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Z@N \REZE#TA@ARAG \RND^RTER
EK AGDFNGZ DF[FIF_AZFEG
BvDivjn A' ]fgznrt
2
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De|vrfm`z 2
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Z@N \REZE#TA@ARAG \RND^RTER EK AGDFNGZ DF[FIF_AZFEG
KERN]ERJ
Z`nrn ft a }naiz` ek ard`aneiemfdai n{fjngdn z`az e{nr nfm`z z`e~tagjvnart ame ) z`n mrnaz d~iz~rn bnarnrt ek df{fifazfeg fg Nmv|z) z`n Fgj~t [aiinvagj Cnte|ezacfa kercnriv if{nj fg z`n Ta`arag rnmfeg ek Akrfda bnkern fzbndacn a jntnrz' Z`ntn |ne|in if{nj fg z`n @fm`iagj arnat ek z`n Ta`ara'
Z`ntn ce~gzafg rnmfegt kercnj a Drntdngz t`a|nj arna' ]n daii z`ft rnmfeg
z`n Knrzfin Akrfdag Drntdngz ' Fg z`n ard`aneiemfdai ifznraz~rn z`ntn |ne|in}nrn daiinj Da|tfagt) Gnmrefj) Bre}g Radn) Cnjfznrragnagt) Jra{fjfagt erH~t`fznt' ]n daii z`ntn |ne|in \reze#Ta`aragt'
Fg z`ft beeh }n }fii t`e} `e} z`n \reze#Ta`aragt bnmag at a tfgmin ifgm~ftzfddecc~gfzv }`fd` t`arnj d~iz~rai zrafzt }`fd` }nrn kat`fegnj fg z`nfr Ta`arag`ecniagj'
Z`n \reze#Ta`aragt zeeh z`nfr agdfngz d~iz~rn ze N~re|n agj Atfa' @nrnz`nv rncafgnj z`n jecfgagz mre~| ~gzfi z`n degq~ntz agj np|agtfeg ek z`ntnAkrfdefj |ne|in akznr 1>
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decceg d~iz~rn agj iagm~amn z`az npftz at a jftzfgdz ~gfz' Z`n a}arngntt ekAkrfdag df{fifazfegt bv Akrfdag |ne|in t`e~ij ngde~ramn radfai tnik#ntznnc agj`ni| z`nc ze rndemgfn z`nfr ngifm`zng |atz) te z`nv dag hge} z`n jn|z ekz`nfr e}g |ezngzfai agj }erh ker a |etfzf{n) |rej~dzf{n k~z~rn'Fg Z@N \REZE#TA@ARA \RND^RTER EK AGDFNGZ DF[FIF_AZFEG) }n }fii
niaberazn eg Agza Jfe|-t ZR^Z@ z`az Akrfda) }at z`n bfrz`|iadn ek caghfgj)agj iaznr }erij df{fifazfeg agj `ftzerv' Fz |re{fjnt z`n cfttfgm ifgh bnz}nngz`n erfmfg ek caghfgj) agj Nmv|z-t |re~j inmadv'
Fg z`ft beeh }n tnnh ze jftd~tt z`n fgki~ngdn ek Akrfdagt fg z`n rftn ekdf{fifazfeg fg Ta`arag Akrfda) fg mngnrai agj aite Atfa fg |arzfd~iar' Fz }fii t`e}z`az z`n Akrfdag%Atfag Cejn ek \rej~dzfeg (AC\&) batnj eg iarmn `vjra~ifd}erht arn attedfaznj }fz z`n rf{nr {aiinv df{fifazfegt ek Nmv|z) z`n Fgj~t[aiinv agj Cnte|ezacfa' Fg Df{fifazfeg er Barbarftc) Agza Jfe| (1661?126&geznj z`az ?" Fg e~r e|fgfeg) egn ek z`n jftzfgdzf{n zrafzt ek z`ft daznmerv ft}nfm`z ek df{fifag |e}nr at dec|arnj ze cfifzarv |e}nr (fg z`n AC\&8 cfifzarv
arftzedradv ft |radzfdaiiv abtngz) agj fg gercai zfcnt) z`n teijfnrt |iav ag~gebzr~tf{n ) fk gez gegnpftzngz) |eifzfdai rein''''Z`n ngzfrn fjneiemfdait~btzr~dz~rn ft egiv a|eiemnzfd ker cerai agj `~cag {ai~nt) npdi~jfgm z`n{ai~nt ek }arkarn"'
]n mf{n fgkercazfeg fg z`ft beeh z`az t|agt z`n dngz~rfnt agj z`n }erij zefii~tzrazn z`n tzerv ek z`n t|rnaj ek z`n \reze#Ta`aragt? Nmv|zfagt) Jra{fjfagt)Niacfznt) Cfgeagt) Cagjfgm ) T~cnrfagt agj ez`nrt' Fz aite ekknrt ag fg jn|z`jftd~ttfeg ek z`n a~zed`z`ege~t Biadh \e|~iazfegt z`az }nrn z`n df{fifnrt ekcaghfgj agj z`nfr rein fg z`n jn{nie|cngz ek ard fzndz~rn ) | fiete|`v)|eifzfdai fgtzfz~zfegt) rnifmfeg agj tdfngdn z`e~tagjt ek vnart |rfer ze
}erij#}fjn np|agtfeg ek z`n Fgje#N~re|nagt akznr A'J' 1:62'
Fg z`ft beeh ve~ }fii kfgj z`n deiindzf{n rntnard` ek e{nr 2< vnart ek fgq~frvfgze z`n |atz ek Akrfdag |ne|in' Fz ft `e|nj z`az z`ft beeh }fii tnr{n at a ca| zez`n |atz ek Akrfdag |ne|in ) agj a k~z~rn te~rdn ek cejnit z`az dag bn ~tnj zedrnazn ker caghfgj a |etfzf{n k~z~rn'
Divjn A' ]fgznrtD`fdame) O~gn 2
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ZABIN EK DEGZNGZT
KER]ARJ fff
ZABIN EK DEGZNGZT 1
ABRN[FAZFEGT AGJ TVCBEIT 2
D@A\ZNR EGN?Z@N KNRZFIN AKRFDAG DRNTDNGZ >
D@A\ZNR Z]E?Z@N \REZE#TA@ARAG RNIFMFEGT 2:
D@A\ZNR Z@RNN ? MNGNZFD ^GFZV EK BIADH AKRFDAG) NIACFZN
) JRA[FJFAG AGJ T^CNRFAG IAGM^AMNT :4
D@A\ZNR KE^R? Z@N \REZE#TA@ARAGT FG DRNZN ;;
D@A\ZNR KF[N?KE^GJNRT EK MRNNDN DACN KREC AKRFDA =6
D@A\ZNR TFP?Z@N @ARA\\AG DF[FIF_AZFEG 0:
D@A\ZNR TN[NG? BIADHT FG AGDFNGZ D@FGA 61
D@A\ZNR NFM@Z? Z@N EICND DF[FIF_AZFEG 1
D@A\ZNR ZNG?H^T@FZNT FG ]NTZ ATFA 1;0
1
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ABBRN[FAZFEGT + TVCBEIT
T7_%[UUUUUUUU([&R) T d`agmnt fgze _ keiie}nj bv a {nrb bnkern R'
t7
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D@A\ZNR EGN? Z@N KNRZFIN AKRFDAG DRNTDNGZ
Z`n @ecniagj ek z`n \reze#Ta`aragt }at z`az |arz ek Cfjjin
Akrfda }n daii z`n Ta`ara' Aiz`e~m` zejav z`n Ta`arag rnmfeg ft
|rntngziv arfj) are~gj 0
