� '#,B-EB.E)?&,* ).,*�?)O=B. EM - <O=B#� % ?)O=B. C%B-%C& B;E)%'& C&#L&;E%$&� #P'& B%P B%2.)%EB� - >%?& E2;EOL /;C&,*C%'#R.?=O'#E)-;C&#L&;E�$;R#EB;/2;-&#/B&#T� R#C%'#R./;C&,*�*=.E)1E� 2;C&#-%R >#E)E%$.$?=O'#E)-#$4autobasileia)”. 1� ��)��&��/�&�� 14,7. Tekst greckiBa: http://khaBarBar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Origenes_PGq2011-17/Commentariumq20inq20evangeliumq20Matthaei_.pdf (/;E)D2( 9��Q� Q��5��;R'&-# >#E)� R#�=.<#C#E B%,B#=2CM@ )D &/#Dod Marcjona %B%,*;-%CM1�#=)1'&%C% w +dversus Marcionem 4, 33, który stwierdBa: „In evange-lio est Dei regnum Christus ipse”. Cytat Ba: K.L. Schmidt, Royaume, Eglise, Etat et Peuple: rela-tion et contraste��F��6!�8:6! �E�7��;=�=O-C&#RF��=;1B#'� dB. cyt., s. 364-368. W 1� ��4��)��&��/�&��Q�7-.>%PC&%�R#?=O'#E)-;C&#L&#E?&#;?=#P'%%'L;�&E$%�%'L;E%$#<;�*=.E)1E%�

61 Nurt mistycBno-d1,*;-.C&#LD/B&#BL.)$;,C;=;B-&>%C.-2O[C&#>EB.,*;?=#E%,*B-.�>M)?&#$/B&#@ 2;L;RC;P,&;-.,*��=B.?@%/#$$;R#L.T %C�%E>%C� ?)O=. ?=O'#E)-; &/#C).+&?1>#B ?;C)#$2'%,>M� B R.,&#$;+&%=;-%C.$�;<1�- >%?&$?=O'1>M )%?&#-%=);P,& >%? ,B.E);PT� 1LO�E)-;&/B&#-&,)-;��EB.E)?&#)#,C;).2=B.<;);-1>MC%;/C;-&#C&#E)-;=B#C&%C%BC%,B;C#<;E?1)�?%$&<=B#,*12&#=-;=;/Cego oraB na powrót Chrystusa w chwale. Por. Conférences I-VII, SC 42,1, 13, Paris 1955, s. 90-93. Idea królestwa cnót jest klasycBna I dobrBe BnaC%12&E%=B.P=#/C&;-&#�,B%��;=� J. Leclercq, L’idée de la royauté du Christ au Moyen +ge, Paris 1959, s. 113.

62�&#?%-#EM-).$-B<'D/B&#1-%<&F�V;C�%$2#C*%1E#Ca�?)O=.E)-&#=/B%�&R�1B#L&1EB„voit en Dieu une réalité absolue et transcendante et considère que le but suprême de la piété

196 ��

1,B#N�=.<#C#E%��1B#L&1EBC&#2=B#?=#P'a idei królestwa duchowego. W M��4��1��2=B.)%,B%-;2&E&#2=B#E@1,*%C&%2;);$?O-1/.B/%C&#(

2�� "�� ?� ��&�� /�� &�� 9��&�� 9��4��9�� E��:��?�� 4��9�� /��9�� /�&��&��:�

�@;EB#C&#)%?&#<;?=O'#E)-%C%'#R./;&E);).2=B#2;-&%/%C&%�-%C<#'&&�%'#>#E)E?1)?&#$C&#/B&%@%C&%'1/B?&#<;).'?;�1,*%H-&D)#<;64��2;E);@;-&#L.'&E&#-,%$&B&%=#CBL%-&#C&%�?)O=#&/#C).+&?1>#E&DB?=O'#E)-#$�;R.$�B%P>#<;P-&%/?%$&L.'&E%$&$D,B#CC&,.65��2,>%B$&#C&%E&DB12#@C&#-Demonstratioevangelica. #P'&/;)M/?=O'#E)-;$&%@;-.$&%=/1,*;-.�)#=%BE)%>#E&D/;,B#E�C#�B-&MB%C#B#P-&%)#$&-@%/%C&#$�;<%C%/C%=;/%$&��%?&E2;EOL1>D,&%>#E)/'%�1B#L&1EB%;,B.-&E). &C&#-.$%<%?;$#C)%=B.��O<1E)%'%E-#?=O'#E)-;-).$P-&#,2=B#B2;=BM/#?C%=;/O-�?)O=#$1E@1RM66. Z/;L.,&#).,*C%=;�/O->#E)/B&#@#$�*=.E)1E%67�%'#1)-&#=/B%E&D&=;B2=B#E)=B#C&%2;2=B#B?%R/#�<;,#E%=B%��&#=-EB.$-P=O/C&,*�&/#%@#$&-B;=#$/'%2O[C&#>EB.,*-@%/,O->#E) �;CE)%C).C�&#'?&��=%B B C&$ C%E)M2&@% /'%�;P,&;@% C;-% #2;?%� ,B%E;E)%)#,BC.�,B%E)=&1$+1��/;,B#?&-%C&%�;P,&O@B%,B%EO-�;CE)%C).C%2=B#�,*;/B&/;E2#@C&#C&%�B%PB-.,&DB,%2;'&).,BC.B/%>#E&D=B#,B.-&P,&#2=B.C;E&TP-&%)1 BL%-&#C&#68��%@#/B&#@; De Vita Constantini >#E)-&#'?&$1-&#'L&#C&#$,#E%=B% & >#<; B%E@1< /'%�;P,&;@%� %-?;CE#?-#C,>&-.,*-%'%C&#$ B-&MB?1$&D/B.�;P,&;@#$%,#E%=E)-#$� Cesar��/�� Boga, wy�woliciel�� /�� /�&�� nie�gody i ��E� jest �wiastunem (�&�� . Jego ��? �iemska jest obra�em �iemskiej �/�� i królestwa

chrétienne consiste dans la renonciation au monde par l’ascèse parfaite et l’adoration de l’Etre di-vin. Cette noble tâche cependant incombe avant tout aux prêtres de l’Eglise et à ses chefs spirituelsqui, en suppléant au commun des fidèles, satisferont à ce devoir par leur pureté et leur esprit desanctification. Cette fonction de suppléance suffit à toutes les exigences de l’idéal ascétique. Celui-ci,au fond, se trouve ‘au-delà’ des possibilités ‘d’une vie humaine normale’. Il ne peut donc êtrequ’une exception. La majorité des chrétiens trouve son devoir dans ce monde-ci, tout en ayant partau salut et à la doctrine salutaire de l’Eglise. Dieu a ‘manifestement’ protégé ‘d’en haut’ son Eglisecontre toutes les attaques démoniaques de ses ennemis et l’a conduite à la victoire et au triomphe,elle qui est lumière des nations”. Les Pères grecs, Paris 1963, s. 85-86.

63 EuBebiusB B CeBarei��M��1�� Q�"��;BC%N�8 "�64 Por. )%$R#� III, 24, 3.65 Por. )%$R#� III, 37, 2; VIII, 13, 1-2; Demonstratio evangelica V, 14 Ba: http://remacle.org/

bloodwolf/historiens/eusebe/demonstration4.htm (/;E)D2( 6��Q� Q��5��1B#L&1EBC%B.-%$D,B#C�C&?O-JR;@C&#=B%$&?=O'#E)-%�*=.E)1E;-#<;K�M��1�� VIII, 4, 3.

66 Por.�M��1�� II, 1, 6, 8.67 Por. )%$R# II, 2, 13 i 28.68 Por. H. von Campenhausen, dB. cyt., s. 90.

�89�� S��F� �� ]

Chrystusa, �apowied�ianego ��(�� > Ostatec�ny �� jest ��E��4��: „Bóg sam, wielki król, � nieba ��&��/ �� &�� ,� ��/� � �� jego pr�eciwnikami i wrogami 9�� &��X>�$�� cesar� kochany pr�e� Boga jest filo�ofem, w�orem ws�elkiej ��9��4��P �� ws�ystkie cnoty królewskie��&��?�� / �� 4��&�� ?69.

�1B#L&1EB &/#C).+&?1>#�;P,&O@� ?)O=. >#E) ?=O'#E)-#$�;R.$B-&/B&%'CM&CE).)1,>M2%NE)-%C%B&#$&��%?&?=;?2=;-%/B&/;B%%?,#2);-%C&%)#<;R?=O'#�E)-% & >#<;-&/B&%'C;P,&- )%?&$ '1L &CC.$2=;<=%$&# '1L E)=1?)1=B#2;'&).,B�C#>70.

�1);=#$;E)%)C&#<;C1=)1�,%@?;-&,&##?'#B>%'C#<;�>#E)�1<1E).C��/#C).+&�?1>#;CC%B&#$&basileiaB�;P,&;@#$�%[email protected]%C&M$&%@%B$&%C%E,#C.2;'&�).,BC#>��;P,&O@C&#L.@>1R2=B#P'%/;-%C.&$C&#>L.@;$D,B#CC&?O-� );'%)2;#/.?,&#�;CE)%C).C%�B.$B;E)%>#B/;L.).-"�Q r.2=B#BL%=L%=B.N,O-C%,B#�'#B�'%=.?&#$��&E?12F&22;C.E)%-&%E;L&#2.)%C&#;=;'D�>%?M�;P,&O@;/<=.�-%-).,*-./%=B#C&%,*(,B.>#E)B%C&#;/2;-&#/B&%'C.2=B#BE-#-@%EC#E@%�L;P,& & <=B#,*.S B1?%>M,;/2;-&#/B&C% );2.)%C&#� B-=%,% E&D/;2=B#EB@;P,&&E)-&#=/B%�R#&/#%@,*=B#P,&>%NE?&2%NE)-%-.C&?%B=#'%,>&$&D/B.C&#L&%NE?&$,#E%=B#$%-@%/,MB&#$E?&$(

,-.�"�� >� '�� 9��&�� &�>� '�� >2�� 9��&�� 9��

�=B#B$&@;PT/;�;<%�,*=B#P,&>%C&#EMB;L;-&MB%C&/;2;E@1EB#NE)-%-@%/�,.B&#$E?&#$1�'#,BC&</.C-&CC&<;2'%E;-%T2;C%/>#/.C#<;�;<%��;�/;LC&#>%?�*=.E)1E;//B&#'&@=B#,B.C%'#RM,#/;,#B%=%;/).,*�?)O=#C%'#RM/;�;<%�)%?,*=B#P,&>%C&#C&</.C-&CC&$&#EB%T).,*/-O,*2;=BM/?O-��1�<1E).C 2=B#,B. >%?;L. ,*=B#P,&>%C&# L.'& ;/2;-&#/B&%'C& B% 12%/#? ,#E%=E)-%�B%P- E-.$ /B&#'# O �E�� (�9� =;B-&>% &/#D-E2O@&E)C&#C&% - P-&#,&#/-O,*2=B#,&-C.,*#'#$#C)O-(>#/C.$>#E)2%NE)-;B&#$E?&#�/=1<&$2%NE)-;�;R#�?)O=.$>#E) '1/;2;/-O>C.$2;,*;/B#C&1(;/�%&C%&;/�L'%72��EB.�E,.'1/B&#EM,BDP,&M>#/C#<;'1L/=1<&#<;�LD/M,2=B#BC%,B;C.$&/;2;)D2&#C&%'1LBL%-&#C&%� %$;E2;@#,B#NE)-;C&#$&#EB%E&DB2%NE)-#$B&#$E?&$��;P�,&O@C&#$&#EB%E&D)%?R#B 2%NE)-#$�;R.$��;R'&-#>#E)�B/%C&#$�1<1E).C%�R#-E2;@#,B#NE)-&#EM)%,.�?)O=B.EM2=B#BC%,B#C&/;BL%-&#C&%%C&#C%'#RM/;

�8�%$R#�70 Por. B.T. Viviano, Le Royaume de Dieu dans l’histoire, Paris 1992, s. 74-84; Dictionnaire

encyclopédique du christianisme ancien, Paris 1990, t. I, s. 784-785.71 �ugustyn, :��8�� 55, 2: PSP 38, WarsBawa 1986.72 O �E��(�9� XV, 1, 2; XIX, 13, 24, WarsBawa 1977.

198 ��

�;P,&;@%�)%?>%?&$;R'&-#>#E)�&R-�;P,&#'#EM'1/B&#C&#2=B#BC%,B#C&/;BL%�-&#C&%��L%2%NE)-%E&D$&#EB%>MB#E;LM&-B%>#$C&#2=B#C&?%>M�

�B.$>#/C%?>#E)�;P,&O@-)#>-&B>&S�1<1E).C1)=B.$1>#�R#�;P,&O@BL'&�R%E&D/;2%NE)-%�;R#<;&R#=%B#$$%>M2#-CM-&D[�C&#-&/B&%'CM/'% '1/B&�'#,B =#%'CM/'%�;<%��; >#E) )%>#$C&,%-E2O'C;).P-&D).,*� communio sancto-rum��%NE)-;�;R#$% E-;>#-@%EC#<=%C&,#� ;,B.-&P,&#/1,*;-# & ;2%=)#C%-&#=B#;=%B>#E)?=O'#E)-#$�*=.E)1E%��;?=O'#E)-;;R.-&%C#>#E)2=B#B-&%=D�=;B,&M<%E&DC%-EB.E)?&,*'1/B&-&#=BM,.,*&R.>M,.,*-&%=M&;/E.@%>M,#-,&MR/;�*=.E)1E%()%$�<dBie jest wiara, króluje Chrystus, tam, gdBie jest to królowa-nie, istnieje królestwo Chrystusa:

,-.�3�� ?�� 4��&��"��>�8�� &��4��,-.��/��9�� &��,-.��4�� 9� �� /�� 1��/� �� /�� &�� 1�� >�B�� A� �� A� �� /�� &��4�� /� ��9��P��/��1��/�� 9�E�� 9��9�� >�B��/��"��7�WD�� 9�E� ��/��>��&��&��9�� E��>�8��"�/��/��1��&��&��X>�"��9�� &��&��9��&��E�� C�+�� &��1��4�� 1��/>�� 97�W1��/��?�� E��/�� 1��4�� @�� >� 1�� /��/� �� /�� 1��@�� X>�8��9�� 1��@��4�� 7��/��E��;��?�� ?��/��?=��/��?�� P�� 4��&�� &�� >�,-.�'�� ?��1��4��@�� &��?�� /��&��P�� &�� &��&/�� >�$ ��&�� 1��/��P�� &�� &�� 1��/�� &�� 9��&��/�&��/��>� '� �� 1��/�� "�� 1��4�� @�� 9:�

Koncepcja �ugustyna jest naBnacBona neoplatoniBmem prBynajmniej-C%/%�C&1E+#=B#/1,*;-#>-.REB#>-%=);P,&C&R);�,;$%)#=&%'C#��=O'#E)-;�;R#>#E)=B#,B.-&E);P,&M /1,*;-M� 2;/;LCM /; )#>� >%?M ;2&E.-%@�=.<#C#E� #/C%? );

9::��E��(�9� ZZ�8��;=�%��b�?;'��Q79�

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?=O'#E)-;$%/-&# +%B.( >#/CM >1R )=-%>M,MC% B&#$& & /=1<M� ?)O=% C%E)M2& 2;2=B.>P,&1�*=.E)1E% & ;//B&#'#C&1 P-&D).,*;/<=B#EBC&?O-�� >#/C#> & /=1<&#>+%B&# ?=O'#E)-; ); >#E) );RE%$# B �;P,&;@#$�- 2&#=-EB#> C%BC%,B;C.$ <=B#�,*#$�-/=1<&#>>1R).'?;P-&D).$74.

�;-&B>%,* L&E?12%�#B%=#& & L&E?12%F&22;C.� ,*=B#P,&>%C&# E)%CD'& 2=B#/%')#=C%).-M(%'L;1);RE%$&#C&#�;P,&;@%&?=O'#E)-%--&B>&&$2#=&%'C#>�%'L;)%E%$%&/#C).+&?%,>%-+;=$&##?'#B>%'C#>��L&#C%2=B#E)=B#C&-&#?O-E&D2=B#C&�?%@.� B%=O-C;C%�E,*;/B&#, jak i na ZachodBie75� ;L&# ,BDE); 2=;-%/B&@. /;C%/1R.T '1L L.@. L%=/B; >#/C;E)=;nni# &C)#=2=#);-%C#� #/C%? ); 2=;2;B.,>%�1<1E).C% B/;L.@%-&D?EB#2;2%=,&# & 2=B#)=-%@%/;ZZ-&#?1-2;E)%,& ;+&�,>%'C.,* #?'#B>;';<&&� �.E)%=,B. B%,.);-%T /-% /;?1$#C)y� /-O,* =ORC.,*&C&#L'&E?&,*E;L&#2%2&#R.�?)O=.,*E+;=$1@;-%C&%EM>#/C;BC%,BC#:

N�� /� ��&��%��/��/�� 94�� P��4�� &�� >�8��1��(�9�� 1��/��4��"��/� �� &��9�?��&��4�� /�9�?�(�&��&�� >�%��&��F��&��/�� &��/��&�� /��E�� (�9� ��&��(�&�� F��4 � ��F��(�&�>�,-.

B�� &��9�E�� /�� E�� @�� /��?� ��E��?� ��4��/��/�� ?�� 4��&�� @ ��"��4

74�?'%E.,BC#>>1RL&;<=%+&&�1<1E).C%��=;-C2;?%B1>#B%'#RC;PT$.P'&�1<1E).C%C% )#$%) �;P,&;@% ;/ ?;C)=;-#=E>& B /;C%).E)%$&� �utor stwierdBa: „ However, such a rapidlyexpanding church could never claim to be ‘holy’ in any sense that was immediately apparent. Herethe Donatists could appeal to the obvious. If the church was defined as ‘pure’, if it was the onlybody in the world in which the Holy Spirit resided, how could its members fail to be ‘pure’? �ugu-stine, however, was a man steeped in Neo-Platonic ways of thought. The world appeared to him asa world of ‘becoming’, as a hierarchy of imperfectly-realiBed forms, which depended for theirquality, on ‘participating’ in an Intelligible World of Ideal Forms. This universe was in a stateof constant, dynamic tension, In which the imperfect forms of matter strove to ‘realiBe’ their fixed,ideal structure, grasped by the mind alone. It was the same with �ugustine-s view of the Church.The rites of the church were undeniably ‘holy’, because of the objective holiness of a Church which‘participated’ in Christ. The ‘true church’ of �ugustine is not only the ‘body of Christ’, the‘heavenly Jerusalem’, it is also deeply tinged with the metaphysical ideas of Plotinus; it isthe ‘reality’, of which the concrete church on earth is only an imperfect shadow”. +ugustineof Hippo: a biography, Berkeley – Los �ngeles 1969, s. 221-222.

75�#-C#>#>#'#$#C).$;RC%BC%'#[T-2;'&).,#-E,*;/C&#>C&#$&#,?&,*,#E%=B.�Por. Y.-M.J.Congar, L’Eglise de saint +ugustin à l’époque moderne, Paris 1970, s. 51-55.

200 ��

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:�� /��?��& �� 9�� &�� &��1��(��&��:�4�� 9��?�� &��/��E�� 9��/�� (�9�� &��9� ��?� �� /�&� ��8�� &�� &��1�� 99�

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�<=;$C%B$&%C%-2;/#>P,&1/; )#$%)1C%E)M2&@%/;2&#=;2;/?;C&#,Z�Z-&#?1-=%BB21L'&?%,>MC&#-&#'?&#<;/B&#@%;*%CC#Ea�#&EE%-�68 =�B%).)1�@;-%CMDie Predigt Jesu vom Reiche Gottes.�#CC&#$&#,?&#<B#<#)%E)%-&%@E;�L&# B% ,#' BL%/%C&#2=%-/.*&E);=.,BC#> 2&E$�;-#<;�#E)%$#C)1- P=;/;-&�E?1 &- ,B%E&#�- >%?&$ 2;-E)%-%@.��@O-C% )#B%�#&EE% E2=;-%/B&@% E&D /;

76 Leon XIII, Humanum genus, Ba: http://www.nonpossumus.pl/encykliki/Leon_XIII/humanum_genus/hg.php (/;E)D2(29.10.2011).

77 Pius XII, Mystici Corporis Christ 15, Ba: http://www.opoka.org.pl/biblioteka/W/WP/pius_xii/encykliki/mystici_corporis_29061943.html#m1-2 (/;E)D2( 8��Q� Q��5��;'E,#2;-;>#CC#>?%=/��F';C/- >#/C.$ B 2&#=-EB.,* E-;&,* 2=B#$O-&#N <@;E&( J�P=O/ B%<=O/ ?-&#,&E).,*& 2O' B&#';C.,*-&)%@%$&D ;/P-&D)C.$ E@;-#$/1EB% 2;'E?%� ;L>%-&%>M, E&D- )#> 2;=.-%>M,#>2=%-/B&#�?)O=%E&D-)#/.-.2;-&%/%�</.,B@;-&#?B-#-CD)=BC#<;C%),*C&#C&%&L#B2=B.$1E12=B#$%-&%� B,B#=#/C;/1EB.2;'E?&#>-.=%B&@;E&D)%?2&#=-;)C&#� )%?E-;>E?;� )%?L%=-C&#>%?</.L.2;#B>%C%EB#>$%';-C&,B#>-&;EC.��.P' 'PC&@% E&[email protected]?%$&-&#,BC#>2=%-/. >%?L.2=B#�P-&#)';C%2=;$&#C&%$&�1,*%P-��.@.);-.2;-&#/B&-&%=.�;//%C&%�B%1+%C&%��=B$&%@%-C&,*-&#,BC% )DE?C;)%E#=,%,B@;-&#,B#<;B%,B.$P '#2EB.$&-.REB.$�-;@%C&#;L@;<;E@%-&#NE)-;�=O'#E)-%�;R#<;�?)O=#�;P,&O@L1/1>#&/;?;N,%-&#?O-L1/;-%TLD/B&#�4]5

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�;-%EB%P�$;&1?;,*%C&/&#,#B>%C&#�#)=;2;'&&�%=EB%-E?&#>�B-=%,%$E&DB-.=%B#$2;�/B&-1� R#P,&#-P=O/C%>)=%<&,BC&#>EB.,*2;-&?@%N;E)%)C&,* '%) C% ).$;P=;/?;-.$EB%N,12;'�E?;P,&-.)=-%'&-;L=;C'E?&#<;R.,&% &*;C;=1;=%B E-;LO/-&#=BM,#>/1EB.C%=;/1��B#=�2&M, C?;C%C# #C#=<&# B L;<%,)-% /%=O- B@;R;C.,* - /1EB. 2;'E?&#>� /;-&#/'&P,&# -P=O/'%-&C.;<C&%&-%'M,.,*E&D<$%,*O-�R#�%=EB%-D).'?;E#=,#$B/;L.T$;RC%��?;C%)#>E);'&,.<-%@)��C%=;B)-&#=%E&D>#/.C&# w sercu, k)O=#E&DL#BB/=%/./;C&#>2=B.)1'&&B/%)C#>#E);/,B1T<;/C;PT>#>/1$.��/L1/;-1>,&#�%=EB%-D>%?;P-&D);PTC%=;/1��@M,BC;P,&B?%2@%C%�$&<=1C)1>,&#)1/1,*%�*=.E)1E;-#<;�L;�=O'#E)-;�;R#>#E)/1EBMC%=;/O-��1/.C&#;R.-&;�C#�=O'#E)-#$�;R.$B%$&#C&%>M E&D- )=12.K� 8�� 1��(�9�� 4��, WarsBawa 30 maj 1946 Ba: http://www.tchr.org/hlond/www/druki/admortem/s1948.htm(/;E)D2(28.10.2011).

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78 Por. J. Weiss, Jesus’s Proclamation of Kingdom of God, Chico 1985, s. 129-136. WeisE$;,C;2;/?=#P'%B-&MB#?$&D/B.<@;EB#C&#$?=O'#E)-%�;R#<;2=B#B#B1E%%EM/#$�-?)O=.$<@O-CM=;'DLD/B&#$&%@E%$�O<��;�C1E)%C;-&E-#?=O'#E)-;&2;BC&EB,B#C&1B@%�=;B1$&%C#�<;)%?R#>%?;BC&EB,B#C&#P-&%)%�2=B#>$&#2#@CM-@%/BD;=%BEM/-C;-.$P-&#,&#�

79 Por. R. Gibellini, Panorama de la théologie au XXe siècle, Paris 1994, s. 175. Na temat reakcjiBob. s. 178-180 oraB P. Guerin, La pensée religieuse d’+lfred Loisy, RHPR 37/1957/4, s. 304-316.