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z`n \reze#Ta`arag |ne|int fgze Atfa agj N~re|n z`az z`nv dacn fg
degzadz }fz` z`n Aizafd) ^raifd agj Fgje#N~re|nag t|nahnrt'
Ard`aneiemfdai n{fjngdn fgjfdaznt z`az z`nrn }at ~gfzv
bnz}nng z`n \reze#Ta`arag |e|~iazfegt fg cfjjin Akrfda' Tfgdn z`n
difcazn }at cern }nzznr tn{nrai z`e~tagj vnart ame) z`n caoer
dre|t }nrn ngtnzn) rfdn) term`~c) cfiinz) tntacn) barinv agj
kegfe' Bnz}nng ;
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Da|tfagt' Z`ft mre~| kie~rft`nj fg ag arna npzngjfgm krec z`n
}ntznrg berjnrt ek Gerz` Akrfda fgze z`n te~z`nrg Ta`ara' Z`nv
if{nj eg `fiiedht er tie|nt gnar }aznr' B~z tecn Da|tfagt if{nj eg
|iafgt }`fd` knaz~rnj iahnt agj cart`nt' Z`nfr }av ek ifkn
degzfg~nj krec z`n Gneifz`fd nra ~| ze z`n zfcn ek z`n
Maracagzn'
Dnracfdt t|rnaj krec z`n dngzrai agj natznrg Ta`ara fgze
Gerz` Akrfda' Z`ntn dnracfdt }nrn ek T~jagntn fgt|frazfeg agj jazn
badh ze z`n tn{ngz` cfiinggf~c B'D' Z`ft |ezznrv }at ~tnj krec
Nggnjf ze z`n @emmar 'Z`n cahnrt ek z`ft |ezznrv }nrn |rebabiv
krec z`n T~jag' (Jntagmnt 1601& Z`n Da|tfag |ezznrv zrajfzfeg aite
dacn krec z`n T~jag) agj kfrtz a||narnj az z`n {aiinv ek Tae~ra)
agj iaznr az Kerz Kiazznrt' Z`ft zv|n ek |ezznrv |rebabiv
erfmfgaznj az Nicngznfza fg Hngva' (Hf#_nrbe 16=6&
Thninzegt ek z`n Cnjfznrragnag zv|n `a{n bnng ke~gj
z`re~m`e~z Cfjjin Akrfda) Te~z`}ntz Atfa) Cnte|ezacfa)
Fgje#\ahftzag) Dngzrai Atfa agj D`fga' Fz ft ge tndrnz z`az z`n
ke~gjnrt ek agdfngz Nmv|z) Niac) T~cnr agj z`n Fgj~t [aiinv }nrn
aii ek z`n Cnjfznrragnag zv|n' Z`ntn Cnjfznrragnag |ne|in daiinj
z`nctni{nt? H^T@FZNT'
Z`n H~t`fznt arn hge}g fg `ftzerv at be}cng agj mrnaz
tafiert' Z`ntn H~t`fznt daiinj Mre~|#A bv ard`aneiemftzt ke~gjnj
z`n narifntz nc|frn fg z`n ]erij) fg G~bfa' Z`n kfrtz rnderjnj
nc|frn eg narz` }at iedaznj az Q~tz~i) G~bfa are~gj 44
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Nmv|zfag nc|frn' At a rnt~iz z`n znrc jntfmgazfgm revaizv fg
Nm|zfag gt} 9 g vt}z 3 "(z`n cag& }`e decnt krec z`n te~z`"'
Z`ft nc|frn }at daiinj Za#Tnzf) er z`n Iagj ek z`n Be}'Fz }at
dinar z`az z`n me{nrgcngz agj }rfzfgm ~t~aiiv attedfaznj }fz`
Nmv|z }at kfrtz fg{ngznj fg G~bfa) agj iaznr darrfnj je}g z`n Gfin
fgze Nmv|z' Z`n |ne|in ek Za#Tnzf) }nrn daiinj "Tzn~" er
"be}cng"' Z`n Nmv|zfagt daiinj z`n arna are~gj H~t` Zaza#Gnznr
"Mej-t iagj"'
Z`n H~t`fznt zeeh z`n gacn H~t` ze cagv rnmfegt z`nv tnzzinj
fg Atfa'Z`n cetz fc|erzagz H~t`fzn deiegv }at agdfngz Niac) f'n')
`azac(H`aizac&' Z`n da|fzai dfzv ek Niac) }at daiinj H~ttf bv z`n
Niacfznt' Fg Ahhajfag)Niac }at daiinj Mf#bac er "z`n iagj ek z`n
be}"' Z`n agdfngz D`fgntn zrfbnt daiinj z`n Niacfznt?Hat`zf'
Cerne{nr) fg z`n Bfbin fg Onrncfa` (pipp)4>& }n kfgj "be} ek
Niac"'
Biadh#agj#Rnj ]arn (BR]&
Z`ntn H~t`fznt ~tnj a decceg rnj#agj#biadh }arn z`az `at
bnng ke~gj krec z`n T~jag fg Akrfda) adrett Te~z`}ntz Atfa agj
z`n Fgjfag t~bdegzfgngz aii z`n }av fgze D`fga' Z`n narifntz
npac|int ek z`n biadh#agj#rnj }arn ek z`n \reze#Ta`aragt jazn ze
z`n nariv Acrazfag |nrfej :
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|ne|int'
Z`n Acrazfag |nrfej ek Cfjjin Akrfda ft z`n kedai |efgz ker
z`n t|rnaj ek BR]' Z`nrn ft akkfgfzv bnz}nng BR] ke~gj az Aga~) fg
R~ttfag Z~rhntzag) agj tfcfiar |ezznrv krec te~z`natznrg N~re|n'
Jr' O'M' Agjnrtteg (i64:& ke~gj a tfcfiarfzv bnz}nng |ezznrv
kramcngzt ke~gj az Aga~) agj kramcngzt jftde{nrnj az Vagmt`ae
tfznt fg @ngag agj Magt~ |re{fgdn'
ERFMFGT EK \REZE#TA@ARAG D^IZ^RN
Ifgm~ftzfd agj ard`aneiemfdai n{fjngdn dag `ni| ~t ze
rndegtzr~dz z`n \reze#Ta`arag ndegecv agj tedfai ermagfazfeg' Z`n
ndegecv }at jf{nrtfkfnj agj t`fkznj krec `~gznr#maz`nrnr ze `nrjnr
agj iaznr keej |rej~dfgm at a rnt~iz ek z`n rftn ek degtftzngz
tnategai rafgt fg Cfjjin Akrfda akznr =
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ab~gjagdn ek cfiitzegnt eg nariv Ta`arag tfznt' J~n ze z`n
rfd`gntt ek z`n kiera agj ka~ga fg z`n Ta`ara j~rfgm z`ft |nrfej
nz`gfd mre~|t fg Cfjjin Akrfda }nrn tncf#tnjngzarv `~gznr
#kft`nr#maz`nrnrt }`e ngmamnj fg z`n np|iefzazfeg ek z`nfr
`abfzaz' Z`ntn |ne|in cav `a{n `aj a ifcfznj fgznrntz fg z`n
jecntzfdazfeg ek |iagzt agj agfcait' B~z fz }at gez ~gzfi z`n
rnz~rg ek ag arfj difcazn ze z`n Ta`ara bnz}nng 12)
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tfznt fg z`n @emmar' (CdFgzet` agj CdFgzet` 1604b?24
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1&
Z`n \reze#Ta`aragt ~tnj }aznr ker decc~gfdazfeg |~r|etnt' J~n
ze z`n ab~gjagdn ek }aznr j~rfgm z`n Akrfdag Aq~aifz`fd z`n
inajnrt ek z`n \reze#Ta`aragt }nrn cng z`az de~ij zacn z`n }aznrt
bv jact) er b~fijfgm beazt agj `abfzazfeg ce~gjt takn krec z`n
g~cnre~t kieejt' E{nr zfcn z`n \reze#Ta`aragt kercnj a
degknjnrazfeg ek dfzv tzaznt daiinj z`n KFT@ DEGKNJNRAZFEG'
CAA DEGKNJNRAZFEG
14
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Z`n Kft` er CAA Degknjnrazfeg `aj cagv d~iz~rn knaz~rnt fg
decceg'Ker npac|in z`nv zradnj z`nfr reezt badh ze z`n Ta`ara)
nt|ndfaiiv Ifbva agj G~bfa' Z`n |rfgdf|in mej ker z`ntn
\reze#Ta`aragt }at Aceg er Ac~g' Fg z`n ard`aneiemfdai ifznraz~rn
z`ntn |ne|in arn daiinj Za#Tnzf (A#Mre~|& agj D#Mre~| |ne|in ek
agdfngz H~t`%G~bfa' Z`n agdfngz Ifbvagt }nrn daiinj Zncn`~) bv z`n
Nmv|zfagt' Z`ntn Zncn`~ |ne|in arn daiinj bv ard`aneiemftzt
D#Mre~| |ne|in' Z`n D#Mre~| |ne|in tnzzinj c~d` ek z`n T~jag' Z`n
dvifgjrfdai zecb decceg ze z`ft arna }at aite krnq~ngziv b~fiz bv
ez`nr \reze#Ta`aragt fg Atfa'
Z`n Zncn`~ hn|z tcaii if{n tzedh' Fg ajjfzfeg ze }ert`f|fgm
Aceg)z`ft Ifbvag mre~| ek \reze#Ta`aragt }ert`f||nj z`n mejjntt
Gnfz`' Fg N~re|n t`n }at daiinj Az`nga) ze z`n Cagjfgm agj Cfgeagt
t`n }at hge}g at Gfa'
Z`n cncbnrt ek z`n Caa Degknjnrazfeg fgdi~jn z`n Nmv|zfag
ke~gjnrt ek z`n Gn} Hfgmjec) Niacfznt) Jra{fjfagt) Cagjfgm agj z`n
T~cnrfagt'Z`n Mej Aceg ek z`n Nmv|zfagt }at zahng ze Nmv|z j~rfgm
z`n Gn} Hfgmjec'Z`n mngnrfd znrc ~tnj bv z`n \reze#Ta`aragt ze
rnknr ze z`nctni{nt }at H^T@FZN'
BEAZ ZND@GEIEMV
J~rfgm z`n Aq~aifz`fd |nrfej z`n \reze#Ta`aragt cafgzafgnj
}nii jn{nie|nj zrajn ifght }fz` z`n natz Akrfdag `ecniagjt bv
1:
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1>
beazt }`fd` de~ij zra{ni adrett Akrfda aiegm z`n g~cnre~t tzrnact
agj rf{nrt }`fd` jezznj z`n cern }aznrnj Cfjjin Akrfdag
ng{fregcngz 0
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]ntz Akrfda aiegm z`n Gfmnr rf{nr'
\iagz Jecntzfdazfeg
Z`n narifntz Gneifz`fd karcnrt d~izf{aznj barinv' Z`nv ~tnj a
}a{v ifgn dnracfd tzvin ek Cfjjin Akrfda rnknrrnj ze at z`n
Ta`arag#T~jagntn }arn'
Z`n \reze#Ta`aragt) egdn ngmamnj fg fgzngtf{n amrfd~iz~rn
bnmag ze b~fij ze}gt' Dec|inp |eifzfdai ermagfazfegt agj drakz
t|ndfaifazfeg keiie}nj at dnrzafg nz`gfd mre~|t) diagt bndacn
cern agj cern tnjngzarv'
Z`n \reze#Ta`aragt |radzfdnj a kerc ek fgzngtf{n amrfd~iz~rn
d`aradznrfnj bv ~tn ek z`n `en) rniaznj }aznr tzeramn agj
frrfmazfeg znd`gfq~nt) |i~t z`n a||ifdazfeg ek knrzfifnrt
(cag~rn& ze z`n iagj'
Z`n abfifzv ek z`n \reze#Ta`aragt ze |rej~dn t~r|i~t keej
inj ze ag fgdrnatn fg |e|~iazfeg agj d`agmnt fg tedfai
ermagfazfeg' Gaz~raiiv |e|~iazfeg fgdrnatnt kerdnj z`n agdntzert
ek z`n \reze#Ta`aragt ze t|fii e{nr fgze cern carmfgai arnat' Z`ft
kerdnj z`nc ze jecntzfdazn |iagzt agj agfcait ze |rntnr{n
zrajfzfegai in{nit ek keej |rej~dzfeg) z`az `aj rnt~iznj
krec |iagz deiindzfeg'
Fg G~bfa z`n |ne|in iegm |radzfdnj amrfd~iz~rn' Fg 1=
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1=
Az Hajnre) a \reze#Ta`arag tfzn fg z`n T~jag }n kfgj z`az bv
441< B'D')term`~c agj cfiinz }at bnfgm d~izf{aznj'Fg Gerz`}ntz
Akrfda rfdn }at bnfgm d~izf{aznj bv 4
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10
(CdFgzet` 160
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ft t~||erznj bv z`n kadz z`az fg Z`nbnt at nariv at z`n 10z`
Jvgatzv Z`nbagt rejn `ertnt barnbadh' Z`nv de~ij gez `a{n mez z`n
`ertn krec z`n @vhtet)bnda~tn z`ft mre~| ek Atfagt gn{nr degq~nrnj
Z`nbnt' Cerne{nr) z`n a||naragdn ek Nmv|zfagt eg `ertnbadh eg z`n
|afgzfgmt ke~gj fg z`n zecb ek Cngnga) agj
z`n `ertn agj rfjnr fg |afgznj }eej) jazfgm ze z`n nariv 10z`
Jvgatzv zntzfkv ze z`n `ertncagt`f| ek z`n Nmv|zfagt' Fg ajjfzfeg
`ertnt arn jn|fdznj fg z`n redh arz ek G~bfa'
J~rfgm z`n Gneifz`fd T~b|i~{fai (da' =
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2& Z`n cfgnrt krec z`n Fgj~t [aiinv degzreiinj z`n ia~rfzn
ernt ek Bajah`t`ag agj Akm`agftzag'(Brngzont 1604&' Z`n Jra{fjfagt
np|erznj z`ntn cnzait ze Cnte|ezacfa'
Ia|ft ia~if ft ke~gj fg cnzacer|`fd ifcntzegn er jeiecfzn'
Z`ft caznrfai }at ~tnj ze cahn cagv |rntzfmn fznct fg z`n agdfngz
}erij' Z`n rfd`nt te~rdn ek ia|ft ia~if }at Bajah`t`ag ' Ez`nr
ia~rfzn jn|etfzt arn ke~gj fg z`n @fcaiavag rnmfeg) agj z`n
te~z`nrg ngj ek iahn Bafhai fg Te{fnz ^gfeg' Z`ntn dngznrt ek
ia|ft ia~if }nrn z`n dngzrai kadzer fg Jra{fjfag deiegfazfeg ek
Dngzrai Atfa' (]fgznrt 166