202 ��

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�%>-&D?EB#>#/C%?B/B&-&#C&#-.-;@1>#E)-&#=/B#C&#(Jésus annonçait le roy-aume, et c’est l’Eglise qui est venue80��&$;-,B#PC&#>EB.,* 1-%< ; ,&M<@;P,&�;P,&;@%-*&E);=&&$&D/B.2;EB,B#<O'C.$&#)%2%$&>#<;=;B-;>1X$&$;1BC%C&%=;B-;>1-E2O'C;).1,BC&O--;?O@#B1sa-?&#=1C?1O-,B#EC#>+;=$.2%2&#E)-%��;&E. 2=B#?=#P'% -EB#'?M &/#C).+&?%,>D ?=O'#E)-% �;R#<; & �;P,&;@%� #/.C.$21C?)#$-E2O'C.$$;R#L.T).'?;;E;L%#B1E%�<@;EBM,%#-%C<#'&D&B-&MB%C%B�;P,&;@#$�-?)O=.$�;&E./;E)=B#<%-.@M,BC&#&CE).)1,>DE2;@#,BCM�

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80 �. Loisy, L’Evangile de l’Eglise, Paris 1904, s��77��%=);2=B.);,B.T?&'?%/;/%)?;-.,*B/%NB;);,B#C&%)#<;,.);-%C#<;: „Il est certain, par exemple, que Jésus n’avait pas réglé d’avan-ce la constitution de l’Eglise comme celle d’un gouvernement établi sur la terre et destiné à s’yperpétuer pendant une longue série de siècles. Mais il y a quelque chose de bien plus étranger en-core à sa pensée et à son enseignement authentiques, c’est l’ idée d’une société invisible, forméeà perpétuité par ceux qui auraient foi dans leur cœur à la bonté de Dieu. On a vu que l’Evangile deJésus avait déjà un rudiment d’organisation sociale, et que le royaume aussi devait avoir formede société. Jésus annonçait le royaume, et c’est l’Eglise qui est venue. Elle est venue en élargissantla forme de l’Evangile, qui était impossible à garder telle quelle, dès que le ministère de Jésus eutété clos par la passion”.

81�E1$&#)=-%@;);;?;@;9Q'%)�</.RB%$;$#C)1BC%C&%)#B�#&EE%1BC%>#E&D1?%B%C&#E&D-�8�" r. Theologie der Hoffnung Jürgena Motlmanna. Por. B.T. Viviano, dB. cyt., E��88��2&C&%�;&E.B;E)%@%<-%@);-C&#;/=B1,;C%2=B#B)#;';<&D?%);'&,?M�

82 Règne et royaume de Dieu: essai de théologie biblique, Paris 1965, s. 65-216.83 Ta$R#, s. 182.

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88�;L=M2#=E2#?).-D EB?&,1># ��121&E� Vers une théologie chrétienne du pluralisme reli-gieux, Paris 1997, s. 509n.

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99 Dominus Iesus 18 Ba: http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20000806_dominus-iesus_pl.html (/;E)D2(02.11.2011). DalsB%,BDPT/;?1$#C�)1>#E)2=B.2;$C&#C&#$21C?)O-#C,.?'&?&Redemptoris missio.

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Nie ma dBisi%> >#/C#>� >%EC#> +;=$1@.;2&E1>M,#>B-&MB#??=O'#E)-%�;R#<;&�;P,&;@%� #E) ); )#$%) /;/%'EB.,*2;EB1?&-%N & =#+'#?E>&� 2=B. ,B.$ )=B#L%L=%T2;/1-%<DB@;R;C;PT?-#E)&&&1C&?%T-EB#'?&#>>#/C;BC%,BC;P,&102��/#,.�/;-%C&#C%'#R.2;/?=#P'%T2=.$%)-&%=.C%/=;B-%R%C&%$&)#;';<&,BC.$&�</.R;E)%)#,BC&#?=O'#E)-;�;<%);�CE%$(�O<2;)DRC.&R.-.��O<$&@1>M,.&E@1�,*%>M,.,B@;-&#?%��O<-?=%,B%>M,.-)#CP-&%)&>#<;*&E);=&D;=%B1E)%C%-&%�>M,.-P=O/'1/B&E-;>MIC&#;$.'CM&-&#,BCMIE2=%-&#/'&-;PT��*;T>#E);C%�)%?>%?&E%$;/B&%@%C&#,BDE);C&#-&/;,BC#�);C&#>#E)C&#;L#,C#��=%BB12@.�-#$,B%E1LD/B&#E&DE);2C&;-;1>%-C&%T%R/;,%@#>2#@C&�

101�.P' P-��%-@%-E?%B1># )1C%2=B.EB@#/;2#@C&#C&#/B&#@% E)-;=B#C&%2=B#B�;<%�,*;T>1R)#=%B);E%$;E)-;=B#C&#/;2#@C&%C#>#E)-�*=.E)1E&#: „�)1>1RC&#$%�=#?%%C&�./%�;L�=B#B%C&%%C&C&#;L=B#B%C&%�L%=L%=B.N,.� ,.).�C&#-;'C&?%�-;'C#<;� '#,B-EB.E)?&$-#-EB.E)�?&,*>#E)�*=.E)1E” (Kol 3,11).

102�&#,*P-&%/,B.;).$2=OL%��121&E�?)O=#<;2=%,#�-.=;E@#C%<=1C,&#2=%,.$&E.>C#>-�C/&%,*�)=%+&@.;E)%)#,BC&e /;�;C<=#<%,>&�%1?&�&%=.��;%C%'&B%,*&/.E?1E>&B%1);=#$�;C�<=#<%,>% 2=B.2;$&C% &E);)C# #'#$#C). - 2%)=B#C&1 C% 2;P=#/C&,)-; #B1E% & �;P,&;@%� )%?R#-;/C&#E&#C&1/;&CC.,*=#'&<&&��;=��;C<=#<%,>%�%1?&�&%=.�J�;)%C%)#$%)?E&MR?&%,\1#E^%�121&s, 1��E��&�� &��&�” oraB komentarB: http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20010124_dupuis_pl.html (/;E)D2(02.11.2011).

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La question concernant la relation entre l’idée du royaume de Dieu et l’Eglise a acquis au fildes siècles des réponses différentes, parfois même contradictoires. Cet article veut montrer ladiversité de ces réponses fondées sur le concept biblique du royaume de Dieu et développéesensuite dès l’�ntiquité chrétienne. Sur cette base, il montre comment les aspects de la discussionmoderne portent sur la détermination de ce qui, par son essence, est le royaume de Dieu et sur sonrapport à l’Eglise. Il montre ainsi l’ampleur du problème dans la théologie moderne et il esquisseles éléments essentiels qui doivent être prises en compte lors des recherches postérieurs.

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�;/E)%-D-&%=. ,*=B#P,&>%NE?&#> E)%C;-&M /;<$%).; sBcBególnie chrystolo-gicBny1 i trynitarny, najpierw wypracowane 2=B#BE)%=;R.)C.,*)#;';<O-&ojców�;P,&;@%�%C%E)D2C&#B%)-&#=/B;C#2=B#B*&#=%r,*O-?;P,&#'C.,*.�&C&#>EB.%=�).?1@2;=1EB% prBede wsBystkim BagadnieniaB-&MB%CeB)%>#$C&,M�=O>,.H-&D�)#>( ja?>M-.>%PC&%'i pierwsi ojcowie oraB>%?);2=B#?@%/%@;E&DC%&?;C;<=%+&D�C%>2&#=-E)%=;R.)CM�%C%E)D2C&#P=#/C&;-&#,BCM&C;-;R.)CM� SB,B#<O'C#<;BC%�,B#C&%C%L=%@ tutaj )#R2=;L'#$-.;L=%R#C&%�1,*%H-&D)#<;B%=O-C;C%#2&+%�C&,BC.,*2=B#/E)%-&#C&%,* ,%@#>�=O>,.H-&Dtej, jak i na i?;C%,* &'1E)=1>M,.,*R.,&#�*=.E)1E%�

Kontrowersje >%?>%-&@.E&D;/C;PC&# do dogmatu trynitarnego w pierw-sBych wiekach istnien&%,*=B#P,&>%NE)-%B;E)%@.-.>%Pnione na soborBe nicejskimB 325 r. i soborBe konstant.C;2;'&)%NE?&$B:6�=�2�E)%)#,BC&#1E)%';C;�R#�=O>,%

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1�;<$%).,*=.E);';<&,BC#E)%C;-&M2;/E)%-D)#;';<&&,*=B#P,&>%NE?&#>��E;L%�*=.E)1E%>#E)[=O/@#$&<@O-C.$2=B#/$&;)#$/'%)#>)#;';<&&��;=��;EE;'�$��&��/�&��, Opole1978; C%)#$%),*=.E);,#C)=.B$1B;L��1?%EB.?�Chrystocentry�m, w: Encyklopedia Katolicka,t. III, Lublin 1979, kol. 296.; na temat chrystologii Bob. H. Langkammer, Chrystologia, EK, t. III,?;'�:Q7X)#CR#�U podstaw chrystologii Nowego Testamentu��=;,@%-�89�; W. Granat, "��44(�&4��/��, Lublin 1959, s. 90 n.; K.H. Schelkle, Teologia Nowego Testamentu, t. 2, (�&��/��"�� Kraków 1985; T. Böhm, Die Christologie des +rius, „Studien Bur Teologie undGestchichte” Bd 7, München 1991.

2 K. Onasch, �. Schnieper, Ikony. Fakty i legendy� )@�� B%C)#=��%=EB%-% QQ9�E��" XC%)#$%)E;L;=O-nicejskiego,?;CE)%C).C;2;'&)%NE?&#<;B;L�G.L. Dossetti, Il Simbolo di Nicea e diConstantinopli. Edi�ione critica, Roma 1967; I. OrtiB de Urbina, El Simbolo Niceno, Consejo Su-perior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid 1947; M.F. Wiles, + Textual Variant in the Creedof the Council of Nicaea, „Studia Patristica” 26, Leuven 1993; J.M. Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum

214 ��

H-&D)% 4<=� trias, rus. trojca5 );L.) >#/C;,BM,.-E;L&# )=B.L;E?&# &E);).3. �;�C&#-%R/B&%@%C&#�;<%>#E))=.C&)%=Ce, wobec)#<;>#E)�C�=O>,M�

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Na soborBe w Nicei w 325 r. ojcowie potwierdBili wia=D-�=O>,D&Baakcep-towali credo, które brBmi: W�� &��(�&�:��B�� &��&�� >� '�� &��8��usa Chrystusa, Syna B�9�&�� &�� :�� &�� :��(�&��(�&��H��/��?��H��/��(�&��&�� Bogaprawd�iwego, �rod�onego, a ��&��/��&��:�� pr�e� które-go ws�yst�� /��o jest na �iemi, który dla nas lud�i ��&�� /� �� /� ��/�� /� �� /�� a/� �� 4��/��&��/��?�9��um�/��>'��%��H�� &�4.

�&/%T�R# w nicejskim wyBnan&1-&%=.� 2;$&$; R#-.=%[C#-.=ORC&% E&D)=B.�E;L.� ); niewiele podano in+;=$%,>& C% )#$%)�1,*%H-&Dtego. Dodatekodn;PC&# do )=B#,&#>�E;L.�=O>,.H-&D)#>2;>%-&@E&D dopiero C%E;L;=B#?;C�E)%C).C;2;'&)%NE?$�4:6� r.)5, wówcBas d;E@O-;2&E1>M,.,* Syna B;R#<;�#�B1E%�*=.E)1E%/;/%C;�R#[…]��/��/��%��H�� tego � Maryi%��/�� /�� 6. Natomiast do samego �1,*%H-&D)#<;;/C;EBM

Nova et +mplissima Collectio, Florentiae 1759; reprint: Paris 1901; E. SchwartB, +cta ConciliorumOecumenicorum, Berolini et Lipsiae 1927-1932; P.P. Joannou, Les canons des conciles oecuméni-ques, Pontificia commisione per la redaBione del codice di diritto canonico orientale. Fonti, Fasc.IX, Grottaferrata – Roma 1962; N.P. Tanner (wyd.), Decrees of the Ecumenical Counciles I, Schedand Word and Georgetown Univ. Press 1990; G. �lberigo, G.L. Rossetti, P.P. Joannou, C. Leopar-di, P. Prodi (wyd.), Conciliorum Oecumenicorum Decreta, Colonia 1991; J.N.D. Kelly, Early chri-stian Creeds, London 1950; H.J. Sieben, Die Kon�ilsidee der +lten Kirche, Paderborn 1979.

3 K. Onasch, �. Schnieper, Ikony…., dB. cyt., s. 142; na temat Trójcy Bob. S. Olyott, W TrójcyJedyny��;BC%N�88Q�

4 Sobór Nicejski I (325), Wy�nanie wiary 318 Ojców, w: Dokumenty soborów pows�echnych,t. I, oprac. �. Baron, H. Pietras, Kraków 2002, s. 24-25: „Credimus in unum deum patrem omnipo-tentem visibilium et invisibilium factorem. Et In unum dominum Iesum Chrustum filiom dei,natumde patre, hoc est de substantia patris, deum de deo, lumen de lumine, deum verum de deo vero,natum non fatum, unius substantiae cum patre, quod Graeci dicunt homousion, per quem omniafacta sunt sive quae in celo sive quae in terra; qui propter nos homines et propter nostram salutemdescendit, incarantus est, homo factus est, passus est et resurrexit teria die, ascendit in caelos ven-turus iudicare vivo et mortus. Et in spiritum sanctum”.

5�;C)=;-#=E>#C% )#$%)LOE)-%�1,*%H-&D)#<;E)%@.E&D2=B.,B.CMB-;@%C&%2=B#B�#;/;�B>1EB%�&#'?&#<;/;�;CE)%C).C;2;'%-:6�=�E.C;/1�?)O=.C%E)D2C&#B;E)%@1BC%C.B%��E;LO=2;-EB#,*C.XB;L��1$;=�M��1��/, t. 1, Lublin 2003, s.150.

6 Sobór Konstant��E�� ' (381), Wy�nanie wiary 150 Ojców, w: Dokumenty soborów po-ws�echnych, t. I, s. 68-69: „(…) et incarnatus est de spiritu santo et Maria virgine humanatus est (…)”.

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�=B.?@%/;-;Eobór w KonstaC).C;2;'1B%*#=#B>D1BC%@poglM/.#1C;$&%C,cByli anomejcByków9, arian10 lub eudoksjan11, pó@%=&%C, cByli pneumatomachów12,sabelian13, marcelian14, fotynian15, apolinarystów16.

7�%$R#(„Credimus (…) spiritus sanctum, dominum et vivificatorem, ex patre procedentem,cum patre et filio coadorandum et conglorificandum, qui locutus est per prophetas” (…); Bob. Cre-do in Spiritum Sanctum, �tti del Congresso Teologico InternaBionale di Pneumatologia, 22-23 III1982, Libreria Editrice Vaticana 1983.

8 Zob. Dokumenty soborów pows�echnych, )��E��8�2=B.2&E:X�1,*;L1=,.;2&#=%'&E&DC%%=&%C&B$&#� 1BC%'& R# .C 2;/'#<%�>,1� %�1,*H-&D). .C;-&��1,*H-&D). C&# L.@ /'% C&,*�;<&#$�%'#C%>-.REB.$�1,*#$�?)O=. E@1R.�;<1��%?&# )#;=&#-.E1CM@�%,#/;C&1EB�L&E?12�;CE)%C).C;2;'%�%,&,;;2&#=%'&E&DC%>#<;C%1,#C%B-%C&B;E)%'&$%,#/;C&anami lub duchobur-cami; Bob. na ten temat B. Kumor, dB. cyt., s. 148.

9 EunomiusB (Bm. 394)�=%/.?%'C.%=&%C&C1-%R%@�R#&E);)% .C%>#E),%@?;-&,&#&CC%C&R�>,%XB;L�Dokumenty soborów pows�echnych, )��E�9��2=B.2&E7X ?=%>C&%=&%C&#C;E&'&=ORC#C%B-.��=B.?@%/;-;C%B-%anomici4;/<=#,?&#<;E@;-%anomoios�,;;BC%,B%,%@?;-&,&#=ORC.&;/C;E&E&D/; .C%�;R#<;�?)O=.$&%@L.L.TC/;LC./;�>,%��C;$&,&1-%R%'&�R# .C).'?; >%?;E)-;=B#C&#-.?%B1>#2#-C#2;/;L&#NE)-;/;�>,%� %'# >#<;C%)1=% >#E) ,%@?;-&,&# &CC%��-O=,%)%?&#<;B%@;R#C&%L.@�#,>1EB4B$�:��5IL&E?12�C)&;,*&&�E)M/)#R-.-;/B&E&DC%B-% ecjanie.�-;'#CC&?O-)#>)#;=&&C%B.-%C;)#Reunomianami, od rBecBywistego prBywódcy doktrynalnego –EunomiusBa, biskupa CyByku; Bob. B. Kumor, dB. cyt., s. 148.

10�=&%C&B$I;E)%C&%*#=#B>%)=.C&)%=C%E)%=;R.)C;P,&�2;-E)%@%-�U-��%B-%-.-;/B&E&D/;�=&1EB%�?%2@%C%%'#?E%C/=.>E?&#<;�?)O=.-.>%PC&%>M,=#'%,>#$&D/B.�;<&#$�>,#$% .C#$�;R.$,2;2%/@-E1L;=/.C%,>;C&B$��-%R%@L;-&#$�R#J�O<�>,&#,K>#E) >#/#C�C&#E)-;=B;C.�C&#B$&#CC.&%L.E)-;=B.TP-&%)-./%@ .C%2=B#/B%&E)C&#C&#$,B%E1��O<-&D,C&#E)-;=B.@L#B�2;P=#/C&;P-&%)%�%'#/%@ &E)C&#C&#L#B2;P=#/C&; ).'?; .C;-&�?)O=.-)#CE2;EOL$&%@E-O>2;�,BM)#?� .C C&# >#E) J*;$;1E&;EK I J,;CE1LE)%C)&%'&EK� ,B.'& -E2O@&E);)C. �>,1� </.R C&# $&%@2;,BM)?1B#<;E1LE)%C,>&� .C>#/C%?R#C&#>#E))%?&>%?&CC#E)-;=B#C&%�</.RB;E)%@E)-;=B;C.BC&,B#<;�#E)JB=;/B;C.K�%'#-.C&?%);B@%E?&, a nie B natury. Syn jest Bogiem, ale tylko/B&D?&2=B.L=%C&1<;B% .C%2=B#B�>,%� .CJ�;<;EKC&#>#E)-EB#,*/;E?;C%@.�</.R>#E)&CC.;/J�;�<;E1K2=B.E@1<1>M,#$1�>,1��%=O-C;�>,&#,� .C� >%? &�1,*H-&D). );-#/@1<�=&1EB% &E);).=ORC&M,# E&D ;/ E&#L&#X B;L��1$;=� dB. cyt., s. 142-143; Dl%�=&1EB% @;-;L.@; 2&#=-EB.$E)-;=B#C&#$�;<%� %�1,* /=1<&$� %$#<;�;<% C&#$;R# ;L>%-&%T /B&%@%C&# %C& @;-%, %C&�1,*%��1,*2;/2;=BM/?;-%C. >#E) .C;-&�% .C�>,1XB;L��*� ,*kCL;=C� Ikona Chrystusa�)@�� B.$;C%��;BC%N QQ��E�:7X�%C%1?%L.@%E2=B#,BC%B2=%-;-&#=CM-&%=M,-#/@1<?)O=#>B%=O-C; .C, >%?&�1,*$;<M2=B#LOE)-&%T�</.REM�;<&#$�B;L��=B#<;=BB�%B>%CB1�Mowa:�� 6�2;/%>DB%(�*� ,*kCL;=C�/B�,.)��E�:��XC%)#$%)�=&1EB%B;L�� B.$1E&%?�+rius�,EK, t. III, Lublin 1973, kol. 920; J. Masiurek, +riani�m i nauka +rius�a, EK, t. I, kol. 911-912.

11�&E?12�1/;?E>1EB )-&#=/B&@�R# .C >#E)C/;LC./;�>,%2;C&#-%R2;E&%/%2;,BM)#?&;/=DLCM-;'DX�;L�Dokumenty]� s. 71, prBypis 6.

12�.@ ); )#=$&C;?=#P'%>M,. '1/B&�?)O=B.,;2=%-/%1BC%-%'&LOE)-; .C%�;R#<;�%'#C&#

216 ��

Ojcowie Bebrani na soborBe w K;CE)%C).C;2;'11R.-%'& ;?=#P'#C&% homo-oúsios & 2;/?=#P'%'&� R# .C &�1,*H-&D).$;<M;L>%-&%T�;<%� L; EM =O-C&�>,1�>#P'&,*;/B&;&E);)D17.

�%RC%2;B;E)%>#)#R)1)%>?-#E)&%2;,*;/B#C&%�1,*%H-&D)#<;��;CE)%C�).C;2;'11BC%C;�R#2;,*;/B&�C;/�>,%��%);$&%E)/;/%C&#/;,=#/;E+;=$1�@;-%C&%J;/ .C%K4J�&'&;\1#K5C%E)M2&@; dopiero w 589 r.C%E.C;/B&#-�;'#�/;��;=$1@%)%E)%@%E&D2O[C&#>2=B.,B.CME2;=O-$&D/B.@%,&NE?&$�%,*;/ema greckim Wschodem18. TrBeba jednak /;/%T� &R >1R-;?=#E&# 2%)=.E).,BC.mBarówno na WschodBie, jak i na ZachodBie B% [=O/@; ;E;L;-#<; L.)1�1,*%H-&D)#<;1-%R%C;)%?�>,%,>%?& .C%�#/C%?=ORC&,%2;'#<%@%C%).$�R#;>,;�-&#wE,*;/C&2=B.>D'&;?=#P'#C&#(J;/�>,%2=B#B .C%K, a teolodBy Bachodni „odOjca i Syna”19.�=B.?@%/;-;F&'%=.B�;&)&#=E1BC%@� R#�1,*H-&Dty pochodBiod Ojca prBeB jedynego Syna20. �%);$&%E) /;?)=.CD J�&'&;\1#K >%?; 2&#=-EB.

1BC%-%'&LOE)-%�1,*%H-&D)#<;�?)O=#<;)=%?);-%'& >%?;C&#;E;L;-M$;,�;<%��.T$;R#)#=�$&C )#CE)-;=B.@ P-��)%C%B.�B;L� Dokumenty]�E�9��2=B.2&E9X�)%C%B.;E)=;-.E)M2&@2=B#�,&-?; 2;<'M/;$�%,#/;C&1EB%� % C% E.C;/B&# J-.BC%-,O-K-�'#?E%C/=&& 4:� 5 1E)%';C;� &R�1,*H-&D).>%?;)=B#,&%�E;L%�=O>,.H-&D)#>$%)%?ME%$M&E);)D&C%)1=D>%?�>,&#,& .CXB;L�B. Kumor, dB. cyt., s. 149; Bob. H.G. OpitB, +thanasius Werke III, 1, Walter de Gruyter and Co,Berlin –LeipBig 1934.

13 %L#'&1EB 4��-�5 <@;E&@ )#;=&D )B-�$;C%=,*&%C&B$1$;/%'&E).,BC#<;�-#/@1<?)O=#<; &E)�C&#>#).'?;>#/C%�E;L%�;E?%�$;<M,%;L>%-&%TE&DC%=ORC#E2;E;L.4modi); Bob. Dokumenty]�E�9��2=B.2&E6X�#/@1<P-��%B.'#<; %L#'&1EB1-%R%@�R#�O<>#E)->#/C#>*&2;E)%BE;L&#5�,B.'&>#E)>#/CME1LE.E)#C,>M�#/C%?=%B1?%B1>#E&D>%?;�>,&#,�=%B>%?; .C�=%B>%?;�1,*H-&D�).�-;L#,)#<;1?%B1>#=ORC#E-;>#;L'&,B%4prósopa5XB;L��*� ,*kCL;=C�/B�,.)��E�" XB;L�H-��%B.'&�List 214, 3, Courtonne, t. 2, s. 204.