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44
Atfa z`az iaznr bndacn z`n Zacfi' J~c~f) }at t~||etn ze `a{n bnng
npfinj krec z`n T~cnrfag dfzv ek Nrnd` er ^r~h) bv z`n "jncegt"
ek nfz`nr ek z`ntn dfzfnt' Z`n |`egnzfd ia}t e|nrazf{n fg
Jra{fjfag ekknr ge |rebinc fg jnrf{fgm Zacfi krec J~c~f'
Z`n carrfamn ek z`n Jra{fjfag d~iz mejjntt \ara{azf) fg Tf{a
znc|int ze fgt~rn nkkndzf{niv z`n knd~gjfzv agj |ret|nrfzv ek z`n
Jra{fjfag |ne|in ft agaieme~t ze z`n `eiv carrfamn ek J~c~f agj
Fgagga) z`n T~cnrfag cez`nr#mejjntt' Z`n Zni~m~) daii z`n
Jra{fjfagt ara{aai~ "geftn cahnrt"' Z`ft geftn cajn bv z`n Zacfit)
cav `a{n bnng rfz~ai }afifgm ) egn ek z`n caoer knaz~rnt ek z`n
J~c~f d~iz fg T~cnr'
Z`n |ettfbin agdfngz npfin ek |ne|in krec T~cnr ze
\reze#Jra{fjfag tfznt }e~ij np|iafg z`n mngnzfd ~gfzv ek z`n
T~cnrfag agj Jra{fjfag iagm~amnt' Fgznrntzfgmiv) z`n T~cnrfagt
daiinj z`nctni{nt |re~jiv tam#mfmma "z`n biadh `najnj |ne|in"' Fg
Zacfi mfm) cnagt biadh' Z`ft |efgzt ze agaiemv bnz}nng T~cnrfag
agj Jra{fjfag' J~rfgm z`n rnfmg ek Hfgm Ateha) ek Fgjfa z`n
Jra{fjfagt }nrn daiinj Haifgha) }`fd` a||nart ze bn ag n{ei~zn ek
T~cnrfag (tam& mfmma '
Z`n T~cnrfagt ebzafgnj ia|ft ia~if krec z`n
@ara||e#Jra{fjfagt' T'Hracnr) fg z`n T~cnrfagt) diafcnj z`az z`n
Fgj~t [aiinv }at daiinj Zfic~g%Jfic~g bv z`n T~cnrfagt' Z`ft }at
z`n T~cnrfag |arajftn' Z`n beazt ek Zfic~g) er z`n Fgj~t [aiinv
}nrn t~||etn ze `a{n zahng meij) de||nr agj ia|ft ia~if ze z`n
T~cnrfag'
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Jncnznr
Z`n Mej Jncnznr }at fgzrej~dnj ze Mrnndn bv z`n Cagjfgm' Z`n
jntdngjagzt ek z`n Cagjfgm }nrn daiinj Darfagt' Z`n caoer Cagjfgm
zrfbn rnt|egtfbin ker z`n t|rnaj ek z`ft kafz` }nrn z`n
Maracagznt' Z`nv arn attedfaznj }fz` a|fd~iz~rn'
Jncnznr dacn krec Ifbva' @n ft t~||etn ze `a{n fgzrej~dnj
|e||v tnnjt ze Mrnndn' Z`n Darfagt |radzfdnj cazrfifgnai jntdngz)
z`nv zeeh z`n gacnt ek z`nfr cez`nrt'
@nrd~int z`n T~g Mej
@nrd~int }at ag fc|erzagz mej' @ft ncbinc }at z`n t~g'
Cnmatz`ngnt tafj z`az @nrd~int }at z`n kaz`nr ek z`n \agjvag
jvgatzv ek z`n Jra{fjfagt'
Arrfag) eg z`n a~z`erfzv ek Cnmatz`ngnt tafj z`az z`n Fgjfag
@nrd~int agj z`n Z`nbag @nrd~int) `aj z`n tacn `abfzt' @ecnr
jntdrfbnj @nrd~int at keiie}t? "Biadh `n tzeej at gfm`z `ft be}
~gdatnj) `ft arre} tzr~gm ker kfm`z"'
Z`n attedfazfeg ek @nrd~int }fz` arre}t dinariv fgjfdazn z`az
`n }at rniaznj ze z`n H~t`fznt }`e ~tnj z`n be}' Z`~t @nrd~int ft
fjngzfkfnj }fz` H`rftga agj Cai ek z`n Jra{fjfagt'
\etnfjeg
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Adderjfgm ze Mrnnh zrajfzfegt z`n kaz`nr ek Az`ngn er Gnfz`
}at \etnfjeg er \ezfjag "`n }`e mf{nt jrfgh) z`n }eejng ce~gzafg"'
\etnfjeg }at z`n mej ek z`n tna) `ft tvcbei }at z`n zrfjngz'
Z`n fjngzfkfdazfeg ek \etnfjeg) }fz` a "}eejng ce~gzafg" er
beaz(f'n') a beaz eg z`n ednag ft ifhn a ce~gzafg eg z`n tna&
t~mmntz z`az \etnfjeg) ft agez`nr gacn ker z`n Kft`) z`az t`e}nj
Cag~ er Caa z`n beaz z`az ta{nj caghfgj krec z`n agdfngz mrnaz
kieej' Z`n fjngzfkfdazfeg ek z`n zrfjngz ( }`fd` aite `at akkfgfzv
ze z`n tnrnh` tfmg ek hfgmt`f| fg Nmv|z agj Za#Tnzf&) agj z`n Kft`
ncbinc ek z`n \agjvag Hfgmt t`e} z`n t|rnaj ek z`n Caa }ert`f|
krec Cfjjin Akrfda ze Fgjfa' Z`n amrnncngz ek
\etnfjeg-t gacn \ezfjag }fz` \agjvag t~mmntz z`az z`ft mej }at
|e|~iar acegm z`n \reze#Jra{fjfagt'
Z`n fjngzfkfdazfeg ek z`n Kft`) }fz` Caa agj Cag~) t~mmntz
z`az }`fin z`n Kft` er \etnfjeg }at z`n fg{ngzer ek beazt) Caa er
Cag~ b~fiz jact z`az degzreiinj z`n }aznr in{nit fg arnat tnzzinj
bv z`n \reze#Ta`aragt }`nrn z`nv d~izf{aznj z`nfr dre|t'
Fz ft fgznrntzfgm ze gezn z`az }`ng N~jep~t ek Dvfd~t
{ftfznj z`n deatzai rnmfegt ek H~t`) Tzrabe rn|erzt z`az `n daiinj
z`ft arna \etfjegf~t' Z`ft ft fgznrntzfgm bnda~tn z`n agdfngz
|ne|in ek Abvttfgfa agj Tecaifa) }nrn tafj ze bn Fdz`ve|`amf) }`e
}ert`f||nj z`n mej \etnfjeg'
Tf{a
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Tf{a) }at |rebabiv fgzrej~dnj fgze Fgjfa bv z`n H~t`aga agj
Zacfifzzf Jra{fjfag t|nahfgm zrfbnt at z`nv kinj krec Te~z`natz
Atfa agj D`fga) z`re~m` Zfbnz fgze Te~z` Fgjfa' Z`n tvcbei ek Tf{a
arn z`rnn nvnt (z`n aii tnnfgm&) zfmnr thfg) arcnj }fz` a bazzin
apn rfjfgm eg a b~iiedh' Z`ft fgjfdaznt z`az Tf{a }at z`n mej ek a
|ne|in z`az `aj degq~nrnj z`n }ert`f|nrt ek Cai (at b~iiedh agj
kft`& agj aite C~r~mag (}`e }at tvcbeifnj bv z`n Zfmnr& z`n mej
ek z`n ce~gzafgt' Tf{a-t rfjfgm ek z`n b~iiedh) t~mmntz jnknaz ek
z`n cez`nr mejjntt (}ert`f|nrt& agj rftn ek
a |azrfard`ai diag tvtznc at a rnt~iz ek z`n cagv }art z`n
Jra{fjfagt `aj ze kfm`z amafgtz z`n Fgje#N~re|nagt) Aizafd
t|nahnrt agj Tfge#Zfbnzag t|nahnrt fg D`fga agj Dngzrai agj
Te~z`natz Atfa'
Hagahatab`af (i6;;& bnifn{nt z`az Tf{a }ert`f|) dacn krec
z`n @fcaiavag rnmfeg' @n tafj z`az "@ft XTf{a-tS abejn }at z`n
tge}da||nj ce~gz Hafiat tfz~aznj gerz` ek z`n @fcaiavat) gnar z`n
te~rdnt ek z`n mrnaz rf{nrt Magmnt) Fgj~t agj Bra`ca|~zra' @ft
mrnazntz knaz }at z`n jntzr~dzfeg ek Zrf|f~ra er z`n "z`rnn
datzint" }`fd` }nrn z`n tzregm`eijt ek At~rat }`e `aj da~tnj c~d`
aggevagdn ze z`n dnintzfait' @n carrfnj \arXaS{azf) z`n ja~m`znr
ek z`n hfgm ek z`n ce~gzafgt" '
Tf{a ft aite tecnzfcnt agaieme~t ze z`n kft` mej Cai' Fg
Te~z` Fgjfa) Tf{a ft rnknrrnj ze at z`n "Mrnaz Kft`") agj ft
rn|rntngznj bv Kft` tfmgt' Z`re~m`e~z Zacfigaj~ zrfjngzt arn ke~gj
fg attedfazfeg }fz` Tf{a znc|int'
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H~cara
Acegm z`n Jra{fjfagt z`n mej ek ve~z` ft daiinj H~cara er
Thagja fg z`n \~ragfd ifznraz~rn' H~cara ft tafj ze bn z`n teg ek
Tf{a' Z`ft H~cara ft agaieme~t ze z`n Nmv|zfag mej @er~t) z`n teg
ek Etfrft'
Z`n abe{n n{fjngdn fgjfdaznt z`az o~tz at z`nerfnj bv Jfe|
cagv ek z`n \reze#Ta`arag mejt }nrn rnaiiv mrnaz agdntzert) n'm')
J~c~f) Cai agj nzd' Z`ft |re{nt z`az npdn|z ker z`ntn mrnaz
agdntzert z`n \reze#Ta`aragt `aj a mrnaz mej }`fd` z`nv ta} at
bnfgm kar a}av krec z`nc ) b~z kfrciv fg degzrei ek n{ngzt eg
narz`'
Agza Jfe| (i661& `at t`e}g z`az z`n tzr~dz~rn ek hfgt`f|
jn|ngjt c~d` eg z`n caznrfai degjfzfegt ek ifkn' Z`ft r~in%z`nernc
dag bn zntznj bv z`n \reze#Ta`aragt'
At e~zifgnj fg D`a|znr Egn) z`n \reze#Ta`aragt if{nj ag
fjnaifnj ifkn }`nrn z`nrn }at ab~gjagz keej rnte~rdnt ~gzfi az
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NMV\ZFAG DEIEGFNT
Z`n Nmv|zfagt ntzabift`nj cagv deiegfnt fg agdfngz N~re|n'
Z`n Nmv|zfagt daiinj z`nctni{nt "CNIAC\EJNT" er Biadhknnz' Z`n
Nmv|zfagt }nrn aite daiinj Jagaagt fg Mrnnh @ftzerv' Adderjfgm ze
@vafg~t fg "Kab~ia" )agj A|eiiegf~t) }`ng Jagaagt dacn ze Mrnndn
z`nv }nrn a decbfgazfeg ek jf{nrtn Akrfdag zrfbnt'
Egn ek z`n caoer mejjnttnt j~rfgm z`ft |nrfej }at Ftft' T`n
}at }ert`f||nj krec A~tzrfa ze Fzaiv' Z`n gacn \arft) de~ij aite
cnag "Znc|in ek Ftft"'
]`ng z`n Jagaagt dacn ze Mrnndn z`nv zeeh a}av |arz ek z`n
Armeift krec z`n Dagaagfznt' Z`n Jagaagt zeeh z`n Cvtznrfnt ek
Z`nce|erfa agj z`n eradin ek Jejega ze Mrnndn' Z`ft {fn} ft
t~||erznj bv z`n Jftde{nrv ek ag fgtdrfbnj tzegn fg z`n
\nie|eggntn z`az `aj Nmv|zfag }rfzfgm eg fz jazfgm ze z`n [Z@
Jvgatzv ek Nmv|z'
Mrnnh zrajfzfegt t|nah ek Nmv|zfag deiegftz fg Mrnndn?
Dndre|t tnzzinj Azfda) Jaga~t brez`nr ek Anv|z~t fg Armeift za~m`z
z`n Mrnnht amrfd~iz~rn agj cnzaii~rmv' Dajc~t z`n \`engfdfag
za~m`z z`n Mrnnht z`n ai|`abnz' Fz }at j~n ze z`n decceg erfmfg ek
z`n |ne|in ek Zrev agj Nmv|z z`az 1
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if{nj fg N~re|n az z`ft zfcn'
J~n ze z`n Nmv|zfag fgki~ngdn fg Mrnndn c~d` ek z`n Mrnnh
d~iz~rn ft ek Nmv|zfag erfmfg' Cerne{nr cagv Mrnnh }erjt arn aite
ek Nmv|zfag erfmfg'
CVDNGNAGT
Z`n agdfngz Cvdngnagt }nrn Biadht' Z`ntn agdfngz |ne|in dacn
krec Drnzn) agj z`n ]ntznrg Ta`ara' Aiafg Agtnifg) `at t`e}g `e}
cagv ek z`ntn Cvdngnagt t|ehn Jra{fjfag iagm~amnt nt|ndfaiiv z`n
Znrcfit) ek Atfa Cfger'
Z`n dfzfnt ek Zrev) Cvdngan) Zfrvgt) Z`nbnt agj Ered`ecnget
}nrn ke~gjnj bv Nznedrnzagt er Rnai Cfgeagt) at e||etnj ze z`n
iaznr Mrnde#Drnzagt' Z`ntn Nznedrnzagt t|ehn a Cagjfgm iagm~amn'
Z@N \NIATMFAGT
Z`n narifntz fg`abfzagzt ek Mrnndn agj z`n Anmnag Ftiagjt
}nrn Biadht krec agdfngz Ifbva ) \aintzfgn agj Atfa Cfger' Z`ntn
Biadht ke~gjnj Az`ngt) Z`nbnt agj Azzfda' Z`nv edd~|fnj c~d` ek
z`n cafgiagj agj aii z`n Anmnag Ftiagjt'
Z`n Mrnnht daiinj z`n kfrtz fg`abfzagzt ek Mrnndn \niatmfagt'
Adderjfgm ze z`n Mrnnht z`n kfrtz cag }at \NIATM^T## agdntzer ek
z`n \niatmfagt' Z`n \niatmfagt }nrn a decbfgazfeg ek jf{nrtn
Biadht zrfbnt }`fd` fgdi~jnj z`n Ad`anagt) Dajcnagt) Ininmnt)
Darfagt er Maracagznt'
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Hntara'
Z`n Cnr~ ek Fgjfag ifznraz~rn cav bn gegn ez`nr z`ag z`n
Cnren ek z`n T~jag) er a |rfcn{ai Cnren z`az }at iegm ame ietz ze
dazadivtc' Z`n ke~r hfgmject ek z`n Taha }nrn Cama (Cagma&)
Cataha) Cagta agj Cagjama'Z`n Cama) rncfgjt ~t ek z`n Camfagt er