14�%=,#'&B�C,.=. 4B$�;?�:9" =�51-%R%@, R#2=B.?;N,1,B%EO-LD/B&# ).'?; >#/#C�O<L#B=;B=ORC&#C&%C%)=B.�E;L.�;E?&#XB;L�Dokumenty]� s. 71, prBypis 9.

15 �;).CL.@ B-;'#CC&?&#$ >#/C;P,&�;R#>�;C%/.� C&# 1BC%-%@ =#%'C#<;L.);-%C&% )%?&,*�EOL�>%? .C,B.�1,*XB;L� Dokumenty]� s. 71, prBypis 10.

16�2;'&C%=.B�%;/.,#&1-%R%@�R#-�*=.E)1E&#�OE)-;4�;<;E5B%>D@;$&#>E,#'1/B?&#>/1�EB. =;B1$C#>��OE)-; L#B2;P=#/C&; B@M,B.@; E&D B ,&%@#$�*=.E)1E;-.$� �;-E)%@%-&D, >#/C%C%)1=% >%?;L&;';<&,BC% >#/C;PT @%,BM,%�OE)-;��;<;E B ,&%@#$�*=.E)1E;-.$X B;L� Dokumen-ty]� s. 71, prBypis 11; Bob. B. Kumor, dB. cyt., s. 157.

17 Zob. Ch. Schönborn, dB. cyt., s. 36.18��1$;=�/B�,.)��E��7QX�%C;C �E.C;/1);'#/%NE?&#<;��4768=�5;/C;PC&#do �1,*%

H-&D)#<;-.=%R%E&D(�%'#R.<@;E&T�R#2;,*;/B&4procedere) od Ojca i od Syna, i B Ojcem i Sy-nem jest jednej istoty (substantia5��#?E)@%,&NE?&, w: J.D. Masi, Sacrorum Conciliorum nova col-lectio��8��%=.R��&2E?��8 ��8 9� s. 981D. „(…) a Patre et a Filio procedere et cum Patre etFilio unius esse substantiae”; na temat sporów $&D/B.�E,*;/#$ i Zachodem o Filioque Bob. )%?R#��C;-'#E��L;'#CE?.�M��1��/�)� ��QQ��7QQ�)@��1=B.NE?&��%=EB%-%�866�s. 83.

19 Zob. M.D. Knowles, D. Obolensky, dB. cyt., s. �Q�(�E,*;/C&;>,;-&#1BC%'&+;=$1@D1E)%�';CMC%E;L;=B#-�;CE)%C).C;2;'1-:6�=�B%C&#B$&#CCM��;-&D?EB.,*E2;=O-C%�%,*;/B&#/;EB@;B%�%=;'%�&#'?&#<;�?)O=.-.).?%@<=#?;$;21EB,B%C&#-�=#/;-.=%R#C&%Filioque.

20 Hilarius Pictaviensis, De Trinitate XII, PL 10, 471.

�9�� G��H��i�� F�� F]

E+;=$1@;-%@P-��$L=;R.B�#/&;'%C1)-&#=/BMc�R#�1,*H-&D).2;,*;/B&;/�>,%&;/ .C%&C&#;//B&#'%E&D%C&;/�>,%, ani od Syna21.

�C)#=#E1>M,#>#E))1)%?R#E)%C;-&E?;P-��1<1E).C%�?)O=.2;/?=#P'%@B%E%/�C&,BM=;'D�>,%-)#>-E2O'C;,&#�=B#,*�$&$;)#<;R#1BC%-%@-E2O@&E);)C;PT�=O>,.��#;';<)#C2&E%@�R#%��H�� :�� &��daru Ojca dla Syna – pochod�i od Ojca i Syna w komu-nii22.�#/@1<�1<1E).C%�1,*H-&D).C&#>#E)B=;/B;C.%C&2=B#B�>,%�%C&2=B#B .C%�%C&2=B#B�&,*=%B#$�%'#>#E)�1,*#$�>,%& .C%23.

�>,;-&#�;P,&;@%-.2;-&%/%'&E&DC%)#$%)/;<$%)1�=O>,.H-&D)#>24 i -E2;�EOLE.$L;'&,BC.-.>%PC&%'& ja?�;R%�=O>>#/C&%>#E)=O-C;,B#Pnie nie2;/B&#'C%�%'#)#R$;RC%--.=ORC&Tw niej trBy Osoby25.�&#?)O=B.2;/?=#P'%'&�R#?%Rd%B�EOL$%E-O>-@%EC.E2;EOL&E)C&#C&%�/B&%@%2=B#B);&C%,B#>;/2;B;E)%@.,*�,;=;B1$&#TC%'#R.�R#;L>%-&%E&DC%&CC.E2;EOL� �B&%@%C&#,%@#<;�;<%$;<�@;E&D;L>%w&T).'?;-P,&E@#;?=#P';C.$2;=BM/?1.�;,BM)#?)ego Objawienia jestw Bogu-Ojcu. �%E)D2C&# �bjawienie to prBechodBi 2=B#B 2;P=#/C&,)-; yna�;R#<; i na koniec �L>%-&#C&#-.2#@C&%E&Dw D1,*1H-&Dtym26.

�%RCM?-#E)&ML.@;)#R1/;-;/C&#C&#LOE)-%�=B#,&#>�E;L.�,;,B.C&'&)%,.;>,;-&#�;P,&;@% 9 >%?�=B#<;=B B �%B>%CB1� �=B#<;=B B �.EE.�F&#=;C&$ B# )=./;C1�,B.�$L=;R. B�#/&;'%C1 6��&#'?&# B%E@1<&2;/).$-B<'D/#$$&%@

��$L=;E&1E�%�� Q��9::�p9� ��22 �ugustinus, De Trinitate XV, 25, 47, PL 42, 1095.23 �ugustinus, De Trinitate I, V. 8, PL 42, 824: „(…) Movet etiam quomodo spiritus sanctus

in trinitate sit, quem nec pater nec filius nec ambo genuerint, cum sit spiritus patris et filii. (…)”)@�H-��1<1E).C�:�$��H�� , I, V.8;)@�� );?;-E?%��=%?O-�88��E�: �

24 Na temat dogmatu trynitarnego Bob. K. Staniecki, Tr��H�� B��24��, w: 1�/��ch obr��=#/��%E?O@%��2;'# QQ", s. 11-111; F. Courth, (�&�$��4�� /�� ;BC%N �889X G. Danneels, Tr�ej pr�y stole��=;,@%- QQ�X G. Greshake, B�� (�&�$��&�> Klucz do zrozumienia Trójcy H�� =B#?@%/�� B.$;C%��=%?O- QQ�X�. Forte, $��H�� ; J. Królikowski, $��H�� 9��E��,Tarnów 1999; P. LisBka, %��H�� :��;��=��=;,@%- QQQX��^�;C�C#''� $�� $�� H�� Kraków 1993; T. Špidlik, Zanur�eni w Trójcy, Kraków 2003;J. SBcBurek, Trójjedyny, Kraków 1999; M.�� Vannier, $��H�� >�$�� , WarsBa-wa 2000; B��/�� $��H�� , =#/��B%>%��%E?O@%� Opole 2000; J. SBymik, Traktato Bogu Jedynym, w: Dogmatyka III, WarsBawa 2006; M.�. Vannier, $��H�� F�� 4��, wyd. pol. J. NaumowicB, M. Starowieyski, WarsBawa 2000.

25�% )#$%)�=O>,.H-&D)#> B;L� �� %B.?;-%� H�� )@�F��%2=;,?&��%=EB%-%�886�E�66�

26 Ch. Schönborn, dB. cyt., s. 35.27 Zob. K. Kumor, dB. cyt., s. 149; na temat o>,O-�;P,&;@%B;L�G. Rauschen, Zarys patrolo-

gii. Pisma Ojców K��/� �� )@� � �;-%,?&� �;BC%N �8 8X �� ')%C#=�� )1&L#=�Patrologia, )@��%,*,&%=#?��%=EB%-%�88Q�

28�$L=;R.B�#/&;'%C1�:�%��H�� , Bob. De Spiritu Santo CSEL 79, wyd. O. Faller,1964.

218 ��

)#;';< B�%2%/;,>&I�%B.'&�&#'?& 8�?)O=.?;CE#?-#C)C&#L=;C&@L;E?;P,&�1�,*%H-&D)#<;:Q�

H-��ugustyn w swym traktacie De Trinitate 2;/?=#P'%;/=DLC;PT�EOL�=O>�,.H-&D)#>-&,*;L>%-&%C&1E&D��&EB#�R#);C&#,%@%�=O>,%C%=;/B&@%E&DB�%�=.&�B;E)%@%1?=B.Rowana, Bma=)-.,*-E)%@% &-E)M2&@%/;C&#L%� '#,B ).'?; .C��&#,%@%�=O>,%BE)M2&@%-2;E)%,&<;@DL&,.C%#B1E%�</.L.@;,*=B,B;C.&C&#�C%>%?;,%@;PT2;/,B%E�&DT/B&#E&M)C&,.E2;,BD@%C%%2;E);@%,*-2;E)%,&>DB.�?O-;gnia� '#,B ).'?;�1,*H-&D).��&# ,%@%�=O>c%2=B#$O-&@% BC&#L%( „�.P>#E) yn mójK2;/,B%E,*=B)1�*=.E)1E%�?)O=#<;1/B&#'&@$1%C, cBy )#RC%<O�=B#�?&#/. #B1E2=B#$&#C&@E&D2;P=O/)=B#,*1,BC&O-, lecB L.@);).l?;<@;E�>,%.�1<1E).C,*;,&%R1BC%@�R#?%R/%B�EOL&C%,B#>E&D;L>%-&%�%'#=O-C;,B#PC&#B%BC%,B.@� R# /B&%@%>M�C#C&#=;B/B&#'C&#31. �;$&$;R#-�=O>,.-.=ORC&% E&D�>,%� .C%&�1,*%H-&Dtego, to nie mamy tutaj do cBynienia B trBema bogami,ale B jednym Bogiem32.

�L. 1B%E%/C&T $;R'&-;PT /;?;C.-%C&% 2=B#/E)%-&#N ;L=%B;-.,* Boga,)#;';/B.;/-;@%'&E&D-@%PC&#/;/;<$%)1)=.C&)%=C#<;��;2=%-/%�O<-E-#>&E);,&#>#E)C&#-.;L=%R%'C.�C&#$C&#>>#/C%?2;E&%/%�CE-O>-@%EC./;E?;C%@.�L=%B�?)O=.m jest @;-;�,B.'&#<; yn. ObraB ten jest prBedwiecBny, tak jaki Ojciec33.

29�%B.'&�&#'?&4: 8�:9851=;/B;C.-�#B%=#&�%2%/;,?&#>-E-;&,*/B&#@%,*)#;';<&,BC.,*2=B#/E)%-&%@%=<1$#C).E?&#=;-%C#2=B#,&-?;%=&%C;$&/1,*;L1=,;$��.2;-&%/%@E&DC%)#$%).)=.C&)%=C#�%�=O>,DH-&D)M)=%?);-%@>%?;>#/CMC%)1=DE?@%/%>M,ME&DB)=B#,*;EOL�B;L��1$;=�/B�,.)��E��7 �

30 Zob. BaByli Wielki, :�%��H�� X )@��=BOE)?;-E?%��%=EB%-% 1999, s. 207; Natemat BaBylego Wielkiego Bob. S. Giet, Les idees et l’action sociales de Saint Basile, Paris 1941;M. Scaduto, Il monachismo Basiliano nella Sicilia Medievale. Rinascita e Decaden�a sec. XI;XIV,Roma 1947; �. �ngeli, Basilio di Cesarea, Milano 1968; P. ScaBBoso, Introdu�ione alla ecclesio-logia di san Brasilio, Milano 1975; M. Girardi, Basilio di Cesarea e il culto dei martiri nel IVsecolo: scrittura e tradi�ione, Bari1990; K. Koschorke, Spuren der alten Liebe: Studien �um Kir-chenbegriff des Basilius von Caesarea, Freiburg 1991; J. Riviere, Saint Basile: Histoire de sa vieet extraits de ses écrits; Lille 1850; P. �llard, Saint Basile: (329-379), Paris 1903; P.J. Fedjuk,�G��d��9�� Toronto 1978.

31 �ugustinus, De Trinitate I, IV.7; PL 42, 824: „(…) Non tamen eandem trinitatem natam devirgine Maria et sub Pontio Pilato crucifixam et sepultam tertio die resurrexisse et in caelum ascen-disse, sed tantummodo filium. Nec eandem trinitatem descendisse in specie columbae super IesumbaptiBatum aut die pentecostes post ascensionem domini sonitu facto de caelo quasi ferretur flatusuehemens et linguis diuisis uelut ignis, sed tantummodo spiritum sanctum. Nec eandem trinitatemdixisse de caelo: Tu es filius meus, siue cum baptiBatus est a Iohanne siue in monte quando cumillo erant tres discipuli, aut quando sonuit uox dicens: Et clarificaui et iterum clarificabo, sed tan-tummodo patris uocem fuisse ad filium factam – quamuis pater et filius et spiritus sanctus sicutinseparabiles sunt, ita inseparabiliter operentur”.

32 �ugustinus, De Trinitate I, V.8, PL 42, 824: „(…) Deum Patrem et Deum Filium et DeumSpiritum sanctum, et tamen hanc Trinitatem non tres deos sed unum Deum (…)”, )@�H-��1<1E).C�:�$��H�� , I, V.8, s. 31.

33 Ch. Schönborn, dB. cyt., s. 16.

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�O-C&#RP-��1<1E).C2;/?=#P'%@);RE%$;PT�>,%& .C%&+%?)�R# .C�;R.>#E) @;-#$�;R.$�?)O=#E)%@oE&D,&%@#$34. .C>#E)-&D, )#>E%$#>E1LE)%C,>&,;�>,&#,�</.RJ�;<&#$L.@; @;-;K35.

Dla o>,O-�;P,&;@% &E);)C#;?%B%@; E&D precyByjne 1P,&P'#C&# &-.>%Pnienieterminologii trynitarnej��%E@1<&- ).$-B<'D/B&#$&%@ GrBegorB B Nyssy (Bm.394)36� ?)O=. /;?;C%@ =;B=ORC&#C&%$&DdBy takimi terminami jak ousía (istota)a hypóstasis (osoba)37. GrBegorB wypowiada E&DC% )#$%) )=B#,*�;E?&,*�EOL�?)O=#EM;/=DLC#�%'#B%=%B#$E)%C;-&M >#/C;PTC/B&#';CM &C&#B$&#EB%CM38.Stosuje E@owo hypóstasis na oBnacBenie cBeg;P >#/C;E)?;-#<;� ?;C?=#)C#<;�2;E&%/%>M,#<;E%$;&E)C#&E)C&#C&#�,B.'&E1LE).E)#C,>D.F&2;E)%B%2;E&%/%,*%=%?�)#=.E).,BC#/'%E&#L&#,#,*.�,;2;B-%'%;/=ORC&T>M;/&CC.,*39�F&2;E)%B%$&EM�E;L.�;E?&#�-@%PC&#/'%)#<;�R#$%>ME-;>#-@%EC#,#,*.��EB.E)?&#�E;L.�;R#)-;=BM>#/C;PT�%'#=ORC&ME&D$&D/B.E;LM$�&C�E2;E;L#$;L>%-&%C&%E&D40.

34 �ugustinus, De Trinitate VI, 9, PL 42, 825: „(…) In principio erat Verbum, et Verbum eratapud deum, et deus erat verbum. Manifestum enim quod verbum dei filium dei unicum accipimus,de quo post dicit: Et verbum caro factum est,(…)”, )@�H-��1<1E).C�:�$��H�� VI, 9, s. 33.

35 �ugustinus, De Trinitate VI. 9, PL 42, 825: „(…)Et deus erat Verbum, Hoc erat, inquit, inprincipio apud deum; omnia per ipsum facta sunt, et sine ipso factum est nihil.(…)”,)@�H-��1<1�E).C�:�$��H�� VI, 9; s. 34.

36 Na temat GrBegorBa B Nyssy Bob. J. Danielou, Le problème du changement che� G. de Nys-se, �rPh 29 (1966), s. 323–347; J.R. Bounchet, Le vocabulaire de l’union et du rapport des natu-res che� saint G. de Nysse, RThom 68 (1968), s. 533–582; M.C. Monteiro Pacheco, + dimensaotemporal definidora duma antropologia em S. G. de Nissa e Bergson, „Revista portuguesa de filo-sofia” 25 (1969), s. 153–164; J. Daniélou, L’être et le temps che� G. de Nysse, Lei 1970; Écritureet culture philosophique dans la pensée de G. de Nysse, Lei 1971; D.F. Duclow, G. of Nyssa andNicholas of Cusa. Infinity, +ntropology and the Via Negativa, Downside Review 92 (1974), s. 102-108; G. von Nyssa und die Philosophie, Lei 1976; J.R.C. Plantinga, G. of Nyssa and the Social+nalogy of the Trinity, Thom 50 (1986), s. 325–352; M. �ltenburger, F. Mann, Bibliographie �uG. von Nyssa. Editionen, Überset�ungen, Literatur, Lei 1988; �. Zurek, Wprowad�enie do Ojców1��/, Kraków 1993; M. Bergada, En torno a la antropologia de G. de Nyssa, „Patristica etMediaevalia” 16 (1995), s. 67–72; J. Le Grys, Names for the Ineffable God. St. G. of Nyssa’s Expla-nation, Thom 62 (1998) B. 3, s. 333–354; M. Manikowski, G. � Nyssy. Filo�of, teolog, mistyk,KF 29 (2001) B. 1, s. 133–156.

37 �&#=-;)C&# 1BC%-%C;� R# %1);=#$ )=%?)%)1�=B#<;=B%L.@�%B.'&�&#'?&X B;L� Ch. Schön-born, dB. cyt., s. :QX�=B#<;=BB�.EE.4B$�:8"5L=%)P-��%B.'#<;�1=;/B;C.-�#B%=#&�%2%/;,�?&#>�+&';B;+�)#;';<�/;?);=�;P,&;@%��&E%@/B&#@%/;<$%).,BC#�E)-;=B.@)#;';<&D$&E).,BCM&;L�>%PC&%@ )%>#$C&,#�L>%-&#C&% C% Eposób spekulatywny. �% E;L;=B#-�;CE)%C).C;2;'1-:6� =�;2;-&#/B&%@E&DB%;=);/;?E.>CM-&%=M�E%$B=#EB)M;L>%PC&%@)#=$&C;';<&D)=.C&)%=CM�B;L��1�$;=�/B�,.)��E��7 ��7:�

38 9�:"X�&,BL.;/C;EBM E&D /; 2%=%<=%+O- & '&C&&-./%C&%�� Courtonne, ParyR� �879� )� ��E�6�CC�)@�-(H-��%B.'&�&#'?&�Listy�)@��=B.R%C&%?��%=EB%-%�89 �E�9:�67� Listy. Wybór�)@��=B.R%C&%?��%=EB%-%�89 �E�:9 X�%B.'&�&#'?&�De Spiritu sancto (SCh 17bis).

39 Por. 3, 8-12; Ch. Schönborn, dB. cyt., s. 31.40 Por. 3, 47, Ch. Schönborn, dB. cyt., s. 34.

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41 Gr. kenosisIJ-.2=ORC&#C&#�;<;@;,#C&#K, Bob. P. Janowski, Keno�a. W teologii katolickiej.W teologii protestanckiej, EK, Lublin 2000, t. VIII, kol. 1346-1348.

42 Fl 2,7: "�� /� �� ?��(�&�� &�/��/�� &��.

43 Por. M. Filipiak, (��/��>�2��&��&��$�� 1�L'&C�898�E�98C�2;/%>DB%(��%')#=�Pneumatologia ikony, w: Chrystus w��>�$��&�� , red. �. Napiórkowski, Kraków 2003, s. 75.

44 L. Balter, dB. cyt., s. 75. Mk 1,10: „�,*-&'&</.-.,*;/B&@B-;/.�1>=B%@=;B-&#=%>M,#E&DC&#L;&/1,*%>%?<;@DL&,DBE)D21>M,#<;C%E&#L&#”; Mt 3,16: „�</.#B1EB;E)%@;,*=B,B;C.�C%�).,*$&%E)-.EB#/@B-;/.��;);;)-;=B.@.�1E&DC&#L&;E%&1>=B%@�1,*%�;R#<;BE)D21>M,#<;>%?<;@DL&,a&2=B.,*;/BM,#<;C%�&#<;”;�?:� („�1,*H-&D).BE)M2&@C%�&#<;�-2;E)%,&,&#�'#EC#>C&L.<;@DL&,%4]5”; J 1,32: „%C/%@)%?&#P-&%/#,)-;(J�>=B%@#$�1,*%�?)O=.>%?<;@DL&,%BE)D2;-%@BC&#L%&E2;,BM@ na Nim”.

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48 Pseudo-DioniBy �reopagita w swoim traktacie O hierarchi niebieskiej 12;=BM/?;-%@-EB.E)?&#L.).C&#L&%NE?&#-)=B.)=&%/.4*&#=%=,*&#5�EB.E)?&#;C#)-;=BM/B&#-&DT,*O=O-%C&#'�E?&,*�� C%>-.REB#> )=&%/B&# BC%>/1>M E&D E#=%+&C.� ,*#=1L&C.� )=;C.� - P=;/?;-#>( 2%C;-%C&%�$;,#� B-&#=B,*C;P,&� - C%>C&REB#>( ?E&DE)-%� %=,*%C&;@;-&# & %C&;@;-&# 4%C<#';&5X �� C%E,*�� ,*C&#2#=� Ikony]� s. 179. Bob. Pseudo-DioniBy �reopagita, O hierarchii niebieskiej, w: Pismateologic�ne (M��E��M��' ��(��$��&�� 3��)@��B&#'E?%��=%?O- QQ7X-2=B#/E)%-&#C&1E,#C.�;P,&CC;P,&�L=%*%$%$%$./;,B.C&#C&%B2;E@%N,%$&�,B.'&C%>C&REBM*&#=%=,*&ML.)O-%C&#'E?&,*��/=1<&#>>#/C%?E)=;C.B,B%E#$B%,BD);1);RE%$&%T &,* B E%$.$�;<&#$��C&;@;-&#2#@C&M,. +1C?,>D2;E@%N,O-L;E?&,* B-&%E);-%'& '1�/B&;$C;-&C.�/'%)#<;-&?;C;<=%+&&L.'&2=B#/E)%-&%C&2;/2;E)%,&M'1/B&4genii5��;2=%-/%1BC%�C;�R#$;<'&E&D;C&E-;L;/C&#1C;E&T-2=B#E)=B#C&�>#/C%?2&#=-;)C&#C&#$%';-%C;&,*B#E?=B.�/@%$&��;2&#=;-$&%[email protected],B%E1 %C&;@;-&#2=B.L=%'& 2;E)%T1E?=B./';C.,*$@;/B&#N,O-B#-E)D<%$&-#-@;E%,*� .$L;'&,BC.$-.=%B#$&,*-@%/B.C%/%C#>2=B#B�;<%&#<;2;E@%CC&,)-%[email protected]#=@%&'%E?&�?)O=#/B&#=R.'&-/@;C&%,*XB;L��C%E,*�� ,*C&#2#=�/B�,.)��E��98�

49 K. Onasch, �. S,*C&#2#=�/B�,.)��E��" � ?=B./@%E)%@.E&DC&#;/B;-C.$%)=.L1)#$%C&;�@O-;/U-�� E.$L;'&B;-%@.1-;'C&#C&#E&DL.)O-C&#L&%NE?&,*;/2=%-+&B.?&&,&MR#C&%?1B&#$&� ?=B./@%$%';-%C#� )%?>%?E?=B./@%2)%?O-$&%@.1$;R'&-i%T-BC&#E&#C&#E&D?1�;<1��?%B.�-%C&#2&O=C%<O=C#>,BDP,&E?=B./#@B.E?%@;C%B-DJ2%2;=;)?&K�%C%/;'C#>J2;/2%2;=;)?&K�B;L�� $.?;-E?%� '��>��/��/��, WarsBawa 2008, s. 71.

50�%)#$%)L&B%C).NE?&,*E2;=O-&?;C;?'%E).,BC.,*B;L. opracowania historycBne St. Gero,m.in. dwie monografie: Bi�antune Iconoclasm during the Reign od Leo III, Bi�antine Iconoclasmduring the Reign of Constantine V��;=21EE,=&2);=1$,*=&E)&C;=1$;=&#C)%'&1$��%=.R�8Q:��8"8��;1V%&C�87Q�4� ��5:"�&:6"X2;/%>D Ba: Ch. Schönborn, dB. cyt., s. 153.

51 I. JaBykowa, dB. cyt., s. 90.52 IB 16, 5: „1)=-%';C.LD/B&#)=;C-@%E?%-;P,&�&/B&D?&-&#=C;P,&B%E&M/B&#C%C&$2;/C%�

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53 I. JaBykowa, dB. cyt., s. 90; E. Smykowska, dB. cyt., s. 35.54 I. JaBykowa, dB. cyt., s. 91.55 �%$R#, s. 92.56 �%)#$%)�?;C.J�=O>,.H-&Dtej” Bob. B. Standaert, Ikona Trójcy +ndr�eja Rublowa, Byd-

gosBcB-Kraków 1997 (2002); Por. H.J.M. Nouwen, Behold the Beauty of the Lord: Praying withIcons, Notre Dame 1987, s. 23-24; �%)#$%))-O=,B;Pci �ndrBeja R1L';-%B;L��@2%);-�Ru-blow, WarsBawa 1975; G. Bunge, '��8��>� '��$�� H�� 4 ��+��!��)@��%@.E��.C&#,��=%?O- QQ�X��#L#/#V%�+ndrei Rubljov und seine Zeitgenos-sen, Dresden 1962; V.N. LaBarew, +ndrej Rublov i jego škola��;E?V%�8��X��;C,B%@;-E?&>��;?%=;-E?&>� Rublow, Kraków 1976; V.N. LaBarev, Rublow. Malar� fresków i ikon��%=EB%-%�898X&?;C%�=O>,.H-&D)#>�C/=B#>%�1L';-%B;E)%@%2=B#BC%,B;C%/'%&?;C;E)%E1E;L;=1�=;&,�?&#<;- &#=<&#>#-E?&$?'%EB);=B#�=O>,.H-&D)#>��% )#$%) )#> &?;C. B;L� � �;=#E)� Modlitwa� ikonami,)@��;-%?;-E?%��./<;EB,B�888�E��"6C�

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�=B#L%)1)%>/;/%T�R#-2&#=-EB.ch prBedsta-&#C&%,*#2&+%C&&�=O>,.H-&D�)#> B-%C.,* -@%PC&# J�;P,&CC;P,&M �L=%*%$%K -.=%[C&# ;/,B1-% E&D %E2#?)*&E);=.,BC.; ukaB%C& EM tam patriarchowie 2=B.<;);-1>M,. E&DC%2=B.>D,&#L;�E?&,*<;P,&;=%B-&#'##'#$#C)O-C%==%,.>C.,*��.$,B%E#$/B&#@;�1L';-%>#E)B12#@C&# &CC#� %'# );-@%PC&# >#<; ;L=%B$;RC% C%B-%T-;L=%R#C&#$ J�=O>,.H-&D)#>K-2#@C.$)#<;E@;-%BC%,B#C&1� IkonopisarB 1E1CM@B2@%EB,B.BC.&?;�C.BLD/C# sBcBegó@., nawe)�L=%*%$%-=%BBR;CM&1?%B%@E%$.,*).'?;%C&;�@Ow-$@;/B&#N,O-� W ten sposób BC%,BC&#12=;P,&@2=B#?%B sceny, a C%E);'#C&#C%$%';-%@ >1R L;<%)#> B%E)%-. B%2#@C&;C#> 2;E&@?%$& '#,B- E%$.$ ,#C)=1m1$&#P,&@?&#'&,*-E?%B1>M,.C%#1,*%=.E).,BCM;+&%=D59.

�rtysta-mnich nie ,*,&%@ 2=B#/E)-&%T konkretnego wydarBenia jakie $&%@omiejE,#-;?=#Plonym miejscu i cBasie, lecB od raBu-EB#/@--.$&%= symbo-licBny60��%RC# dla niego L.@;E%$;;L>%-&#C&#E&D�=O>,.&/&%';<>%?&E&D/;?;�C1>#$&D/B.�;E?&$&�E;L%$&61.

Ikona Rublowa -2;=O-C%C&1/;-,B#PC&#>EB.,*-.;L=%R#N ukaBuje nie,;&C%,B#> ;/-&#/B&C. %$L%E%/;=O-�;<%- /;$1 B-.?@#<; ,B@;-&#?%� �=B#L%>#/C%?/;/%T�R#-P-&%/;$;P,&E)%=;R.)C.,*C%-#)C&#BC%>;$.2&#'<=B.$E)%�-%@E&D-.E@%CC&?&#$�oga&C%'#R%@;<;C%'#R.,&#1<;P,&T��%?M2;E)%-D;?=#�P'%C;<=#,?&$E@;-#$JPhiloksenia”62,?)O=#2O[C&#>1)=-%'&@;E&D )%?R#-&?;�C;<=%+&&�%->DByku rosyjskim brBmi ono Gostiepriimstwo63.

Jednak 2=B.<@DLEB#>%C%'&B&#/B&#@%B%1-%R%E&D)1B$&%CD ról. Co prawda toBóg 2=B.,*;/B&/;,B@;-&#?%�%L./%TE&D$1L'&R#>2;BC%T�%'#)%?R#i sam staj#E&D/'% niego gospodarBem64��B&Dki temu w BwiMB#?$&@;P,&>%?&2%C1>#$&D/B.)=B#$%�E;L%$&-?=%,B% )%?R# E%$,B@;wiek, E)%># E&D-E2O@L&#E&%/C&?&#$ E%�$#<; )-O=,.�2=B#B,;$;R#E&D/;?;C%T>#<; duchowa prBemiana65.

$#C =1E?&#> Biemi. Na temat SergiusBa Bob. P. Evdokimov, �� >� $��&�� )@��1=;-E?%��%=EB%-% QQ:�E� Q"�

58 J. Forest, dB. cyt., s. 148.59 I. JaBykowa, dB. cyt., s. 92, �. �damska, $��&�� /�� +��

!��, Kraków 2003, s. 125.60 Zob. I. JaBykowa, dB. cyt., s. 92.61 Zob. J. Forest, Modlitwa]� s. 148.62 Zob. M. Quenot, Zmartwychwstanie]�E� Q9X2;/%>DB%(��/%$E?%�/B�,.)��E�� 63 K. Onasch, �. Schnieper, dB. cyt., s. 142.64 Zob. �. �damska, dB. cyt., s. 126.65�;=�C%)#C)#$%)(��H2&/'&?��12C&?�Mowa]� s. 25, 28.

224 ��

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Wedle ogó'C&# 2=B.>D)#> &C)#=2=#)%,>& %C&;@ 2; '#-#> E)=;C&# kompoBycji toBóg Ojciec� �;�C2#@C& +1C?,>D 2=B#-;/C&,BM,#<; C% )#> C&#L&%NE?&#> 1,B,&#$&@;P,&� </.R 2;B;E)%'& /-%> %C&;@;-&#-./%>M E&D pokornie 2;,*.'%T w Jegokierunku67��>,&#,1C;E& E-;>M/@;N, by p;L@;<;E@%-&T kielich – symbol ofiaryswego Syna.H-&%/,B.@;L.);� R#).$L@;<;E@%-&M,.$<#E)#$B%,*D,% .C%/;-.?;C%C&%BL%-,B#>$&E>&�Natomiast sam Syn B;R. j1R-,B#PC&#>/;?;C%@L@;�<;E@%-&#NE)-%1,BC&O-B%C&$1/%@E&D/;/;$1�>,%�)#=%B;21EB,B%E-M/@;N�-E)%-&%E&DB%'1/[$&1 swego Ojca i-2;E@1EB#NE)-ie pochylaE&D?1�&#$1��1,*H-&D).=O-C&#R-.?%B1>#2;E@1EB#NE)-;-;L#,-;'&�>,%& yna, a stano-wiM, dar dla ludBi, nieustannie -.?%B1>#<;);-;PT-?=;,B#C&%-aktualne dBieje'1/B?;P,&68.

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T#;=&#�-#/@1<?)O=.,* to P=;/?;-.%C&;@>%-&E&D>%?;�O<�>,&#,;/-;@1>ME&D/;+%?)1�R#wykonuje On;>,;-E?&<#E)L@;<;E@%-&#NE)-%?&#'&,*%� �&#'&,*)#C2=B.>$1>#%C&;@BC%>/1>M,.E&D2;'#-#>E)=;C&#&?;C.�,B.'&2;2=%-&,.P=;/�?;-#<;%C&;@%�,; nawiMB1>#/;E@ów: I��"�/��&��&��B�� &��&� 4�) �"�� 5� H-&%/,B. ); ; ).$� R# mamy tu docBynienia B Synem, który-,%@?;-&).$2;E@1EB#NE)-&#2=B.>$1>#-;'D�>,a70.

�%�>,#$B%P w tym wypadku BC%>/;-%@L.E&D/ML�%$bre,?)O=.=O-C;�,B#PC&#;BC%,B%@/=B#-;R.,&%=;ECM,#-;<=;/B&#�/#C�4�/B �8571. Z drugiejjednak strony,-#/@1<2;/%C&%, B )#<;/=B#-%$&%@ L.T wykonany )%?R# ?=B.R�L%-&,&#'%72�,;-E?%B.-%@;L.C%�=1<M�E;LD�=O>,.�

��;L��;=#E)�/B�,.)��E��"8�67 Zob. L. Balter, Pneumatologia ikony, w: "��>�$��&�� obra�ów,

red. �. Napiórkowski, Kraków 2003, s. 83.68�;L�-&D,#>C%)#C)#$at: S. Babolin, '��H�� $��!��>�:��!��

��I��J�;$$1C&;K Q4 QQQ5�C= �E�6��9X2;/%>DB%(��%')#=�/B�,.)��E�6"�69 I. JaBykowa, dB. cyt., s. 95; ��1��E�� ' (381), Wy�nanie 150 Ojców,

s. 68: „(…) ex patre procedentem (…)”.70 I. JaBykowa, dB. cyt., s. 95.71 �%$R#� RB 2,9: „�% =;B?%B�%C%�;<%-.=;E@. B<'#L.-EB#'?&#/=B#-%$&@# B-.<'M/1

&E$%,BC.;-;,=;/BM,#;=%B/=B#-;R.,&%-P=;/?1)#<;;<=;/1&/=B#-;2;BC%C&%/;L=%&B@%”.72 Por. L. Balter, dB. cyt., s. 84.

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Natomiast Ba faktem�R#2;'#-#>E)=;C&#BC%>/1>#E&D Bóg Ojciec2=B#$%-&%-.<'M/>#<;EB%); nie;?=#P';C.$?;';=B#�?)O=#-E?%B1>MC%CBC%-%'C;PT��=B#,&#R ); -@%PC&# �>,&#, >#E) C&#;E&M<%'C. /'% '1/B?&,* B$.E@O-, a nawetw Credo po/?=#P';C;>#/.C&#�R#>#E)-EB#,*$;<M,.L#B>%?&#<;PEB,B#<O@;-#�<;;2&E1� Niewie'#;�&$C%2&E%C;C%-#)-�=#/;;2=O,B)#<;�R#>#E)-EB#,*�$;<M,.� Na ikonach ma On na sobie sBaty koloru ci#'&E)#<;�%'#$;RC%)#R2;�-&#/B&#T�R# EM;C# nawet nieco prBeBrocByste i niejednoBnacBne w odbiorBe��;/E2;/#$)#>EB%).-&/%T niewielki fragmentL@Dkitnej t1C&?&�?)O=%$%2;/?=#P'&T�;E?M C%)1=D73. �%$. )1 /; ,B.C&#C&% B# E2#,.+&,BC.$ ;/,&#C&#$ L@D?&)1�%$&%C;-&,&#BL%=-Mlapis-laBuli, który 2;>%-&%E&D na sBatach wsB.E)?&,*%C&;�@O-��%?&B%L&#<$%'%=E?&,B.C&?;$2;B.,>D;L=%B1L%=/B&#>>#/C;'&)M2;/-B<'D�/#$?;';=.E).,BC.$�

NiektórB.)@1$%,BM�R#?;';=EB%)%C&;@%2;'#-#>E)=onie wskaBuje racBej naChrystusa74. Ze-CD)=B%EB%)%4*&$%)&;C5; cielistej barwie $&%@a wówcB%E;BC%�,B%T'1/B?&#,&%@o jakie2=B.>M@�bawca,L.E)%TE&D-&/B&%'C.��%B#-CD)=B%2;�-@;?%2=B#E@;C&@%#<;�OE)-;�-)#CE2;EOL, R#C%B&#$&E)%@;E&D�no niewi-docBne /'% P$&#=)#'C&?O-��;E?;PT )% E.$L;'&B;-%C% >#E) )1)%j prBeB s2;/C&ML@D?&)CM sBatD4chiton), która tylko nieBnacBnie jest widocBna75.

�<;/C&#B)%?M&C)#=2=#)%,>M);B%�*=.E)1E#$-&D,BC%>/;-%@%L.E&D%=,*&�)#?)1=%2%@%,u, cByli symbolicBny obraB domu �brahama76. �1/.C#? )#C$;R#)#R-E?%B.-%TC%�;P,&O@�?)O=.>#E),&%@#$�*=.E)1E%4�+��23)77.

BardBiej 2=B.>D). >#E) >#/C%? 2;<'M/ 1BC%>M,.� R# .C �;R. ); P=;/?;-.%C&;@�?)O=.1E)%-&%E&DC&#$%'R# +=;C)%'C&#/;-&/B%�B%P%C&;@;-&#;)%,B%>M,.<;B;L1E)=;CEM2=B#/E)%-&%C&B C&#BC%,BC#<;2=;+&'1�,;P-&%/,B.;).$�R#EMmniej poBnawalni dla ludB&�Hrod?;-.%C&;@/B&Dki �,&#'#C&12=B.>M@,&%@;&E)%@E&D-2#@C&-&/B&%'C.i 2;BC%-%C.B$.E@%$&��;;CC%>L%=/B&#>2=B.,&M<%wBrokwidBa, =O-C&#R/B&D?&)#$1�R#E)%C;-& dominan)D k;';=.E).,BCM��;/?=#P'%>M);jego sBaty dobrane na BasadBie kontrastu( L;=/;-;�-&PC&;-% )1C&?% 4,*&);C52=B.?=.)% >#E) C&#L&#E?&$ 2@%EB,B#$ 4*&$%)&;C#$5� �@D?&) E.$L;'&B1># L;E?MC%)1=D�%,B#=-&#N– krew i ,B@;-&#,B#NE)-;78. �%?&#B#E)%-&#C&#L%=-C#B<%/B%

73 Zob. B. Standaert, Ikona]�E��"2;/%>DB%(��/%$E?%�/B�,.)��E�� 9�74�%&?;C&#C%'#RM,#>/;P-� )#+%C%B�#=$1%C&;@2;'#-#>E)=;C&#1BC%C.>#E)B% .C%XB;L�

� �;=#E)� /B� ,.)�� E� �7QX �;P-&%/,B%>M to napisy 1$&#EB,B;C# C% &?;C&#- >DB.?1 B.=&%NE?&$��C&;@2;'#-#>E)=;C&#;?=#P';C.)%$B;E)%@>%?;J�.K,,;BC%,B. .C��C&;@2;2=%-#>E)=;C&#);J�1&');EK,,B.'&�1,*H-&D).,%P=;/?;-.);J�&KI�>,&#,XB;L��V/;?&$;V�$��&�� ]�s. 208.

75 I. JaBykowa, dB. cyt., s. 95.76 �%$R#, por. P. Evdokimov, 8��/�� WarsBawa 1964, s. 261 nn, P. Evdokimov, L’art de

l’icône. Téologie de la beauté, Paris 1972, s. 209.77 Ef 1, 22-23: „4]5 #<; E%$#<;1E)%C;-&@ C%/#-EB.E)?;�@;-M/'%�;P,&;@%� ?)O=. >#E)

#<;�&%@#$4]5”.78 �. �damska, dB. cyt., s. 127; na temat sBat Chrystusa Bob. E. Smykowska, dB. cyt., s. 43.

226 ��

E&D B B%@;R#C&%$&E;L;=1,*%',#/;NE?&#<;�-#/@1g którego Chryst1EL.@Barów-no prawdBiwym Bogiem, jak i prawdBiwym,B@;-&#?&#$79. Chrystus p;E&%/%)#RB@;)M2=B#2%E?D;BC%,B%>M,M,*-%@D�?)O=M udBiela mu sam Ojciec80. Mamy -&Dctu do ,B.C&#C&% B# @owe$ �,&#';C.$� ?)O=# /%@; E&D 2;BC%T ,%@?;-&,&#w widBialnym ciele. Co prawda sama istota Boga poBostaje nadal niepozCawal-na, ale )=B#L%/;/%T�R#�>,%$;RC%2;BC%T-@%PC&# poprBeB Syna81�1RP-�%�-#@ $O-&@ ; �hrystusie: On jest obra�em Boga niewid�ialnego (Kol 1,15)82.�.C&?%E)M/-C&;E#?�R#C%�>,%$;RC%2%)=B#T-@%Pnie poprBeB Jego Syna, któ-ry jest #<;&?;CM83. WidBenie PierwsBej HipoE)%B.$;R'&-#>#E)2;2=B#B�=1<MF&2;E)%BD�H-&%/,BM)#R;).$E@;-%B�-%C<#'&&P-�%C%X Boga nikt nigdy niewid�ia/. Ten Jednorod�ony Bóg, który j��/��:��,��@� .��/” (J 1,18)or%BE@;-%E%$#<;�*=.E)1E%(1�� /��/ ��9��:�� (J 14,9).Bóg Ojciec, ,*;,&%R niewidBialny w swej istocie, staje s&D widBialny w@%PC&#- swym Synu. Syn stanowi odbicie &E);).�>,%��2%)=1>M,E&Dw to oblicBe Syna,B,B%E#$2;BC%>#E&D;E;LD4*&2;E)%BD5�>,%84.

NiektórBy ikonopisarBe ;)%,B%'&<@;-DP=;/?;-#>2;E)%,&C&L#$?=B.R;-.$;=%B1$&#EB,B%'&2=B.C&#> &C&,>%@.��Z��?)O=#-.=%[C&#$&%@.-E?%B.-%TC%�=1<M�E;LD Trójcy. Jednak takie poE)D2;-%C&# ?@O,&@; E&D B ;<O'C.$B%@;R#�C&#$, by prBedsta-&%T niehipostatycBny obraB Trójcy85. Rublow tymcBasem C&#-.=ORC&%@-.=%[nie hipostaB, a ?%R/%2;E)%TC%>#<;&?;C&#$;<@%L.T1-%R%C%B%>#/CM B Osób i równie dobrBe mog@%L.TB12#@C&#&CCM�

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H=;/?;-.%C&;@-E?%B1>#C%?&#'&,*/-;$%2%',%$&�L.T$;R#<;2=B.>$1�>#�%'L;>#E));<#E)L@;<;E@%-&M,.��-%-.=%[C&#-.E1C&D)#2%',#;BC%,B%>M/-&#C%)1=.( '1/B?M & L;E?M ;L#,C#- .C1�;R.$��=B.>D,&# 2=B#B C&#<;?&#'&,*%�

79�#+&C&,>%-&%=. B%-%=)%- /;?1$#C)%,* E;L;=1 ,*%',#/;NE?&#<; 2;)-ierdBa@a, R# #B1E�*=.E)1E/;E?;C%@.-LOE)-&# &/;E?;C%@.-,B@;-&#,B#NE)-&#� );Barówno prawdBiwy Bóg, jaki prawdBiwy cB@owiek. Zob. Sobór ��E��;U^R=��%�� 11, w: Dokumenty soborówpows�echnych, t. 1, red. �. Baron, H. Pietras, Kraków 2002, s. 222: „(…) eundem perfectum indeitate, eundem perfectum in humanitate (…) Deum verte et hominem verte (…)”.

80 L. Balter, dB. cyt., s. 84.81 I. JaBykowa, dB. cyt., s. 95.82 Por. Ch. Schönborn, dB. cyt., s. 16.83 Por. I. JaBykowa, dB. cyt., s. 95.84 Zob. Ch. Schönborn, dB. cyt., s. 39.85 I. JaBykowa, dB. cyt., s. 94.86 E. Smykowska, dB. cyt., s. 80.

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E��8�93 Por. na ten temat L. Balter, dB. cyt., s. 83-84.94��DB.?;-%�/B�,.)��E�8"��E� Q�1: „�BC;EBDE-#;,B.?1<O=;$( ?M/R#C%/#>/B&#$&

2;$;,S”.95 Zob. �. �damska, dB. cyt., s. 129.96 Por. L. Balter, dB. cyt., s. 85.

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100 Por. na ten temat �. �damska, dB. cyt., s. 126.101 B. Standaert, Ikona]� s. 14-16.102 L. Balter, dB. cyt., s. 84.103 Zob. J. Forest, Modlitwa]� s. 149.�Q"��/%$E?%�/B�,.)��E�� 6��Q7��%B.?;-%�/B�,.)��E�8��

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wiBerunki jak np. Ojcostwo113. UBnali� R# Bóstwa tak nap=%-/D C&# $;RC%2=B#/E)a-&%T�%�;<%$;RC%1?%B.-%T w ciele jedynie w Osobie Chrystusa, cBylipo Jego Wcieleniu114. �# 2;E)%C;-&#C&% 2;)-&#=/B&@ -&#'?& E;LO= $;E?&#-E?&B '%) ��–1667, w którym 2;/?=#P';C;� R# ;?=#P'#C&# J %L%;)*K� ,B.'& J�O<$;,.K2=B.E@1<1>#,%@#>�=O>,.�%C&#).'?;>#/C#>F&2;E)%B&#�,B.'&�;<1�>,1� %L%;)*C&# >#E)-&/B&%'C#-,&#'#�%/;2&#=;2;�,&#'#C&1�=1<%�E;L%�,B.'& .C E)%@ E&D widB&%'C. /'% '1/B&� �% &?;C%,* B%P jest On prBedstawiany niew bóst-&#�%'#-,&#'#��%);$&%E)>#P'&,*;/B&;�;<%�>,%�);C&?)�;-bOE)-&#C&#-&/B&%@�-&D,).$ b%=/B&#>C&#$;RC%�;1?%B.-%T jako B-.?@#<;,B@;-&#�?% 4- ).$-.2%/?1 E)%=,%5� )=B.$%>M,#<; C% ?;'%C%,* swego Syn%� �O-C&#R1?%B.-%C&# �1,*% H-&D)#<; 2;$&D/B. Nimi pod postac&M <;@Dbia jest nie-prawdBiwe, gdyR nie jest to Jego p=%-/B&-%C%)1=%�%-�&P$&#H-&Dtym tylkojeden raB (w cBasie chrBtu Chrystusa) jest $;-%;).$�R#trBecia h&2;E)%B%2=B.�>D@%2;E)%T<;@Dbia115.

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Na ZachodBie Bnany L.@ j#EB,B# &CC.-%=&%C) &?;C;<=%+&,BC. B-%C. >%?;�=;C�%E?&��1)%> centrum kompoBycji Baj$1>#)=;C1>M,.�O<�>,&#,�?tóry trBy-ma na poBiomie swo>#<;@;C%'1L)#R-=%$&;C%,*1?=B.R;-%C#<;Chrystusa130.Ten typ popula=C.L.@-EB)1,#=;$%NE?&#>�%�1,*H-&Dty ukaBywany jest podpoE)%,&M<;@DL&,.1$&#EB,B;C#>$&DdBy twarBami Ojca i Syna. �#CE2;EOL2=B#/�E)%-&%C&%$&%@-E?%B.-%TC% /;<$%)� &R�1,*H-&Dty p;,*;/B& =O-C;,B#PC&#;/�>,%& .C%�%)%?&E,*#mat prBetrw%@%R/;ZU�w. '1LC%-#)ZU��-�#/C%?>1R ;/ZU-� %=).P,&$C&#> ?@%/'& C%,&E? C% /;<$%)$O-&M,. ; 2;,*;/B#C&1�1,*%H-&Dtego,'#,B2;/?=#P'%'&=%,B#>-%=);PT%=).E).,BCM;L=%B1�<;@Db&,DB%P$%';-%'&%'L;C%=%$&#C&1?=B.R%�%'L;)#R na ramieniu Boga Ojca131.