z`n Caha ek z`n \nrtfag fgtdrf|zfegt' Z`n Catahat) fg z`n
Ca`ab`araza) arn daiinj Hatzrfvat' Z`n Cagjamat er Cagja }nrn
aite |rebabiv Caja er z`n Cnjnt' Z`ntn Cnjfagt cav `a{n `aj a
deggndzfeg }fz` z`n agdfngz Cagjn t|nahnrt ek Akrfda) nt|ndfaiiv
z`n Cagjfgm }`e ekzng addec|agfnj z`n Jra{fjfagt e~z ek Cfjjin
Akrfda fgze Atfa' Z`ft }e~ij np|iafg z`n dietn rniazfegt`f|
bnz}nng Niacfzn agj z`n Cagjfgm iagm~amnt'
\iadn gacnt ekknr zntzfcegv ze z`n agdfngz fg`abfzagzt ek ag
arna' Bnda~tn }`nrnat iagm~amnt agj z`n |ne|in }`e t|ehn z`nc cav
jfta||nar krec a rnmfeg |iadn gacnt ek fc|erzagz arnat }fii rncafg
degtzagz'
Z`nrn arn tfcfiar |iadn gacnt ke~gj fg z`n T~jag agj Atfa'
\rek' Bazer [acet Zez`) ag np|nrz eg z`n agdfngz Zacaga d~iz~rn
`at ke~gj 21 t~kkfpnt) agj `~gjrnjt ek |iadn gacnt z`az ifgh z`n
T~jag agj Atfa' Ker npac|in ) Jr' [acet Zez` `at geznj z`az
z`nrn ft a Har#gah fg Nmv|z agj Har#gah fg Dngzrai Atfa' Ez`nr
decceg |iadn gacnt akkfpnt fgdi~jn #b~ra)#jag) #hara) #zai agj
#~r'
Jr' [acet Zez` `at fii~tzraznj `e} z`n fg`abfzagzt ek z`n
Dar|az`fag [aiinv agj ez`nr d~iz~rnt are~gj z`n }erij t`arn a
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tfcfiar d~iz~rn'Fg aii z`n de~gzrfnt t`arfgm |iadngacnt Jr' Bazer
ke~gj a decceg ze|egvc?Zacaga'@n z`nrnkern daiit z`ft agdntzrai
d~iz~rn%df{fifazfeg Zacaga' Fz ft fgznrntzfgm ze gezn z`az z`n
\reze#Ta`aragt kercnriv if{nj fg z`ntn arnat'
Z`n }erj Zacaga cnagt -mrnaz |iadn-' Z`ntn agdfngz Zacaga
tfznt }nrn |rebabiv kerzt ntzabift`nj fg arnat edd~|fnj bv `etzfin
geg \reze#Ta`arag t|nahfgm |ne|int'
Z`n H~t`fznt }`ng z`nv cfmraznj krec Cfjjin Akrfda ze Atfa
daiinj z`nctni{nt H~t`fznt' Z`ft ft cetz n{fjngz fg |iadngacnt agj
z`n gacnt ek mejt'Z`n Hattfznt) d`fnk r~inrt ek Frag edd~|fnj z`n
dngzrai |arz ek z`n _amret' Z`n Hattfzn mej }at daiinj Hat`t`~)
}`fd` }at aite z`n gacn ek z`n |ne|in' Z`n H#T#@) gacn nincngz ft
aite ke~gj fg Fgjfa' Ker npac|in Hft`hfgz`af) }at z`n gacn a||ifnj
ze ag agdfngz Jra{fjfag hfgmjec fg Te~z` Fgjfa' Aite fz t`e~ij bn
rncncbnrnj z`az z`n Hfgmt ek T~cnr) }nrn
ekzng rnknrrnj ze at z`n " Hfgmt ek H~t`"'
Z`n caoer H~t`fzn zrfbn fg Dngzrai Atfa }at daiinj H~t`aga'
Z`n H~t`ag ek D`fga }nrn Za V~n`#zf er "z`n Mrnaz I~gar Radn"'
Aiegm z`n Taiz T}ac|) z`nrn }at a tzazn daiinj H~#T`f` ek Zfbnz'
Z`n dfzv ek H#tag) }at tfz~aznj fg z`n jfrndzfeg ek H~t`ag) }`fd`
}at iedaznj fg z`n ]ntznrg |arz ek z`n Magt~ \re{fgdn ek D`fga'
DEC\ARAZF[N CNZ@EJ
Ze jnznrcfgn cag-t |atz tdfngzftzt ~tn cagv rntnard` znd`gfdt
fgdi~jfgm ard`aneiemv) }rfzzng jed~cngzt agj dec|arazf{n agj
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`ftzerfdai ifgm~ftzfd cnz`ejt' Fg z`n abtngdn ek }rfzzng
jed~cngzt) ifgm~ftzfdt dag bn ~tnj ze np|iafg z`n |atz'
@ftzerfdai ifgm~ftzfdt tnnht ze jntdrfbn z`n }av iagm~amnt
d`agmn z`nfr tzr~dz~rn e{nr a |nrfej ek zfcn' Z`n |rntngz tzazn ek
a iagm~amn ft fzt tvgd`regfd tzazn) narifnr tzazn(t& ek a iagm~amn
arn fzt jfad`regfd tzazn'
Dec|arazf{n ifgm~ftzfdt ft z`az bragd` ek ifgm~ftzfdt }`fd`
jftdietnt agj tz~jfnt tfcfiarfzfnt bnz}nng rniaznj iagm~amnt' Z`n
dec|arazf{n cnz`ej ft ~tnk~i fg z`n rndegtzr~dzfeg ek
|rezeiagm~amnt'
Ze rndegtzr~dz a |reze#iagm~amn z`n agz`re|eiemftz er
ifgm~ftzfd c~tz ieeh ker |azznrgt ek derrnt|egjngdn' \azznrgt ek
derrnt|egjngdn ft z`n npacfgazfeg ek znrct }`fd` t`e}
~gfkercfzv' Z`ft ~gfkercfzv inajt ze z`n fgknrngdn z`az iagm~amnt
arn rniaznj) tfgdn degkercfzv ek znrct fg z}e er cern iagm~amnt
fgjfdazn z`nv dacn krec a decceg te~rdn'
Knrjfgagj jn Ta~tt~rn) `at tzaznj z}e |~r|etnt ek dec|arazf{n
ifgm~ftzfdt ? 1& ze jntdrfbn agj rnderj z`n `ftzerv ek iagm~amnt
agj rndegtzr~dzfgm z`n cez`nr iagm~amn ek nad` kacfiv8 agj 2&
jnznrcfgn z`n ~gf{nrtai at|ndzt ek aii iagm~amnt agj jftde{nr z`n
mngnrai ia}t }`fd` me{nrg z`nc'
Z`nrn arn z}e breaj zv|nt ek rniaznjgntt bnz}nng
iagm~amnt?mngnzfd agj zv|eiemfdai' A mngnzfd rniazfegt`f| cnagt
z`az a mre~| ek iagm~amnt jntdngjnj krec a decceg agdntzrai
iagm~amn##a CEZ@NR IAGM^AMN' A zv|eiemfdai rniazfegt`f| cnagt z`az
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iagm~amnt `a{n decceg tzr~dz~rai knaz~rnt'
Z`n z`frj diattfkfnr ek iagm~amn ft ag arnai diattfkfdazfeg'
Ag arnai diattfkfdazfeg mre~|t iagm~amnt fgze ifgm~ftzfd arnat
batnj eg t`arnj knaz~rnt adq~frnj bv a |redntt ek deg{nrmngdn
arftfgm krec t|azfai |repfcfzv'
MNGNAIEMFDAI RNIAZFEGT@F\T