�B%,*;/C&#> EB)1,# &E)C&%@.C&#,; &CC#-.;L=%R#C&% )=B#,*�;E?&,*�EOL�PrBed XI w. %=).P,& C&# 1?%B.-%'& �;<%�>,% 2;/ 2;E)%,&M ,B@;-&#?%� % >#P'&,*,&#'& B%E.<C%'&B;-%T #<; ;L#,C;PT, to malowali ).'?; =D?D -.,*;/BM,MB ;L@;?1�� ,B%E#$B/;L.-%'& E&D C%-&D?EBM ;/-%<D1?%B1>M, 2;2&#=E&#, na-stDpnie ,%@M postaT�;<% .C%�?)O=#)=%?);-%C;>%?;;L=%B Ojca Bgodnie B do-gmatem o wspó@&E););-;P,&� W XII i XIII w. ukaBywano Boga Ojca jako o/=DL�CM 2;E)%T '1/B?M� ).'# R# L.@ ); >#EB,B# -)#/.$@;/.$DR,B.BC%� % C&# E&-.E)%=B#,� .C�;R. >#E) B%-EB# 1?%B.-%C. >%?; /;>=B%@.$DR,B.BC%�--&#k1;?;@;)=B./B&#E)1'%)��*%=%?)#=.E).,BC#/'%EB)1?&B%,*;/C&#>>#E)=O-C&#R);�R#C%-#)�u,*H-&Dty $O<@2=B.L&#=%T'1/B?M2;E)%T�,;-&/%T>1RC%;L=%B%,*Z�&Z��-ieku132.

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�O-C&#R C%-&B#=1C?%,* E%$#<;�*=.E)1E% E.<C%'&B;-%C; ;L#,C;PT ,%@#>�=O>,.. W prBedstawieniu Pantokratora -%RCM=;'D;/#<=%@%)1gestykulacja. Pa-lec -&#'?& E).?% E&D B 2%',#$ E#=/#,BC.$ 4,B-%=).$5� ,;-E?%B1># C% >#/C;PT/-O,*C%)1=-�*=.E)1E&#��%);$&%E))=B.2;B;E)%@e2%',#EM-.,&M<C&D)#&-E?%�B1>M C%�=O>,DH-&D)M133.�.E)D2;-%@ )#R &CC.1?@%/�-#/@1<?)O=#<; B@M,B;C#

� 8��%')#=�/B�,.)��E�67X�;=��C%E,*�� ,*C&#2#=�/B�,.)��E��""�130 K. Onasch, �. Schnieper, dB. cyt., s. 144-145.131 �. Nowowieyski, B��/��&��1��/�1atolickiego, I/2, WarsBawa 1993, s. 678.132�%$R#�E��96��98�133 L. Balter, dB. cyt., s. 81.134 E. Smykowska, dB. cyt., s. 84.

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B;E)%>M)=B.2%',#($%@.E#=/#,BC.&?,&1?%);=O-C&#R-E?%B.-%@;C% Trójoso-bowego Boga134.

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Ikona NarodBenia Chrystusa (gr. He Genesis, ros. !�9��"��)135,co prawda ukaBuje-./%=B#C&#BB&#$E?&#<;R.,&%�L%-&,&#'%�%'#-&/;,BC#C%C&#>>#E))#RprBedstawienie epifanii�=O>,.H-&D)#>.

W górnej cBDP,& ?;$2;B.,>&, BaraB nad <@O-CM sc#CM,-./B&#';C% B;E)%@%2#-C%E+#=%C&#L%.�C&#>BE)D21># jeden grubsBy 2=;$&#N�?)O=.E,*;/BM,C&R#>,=;B<%@DB&%E&DC%)=B.-DREB#&?=O)EB#2=;$&#C&#��;-E?%B1>#�&R- wydarB#C&1).$1,B#E)C&,B.,%@.Trójosobowy Bóg136. #/#C2=;$&#N-E?%B1>#C%>#/CM&E);�)D�;<%�%>#<;2;)=O>C#=;B<%@DB&#C&#P-&%/,B.;1/B&%'e w procesie BbawcBymTrBech Boskich Osób137. �%<@O-C#> ;E& ?;$2;B.,>&-.E)D21>M-EB.E)?&# )=B.�E;L.�;E?&#��%E%$#><O=B#BC%>/1>#E&D,BDP,&;-;;/E@;C&D)#?;@;4?=M<5�,;-E?%B1># C% ;L#,C;PT E%$#<;�;<%�>,%��#-CM)=B [email protected]%>M,#<; 2=;$&#C&%-&/%T $%@# ?;@; E.$L;'&B1>M,# �1,*% H-&D)#<;� �=;$&#N E,*;/BM, C&R#>�-E?%B1>#C%�B&#,&M)?;�,B.'&�=1<M�E;LD�=O>,.138.

IkonD�;R#<;�%=;/B#C&%$;RC%)#R;/,B.).-%TBa po$;,M-.=%R#NB,=#�/;C&,#>E?;�konstant.C;2;'&)%NE?&#<;139. Inskrypcje: � �� C%%1=#;'&-;?O@<@;�-.�;-;C%=;/B;C#<;$;RC%;/,B.)%T-;/C&#E&#C&1/;)=#P,&-.BC%C&%-&%=.(Wier�ymy […] w jednego Pana Je�usa Chrystusa, S��(�9�&��&��&�� :�� /��?� �� /�� (�&��wego � Boga prawd�iwego, �rod�onego a nie uc��&��/��4&��:�� […]140. O tym, R# ); -@%PC&# �hrystus jest P-&%)@;P,&M B# P-&%)@;P,iwskaBuje gwiaBda na niebie.

�=B.>P,&# C% P-&%) �L%-&,&#'% /;?;C%@; E&D 2=B. ;L#,C;P,& ,%@#> �rójcy,a w credo2;/?=#P';C;=;'D D1,*%H-&D)#<;�L#B?)O=#<;C&#/;EB@;by do Wcie-lenia Drugiej Osoby Trójcy. B;2=B#,&#R#B1E�*=.E)1E( […] dla nas�ego �ba-wien��/��/��/��%��Hw� ��&��%��

�:7�%$R#�E�7:�136 M. Janocha, '��&��8E��, w: "��]� s. 229.137 E. Smykowska, dB. cyt., s. 54.138 J. Forest, Modlitwa � ikonami, BydgosBcB, 1999, s. 105.139 G. Robot, Icône dl la Nativité, „Spiritualité Orientalne” nr 15��LL%.#/#�#''#+;C)%&C#

�88:�E� "X2;/%>DB%(M. Janocha, Ikonografia]� s. 230.140 ��1��E��' (381), Wy�nanie wiary 150 Ojców, w: Dokumenty soborów

pows�echnych, t. 1, oprac. �. Baron, H. Pietras, Kraków 2002, s. 68-69: „Credimus (…) In unumdominum Iesum Christum filiom dei unigenitum, ex patre natum ante omnia saecula, deum ex deo,lumen ex lumine, deum verum ex deo vero, natum non fatum, omousion patri, hoc est eiusdemcum patre substantiae (…)”.

234 ��

141�%$R#(„(…) et nostram salutem descendtit et incarnatus est de spiritu sancto et Maria vir-gine humanatus est (…)”.

142 M. Janocha, Ikonografia]� s. 233.143 E. Smykowska, dB. cyt., s. 16; por. K. Onasch, �. Schnieper, dB. cyt., s. 107; Por. J. Forest,

dB. cyt., s. 107 nn.144 Mt 3,17: „Et ecce vox de caelis dicens: Hic est Filius meus dilectus, in quo mihi compla-

cui”; 2;/%>D B%( Biblia Sacra juxta Vulgatum Clementam. Editio electronica. Plurimis consultiseditionibus diligenter praeparata a Michaele Tvveedale, Londini MMV.

145 J 1,29: „Ecce agnus Dei, ecce qui tollit peccatum mundi”.146 J 1,34: „Et ego vidit: et testimonium perhibui quia hic est Filius Dei”.147 Mt 3,16: „BabtiBatus autem Jesus, confestim ascendit de aqua, et ecce aperti sunt ei aeli: et

vidit Spiritus Dei descendentem sicut columbam, et venientem super se”.148 J 1,32: „Et testimonium perhibuit Johannes, dicens: Quia vidi Spiritus descendentem quasi

columbam de celo, et mansit super eum”.149 M. Janocha, dB. cyt., s. 234.

��/�� /�� >�[…]141. Wynika B tego�R#1C&%*&2;E)%).,BC%�*=.E)1E%);/B&#@; Barówno Maryi, jak i Duch%H-&D)#<;�

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Na ikonie „ChrBtu Chrystusa” (gr. Babtesis, ros. Kres�c�enije Jisusa Chri-sta1425=O-C&#R$%$./;,B.C&#C&%B2=B#/E)%-&#C&#$,%@#>�=O>,.H-&Dtej.

�% 2%$&M)?D )#<; -./%=B#C&%� 2;/,B%E ?)O=#<; /;EB@; /; ;L>%-&#C&% E&D)=B#,h Osób Boskich 1E)%';C;P-&D);�?)O=#B.E?%@;C%B-D�L>%-&#C&%�,B.'&)#;�+%C&&�;<%4<=�Epifania, ros. Bogojawljenije)143.

Bóg Ojciec obj%-&@ E&D 2;2=B#B<@;E( +�&/�� /7� «$�� /�� » (Mt 3,17)144� .C�;R.�,B.'&�=1<%�E;L%�=O>,.;L>%-&@E&D-E%$.$#B1E&#�*=.E)1E&#�;?)O=.$%C�h=B,&,&#'$O-&@( […]�:��(��(�9��&/��&��> (J 1,29)145; ��4��/� � �� 9��:�� (�9� > (J 1,34)146��=B#,&%B�EOL�=O>,.��1,*H-&D).;L>%-&@ E&D >%?;<;@DL&,%( +�&�� /� �� /� �� >� +� �� /�� /�%��(�9�&�� &��&�/ ��a��&��d Niego. (Mt 3,16)147; ��/� �� 7�WI��/� �%�� &�/ �� /� �� /��@� X� (J 1,32)148; %��H�� /��@��&��&�/ ��4�?:�22)

�&/%T-;L#, )#<;� R# E,#C% =;B<=.-%>M,% E&DC%/ =B#?M ;=/%C$&%@% cha-rakter trynitarny. �2=O,B)#<;�R#2;=%B2&#=-EB. prBed '1/[$&;L>%-&@;E&D);�R##B1E>#E) .C#$�;R.$�);)%?R#1?%B%@%E&D)1)%>,%@%�=O>,%H-&D)%149.

W centrum kompoBycji stoi Chrystus BanurBony w wodBie, a Jan Prodromos– �;2=B#/C&?�%NE?& 1/B&#'%�1 ,*=B)1-.,&M<%>M, /@;NC%/ #<;<@;-M��L.2;/?=#P'&T+%?)�R#%?),*=B)1>#E)P,&P'#2;-&MB%C.B,B.CC;P,&M1/B&#'#C&%�1�

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,*%H-&D)#<;�1?%B.-%C; Jana trByma>M,#<;=D?DL#B2;P=#/C&;C%<@;-&#�L%�-&,&#'%150.

�1,*H-&D).-).$-.2%/?1BE)Dpuje C%/O@ a nie wBnosi siD/;<O=.�>%?);$&%@;$&#>E,#C%&?;C%,*;L=%B1>M,.,*E,#CD Zwiastowania Maryi. �@1$%,B.E&D);-)#CE2;EOL�R#);�O<�>,&#,BE.@%�1,*%&-)#CE2;EOL/B&%@%C%E-#<; .C%151.

�<O=C#> ,BDP,& ?;$2;B.,>& &?;C.-./B&#';C% >#E) niewielka sfera nieba�B?)O=#>-.@%C&%E&D�1,*H-&D).2;/2;E)%,&M<;@DLicy (columba)152. Z tego miej-sca odchodB&>#/#C<=1LEB.2=;$&#N�?)O=.E,*;/BM,C&R#>, =;B<%@DB&%E&DC%)=B.,&#NEB# 2=;$&#C&#��%?& E%$2=;$&#N =;B/B&#'%>M,. E&D C% )=B.$C&#>EB#-&/%TC% &?;C&#J�%=;/B#C&%�;R#<;K�,;P-&%/,B.; ).$R#;L%-./%=B#C&%2;,BM)�?;-;[email protected];-&MB%C#2;/-B<'D/#$'&)1=<&,BC.$��%-#) pierwsi c*=B#P,&>%C&#-�<&2,&#%R/;��-�P-&D); J�*=B)1�%NE?&#<;K,,B.'&P-&D);�2&+%C&&;L,*;�/B&'&�E).,BC&%&/%)D)D-&MB%'&)%?R#B#P-&D)#$NarodBenia JeBusa153.

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Na ikonie „PrBemienienia”154 Zbawiciel ukaBany na górBe Tabor otocBonyjest 2=;$&#C&E)M $%C/;='M�� ?1')1=B# L&B%C).NE?;�=1E?&#> &?;C% )% 2;E&%/%@%-%RC# BC%,B#C&# & )=%?);-%C% L.@% =O-C&#R >%?; 2=B#/E)%-&#C&# #2&+%C&& ,%@#>�=O>,.. Nawet gO=%�%L;=E?@%/%E&D)1)%>B)=B#,*2%<O=?O-�,;-E?%B1>#C%)#;�+%C&D )=.C&)%=CM155.

#B1E �*=.E)1E 2=B#/E)%-&% E&D )1)%> >%?; >#/C% B *&2;E)%B �=O>,.� �>,&#,;L>%-&%E&D>%?;[email protected]%'C.<@;E�%�1,*H-&D).>%?;>%EC.;L@;?156.

To Syn >#E)2=%-/B&-M &?;CM swego �>,% & ,%@?;-&,&# prBemi#C&% E&D157 C%

�7Q�%$R#�E� ::�151 L. Balter, dB. cyt., s. 86.152�;).-<;@DL&,.;L#,C.L.@>1R-#-,B#EC;,*=B#P,&>%NE?&#>EB)1,#�E.$L;')#C-.E)D2;�

-%@ )#R - )%=.$ �#E)%$#C,&# - ;2&E&# 2;);21��;/. 2;);21 E.$L;'&B;-%@. ;L$.,&# P-&%)%B>#<;<=B#,*O-��;#-.21P,&@B%=?&<;@DL&,D�?)O=%-=O,&@%/;C&#<;B2;-=;)#$B-&%E)1>M,2;�?O>��O-C&#R<;@DL&,%�1,*%H-&D)<;B#E@%C%/;;L$.)#<;?%2&#'M'1/B?&#<;,&%@%;+&%=;-1>#$12;?O>��;L��;-;-&#.E?&� /B� ,.)�� E� 767� �% )#$%) E.$L;'1<;@DL&,. B;L� F. Sühling, DieTaube als Religiose Symböl im christlichen +ltertum, Röm. Quartal. Suppl. 24, Fryburg im Br. 1930;2;/%>DBa: M. Janocha, Ikonografia]� s. 234.

153 K. Onasch, �. Schnieper, Ikony…, s. 107; E. Smykowska, Ikona…, s. 16.154 Por. P. Evdokimov, L’ art de l’icône. Théologie de la beauté, Paris 1981, s. 249-256.155 Por. M. Janocha, dB. cyt., s. 239.156 Zob. P. Evdokimov, S�tuka ikony]� s. 251.157 Gr. metamorfosis – ,%@?;-&)%2=B#$&%C%�<=#,?&#;?=#P'#C&#/;).,BM,#)#>B$&%C.�L%-&�

,&#'%-E2;EOL2#@C&#>EB.-.=%R%);C&R@%,&NE?&B-=;) transfiguratio; Por. K. Onasch, �. Schnie-per, Ikony]� s. 108.

236 ��

;,B%,*-.L=%C.,*%2;E);@O-158. Chrystus�,;2=%-/%2;E&%/% '1/B?&#,&%@;�%'#jest )#R;/L'%E?&#$Ojca159 i dlatego emanuje od Niego P-&%)@;�OE)-%�% ,B@;�-&#,B#NE)-; E)%># >1R niewidocBne160. �#C L&>M,. ;/ �&#<; L'%E? -.E)D21>#-2;E)%ci prom&#C&-.,*;/BM,.,*L#B2;P=#/C&;B ci%@%�L%-&,&#'%'1L)#R2=B.>�$1>#+;=$D$%C/;='&.� )#>P-&#)'&E)#>;);,B?&/;/%)?;-;-.@%C&%>ME&D >#EB,B#)=B.2=;$&#C&#�spada>M,#C%)=B#,*%2;E);@O-;P'#2&;C.,*2=B#B-&B>D. �$&#EB�,B#C&#)%?&#<;#'#$#C)12;/?=#P'%@;)rynitarny aspekt prBemienienia161�,;P-&%/�,B.� R#;L#,C# EM )1 trBy Osoby Boskie162. Za pomocM %=).E).,BC.,* P=;/?O-1?%B%C#>#E));�,;C&#-.;L=%R%'C#.

Druga HipostaBa Trójcy, cByli Chrystus posiada,;2=%-/%'1/B?&#,&%@;�%'#B;E)%># �C; - B12#@C;P,& 2=B#P-&#)';C# �;E?;P,&M� �andorla ;)%,B%>M,% �;-,%@;P,&,E?@%/%E&DB)=B#,*;?=D<O-1@;R;C.,*w sposób koncentrycBny163.

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159 Hbr 1,3: „Ten [Syn], który jest odblaskiem Jego ,*-%@.&;/L&,&#$#<;&E);).4]5”.160 Por. Zob. M. Janocha, Ikonografia]� s. 239.161 Por. E. Smykowska, Ikona]� s. 66.162 Zob. na ten temat L. Balter, dB. cyt., s. 87.163 Por. M. Quenot, 3d��g��>�*�� d+bsolu, Paris 1987, s. 192 nn; I. Forest, dB. cyt.,

s. 113nn.; P. Evdokimov, L’art de l’icône, s. 249 nn.

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The article describes the basic types of pictorial representations of the Holy Trinity. The OldTestament prefiguration of the Trinity that became a type scene is the so-called „Hospitalityof �braham”. This is the variant of the „Trinity” used by �ndrew Rublev. The „New TestamentTrinity” represents such topics as „Fatherhood” and the „Common Throne”. The revelation of theTrinity as a whole is also evident in icons depicting scenes from Christ’s life, such as the iconsof the Nativity, Baptism, Transfiguration on Mount Tabor, where each of the divine persons ismanifested in a different way. God the Father is revealed as the sphere of heaven located in theupper part of the image, the Son of God is manifested in human flesh, and the Holy Spirit isdepicted in the form of a dove, or a radiant cloud (mandorla). Numerous compositions also makeuse of the symbol of a triple beam, which stresses the Trinitarian nature of the depicted scene.

The formation of epiphanic representations of the Trinity was influenced not only by therealities revealed in the text of the Scripture, but also by the tenets laid down at the Councilsof Nicaea in 325 and Constantinople in 381. Trinitarian terminology was also developed by Easternand Western theologians such as Basil the Great, Greogory of NaBianus, Hilary of Poitiers,�mbrose of Milan, �ugustine of Hippo.

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W pierwEB.,*)=B#,*?E&MR?%,*$;>#>)#)=%';<&&C%)#$%)/;?)=.C.,*=B#P,&>%N�E?&#>: Responsibility and +tonement (1989), Revelation (1992) i The Christian God(1994) a=<1$#C);-%@#$C%=B#,B twierdBeN, R#$;R#$.E2;/B&#-%TE&D�&R/;E?;�C%'#/;L=.�O<>#E))%?&�>%? 1)=B.$1>M,*=B#P,&>%C&#4C2�R#>#E)�=O>,M5&,B.C&);�,;,*=B#P,&>%C&#$O-&M�R# cByni 4C2�-,&#'&@E&D�/%@C%$/;/.E2;B.,>&B%/;PT�1,B.C&#C&#B%-.=BM/B;C#2=B#BC%E?=B.-/.&;L>%-&@ nam prawdy). Ostatni tomtetralogii C;E&@).)1@Providence and the Problem of Evil4�8865&,*;,&%R/;).,B.@prBede wsBystkim problem1B@%�?)O=.C1=)1>#C&# ).'?;,*=B#P,&>%C�%'# ?%R/#<;�?);-&#=B.�R# >#E)�O<�2;?%B.-%@ )%?R#� >%?/;?)=.C.,*=B#P,&>%NE?&#4)%?&# >%?)%�R#�O</B&#'&@C%EB#,&#=2&#nie i /%>#C%$$;R'&-;PTR.,&%2;P$&#=,&52=B.,B.�C&%>ME&D/;2#@C&#>EB#>&L%=/B&#>B%/o-%'%>M,#>)#;/.,#&�

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C&# L.T 2=B#?;C%C& ; ,B.$P� co mamy prBed ocByma B ,*-&'M &,* ;)-%=,&%5��-&#=/BD-&D,� R# 2=B#?;C%C&% =#'&<&>C#$1EBM L.T 1B%E%/C&%C# %'L; C%$;,.&,*12=%-/;2;/;LC&#C&%2=B#B/%C#P-&ata fiBycBnego�%'L;2=B#B/%C#B%-%=)#-).$�,;$O-&MC%$&CC&4ich P-&%/#,)-;;E;L&E)#5�%'L;2=B#B/;P-&%/,B#C&#=#'&<&>C#I);�,;>%-&E&D>%?;;L#,C;PT Boga. �;C&#-%R&E)C&#>#,%@%<%$%2;�<'M/O-+&';B;+&,BC.,*C%1B%E%/C&%C&#2=B#?;C%N, B cBasem;/,B1@#$2;)=B#LD-.@;R#C&% %=<1$#C)O- C% =B#,B $;>#<; -@%EC#<; 2;<'M/1� ,; B%;-;,;-%@;napisaniem prBeBe mnie ?E&MR?i pt. Epistemic Justification (2001).

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�&%@#$2;,B1,&#�R#</.L.$B/;@%@2=B#?;C%T-E2O@,B#EC.,*+&';B;+O-�&Rmoje wnioski na temat religii EM2=B.C%>$C&#>->%?&$PE);2C&1-&%=.<;/C#�E)%�@.L.E&D;C#BL&#<&#$,B%E1BC%C#-EB#=EB.,*?=D<%,*��%2&E%@#$>#/C%?=O-�C&#R/-&#?=O)?&#&L%=/B&#>b2;21'%=C#^?E&MR?&�?)O=#-B%$.P'#$&%@.C&#2=B.�E2%=B%T BL.) /1R.,* )=1/C;P,& ,B.)#'C&?;$ nie 2;E&%/%>M,.$ -.?EB)%@,#C&%+&';B;+&,BC#<;�Is there a God?3 (1996) omawia, jak sugeruje s%$).)1@�%=<1$#C�

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The author describes his intellectual development and academic pursuits starting from hisundergraduate studies at Oxford University in mid-1950s up to the present day, in the perspectiveof his attempts to resolve the conflict between a materialistically oriented scientific worldview andthe worldview of traditional Christianity. In time, he came to recogniBe the conflict as a problemof distinguishing between levels of explanation or points of terminating an explanation. To dealwith this problem adequately, he adopted as his own the program of natural theology laid down bySt. Thomas �quinas in his Summa Theologiae, where �quinas provided good arguments in favorof the Christian doctrine taking as his starting point the most general phenomena of experience andusing the best secular knowledge of his day. Thus Swinburne’s program of natural theologyconsisted in using the criteria used in modern natural science and historical inquiry for the probabletruth of a suggested explanation, analyBed with the careful rigor of modern philosophy, to show themeaningfulness and probable truth of Christian theology. Scientific explanation explains phenomenain terms of prior states of affairs and natural laws; whereas personal explanation explainsphenomena in terms of the powers and purposes of agents. Christian metaphysics explains theoperation of scientific explanation in explaining why there are states of affairs at all and why

268 ��F��

the most fundamental natural laws have the character they do, in terms of the power and purposesof God, and in particular his purpose that humans should have a free choice of the kind of personsthey are to be. Swinburne extends this model of explanation to show that our historical evidenceabout the life of Christ makes it very probable that Christ was (and so is) God Incarnate who rosefrom the dead.

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2 Stanowi on <=1C);-CM-B%?=#E&#&C)#=2=#)%,>&2=B#=OL?D>#/C#<;B=;B/B&%@O-C%EB#<;E)1�/&1$� B��>� !�� W+��&�� X� �� (WarsBawa 2005).Pon&#-%R2;-E)%@;;C;-;2%=,&1; 4-,&MR-%=);P,&;-M5 #/.,>D�O=E?&#<;�-%=).?1'# ).$B%�,*;-1>#E&D)%$)#>EBMC1$#=%,>DE)=;C&,)#?E)1[=O/@;-#<;�

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- ?EB)%@,&# wyBnaniom Teresy WarsBawskiej; redagowanym pod prBymusem,--.=%[C.$2;P2&#,*1�2=B#BE%$M%1);=?D2=B#BC%,B;C.$ do BnisBcBenia3.

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3�&D,#>2;/E)%-;-.,*&C+;=$%,>&;[=O/'#C2�-(��=12&NE?&�W+��&�� X��/��&�J�;BC%Nskie Studia TeologicBne”, 24 (2010),s. 191-214. @��1>D,&#);>%?;B%=.E)#;';<&,BC.,*2%=%/;?EO--.2;-&#/B&�%=,*;,?&#>P,&P�'# *%=$;C&B1># B 2=;L'#$%).?M %2;+%).,BC;P,& 2;=1EB%CM- %=).?1'# C&C&#>EB.$ & 2;/ '&,BC.$&-B<'D/%$&2;P=#/C&;>M-%=1C?1>#�

4�;L�F��;2@%-E?%�� +��&�� , w:� !��&��?� �� &�� ,red. C. Hernas i M. HanusiewicB, Lublin 1995, s. 110.

5 �;L� ��;'&NE?&� �� /��>� D�� WD��X, w:�8�� , red. K. StasiewicB, OlsBtyn 1998, s. 57-67; C. Her-nas, (��, WarsBawa 1998, s. 378-379.

6 Zob. K. Górski, B�� , [do:]�+�, s. 29-30.7 Zob. J.W. Gogola, D�� $�� R_YZ4

R_^S>�� E��, Kraków 1995, s. 55-59.8 Zob. +�, roBdB. I-XLV, s. 35-188.9 +�, s. 217.

10 Zob. +�, roBdB. XLVI-LIX, s. 188-227.11 Zob. +�, s. 217.12 Zob. +�, roBdB. LX, s. 227-245.13 Zob. +�, s. 239.

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�"�;L�+��E�:6X��O=E?&�2=B.2&EC="�_/;(Y+��E��67�15 Zob. K. Górski, 2��8��, Kraków 1986, s. 143-144, 149.16 Zob. +�, np. roBdB. X, s. 68-69; roBdB. XXVI, s. 114-117; roBdB. XXXII, s. 128-137; roBdB.

XXXV, s. 142-151.17 Zob. +�, roBdB. XXVIII, s. 117.18 Zob. +�, s. 122, 128, 142, 160, 166, 170, 182.19 Por. K. Górski, prBypis nr 2, [do:] +�, s. 171.20 Zob. +�, s. 160, 170.21 Zob. +�, s. np. 160.22 Zob. +�, s. np. 148-151.23 Zob. K. Górski, 2��]� s. 143-144, 149; +�, s. 160-188.24 Zob. +�, roBdB. XLVI-LIX, s. 188-227.25 Zob. +�, s. 217, 223.

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I�&�� W2��X, w: +�, s. 251.30 Zob. +�, s. 203-217; K. Górski, prBypis nr 1, [do:] +�, s. 217.31 Zob. +�, s. 188, 193, 201.32 Zob. +�, s. 227-235.33 Zob. +�, s. 235-237.34 +�, s. 236.35 Zob. +�, s. 242-244.

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43 +�, s. 187.44 Zob. S. Karolak, ��*%E@;-()�� &��&��=;,@aw-WarsBa-

wa-Kraków 1993, s. 540.45 Np.: ��/ �� &��@�� 8��?�� , a nie „od/%@%$E&D_P,&P�

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46 Zob. np. �� (+�, s. 72); �� , �� (+�, s. 85).47 +�, s. 63-64.

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589; por. �. WierBbicka, �� /��4��]� s. 208-212.52 Zob. +�, s. 181.53 Zob. +�, s. 167.54 Por. spójnik 9�[m] B cytowanych wyimków – +�, s. 167, 181.55 Zob. np.: B. Otwinowska��/� ��\'��\''��4

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56 Zob. B. Otwinowska, :��*%E@;-(�/��]� s. 595-597.57 Zob. �. WierBbicka, �� /��4��]� s. 197.58 Por. J. Rytel, ��, WarsBawa 1990, s. 2.59 T. Skubalanka��M�� &�>�8��=;,@aw 1984, s. 203.60�%$R#, s. 200.61 Por. Z. Saloni, +��*%E@;-()�� ]� s. 42.62 Zob. +�, s. np. 63-4, 167, 181, 187.63�21EB,B#C&%)%?&#E.<C%'&B;-%C#C%)1=%'C&#[email protected])%C/%=/;-.$E.$L;'#$ „,-.”.64 Zob. K. Górski, B�� , [do:] +�, s. 28-29.

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Po ogólnej preBentacji ich formalnych niedostatków P,&P'#> C%-&MR$. dosygnaliBowanej na wstD2&# )#B. ;-.$;-C#> C&#;?%B%@;P,& +;=$.��B-&MB?1B ).$B%%?,#C);-%T-%=);� R# E?%'& owych C&#/;E)%)?O- P-&%/;$%L.@% E%$%$C&EB?%��/%>M,E;L&#E2=%-DB#B@;R;C;P,&&C).$C#>)#$%).?&��&,*C%==%);=?% =%B2; =%B2=B#=.-%2=B#,&#R;2;-&#PT-)=D)%$&- =;/B%>1( "�9� �� 68; ��9�� <�� <69; ,-.��&��4 �� ,-.70. Takie wieloaspektowe tekstowe �� C%>-.=%[�C&#>-EB%?R#%1torki nie BawstydBa; prBeciwnie – �%=,*;,?%E?@;CC%>#E)=%,B#>L#B B%R#C;-%C&%2;/?=#P'%T� Re +;=$%'C.?EB)%@) B-&#=B#N &C)#=#E1># >M� B%&E)#�C&#EB,B#<O'C&#(@�� ,-.71; ,-.�� 4��, �� 72; ,-.�� 73.

65�;L�)#CR#, I�&�� ]� s. 250, 253; J.W. Gogola, prBypis n=�96�_/;(Y)#CR#�D�� $�� ]� s. 60. Por. K. Górski, @�� >�$�� ;+��=��, w:)#CR#, �� /��, WarsBawa 1980, s. 394-395.

66 2�� >�$��;��=, w: +�, s. 279.67 [Cyt. Ba:] J.W. Gogola, D�� $��]� s. 60.68 +�, s. 116.69 +�, s. 131.70 +�, s. 69.71 +�, s. 128.72 +�, s. 116; Bob. s. 69, 151.73 +�, s. 69.

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�#'%,>;C;-%T E-;># $&E).,BC# 2=B.<;/. B%konnica ma bowiem sBybko% B-&D['#� /; ,B#<; B$1EB% >M i �� klasBtornych obow&MB?O-2=B#;=.EB.�i redakcyjne dyspoBycje ojca Ignacego: "�� ,-.�� ?��4�� ,-.74; ,-.�� ,-.�� /, �&��75�#/C%?R#��? *&E);=&D-@%EC#<; B-&MBku B Bogiem wcale C&# >#E)�%=&%CC&# @%)-;XE%$;?=.).,BC&#2=B.BC%>#-&D,;C%C&#?&#/. wprost: :�� ,-.76; ,-.�� 9��77. OdcBasu do cBasu wykonanie autoL&;<=%+&,BC#<;B%/%C&%1)=1/C&%B=#EB)MB%-;/C%2%$&DT(@�� – B%E)%C%-&%E&DC%==%);=?% – �� [„cBylim”] ��/,-.78��&#/.BCO-&C/B&#>-1)=B.$%C&1=O-C;-%<&E).'12=B#EB?%/B%);-%=B.�EBMce aktowi wspominania wBrusBenie: ,-.��9��/��?79.

�1R;-&D,#>;2;E&%/%C#>2=B#B$C&EB?D– autorskiej –P-&%/;$;P,&2=B#?%�B1$O-&;/=DLC%�L%=/B;-%RC%<=12%+=%<$#C)O-�?)O=#/;).,*,B%E;-#=;B-%�R%C&% ; +;=$&# E2=%-;B/%N 2;B-%'%>M interpretacyjnie 2=B#-%=);P,&;-%T. �;;-#><=12.C%'#RM-.&$?&$&D/B. &CC.$& )%?&#( @�� & ��?� �� / � ,-.80; ,-.� �� ?�(�� /� ��A�>�"��&�� ?�� & �,-.81; ,-.�� [dusBa] ��(�&��4� /��&�/�� ,-.P� �� ?�� ,-.� �� ,-.82; ,-.��?��,-.��>�@�� ?�,-.83. D;C&;E@;PTB%,.);-%C.,*1=.-?O-2;'#<%C%)1=%'C&#C%).$�ReMarchocka jednoBnacBnie ?;CE)%)1>#-C&,*C&#B/;'C;PT/;%/#?-%)C#>#?E2=#�E>&-@%EC#<; R.,&%$&E).,BC#<;��%/%>M,-.E;,#C&#/;E?;C%@.?EB)%@) ?%=$#'&�)%NE?&,*-.BC%N�C%'#R.B%)#$?;C&#,BC#2%$&D)%T�iR&,*%1);=?%-E+#=B#>DB.�?% 2;C&#?M/ B <O=. /%># B%-.<=%CMX E%$% C&#-&#=B. 2=B#,&#R-$;R'&-;PT2#@C#<;%1);L&;<=%+&,BC#<;2=B#/E)%-&#C&% >%?&#<;?;'-&#?B/;BC%C.,*-,B#P�C&#>� &C).$C&#=#'&<&>C.,*/;P-&%/,B#N�

Obok deklarac>&C&#-&%=.-E@;-;2&E%ne odnajdujemy jednak&$#)%>DByko-we komentarBe, w których Marianna charakteryBuje daCM nieB<;/C;PT$&D/B.2=B#R.,&#$%>#go odBwierciedleniem w ��#P'& )%?M%1);L&;<=%+&,B�C;�#<B.E)#C,>%'CMJC&#/;%C%';<&DK narratorka postrBega jako >%E?=%-M, 1BC%>#>M-?;N,1C&#).'#B%=#'%,>DBL&#RCM�&'#=;BL&#RCM(,-.�� 4

9"+��E��: X2;=�E��9Q�75 +�, s. 128.76 +�, s. 179.77 +�, s. 151.78 +�, s. 94; Bob. s. 172; por. s. 163.79 +�, s. 163.80 +�, s. 101.81 +�, s. 170.82 +�, s. 211.83 +�, s. 163.

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gii. I tak Bapiski WarsBawskiej Teresy1BC%T$;RC%Ba 2=B.?@%/,*=B#P,&>%NE?&#�<;�� , cByli „stylu niskiego” – w sensie porównywalnym B tym, jakiprBed laty Erich �uerbach ;/C%'%B@w )��&�� i w tekstach autorów -,B#EC#�<; ,*=B#P,&>%NE)-%92��;$&CM-EB. ewidentne =ORC&,#�-e wsBystkich 2=B.2%/�?%,*,*;/B&@;L.L;-&#$;/B&#@%�-?)O=.,*-%R?&# =#'&<&>C&# )=#P,&-.=%R;C#B;E)%@.-+;=$&#E-;&P,&#niewyrafinowanej i ;/'#<@#>od -E2O@cBesnych wBor-ców literackich.

Brak Batem w wyBnaniach Marianny )%?&#<;LM/[ &CC#<; �� 4JEB)1,BC#<;2;=BM/?1K>DB.?%5�,*;,&%RL.C%>$C&#>C&#L=%?2=B#E@%C&%2;/sta-wowych prawd chrystianiBmu; nieco jak w B�� ugustyna� </B&#� %L.%/#?-%)C&#2=B#/E)%-&TE-;>#/1,*;-#2=B.<;/.�B=#B.<C;-%@on B-.2=#2%=;�-%C.,*E,*#$%)O-*&2;)%?).,BC.,*C%=B#,BJC%)1=%'C&#>EB.,*K,B.J&$21'E.-�C.,*K-=D,B ?;CE)=1?,>&-E2O@=BD/nych93� �%=%'#'% ); >#/C%? &E);)C&# C&#P,&E@%�L;#<B.E)#C,>%'C.%1)#C).B$E).'1L&E?12%F&22;C.;?%B1>#E&D-%=);P,&;-.I=O-C&#RI2;/-B<'D/#$%=).E).,BC.$�2;/,B%E</.%1)#C).B$E).'1�%=,*;,�?&#> jest w niebagatelnym stopniu skutkiem jej literackiego niewyrobienia i %?�,./#C)%'C.,*;?;'&,BC;P,& 2;-E)%-%C&% )#?E)1� )M/-@%PC&#� 2;$&$;#E#C,>;�C%'C.,*2;-&C;-%,)-C%2@%EB,B.[C&# ?%=$#'&)%NE?&#> /1,*;-;P,&� C&# E2;EOL#?E2=#E>D +��&�� 2=B.=O-C.-%T /; #?E2=#E>& /B&#@ �#=#E.B�V&'%&%C%;/�=B.R%�?)O=B.$%>ME-;>#$&#>E,#)%?R#-*&E);=&&P-&%);-#>'&)#=%)1=.94.

�%E)D2C.$%E2#?)#$ =#'&<&>C;P,& >DB.?% E2=%-;B/%N-./%># E&D >#<; E.$�L;'&,BC;PT��&# ,*;/B& )1-EB%?R# ; ;/=DLCM-%=E)-D E.$L;'& 2;>$;-%C.,*>%?;2;>#/.C,B# BC%?& )=#P,& <@DL;?&,*95� 2;C&#-%R- )%?;-# BC%?& B%2&E�%�=&%CC.B,%@M2#-C;P,&MC&#;L+&)1>#96, ,*;TE2;=;&,*C%2=B.?@%/-;L=%B;-.,*-.=%R#C&%,*�#=#E.�&#'?&#>97��/B&#-&Dc racBej o);�R#B<;/C&#BC%)1=M?;/1=#'&<&>C#<;98 >DB.? autobiografii Marchockiej poBostaje symbolicBny �� Q��4��X ;/C;E& E&D on prBec&#R /; E+#=. )=%CE,#C/#C)C#>�-;L#,?)O=#>-EB.E)?&#

8 �;L� �� 1#=L%,*� �� >� !��?� �� 2�� 2=B#@�&;2=%,��%L&,?&�)��%=EB%-%�8�6�E��"8��7Q�

93�;L�)%$R#, s. 146-148.94 Zob. �. del Rio, M�� E�� )@1$��&#?%=#,� )� ��%=EB%-%�89Q�

E� 7:� 7�� :� �8�95 Zob. np. J. @%-&NE?&� �� *%E@;-(��@;-&NE?&��;E)?&#-&,B;-%��?;2&#N�

@%-&NE?%&� @%-&NE?&��/�� =;,@%-��%=EB%-%�Kraków 1998, s. 545.96 Zob. ��– +�, s. 111, 182; ��– +�, s. 74; ��– +�, s. 111, 182, 205; ��– +�,

s. 177. Zob� )#R �� ;=E)C#=, H�� E�� 2=B#@� & ;2=%,� �� %?=B#-E?%��%,*,&%=#?&��1=B.NE?&��%=EB%-%�88Q�E� 66� 68� 8:�:Q:�:Q"�

97 Zob. T. �lvareB, B�� $�� 2=B#@� �� &#'#,?&�WarsBawa 1982, s. 49; R. Garrigou-Lagrange, $��9�� &�� 9��)@1$��#=#E%�=%C,&EB?% @1R#LC&,%�=B.R%�)��;BC%N�8� �E��"�

98 Zob. np. ��%==&<;1��%<=%C<#�)%$R#, s. 7-22.

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>#<;E+;=$1@;-%C&%4-@M,BC&#BC%>P-&D)EB.$E@;-#$J�O<K995EM).'?; teksto-wymi ekwiwalentami.

Tak% C%/#= C&#/;E?;C%@% >DB.?;-% #?-&-%'#C).B%,>% �� BachodBiw sprawoBdaniach na poBiomie pierwsBoosobowej, introwertywnej narracji Ba-konnicy, która C%>;,B.-&P,&#> C&# $;<@% 2=B#/E)%-&T )-O=,. L#B2;P=#/C&;&-2=;E)�'#,B>#/.C&#-=%$%,* opisówE-;&,*$&E).,BC.,*/;P-&%/,B#N��tejperspektywie (&C%$%=<&C#E&#R.-;)O--@%EC.,* &CC.,*$&E).?O-5E)-&#=/B&T-;'C;�R#E2;=)=#);-%C#-%1);L&;<=%+&,BC.$)#?P,&#=#'&<&>C#,B@;-&#,B#NE)-;?%=$#'&)%C?& E2#@C&% +1C?,>D �� &�� naturalnego symbolu Boga – L;-&#$2;2=B#B=;B$%&)#1>D,&%'1/B?&#>/1,*;-;P,&�1,B1T�%C%-#)E;$%).?&-E?%B1>#?;C&#,?;N,O-C%=B#,B.-&E);PT�;E?M100. Takie antropocentrycBne pseudonimy�EB#,*$;<M,#<; – i takiego „Boga autobiograficBnego” – C%==%);=?%2=B#?%B12;E)=B#<%T$1E&%@%%$L&-%'#C)C&#�-.,B1-%>M,-C&,*B%-EB#);�,;/B&E&#>EB#=#'&<&;BC%-E)-;/#+&C&1>#>%?;E.$L;'&,BCM��&��?101. W sytuacji spisywa-nia swoich -.BC%N Marianna upatryw%@% 2=B#,&#R EB%CE. B@;R#C&% P-&%/#,)-%;E%$#>�2%)=BC;Pci; B drugiej strony -#-EB.E)?&,*;-.,*E.$L;'&,BC.,*2E#1�/;C&$%,*�;<%C&#$;<@% C&#-&/B&#T 2=B#;<=;$C#<;/.E)%CE1 2;$&D/B. %C�)=;2;,#C)=.B$#$ +;=$. % )=%ns,#C/#C)CM )=#P,&M� ?)O=M wspomniane pseudoni-my $&%@.?;$1C&?;-%T102.

@�&��? >DB.?% ?%=$#'&)%NE?&#> %1);L&;<=%+&& 2;'#<%-&D, C% ).$� R#�paradoksalnie $O-&M,�=%,B#>1?=.-%;C�C&R1>%-C&%�&C&#).'#C%B.-%�&'#C&#C%B.-%103� �#/@ug mnisBki �� =#'%,>;C;-%C.,* 2#=.2#)&& $&E).,BC.,*BC%>/1># E&D-EB%? i 2;B% #?E2=#E.-C.$&$;R'&-;P,&%$& >#> E%$#>� i '1/B?&#>-#=L%'&B%,>&-;<O'C;P,&X;,B.$C%>/;L&)C&#>2=B#?;C1>M,.);-%C#>1RB-&#=B#�C&%-=;/B%>1�� ?104 cBy �� ?105. �'%)#<;)#R>DB.?tekstu Marchockiej klasyfikujemy jako BasadnicBo �� 106, cByli

99 Zob. P. Tillich, 8��@��>�8�� &��)@1$��.,*;-&,B�Kraków 1994, s. 176; D. Forstner, H�� ]� s. 39-40; M. HerráiB, B�� 4��&��1��9, t@1$��%C/B&;,*�,B��;BC%N�88"�E�::�Por. jednak R. Guardini, 2�� 2=B#@��&=?#C$%>#=��=;,@%-�88��E�8�X P. Sikora, :�� >:�� 9��/��W(�&XC, w: :�� >�� 4��&��=#/��=B.L.@��=%?O- QQ��E��Q7��

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101 L. Dupré, '�� >�*��&��2=B#@� ��#wandowska, Kraków 1991, s. 131. Por.J. WierusB-Kowalski, � ��>�*�� &�, WarsBawa 1973, s. 44.

102 Por. L. Dupré, '��]� s. 135.103�;L�)%$R#, s. 132.104 +�, s. 211.105 +�, s. 163.106 W. Pycka, $�� , w: N�� , red. ��1?��1L'&C�886, s. 21.

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�Q9�;=�)%$R#�E��6� �108 Zob. +�, s. 101, 163, 170-172, 210-211.109 Por. J. �ntas, :� �� &��>�B�� & ��

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114�;=��%C&%�2=B.2&EC=��_/;(Y�&?;@%>B�1B.�:��2=B#@. I. Kania,Kraków 1997, s. 43.

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��)@1$� K. Romaniuk,�;BC%N�868� s. 78-79.143 [Cyt. B !�&�/��]� Ba:] �. Grün, 8��]� s. 62.144 Por. !�&�/]� w: ��9��&�/��2=B#?@�BL&;=��%=EB%-% 1980, s. 197-202;

por. �. Grün, 8��]� s. 35, 64.145 +�, s. 163.146 Por. K. Ware, 8��/��&�2=B#@�E��&?;'%&%��&%@.E);?�888�E��6�147 �;L�2=B.2&EC=:-).$R#%=).?1'#�148 [Cyt. B J. Maritaina, Ba:] S. Sawicki, 8��F� ��F� �� , WarsBawa 1981,

s. 191. (W prBytocB#C&1+&<1=1>#-@%P,&-&#;?=#P'#C&#JC&#?;$1C&?%).-C%K��;C&#-%R>#/C%?>%?;'#?E#$$%;C;-./[-&D?2#>;=%).-C.�-)@1$%,B#C&1I%+&=$%).-C#>I$.P'&-.L&)C#<;);$&E).

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�&#;L%-&%>$.E&D$.P'&�R#>#E));$&#>E,#C&#B-.?'#-%RC#; porównywal-ne B miejscem [email protected].,* klasyków mistyki ?%=$#'&)%NE?&#>� % 2=B. ).$ bardBo-.=%B&E)#-E-#> &CC;P,&� Zapiskom Marchockiej nie sposóL2=B#,&#R2=B.BC%T-%=);P,&/;?)=.C%'C#& estetycBne, jakie 2=B.BC%>#E&D/B&#@;$�#=#E. B �vila,B.%C%;/�=B.R%XC&#$C&#> Bapiski te posiada>M pewien 2&#=-EB;=BD/C.walor�?)O�=#<;CE&%/%>M (lub racBej B =ORC.,* prBycByn 2;E&%/%TC&#$;<@.) najwspa-nialsBe teksty *&EB2%NE?&,* reformatorów Karmelu. �;B% �#=#B>%NE?M 1�� &�9�� Bredagowane ;C#B;E)%@.w preferowanej prBeB ?1')1=D )#;';<&,BCM i ?;P�,&#'CMB-&#=B,*C;PTformie odindywidualiBowanego, BhierarchiBowanego trakta-tu i jako takie 42;$&CM-EB.C%/$&#C&;CM1�� & -) poBbawione EMwymiaruP,&P�'#osobistego P-&%/#,)-%B@;R;C#<; �Q��G��; tymcBasem to -@%PC&#;-%C%/B-.,B%>C%L#B2;P=#/C&;PT-.=ORC&% redagowany tylko dla spowiednika tekstTeresy WarsBawskiej. �E2O@)-;=BMce go a spisywane w widocBnym 2;P2&#,*1sekwencje ��&�� /�� E2=%-;B/%N /1,*;-.,* & B%2#-C# listówE?@%/%>ME&DC%-.>M)?;-;-&#=C./;?1$#C) egBystencji religijnej – jedyny takiw poBnanym prBeB nas/;)M/ 2&P$&#CC&,)-&#E)%=;2;'E?&$& godny 1-B<'D/C&#�C&%-2;-EB#,*C#>*&E);=&&,*=B#P,&>%NE)-%�

�./%># E&D L;-&#$� R# ); 2#@#C >DB.?;-.,*C&#/;E?;C%@;P,&� E);E1C?;-;?;';?-&%'C. & C&#>%?; mówiony 2%$&D)C&? R.,&%-#-CD)=BC#<;�%=&%CC. mia-rodajniej odBwierciedlaT $;R# &E);)D )#?E)1 $&E).,BC#<; I & 2;P=#/C&; E%$#>mistyki (��!) – %C&R#'&B%,*;-1>M,#2=;,#/1=D-.-;/1i bogate w alegorie oraBsymbole traktatowe konstrukcje Bnamienitych ?%=$#'&)%NE?&,* %1);=O-� W du-chowym brudnopisie Marchockiej autentyBm wyBnania granicBM,.C&#=%B B for-malnym chaosem harmoniBuje 2=B#,&#RBC&E?&$-E2O@,B.CC&?&#$)#;';<&,BC#>?;C,#2)1%'&B%,>&� a jedno i drugie [email protected]% prBede wsBystkim B /;P-&%/,B#C&%)=%CE,#C/#C)C;P,&$&@;EC#> =#'%,>& B�;<&#$� W niniejsBym ?;C)#?P,&# „niedo-teologicBne”149 i C&#;2%)=B;C#'&)#=%,?&$EB)%+%R#$ Bapiski Marianny ;?%B1>ME&D-%=)M sBcBególnej uwagi =#/1?,>M /; #E#C,>& – 2;C&#-%R niewiele albo prawiebrak w nich tego, co dla tekstu mistycBnego koniec ?;N,O-$%@; &E);)C#X/1R;B%P)#<;�,;w nim =B#,B.-&P,&#C%>-%RC&#>EB#�

Kwestia konstytutywnych cech owego tekstu >%-&E&D>%?;/;C&;E@%&+%E,.�C1>M,%�,*;TBaraBem nader B@;R;C%; B-@%EB,B%�R#$&%C#$ „mistycBna” obdaro-wuje E&D/B&P sporo =ORC.,*-.2;-&#/B&�>%?&#��L%/%>M=ORC#/.E,.2'&�C. C%1?&� B<;/C&# Be swoimi $#);/;';<&,BC.$& 2=#+#=#C,>%$& #?E2;C1>M,-takich wypowiedBiach =ORC#%E2#?).� WyBbyci )DE?C;).B%-.,B#=21>M,M/#+&�C&,>M tekstu mistycBnego – która-;L#, )=%CE,#C/#C)C;P,&$&E).?& Bakrawa na

rodBi nieBamierBony prBeB niego dysonans. )M/+;=$DJC&#?;$1C&?%).-C%KB%$&eniono tu na „nie-komunikowalna”).