A mngnaiemfdai diattfkfdazfeg ek iagm~amnt ft jnznrcfgnj bv
z`n g~cbnr ek t`arnj knaz~rnt rnzafgnj bv iagm~amnt tfgdn
jf{nrmngdn krec z`n decceg agdntzer er |reze#iagm~amn' Ze
fii~tzrazn a mngnaiemfdai rniazfegt`f| bnz}nng z}e er cern
iagm~amnt }n c~tz jftd~tt ke~r at|ndzt ek a mngnaiemfdai
ifgm~ftzfd `v|ez`ntft? mnemra|`v) agz`re|eiemv) ifgm~ftzfdt
agj z`n `ftzerfdai ifgh'
]n c~tz degtfjnr z`n `ftzerfdai ifgh bnz}nng iagm~amnt
att~cnj ze |ettntt a mngnaiemfdai rniazfegt`f| aiz`e~m` z`nv arn
tn|araznj bv z`e~tagjt ek cfint' Z`n agz`re|eiemfdai kadzer
fg{ei{nj fg jnznrcfgfgm a mngnaiemfdai rniazfegt`f| ft z`n
tdfngzfkfd tz~jv ek z`n demgazn erfmfg) agj ek z`n |`vtfdai)
tedfai agj d~iz~rai jn{nie|cngz agj bn`a{fer ek rniaznj
mre~|t' Mnemra|`fdai kadzert |iav ag fc|erzagz rein fg jnznrcfgfgm
a ifgm~ftzfd rniazfegt`f|' Ker npac|in) a mngnaiemfdai
rniazfegt`f| ft natfiv np|iafgnj fk z`n t|nahnrt ek rniaznj
iagm~amnt arn mnemra|`fdaiiv ajoadngz fg a g~dinar arna' Kfgaiiv)
ifgm~ftzfd n{fjngdn ~tnj ze t~||erz a mngnaiemfdai rniazfegt`f|
:0
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:6
c~tz t`e} z`az z`nrn ft a deggndzfeg bnz}nng z`n
batfd {edab~iarfnt agj fjngzfdai degtzfz~ngz tzr~dz~rnt agj
mraccazfdai daznmerfnt'
DEC\ARAZF[N CNZ@EJ AGJ MNGNAIEMFDAI RNIAZFEGT@F\T
DEC\ARAZF[N Ifgm~ftzfdt ft fgznrntznj fg z`rnn z`fgmt
|`egnzfd ia}t) agaiemv agj ieag }erjt' Z`n dietngntt ek iagm~amnt
jn|ngjt eg z`n g~cbnr ek r~int z`n iagm~amnt `a{n fg decceg' ]`ng
iagm~amnt arn mngnzfdaiiv rniaznj) z`nrn ft ag nz`gfd
rniazfegt`f| |rntngz) bnda~tn a mngnzfd rniazfegt`f| t~mmntz a
kacfiv rniazfegt`f|'
Z`n tdfngdn ek dec|arazf{n ifgm~ftzfdt ft z`az bragd` ek
ifgm~ftzfdt }`fd` cafgiv jn{nie|nj ze jftde{nr z`n Cez`nr Iagm~amn
ek N~re|nag iagm~amnt' Aiz`e~m` z`ft ft z`n datn) dec|arazf{n
ifgm~ftzfdt dag bn a||ifnj ze agv g~cbnr ek z`n }erijt iagm~amnt'
Z`n batfd zeei ek dec|arazf{n ifgm~ftzfdt ft |`egeiemv' Ve~
c~tz ~gjnrtzagj `e} te~gj ia}t e|nrazn ze bnmfg z`n rndegtzr~dzfeg
ek z`n erfmfgai te~gj ia}t ek z`n Cez`nr iagm~amn'
Z`n dec|arazf{n cnz`ej c~tz bn batnj eg |reek ek decceg
ifgm~ftzfd erfmfg ek iagm~amnt' Ze addec|ift` z`ft meai z`n
ifgm~ftz c~tz ieeh ker |azznrgt ek derrnt|egjngdn' \azznrgt ek
derrnt|egjngdn }e~ij bn z`n npacfgazfeg ek znrct }`fd` t`e}
~gfkercfzv' Z`ft ~gfkercfzv inajt ze z`n fgknrngdn z`az iagm~amnt
arn rniaznj) tfgdn degkercfzv ek znrct fg |afrt ek iagm~amnt t`e}
z`az z`nv dacn krec a decceg te~rdn##z`ft dag gez bn |ettfbin
:6
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>1
ifznraz~rn agj d~iz~rn a||nar ze `a{n jntdngjnj krec a decceg
agdntzer' Z`ft tedfeifgm~ftzfd rnaifzv ek a g~cbnr ek rniaznj
mre~|t >1
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>2
z`rnn#keij jftzfgdzfeg ek if| re~gjnj agj re~gjnj'
f ~ ff ~~
n e nn ee
a aa
DEGTEGAGZT
Z`n \reze#Ta`arag degtegagzt arn?
| z i g
b j h
k t m h|
} r ` mb
c g v
Fg z`n \reze#Ta`arag iagm~amnt z`n fgfzfai %t% agj %h%
8agj %j% agj %z% arn fgznrd`agmnabin n'm') /ha agj /ta -mrnaz-)
agj /za agj /ja -|iadn-' Acegm z`n Cagjfgm agj ez`nr Akrfdag
iagm~amnt z`nrn arn je~biv arzfd~iaznj tze|t %h|% agj %mb% ' Fg
ajjfzfeg) fg aii z`ntn iagm~amnt %i% agj %r% jent gez edd~rt
fgfzfaiiv'
>2
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>4
Z`n \reze#Ta`arag degtegagzt arn z`n keiie}fgm?
m rncafgt ~gd`agmnj er ft rn|iadnj bv h
h " " " " " " m
i agj r arn fgznrd`agmnabin
j agj z arn fgznrd`agmnabin
b rncafgt ~gd`agmnj er ft rn|iadnj bv | er k
| " " " " " " b
c rncafgt ~gd`agmnj
g gercai rncafgt ~gd`agmnj
g |aiazai ft rn|iadnj bv i
j rncafgt ~gd`agmnj ek rn|iadnj bv z
z " " " " " j
Z`n \reze#Ta`arag degtegagzai tvtznc ft z`n keiie}fgm?
h# #h# #h
m# #m#
j# #j# #j
z# #z# #zz# #z
|# #|# #|
b# #b#
t# #t#
# ##
r# #r# #rr# #r
>4
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>:
i# #i# #i
g# #g# #g
c# #c# #c
v# #v# #v
}# #}#
k#
mb#
h|#
\REGE^GT
Z`nrn ft a tfcfiarfzv fg |rege~gt?
Iagm~amn Tfgm~iar \i~rai
1tz'\nr'2gj \nr' 4rj \nr' 1tz \nr' 2gj \nr' 4rj \nr'
Jra{fjfag ag)gaa i a ag ag)agf ar~
Cagjfgm ga) g- f a) n ai~
Niacfzn ~ g~ rf ~g g~g r? fr
T~cnrfag ma) mai a) a~ ngn cng ~)gn ngn#gn
JNCEGTZRAZF[N
Iagm~amn \repfcazn Jftzagz Kfgfzn
Jra{fjfag f a ~
Cagjfgm f a ~
>:
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>>
T~cnrfag bf a
Z`n \reze#Ta`arag iagm~amnt t`arn iedazf{n degtzr~dzfegt'
Z`ntn jfrndzfegai nincngzt dag bn tfc|in er dec|e~gj'
Decceg t~kkfpfai jfrndzfegai nincngzt fgdi~jn?