149�;L��=12&NE?&�W+��&�� X��/��]�s. 193, 195, 201.

288 ��F��

&'1B>D – p;E)%-$.)1>#/C%??&'?%$.P';-.,*%?,#C)O--<MEB,B1C%=;E@.,*-;�?O@C&#<;C=;B1$&#NX%?,#C)O-;,*%=%?)#=B#,BDP,&;-;2;'#$&,BC.$&?;�=.<1>M,.$� %'# )#R &$2'&?1>M,.,* kardynalny postulat respektowania specyfikitego tekstu. Nie prBypadkiem rBecBone I1;<O'C&%>M,# – akcenty 2;E)%-&T 2;�B-%'%C%$-@%PC&# analiBa >DB.?;-.,* defektów i fraB apofatycBnych odnale-Bionych w Bapiskach Marianny Marchockiej.

�&#?%'&<=%+&,BC;P,&M swojej kompoBycji i stylu, %)%?R#$.P';-M �� 4�� i -@%P,&-.$&>#>2;>D,&;-.$& � �� (które #?E2'&?%,>&2;//%'&P$.-,B#PC&#>150) Bapiski te w sposób ocBywisty /;-;/BM�R# tekstu mistycBnego niekonstytuuje ani jakikolwiek element '&)#=%,?;P,&�%C&C%-#) )#;';<&,BC;PT roBu-miana jako teoretycBne 1>D,&# duchowych /;P-&%/,B#N. Tekst ów 2;E&%/%T-&D,$;R#&$2;C1>M,.?EB)%@) teologicBny i literacki (jak wypowiedBi Ter#E.BuV&'%,B. %C% ;/�=B.R%5 lub B%-&#=%T Ba'#/-&# P'%/. )#;';<&,BC.,* ?%)#<;=.B%,>&i literackich konwencji (jak -.2;-&#/[ Marchockiej); ale to 2=B#,&#R nie )%?%LM/[ &CC% warstwa teoretycBno-estetycBna cByni wypowiedBi te mistycBnymi.MistycBnymi cByni je BasadnicBy – ,*;TB%2;P=#/C&,B;C.2=B#B>DByk – B-&MB#?B konkretnymi2=B#R.,&%mi mistyka i to one, jako C&#-.=%R%'C#, 2=B#>%-&%>ME&DC&# ).'#-Bapisanych E@;-%,*� &'# jakby $&D/B.C&$&. Dlatego w perspektywieodbioru cBytelnika funkcja ;-.,*E@O-2;'#<%C&#C%B%)=B.$.-%C&1>#<;1-%<&C% )#?Pcie, lecB na kierowaniu jej poBa tekst, a P,&P'#>?1,B#$1P�,; od >DB.?%nieporównywalnie istotniejsBe, ,*;,&%R2=B#B >DB.?-E?%B.-%C#�

NajbardBiej adekwatnego kryterium wypowiedBi mistycBnej-.2%/% B%)#$12%)=.-%T w stopniu >#>-#=L%'C#<;;)-%=,&%C% )=%CE,#C/#C)C;PT $&E).,BC#<;/;P-&%/,B#C&% i wB/;'C;P,&-#=L%'C#<;;)-&#=%C&%C%)D)=%CE,#C/#C)C;PT,B@;�-&#,B#NE)-% odbiorców. Wydaje E&D�R# jedno i drugie w stosunkowo wysokiejmierBe Bapewnia wbrew poBorom forma C&#/;2#@niona, fragmentarycBna cBy, jaktu sygnaliBowano, brudnopisowa i niejako 2;=;BE%/B%C%2=B#B )=#PT; 2;C&#-%Rradykalnie – poprBeB%);$&B%,>D swojej ekspresji – ;//%>#C&#$;RC;PT-#=L%'&�B%,>&)=%CE,#C/#C)C#<;� �)%?&#>$&#=B#C&#;//%>M>#>� nasBym Bdaniem, wypo-wiedBi mocno B/;$&C;-%C#2=B#B,&MRM,#?1E.E)#$;-;P,&)-&#=/B#C&%?%)%+%�).,BC# lub wypowiedBi -.=%[C&# C%BC%,B;C# #E)#).,BC.$ 12;=BM/?;-%C&#$>DB.?%��;-&D,#>�12=;EB,B;C%'#?)1=%+;=$1@;-%C.,*tak prBekaBów (C&#B%'#R�C&# od intencji kanoniBowanych autorów) $;R# C%E 2=B.-&#PT /; redukcjoni-stycBne<; 2=B#P-&%/,B#C&%� R# )=#P,& $&E).,BC# >#/C%? B-#=L%'&B;-%T E&D /%�,*;T potrBeba do tego C&#B-.?@#<; )%'#C)1 )#;';<&,BC#<; ,B. '&)#=%,?&#<;�WE2#,.+&,BC.$?;C)#?P,&#B%<%/C&#N$&E).?&>#E));-EB%?R#2;<'M/najbardBiejabsurdalny B absurdalnych; -&#/BM; ).$ najlepiej sami mistycy, którBy swojeprBygody B Bogiem o2&E1>M,BDE);nie B woli -@%EC#>, a pod 2=#E>M-.-%=)MprBeB

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duchowego kierownika albo2=B#@;R;C#<;& w /;>$1>M,.$pocBuciu wykonywa-nia,B.CC;P,& B gruntu niewykonalnej.

?;=;-&D,/o istoty doBnania $&@;P,&mistycBnej 2=B.C%'#R.%2;+%).,BC;PT�);C%-#)>#P'&$&E).?2&EBM,.C&#?;CE)%)1>#>#>I>%?;;,B.-&E);P,&I/;E@;-C&#,%2;+%).,BC;PT )%-&#';=%?; & <@DL;?;?EB)%@tuje =#/%<;-%C.2=B#B#N )#?E), by-najmniejC&#-#=L%'C;PT1E)%C%-&%>M, >#<;%E2#?)#$<@O-C.$. )M/ )%?-%Rkaw refleksji katafatycBnej 2;2=%-C;PT intelektualnego wywodu151 ($&D/B. &CC.�$& 2=#,.B>% & E2O>C;PT 2;>DT) C&#$;R#, a racBej C&# 2;-&CC%L.T-.$;<&#$�?)O=. ;<=%C&,B%-.>M)?;-# funkcje wypowiedBi mistycBnej. Jej mniej lub bar-dBiej roBbudowana warstwa intelektualna to I).'?; &%RI2;>D,&;-%2;,*;/C%transcendentne<;/;P-&%/,B#C&%X to ��, która� �� 4�� 9�� ?152X$.P'B%)#$�?)O�=#>>DB.?=BM/B&E&D&CC.$&2=%-%$&�C&R>DByk takiej $.P'i )#;';<&,BC#>�-?)O=#>B%,*;-%C&#;?=#P';C#> 2=;,#/1=. =;B1$;-%C&% stanowi �� f��.�;/;LC&#/;?-#E)&&)#;';<&,BC;P,&)#?E)1$&E).,BC#<;$%E&D kwestia jego war-stwy estetycBnej; $;R#L.T;C% E);E1C?;-;L;<%)%%'L; )#R1L;<%X albo – po-wiedBmy to wprost – -=D,BR%/C%�

DB.?'&)#=%)1=.-.=%[C&#B;=&#C);-%C.>#E)2=B#,&#RC%E%$#<;E&#L&#, a P,&P�'#>C%2&D?C; swojego12;=BM/kowania naddanego; tymcBasem >DB.?-.2;-&#�/B&$&E).,BC#> poBostaje-@%P,&-&#2=B#,&-&#NE)-#$)%?2;>D)#>%1);)#'&,BC;P,&.Ukierunkowany C%)=%CE,#C/#C)C;PTi E)M/C%,#,*;-%C.apofatycBnie E?@%C&%E&D;C ostatecBnie ku owej wymownej C&#;?%B%@;P,& ��153 i � �� ?, i wresBcie ku„supraekspresji” milcBenia; C&# B%P ?1 sBcBególnej estetyBacji prBekaBu, którawcale nie ;/B-&#=,&#/'&@%L. lepiej tematu doBnania mistycBnego, tylko B/#2=#�,>;C;-%@%L.niepowtarBalnie religijny status tekstu misty?%�,B.)#'C&?;-&C%=B1�,%>M, jego ;/L&O= <@O-C&# #E)#).,BC.� #P'& -&Dc w -#=L%'C;P,& tego tekstu1,*-.,&T$;RC% pewne refleksy literatury, to&,*?EB)%@)I-;L#,sensu 1/1,*;�-&;C#<;2;$&D/B. &2;B% E@;-%$&I >#E) ,B.$PC=O-C.-%'C&#$C&#>-%R�nym, a wspomniane=#+'#?E.C&#E?@%/%>ME&DC%/B&#@;-BnacBeniu literackim –na autonomicBny twór, któryE-.$>DB.?;-.$2&D?C#$-.-;@1>#-C%E;/=1,*#E)#).,BC#>/#'#?)%,>&�

�;-.REB#=;B-%R%C&%;E2#,.+&,#)#?Etu mistycBnego rBuca>M B=#EB)MP-&%)@;na&E);)CMw dBiejach literatury <=12D)#?E)ów 4B-@%EB,B%B;LEB%=1 liryki), jakieC&#?&#/.;?=#P'% E&D mistycBnymi. Wymiernym w.?@%/C&?&#$ &,*$&E).,BC;P,&$&%@.L.L.TP=;/?&%rtystycBne o<@DL;?&#>2=;-#C&#C,>&=#'&<&>C#>�B%,B#=2C&D)#-C%EB.$?=D<1?1')1=;-.$ B biblijnych podwal&C,*=B#P,&>%Nstwa i judaiBmu

�7� �;=� ��F#E,*#'� (�&� �� /�� )@1$��;=B?;-E?&��=%?O- QQ9� E� "Q8�152 P. Evdokimov, 8��/��)@1$��'&C<#=��%=EB%-% QQ:�E��"�153 �� =12&NE?&� W+��&�� X� �� /�� ]�

s. 200.

290 ��F��

– w tym symbole E2;).?%C# =O-C&#R-2&E$%,*E%$.,*$&E).?O-� Jak jednakmistyk redaguje cBasem -.2;-&#/[CBL%-&;CM42;/=BD/C.,*-<=1C,&#=B#�,B.5#'#$#C)O-%=).E).,BC.,*�)%? tekst literacki –B%E2=%-M1R.)#> w nim topi-ki i fraBeologii – nie desygnuje $&E).,BC;P,&-2=B.>D).$tutaj sensie. �&#;BC%�,B% ); ;,B.-&P,&#� R# %1);=;$ wybitnych wiersBy religijnych odmawiamy/1,*;-#<;/;P-&%/,B#C&%; akcentujemy natomiast, R#-&#=EB# )#$%>M swoisty,&DR%=<%)1C?;-., 2;C&#-%R&,*$&#>E,#-R.,&1poetów ;?%B1>#E&DB12#@C&#od-mienne od miejsca)#?E)O-$&E).,BC.,*-R.,&12&EBM,.,*>#$&E).?O-� MO-&M,sentencjonalnie: w prBypadku pierwsBych /B&#@%);,%@# ich R.,&#�-2=B.2%/?1B%P/=1<&,*,%@# ich R.,&#);/B&#@;�

Motywem prBewodnim egBystencji literata jest bowiem 2;<;NB%-#=L%'CM#?E2=#E>M�2;/,B%E?)O=#>2;-E)%>M?;'#>C#1)-;=.X motywem prBewodnim egBy-stencji mistyka – $&@;EC% L'&E?;PT B�;<&#$�-;L#, ?)O=#> taki lub inny tekstjest tylko rodBajem produktu ubocBnego. Kontekstem w oparciu, o jaki 2=B.C%>�$C&#>,BDP,&;-;B-#=.+&?;-%T$;RC%+%?);<=%+&,BCM$&%=;/%>C;PT)#?E)1$&E).�?%, poBostaje Batem >#<; R.,&#;/B-&#=,&#/';C# w P-&%/#,)-%,* BC%>M,.,* <;;E;L&P,&#'1/B&; w odniesieniu do lirycBnego monologu 2;#).2;E@1<1>M,#<;E&D,*;,&%RL. E.$L;'&?M C;,. ,B. P-&%)@%-#=.+&?%,>% )%?%-./%># E&D w BasadBiebeBcelowa. Naturalne k=.)#=&1$2=%-/;$O-C;P,& $%E&D2=B#,&#Rnijak do )#?E�)1�?)O=.C&#B%'#RC&#;/ 4$;R'&-#> w nim) warstwy autobiograficBnej 2;-&C&#CL.T oceniany prBede wsBystkim w kategoriach artystycBnej kreacjiX$%E&DC&>%?).$L%=/B&#>� R# ?=#%,>M jest >1R samo – egocentrycBne – R.,&# %=).E).. SwojeBnacBenie posiada tu )#R;?;'&,BC;PT�&R-2;'EB,B.[C&#l#?E#$J'&)#=%)1=%K)=%?�)1>#E&DE.C;C&$&,BC&#/;-.=%R#C&%J'&)#=%)1=%2&D?C%KE)%C;-&M,#<;)@1$%,B#�C&# francuskich ��, jakie klasyfikowano w %)$;E+#=B#1$.E@;-#>epo-ki ;P-&#,#C&%. Dlatego -=#+'#?E>&C%/)#?E)%$&$&E).,BC.$&-E#CE&#-@%P,&-.$;-&#'# '#2&#>1R.-%T)#=$&C1BL&;=,B#<;J2&P$&#CC&,)-; mistycBneKC&RJ'&)#�=%)1=%$&E).,BC%KX 2;B-%'% ); 1C&?CMTC&#%/#?-%)C.,*?;C;)%,>& estetycBnych,które B góry BC&#?EB)%@,%@.L.%#E)#).,BCM#E#C,>D-.2;-&#/B&$&E).?%�

�#E)#).,BCM�%>#/C%?B%,*-.,%>M,;2=B#[email protected]?1>M,ME2;$&D/B.E@O-cBasemnader C&#[email protected]?;)'&-.,* – >%?C%2=B.?@%/)#B2;E2&#EBC&#'%?;C&,BC#>:��8��&�� Ignacego Loyoli; albo jak te B poBornie infantylnych w swej prosto-cie %�� #=#E.;/�B&#,&M)?% JeBus; albo jak te 2;=%R%>M,; sprawoB�dawcBe B %��Faustyny Kowalskiej; albo jak teB%C%'&B;-%C.,*-.R#>anakolutów Marianny Marchockiej, wielkiej polskiej mistycBki �;P,&;@%?%);'&,�?&#<; XVII wieku. Ich specyficBna E21P,&BC% 2&P$&#CC&,B% 2=B.,&M<% 1-%<D2=B#/E)%-&,&#'& roBmaitych dyscyplin, ale R%/#C *&E);=.? '&)#=%)1=., psycholog,religioBnawca, lingwista ani nawet teolog C&#$;R# E;L&# =;P,&T2=%-%/; wy-cBerpania problematyki, która �Q�� wyrasta B transcendencji. Drogocen-ny fenomen tekstu mistycBnego wymaga Batem od nas L%/%N Bintegrowanycha wy?=%,B%>M,.,* poBa granice EB,B#<O@;-.,* E2#,>%'C;P,&� E)%C;-&M, >#/#C

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B).,*prBedmiotów nauki, jakieB/;'C#EM-BC&#,%Tdyskusje o jej metodach lub-=D,B o $;/#'1=%,>;C%'C;P,&.

�;-EB%?R#-%RC#�C&#B%'#RC&#;/-EB#'?&,* =ORC&,�?%R/#B tych potencjal-nych 1>DT wypowiedBi mistyka powinno B%-&#=%T-E;L&#?;$2;C#C)BasadnicBejpostawy badawcBej, ?)O=M – w harmonijnej analogii do owej wypowiedBi – -.2%�/% C%B-%T '#?)1=M %2;+%).,BCM� To lektura inspirowana 2=B#?;C%C&#$� R# 2#@C%%C%'&B%)#?E)1$&E).,BC#<;>#E)C&#$;R'&-%; 2;C&#-%R>#E) ); )#?E)�?)O=#<;&E);)M2;B;E)%>#C&#?;$1C&?;-%'C#. PrBekonanie takie ot-&#=%2=B#/L%/%,B#$2#=E2#?�).-D subtelnych problemów i metod, >%?M Bamyka prBed nim redukcjonistycBne2=B#P-&%/,B#C&#� iR formalne granice wypowiedBi mistyka 2;?=.-%>ME&DB<=%C&�,%$& >#<;P-&%)%� Z drugiej strony ów komponent lektury apofatycBnej w R%/C#>$&#=B#C,&M<%B%E;LM C&#L#B2&#,B#NE)-%@%)-#<;&==%,>;C%'&Bmu; sam nie fa-brykuje 2=B#,&#R)%>#$C&,-.2;-&#/B&$&E).,BC#>, lecB pyta o nie w trakcie-&#';�%E2#?);-.,*/;,&#?%N nad tekstem, mocno wspartych o fundament mikroanaliByfilologicBnej. �;E)%-%=#E2#?);-%C&%?%)#<;=&&C&#-.=%R%'C#<;$% tu -&D,)D$#�);/;';<&,BCMB%'#)D� R# �� C&# '#?,#-%R. religijnych prBypadków #?E2=#E>&C&#/;E?;C%@#> lub Bdefektowanej, tylko weryfikuje,,B.EM;C#2=B.2%/?%$&2=B.�-;@.-%C#>2=B#BC%E-&#'#=%B.-.$;-C#>C&#;?%B%@;P,&+;=$.�

�%>-.REB%-%=);PT '1L& E&D wsBak cBasem C%><@DL&#> 1?=.T, B%EB.+=;-1>M,E%$ME&#L&#w ?EB)%@,&#najbardBiej niepoBornym B niepoBornych po to, %L.E-;�>M )=%CE,#C/#C)C;PT B%?;$1C&?;-%T w sposób paradoksalny, który -./%># E&D1=M<%T kryteriom nasBego poBnania� %R - ?;N,1 nieraB 2=B#-%=);P,&;-1># >#-&$&D2=%-/.. Dlatego badacB takich tekstów mistycBnych, jak Bapiski Marian-ny Marchockiej powinien L.T-E-#>-=%R'&-;P,&,*;T)=;,*Dpodobny do owe-go EliasBa /;P-&%/,B%>M,#<; E2;)?%C&% B Jahwe na pustynnej górBe Horebw 8��1�� 1��. �=;-%/B;C. )%$2=B#B @%E?D-&%=.2=;=;? –prBypomnijmy raB jesBcBe – nie ;/,B1-%;L#,C;P,&�;<%-jej typowych, spek-takularnych Bnakach katastrof natury; B *#L=%>E?M ,B,&M&L;>%[C&MB%E@%C&%C%);�$&%E))-%=B, [email protected]. �� /&��&��154.

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+��&�� (�� +��&��) by Marianna Marchocka (1603-1652),a discalced Carmelite, forms a heterogeneous corpus of notes hastily edited at the request of herconfessor, who was to destroy them immediately after reading. Though Marchocka’s text is notfree from linguistic errors, it is free from any aesthetic ornamentation, providing a „brute” andreliable testimony of a mystical experience. Despite atomiBation of the composition and stylisticdefects, it is a reflection of the transcendence and inexpressibility of the experience, conveyed ina manner characteriBed by a low degree of theological conceptualiBation and a large number

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of evidently apophatic phrases scattered throughout the text. It is a theologically asystemic,unaesthetic and apophatic statement, and as such emphatically exemplifies the essence of a mysticaltext – an account of personal experience of the love of God, which evades the laws of doctrinalgeneraliBations and literary conventions. The inconspicuous idiom of Marchocka’s spiritual roughnotes combined with a richness of content calls for an analysis within the context of significant butpresently downplayed domains of negative theology and the theology of silence.

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2��=1RL&,?&�R�� sandomierskie, „Ogród” 1992 nr 3/4, s. 7-25.

294 ��

B2&#=-EB;;E;L;-MC%==%,>M2=;-%/B;CM-=;/B%>1R#NE?&$�?)O=% nadaje R�� charakter osobistej, intymnej modlitwy, stanowiM,#>B-&#N,B#C&#?;�'#>C.,*#)%2O-=#?;'#?,>&�

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niae Millen��toryc�ne, RBym 1965, t. 9, s. 573-613.9 �;L� �� ;@%?;-E?&� <�� &�� *I� ��, wyd. 2, WarsBawa 1997,

passim.

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on homiletics and mystical writing. The author of the present article interprets it through the prismof strongly marked elements of Platonic and Neoplatonic tradition and tries to reconstruct thespiritual, philosophical and linguistic phenomena occurring at the interface of the physical andmetaphysical spheres, among others the way symbols function, the shaping of the semanticsof words, instability of the category of time, mutual permeation and complementation of the fieldsof esthetics and anesthetics. There are numerous references to philosophical writings andcontemporary contexts within the theory of literature but their purpose is not so much to bring outfactographical or historical dependencies or the existence of conscious intertextual referencesbut rather to provide a detailed and multifaceted depiction of the main themes of �=1RL&,?&’s workalso in an attempt to elicit on these grounds certain general regularities in the history of humanthought and religion.

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10 $�� 3 �� >�8��+��B��"�� & �ów wiary, Wilno 1610; prBedruk: Collected Works of Meletij Smotryc’kyj. Introduction byD.�.Frick, vol. I, Cambridge, Mass. 1987, s. 85-86 (101-102).

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Dla Smotryckiego jako wielkiego cBciciela ortodoksji -�;P,&#'#?&>;-E?&$;BC%,B%@;);/1R#12;?;=B#C&#&1=%R#C&# ambicjonalne. OstatecBnie E?@;C&@;)%?R#/;=;B-%R#C&%?-#E)&&B$&%C.E-#>2=B.C%'#RC;P,&-.BC%C&;-#>��;2#-C.$,B%�E&#;E;L&E)#<;B$%<%C&%B;E?%=R#C&%$&;C&#=B#)#'C;PT2;<'M/;-M oraB;E%,B#C&#2=B#B-@%EC#P=;/;-&E?; ekleBjalne�/#,./1>#E&D2=B#>PT/;�;P,&;@%B>#/C;,B;�C#<;B�B.$#$�Swój?=;?)@1$%,B.@-,B#PC&#>EB.$&<@DL;?&$&2=B#$.P'#C&%$&;=%B +%?).,BC.$=;B#BC%C&#$-E.)1%,>&2=%-;E@%-&%2;-EB#,*C#<;��&#-M)2'&�-&#2=B#-%R.@;)1/;P-&%/,B#C&#-.C&#E&;C#B-&B.).-�;CE)%C).C;2;'1&#=;�B;'&$&#��/?M/ $;)=.,?&-E)M2&@/;�;P,&;@%?%);'&,?&#<;B%>M@E&D)%?R#/B&%@%'�C;P,&MC%1?;-;�)-O=,BM�%'#=;B-&>%CM>1R w duchu bardBiej pojednawcBym.

�.'?;C%E%$.$2;,BM)?12;E)%C;-&@;/C&#PTE&D/;&C,./#C)1B-&MB%C#<;B>#<;21L'&,BC.$BC&#E@%-&#C&#$&-.=%B&T swój sprBeciw wobec tego BdarBe-nia w utworBe Protestacja25. Dale>E)%=%E&D2&E%T-E2;EOLL%=/B&#>-.-%R;C.

�:QX)%$R#�)� 9/10, red. J. Slipyj, Romae 1971, s. 632; Litterae episcoporum historicam Ucrainaeillustrantes, t. 1, red. �.G. Velykyj, Romae 1972, s. 125-148, 172-173, 180-197, 204-211, 222-225.

23�).$+%?,&#&C+;=$1>#$�&C� ��;@1L&#-�8��&�/�� /�9��, t. 1, Kiew1882, s. 302-317.

24 M);(+��+��&��9�� 64/B&#@;%C;C&$;-#5X+ntidotum pr�e�acnemu narodowi ruskiemu albo warunek pr�eciw +pologiejja�� /�� /�� 8 8 4%1);=E)-;�C/=#>�1R.@;-E?&5X ;=%B+ntapologia, albo +pologiej, ��&��&�� /…, 1632 (autorstwo Eustachy GiBel).

25 Protestacja pr�eciwko soborowi w tym roku 1628… w Kijowie Monasteru Piec�erskiegoobchod�onemu…, Lwów 1628, s. 16.

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&C&#2=;-;?;-%T jedynie ostrymi #2&)#)%$&E@;-C.$&E)=;C.2=B#,&-C#>, cB#<;2=B.?@%/#$>#E)>#<;/B&#@;Consideratiae26, -?)O=.$%1);=1?%B1>#C%<=1C,&#$#=.);=.,BC.$ =ORC&,# /;<$%).,BC# $&D/B. 2=%-;E@%-&#$ i katolicyBmem.�*;/B&@o tu <@O-C&#;)%?&#B%<%/C&#C&%�>%? 2;,*;/B#C&#�1,*%H-&D)#<;�1R.�-%C&# ,*'#L% 2=B%PC#<; - �1,*%=.E)&& & �;$1C&% P-� 2;/ >#/CM 2;E)%,&M�B-&#=B,*C&,)-;L&E?12%�B.$1;=%B2=;L'#$=B#,B.;E)%)#,BC.,*27. �;/,*;/BM,)#=%BB12#@C&#&C%,B#>/;?-#E)&&2;/B&%@1�;P,&;@%?&>;-E?&#<;� $;)=.,?&>#/�C;,B#PC&#,B1>#E&D<@DL;?;;/2;-&#/B&%'C.B%>#<;2;-E)%C&#�H-&%/,B.;).$>#<;'&E)E?&#=;-%C./;2%)=&%=,*.?;CE)%C).C;2;'&)%NE?&#<;��1?%=&E%B�8 8=;?128, -?)O=.$2.)%;E@1EBC;PT2;E)%-.�;P,&;@%<=#,?&#<;-;/$;-&#>#/�C;P,&B�;P,&;@#$=B.$E?&$��;B%2.)%C&#L.@;)%?R#-.=%B#$)=;E?&;2=%-;�E@%-C.�;P,&O@C%�1E&�?)O=.-2#-C.$$;$#C,&#E-;&,*/B&#>O-BC%'%B@E&DC&#>%?;C%=;B/=;R1$&D/B.�;CE)%C).C;2;'#$%�B.$#$�

�#-CD)=BC#=;BL&,&#�;P,&;@%?&>;-E?&#<;�B/%C&#$ $;)=.,?&#<;�);=O-�C&#R #+#?) &E);)C#<; B%C&#,*%C&% B# E)=;C. �;CE)%C).C;2;'%� �;P,&O@��%)?%-2=B#EB@;P,&1)=%,&@2;,B1,&#C%)1=%'C#>;/2;-&#/B&%'C;P,&-B<'D/#$,*=B#P,&�>%C?&>;-E?&,*�LD/M,.,*,BDP,&M/B&#/B&,)-%L&B%C).>E?&#<;��*;TC%�1E&C&�</. C&# -.2;-&#/B&%C; 2;E@1EB#NE)-% 2%)=&%=EB# ?;CE)%C).C;2;'&)%NE?&#$1��%-#)-O-,B%E�</.B/#,./;-%C;E&D2;/2&E%T1C&DB�B.$#$��'%)#<;-EB.�E,.,B@;C?;-&#�;P,&;@%?&>;-E?&#<;� )%?R#,&B>#/C;,B#C&B# );'&,M�2;E);'�E?M2;BoE)%>M C%/%' =B#,B.-&E)M ,BME)?M-&#'?&#<;�;P,&;@%-E,*;/C&#<;29. �;2;-&CC;L.TC%'#R.,&#)=%?);-%C#2=B#B?%R/#<;B-&#=B,*C&?%�;P,&;@%L&B%C�).>E?&#<;�B?)O=.$,*=B#P,&>%C?&>;-E?&,*@M,BM<@DL;?&#-&DB.�Ponadto on>%?;/1,*;-.2=B.-O/,% >#E) B;L;-&MB%C. B# EB,B#<O'CM E)%=%CC;P,&M 2;,*.'&T E&DC%/2;/B&%@#$- @;C&# ,*=B#P,&>%NE)-%��;C&#-%R2;C;Ei ;/2;-&#/B&%'C;PT B%-EB.E)?&,*,*=B#P,&>%C�>%?)#R jest weBwany prBeB Pana do 2=;-%/B#C&%-&#=BM�,#<;'1/1/;BL%-&#C&%� )M/E-#>>#/C;E)?;-#>/B&%@%'C;P,&-�;P,&#'#�;R.$C&#$;R#$&#=B.T ?%)#<;=&%$& 1B.E?%C&% 2=B#-%<& C%/ ?&$?;'-&#?� </.R$%/MR.T/;B>#/C;,B#C&%w je/CM,%@;PT2;/B&#';C.�;P,&ó@.

Smotrycki po Bmianie wyBnaniaE)%=%@E&D-)%?&;to sposób L1/B&T-=%R'&�-;PT2=B#/E)%-&,&#'& C%>-.REB#> hierarchii ;=%B B-.?@.,*-&#=C.,*C% 2;/B&%@- �;P,&#'# �*=.E)1E;-.$� �%=/B&#> /;L&)C&# B-=O,&@ 1-%<D C% )#C 2=;L'#$- jednym B ostatnich i BaraBem Bnamiennych E-;&,* 1)-;=O-� >%?&$ L.@

26 "�� 9�� 9�� "��B�� 2��…,Lwów 1628, s. 71.

27 Zob. Collected Works, k. 167-177 (606-611).28 Meletius Smotryckyj Cyrillo Lukaris, patriarchae Constantinopolitano. Circa veritates fidei

ac errors haereticum, w: Monumenta Ucrainae historica�)� ��;$%#�8�7�E�:"�"84=D?;2&E2;�-E)%@-�#=$%C&1-�� 9=�5�

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Exethesis30.�@O-C.$2=B.$&;)#$ tego dBie@% >#E)-.E;?& 2;B&;$%C%'&B. [=O�/@;-#> & ?'%=;-C# 2=B#BC%,B#C&# #/1?%,.>C#� �.@; ;C; E?&#=;-%C# 2=B#/#-EB.E)?&$/; 2=;E)#<; '1/1�-;L#, ?)O=#<; %1);= ,B1@ E&D ;/2;-&#/B&%'C. B%?EB)%@);-%C&# >#<; );RE%$;P,& /1,*;-#>� �;B% ).$ 1-%R%@� R# 2D?C&D,&# -#�-CM)rB �;P,&;@% ?&>;-E?&#<;-.$%<%2;-%RC#<;/B&%@%nia-EB.E)?&,*- ,#'11'#,B#C&%C&#B/=;-#>E.)1%,>&��'%)#<;-)=B.C%E)1)B-�J#?E2;E)1'%,>%,*K<=1C�);-C&#-.>%PC&%/B&#>#�;P,&;@%C%�1E&;=%B?=#P'&>#<;2#=E2#?).-DB-&MB%CMB%?)#$1C&>C.$��&/%T)1 równ&#R2=OLD ;L=;C.-@%EC#>/#,.B>&;2=B#>P,&1C%?%);'&,.B$&>#/C;,B#PC&#-E?%B%C&#C%2;B.).-C.?;C)#?E)BL'&R#C&%�;P,&;@%?&>;-E?&#<;&�;P,&;@%=B.$E?&#<;�

Na ?;N,;-.$#)%2&# /B&%@%'C;P,& 2&P$&#CC&,B#> $;)=.,?& wydaje jesBcBejedn;C&#B-.?'#-.$;-C#-E-#>)=#P,&2&E$;�?)O=#C;E&C%B-DParaenesis31.�B%E%/B&#L.@;;C;E?&#=;-%C#/;L=%,)-%,#=?&#-C#<;P-��1,*%-�&'C&#�?)O=# hierarcha /%=B.@ EB,B#<O'C.$ EB%,1C?&#$ & uBnaniem. �%2;$;,M )=#P,&B%$&#EB,B;C.,*-).$ dBiele autor dokonuje w pewnym sensie roBlicBenia prBedE2;@#,B#NE)-#$B-@%EC.,*/#,.B>&R.,&;-.,*��D/M,P-&%/;$.2;/B&%@1E2;�@#,BC;�-.BC%C&;-#<;C%�1E&�/;?)O=#<;;CE%$E&D =O-C&#R2=B.,B.C&@�2=%�<CM@B%/;PT1,B.C&#C&%2;-E)%@#>sytuacji. �-%R%@�&RB@;B-&MB%C#B=;B,B@;C?;�-%C&#$ & &B;'%,>M - �;P,&#'# ?&>;-E?&$ 2;-&CC; L.T 2=B#B-.,&DR;C# 2=B#B/MRC;PTdo -B%>#$C#<;-.L%,B#C&%-&CB2=B#EB@;P,&;=%B2;=B1,#C&%%?)1%'C#>=BM/B.2%C;-%C&%>#/C.,*C%//=1<&$&32. �>#/C;,B#C&#,*=B#P,&>%C=1E?&,*�-#�/@1< $;)=.,?&#<;�LD/B&#$;R'&-#>#/.C2=B#B%1)#C).,BC.2;-=O)/;E-#>E21P,&BC.*&E);=.,BC#>&B%,*;-%C&#C&#C%=1EB;C#<; dBiedBictwa wiary Chrystu-sowej. Jednak p=%-/B&-#B>#/C;,B#C&#-&/B&%@-)#/.>#/.C&#C%<=1C,&#�;P,&;�@%?%);'&,?&#<;�?)O=.-&%=.<;/C&#)=-%-C&#E?%B&)#'C#>C%1,#)#;';<&,BC#>�

�; 2=B#>P,&1 C% ?%);'&,.B$� $;)=.,?& B%E%/C&,B; B$&#C&% E-O> E);E1C#?-;L#,)#;';<&,BC#>/;?)=.C.?%);'&,?&#>;=%BE2;E;L11=B#,B.-&E)C&#C&%�;P,&;�@%?%);'&,?&#<;�#P'&-,B#PC&#jC&#EB,BD/B&@$1 stanowcBej krytyki &;E?%=R#N,to teraB B%,BM@-E?%B.-%T,;=%B,BDP,&#> na L@D/.-C%1,B%C&1�;P,&;@%2=%-;�E@%-C#<;� Ponadto jesBcBe j#/C% &E);)C% =B#,B� ?)O=% E&D B$&#C&@% 1 C&#<; 2;-.L;=B# C;-#> 2=B.C%'#RC;P,& ?;C+#E.>C#>� ); B ,%@M 2#-C;P,&M 1$&%=?;-%C&#-;EM/B&#C%/1R.TE)=;C.2=B#,&-C#>��%-C&#>>#<;2;E)%-%-B<'D/#$�;P,&;�@% ?%);'&,?&#<;2=B.L&#=%@% +;=$D E?=%>CM &-.?'1,B%>M,M >%?&#?;'-&#? 2;=;B1�$&#C&#��#=%BB%P)=%?)1>#C%/1R.,&%-C%1,B%C&1&2=%?).,#�;P,&;@%2=%-;E@%-�C#<; >%?; C&#-@%P,&-# tendencje� ?)O=# >#/C%? C&# E)%>M C% 2=B#EB?;/B&#- B>#/C;,B#C&1�;P,&;@% ?&>;-E?&#<;��.@ ); #+#?)-#-CD)=BC#<;2=B#;L=%R#�

30 )Q��)Q�� +��&��+�� / ��/ ��… uc�yniona…, Lwów 1929, s. 102.

31 Paraenesis abo napomnienie… do ws�ystkiego tej strony narodu ruskiego uc�ynione…,Kraków 1629, s. 96.

32 Por. t%$R#�E��9��8�

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rakter polemicBny. Taka bowiem +;=$% & E).' 12=%-&%C&% /.E?1=E1 C%1?;-#<;;L;-&MB.-%@%-#2;,#�-?)O=#> ;C/B&%@%@� #/C%?O- E2;EOL B%%C<%R;-%C&%2&P$&#CC&,B#<;2=B.C&OE@$1;?=#P';C.=;B<@;E&E@%-D��B&D?&C&#$1-2&E%@E&D)%?R# C% )=-%@# w roBwój idei humanistycBnej w okresie wcBesnobarokowym.Natomiast B$&%C%2;E)%-. P-&%);2;<'M/;-#> &-.BC%C&;-#>�- )%$).$,B%E&#1,*;/BMca Ba Bjawisko ,%@?;-&,&#C%)1=%'C#, [email protected]@%C% uBnanie Smotryckiegoza 2&#-,D &/#%'&B$1 historycBno-kulturowej i religijnej samorealiBacji naroduruskiego. Dla Smotryckiego ucBestnictwo-R.,&1�;P,&;@%2=%-;E@%-C#<;;=%B?%);'&,?&#<;)=%/.,>&?&>;-E?&#>E)%C;-&@;podstawowe kryterium refleksji nauko-wej.�B&D?&C&#$1 ;C)%?Re wyBnacBy@ kierunek =#'&<&>C#>?;C,#2,>&2;'#$&,BC#>�2;@;-.ZU��-&#?1�

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Meletius Smotrytsky’s creative output is almost entirely of a polemical character, since thisform and style of scholarly discourse was predominantly used in his times. This method of writingbrought him both notoriety and fame. He is to be credited for permanently accommodating thedevelopments of humanistic ideas in the early Baroque period. On the other hand, his changingideological and religious attitudes, a phenomenon at that time widely regarded as completelynatural, led to his recognition as a poet of historical-cultural idealism and religious self-awarenessof the Russian people. For Smotrytsky, participation in the life of the Orthodox Church and theKiev Catholic traditions was the basic principle of scholarly reflection. �nd owing to his influencethis standard also defined the direction of polemical religious conceptions in the first half of theseventeenth century.

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�C%'&B1>M,;2=%,;-%C&%B B%?=#E1/./%?).?&?%)#,*#B.�/%># E&D B%1-%R.T�R#-Pró/-&#'1B%E%//./%?).,BC.,*� %1);=B.-.$&#C&%>M B%E%/D E);2C&;-%C&%)=1/C;P,&4��-.?'#)#R�;?=#P'%>M>M terminem JB%E%/%2=B.E)D2C;P,&K��&#B%'#R�C&# ;/ )#<; >%?&# ;?=#P'#C&# >#E) L'&E?&#-E2O@,B#EC.$/./%?).?;$ katecheBy�B<;/C&#1-%R%>M� R# B%E%/% )% – od cBasów Jana �mosa �;$#NE?&#<; (1592–1670) IC%'#R.do najbardBiej popularnych�,&M<'#%?)1%'C.,*�;B%?=#E&#BC%,B#�C&;-.$C&#$%' &/#C).,BC.$ >%? B;E)%@; ); ;2&E%C# w Wielkiej dydaktyce5. #>

�;C+#=#C,>% �2&E?;2%)1 �;'E?&� 8�� &� �� 1��/� ��&��8��;-#-./%C&#��=%?O- Q�Q��/)M/E?=O)�� Q�Q�

3 Komisja Wychowania Katolickiego Konferencji Episkopatu Polski, 8��&� ��4&�� /��=%?O- Q�Q��/)M/E?=O)�� 2010.

4 Zob. np. M. Korgul, Dydaktyka dla katechetów�H-&/C&,% QQ9X��1L&?�Zarys dydaktykikatechetyc�nej, Kraków 1990; J. SBpet, Dydaktyka kateche�y��;BC%N�888X��-%=/Bicki, 1��4�� /�9��=B#$.P' QQ��

5 #E));).)1@/B&#@%��;$#NE?&#<;�?)O=#2;=%B2&#=-EB.B;E)%@o opublikowane w 1657rok1��,%@;P,&>#<;).)1@L=B$&(B��%�� 4��&��/��& �� 9��&�

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6 M. Korgul, Dydaktyka dla katechetów, s. 87; W. Kubik, Zarys dydaktyki kateche�y, s. 233-234; J. SBpet, Dydaktyka kateche�y, s. 106.

7 W. Kubik, 2�� /��9�, w: +b�� >1�� &��>��>�!� ��&��%(, WarsBawa 2005, s. 204-205.

8�1-%<&C%E2#,.+&?DC%1,B%C&%=#'&<&&2;$&%=).,*#+#?)O-E@1EBC&#ob#>$1>#>#/.C&#-&%�/;$;P,& &1$&#>D)C;P,& ucBnia��.$E%$.$2=%?).?& =#'&<&>C# &2;E)%-.C/'#<%>M$&#=B#C&1&;,#C&%C&1�;,B.$-.=%[C&#B%BC%,B%>M%1);=B. %�� &��1��/��4��&��8��;=%B-E2O@,B#PC&/./%?).,.?%)#,*#B.��;L�-&D,#>C%)#C)#$%)C2�-(��6:X ��1'2%,B.NE?&�Sprawd�anie i ocenianie w kateche�ie, w: Dydaktyka kateche�y, cB. II, red. J. Sta-la, Tarnów 2004, s. 108-155; J. SBpet, Problematyka oceny � religii w perspektywie dydaktyki kate-che�y��;BC%N QQ6�

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10 Zob. np. M. Korgul, Dydaktyka dla katechetów, s. 87-88.11 Zob. np. t%$R#X� B2#)�Dydaktyka kateche�y, s. 106-107.12 Zob. np. M. Korgul, Dydaktyka dla katechetów� E� 69�66X��%C1P� Zasady dydaktyc�ne

w procesie katechetyc�nym, s. 150-151.13 Zob. np. M. Korgul, Dydaktyka dla katechetów, s. 87-88.

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Gradation of difficulty is one of the fundamental didactic principles in religious instruction.This principle determines the norms for religion teachers’ activities as far as conveying knowledgeand developing students’ skills in an accessible way adequate to their level of development isconcerned.

The aim of this paper is to present the principle of gradation of difficulty as seen by the authorsof new curricula for religious instruction at schools, which was approved in 2010. Consequently,the article begins with a description of the general understanding of the difficulty gradation principlein religious instruction as defined by contemporary methodologists. The next section presents howthe issue is perceived by the authors of the amended „Core curriculum of catechesis of the CatholicChurch in Poland” and „Curriculum of Roman-Catholic religious instruction in kindergartens andschools” prepared in connection with the former document. Final remarks contain, apart fromconclusions and catechetic suggestions, specific guidelines for authors of new series of textbooksand religious instruction materials for various student groups.

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TRASA PROCESJI EUCHARYSTYCZNEJ W POZNANIU, 23.6.2011

1 miejsca zatrzymania się procesji

kamera6

kam. 1 (na ramieniu 7 m, obiektyw szerokokątny)kam. 2 (na statywie)kam. 3 (na statywie)kam. 4 (na podeście 1,6 m)kam. 5 (na podeście 1,6 m)kam. 6 (na podeście 1,6 m)kam. 7 („z ręki”)kam. 8 (na podeście 1,6 m)kam. 9 (na podeście 1,6 m, obiektyw długoogniskowy)kam. 10 (na podeście 1,6 m)kam. 11 (na podeście 1,6 m)kam. 12 (na podeście 1,6 m, obiektyw długoogniskowykam. 13 (podnośnik 20 m)kam. 14 (na podeście 1,6 m)kam. 15 (na podeście 1,6 m, obiektyw długoogniskowykam. 16 (na podeście 1,6 m)kam. 17 (na podeście 1,6 m, obiektyw szerokokątny)

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The article deals with the issue of television broadcast of religious events and in particular ofthe accompanying commentary. The case study pertains to the broadcast of the Eucharisticprocession during the feast of Corpus Christi in TVP Polonia on June 23, 2011. �nalysis of themedia message showed that the task of the commentator and producer of the programme shouldconsist in bringing out the rich variety of dimensions of the presented religious event. In the caseof the Eucharistic procession those dimensions are first of all cultic, christocentric, sanctifying andhistory of salvation, and secondly the public and semeiological dimensions of the cultic act. Sincethe programme of the new evangeliBation asserts that the Church strives to introduce the issue ofthe proclamation of the Kingdom of God to the modern world also through mass media, it seemsthat the postulate of such a television broadcast which would show the true identity of the Christiancommunity is valid and timely.

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a nauka, w: ��sychologii, p;/=#/%?,>M��%$&ary. (b.m.w.) 1995, s. 302-325;K. Zamiara, "�� *�� &��'�� &�� &��, �;BC%N�� B,B#,&C�887X��%@/;-%, �� )��'��$�� &�,Kraków 2000.

4 Por. np. R�� , red. �. GrBegorcByk, J. Sójka, R. Koschan, �;BC%N QQ�X��%=&%NE?&, %��J��&�� &��&�� &�� L� J�B@;-&#? & 2;@#,B#NE)-;K, T. XXIX: 2009, s. 149-179; �. Bielik-Robson, „Na pustyni”.9��&��'I��, Kraków 2008.

5 �CC. )=#C/ ;?=#P'&T$;RC%$&%C#$n$%?/;C%'/.B%,>& /1,*;-;P,&o 4por. �. Sobolewska,Mapy ��'��2�� %��@��L, WarsBawa 2009, s. Q5��#)%+;�=.,BC/?=#P'%E&D-)#CE2;EOL?;CE1$2,.>C#&?;$#=,.>C#2;/#>P,&#/;EB#=;?;=;B1$&%C#>E+#=. sacrum ,#,*1>M,# 2;C;-;,B#EC;PT��.=%B#$ J/1,*;-;P,& 2;E)$;/#=C&E).,BC#>K$&%@%L.L.T )%?R# &/#;';<&% 2=;B/=;-;)C%� - =%$%,* ?)O=#> /L%C&# ; =;B-O> /1,*;-. E)%C;-& >#/#CB%E2#?)O-)B-�well-being (dobrostanu).

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Nowadays it is noted that some traditional psychological categories are inadequate to explainthe specificity of human activity. For example the concept of personality seems to be insufficient toexpress how people function. Spirituality is one of the categories which could describe the formof a person’s inner experience determined by cultural meanings and values. The main aim of thispaper is to consider some new psychological conceptions that include the spiritual dimensionof a human. The author analyBes three approaches. The first one, proposed by �nna Galdowa,emphasiBes spiritual development. The project of Irena HesBen focuses on the connection betweenspirituality and psychosomatic health. The third conception, developed by Zohar and Marshall,considers spiritual intelligence and indicates the neurological substrate of spirituality.

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