Niacfzn T~cnrfag Ngmift` Cagjfgm
#ah agj ha
h~zz~ te)aite)at ha
#`f z`ft gf
~hh~ h~ eg h~) h~ga
#ca #ga fg)az ga
fzaha ja }fz` ia) zf
#ga ek #ge
#ifga #za ker #zf
Decceg jfrndzfegai nincngzt fgdi~jn?
ca #a fg ga
fcca) gf e~z)ek ca)
ge
fhh~ (fhhf& #ra ze here
ifga za ker zf
car krec a |iadn ca
-arna)iagj-
>>
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>;
fzaha ja }fz` ia)
zf
Aii z`n \reze#Ta`arag iagm~amnt t`arn dnrzafg mraccazfdai
knaz~rnt' Z`etn mraccazfdai nincngzt t`arnj bv Jra{fjfag) Niacfzn)
T~cnrfag agj Biadh Akrfdag iagm~amnt fgdi~jn 1& {e}ni `arcegv) 2&
abtngdn ek fgfzfai di~tznrt ek degtegagzt) 4& ab~gjagdn ek
mncfgaznj degtegagzt):& jftzfgdzfeg ek fgdi~tf{n agj npdi~tf{n
|rege~gt fg kfrtz |nrteg |i~rai) >& abtngdn ek
jnmrnnt ek dec|arfteg ker ajondzf{nt agj aj{nrbt at jftzfgdz
cer|`eiemfdai daznmerfnt) ;& degtegagz aiznrazfeg eg gecfgai
fgdrncngzt gezfdnj bv jfkknrngz diattnt)=& jftzfgdzfeg ek
dec|inznj adzfeg acegm {nrbai |arajfmct at amafgtz t|ndfkfd zngtn
jftzfgdzfeg agj 6& ~tn ek rnj~|ifdazfeg ker nc|`atft (agj
|i~rai&'
AKKFPNT
Fg z`n Jra{fjfag) Nmv|zfag) Niacfzn) Cagjfgm agj Jra{fjfag
iagm~amnt }erjt arn kercnj bv ajjfgm ag akkfp ze a rajfdai' Fg
z`ft tndzfeg }n }fii jftd~tt dnrzafg at|ndzt ek t`arnj
\reze#Ta`arag cer|`eiemv'
Fg z`ntn iagm~amnt t~kkfpnt arn ~t~aiiv ~tnj ze drnazn }erjt'
Z`ntn t~kkfpnt dag bn a tfgmin degtegagz (D& er {e}ni ([&) er a
cegetviiabfd kerc (D[&' Z`n cetz decceg t~kkfp fg Jra{fjfag)
Nmv|zfag) Niacfzn) Cagjfgm agj T~cnrfag arn z`n |etzkfpnt #hf) #ha
>;
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>=
agj #za ) }`fd` arn ~tnj ze jngezn diagt) gazfegaifzv) iagjt agj
de~gzrfnt '
\I^RAI
Fg z`n \reze#Ta`arag iagm~amnt z`n |i~rai ft kercnj bv
ajjfgm #~)#})#ba) #|a agj #i~'Fg Nmv|zfag) z`n #} t~kkfp ft ~tnj
ze kerc z`n |i~rai' Fg z`n Jra{fjfag (Jr'& ' iagm~amnt z`n |i~rai
fk kercnj bv #i~) nt|ndfaiiv fg Zni~m~' Fg z`n Cagjfgm (C& mre~|)
agj ez`nr Akrfdag iagm~amnt }n kfgj #i~ er #~ (#}&) n'm') C' ceme
-`~tbagj)(|i'& ceme#i~ -`~tbagjt-8 Zni~m~ camaaj~ -`~tbagj ) cag-)
(|i'& camaai~ -`~tbagjt-'
Fg cagv Biadh Akrfdag iagm~amnt ba cnagt -ab~gjagdn) cagv-'
Fg Niacfzn |a er ka ft ~tnj ze cahn |i~rai g~cbnrt) n'm') he#ka
fgga -ek z`n Hfgmt-) Ba|fz~ ka#|a "ze z`n Babviegfagt"' Z`n ~tn ek
#|a) bv z`n Niacfznt derrnt|egjt ze z`n Cagjfgm ~tn ek z`n #ba
t~kkfp ) }`fd` ft oefgnj ze ge~gt ze jngezn z`n fjna ek mrnazgntt)
|`vtfdai er cerai n'm') ga#keie -meej)rfd`-
) ge#keie#ba -mrnaz kerz~gn-8 agj te#haie -|fndn-) te#haia#ba
-degtfjnrabin q~arznr ek a {fiiamn-'
GNMAZF[N
Fg Biadh Akrfdag iagm~amnt fgdi~jfgm Nmv|zfag z`n #g) ft ~tnj
ze t`e} gnmazfeg' Fg Nmv|zfag }n ekzng kfgj #gg) n'm') gg }g
-z`nrn ft gez`fgm-' Fg Niacfzn z`n gnmazf{n ft kercnj bv ag
~gfgkindznj gecfgai jnrf{azf{n fg #g (adzf{n |arzfdf|in&) n'm')
>=
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>0
fgh -F gez") fgr -`n gez- agj agf -gez-' Z`ft t~kkfp ft agaieme~t
ze z`n C' gnmazf{n t~kkfp #ga) nc|ievnj at a t~kkfp ze #ha) n'm')
ha ga h~ ga zara te "F jfj gez tav F }at mefgm ze z`n `e~tn" '
Fg Zacfi z`n gnmazf{n {nrbai |arzfdf|in ft kercnj bv
t~kkfpfgm a#cai er a#cnf) n'm') tnv (va#cai -}fz`e~z tze||fgm-'
Z`n Zacfi t~kkfp #cnf ft aite ~tnj at a znrcfgazfeg ker abtzradz
ge~gt'
Z`n gnmazf{n t~kkfp fg Cagjfgm ft #ga) }`fd` ft |rednnjnj bv
ha agj gz-f) n'm') hai~ cba#gz-f' Fg T~cnrfag z`n gnmazfeg ek z`n
{nrb ft np|rnttnj bv z`n |rnkfpnt g~# er ia#) n'm') g~#~ "gez ze
hge}") ia#mfg "gez ze kfp" agj g~#j~m "gez meej' Z`n e|zazf{n ceej
arn gnmazf{nj bv z`n nincngz ga)ga#ca#|aj"t`n cav gez"'
\ARZFDINT
Fg Niacfzn |nrtegai ge~gt arn kercnj bv ajjfgm #ra) n'm')
Hniifra -deccagjnr-) h~zfra -bnarnr-' Z`ft rniaznt ze z`n Cagjfgm
t~kkfp ek z`n |atz agj |rntngz |arzfdf|in #ra) z`ft |arzfdin ft
~tnj ze cahn {nrbt |attf{n er adzf{n) n'm') hvf -tngj-) hvf#ra
-cnttngmnr-) mvf (of& -jrv ~|-) mvf#ra -arfj-'
Fg T~cnrfag z`n jazf{n ft np|rnttnj bv z`n t~kkfp #ra) }`fd`
cav a||nar fg z`n kerc ek #ar) #fr ) agj #~r) n'm') ca#ra -ze
cn-) i~mai#n#a#ra - ze z`n e}gnr ek z`n `e~tn-' Z`ft |araiinit z`n
Cagjfgm iedazf{n t~kkfp #ra) agj #ia ) }`fd` dag rn|rntngz
-ze)er) ker) fg -) n'm') z~#ra -fg z`n kerntz-'
>0
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>6
Z`n Niacfzn fgjnkfgfzn arzfdin ft #ra) n'm') \artar#ra -a
\nrtfag-) Akarz~#ra -ag Niacfzn-' Z`ft derrnt|egjt ze z`n Cagjfgm
iedazf{n t~kkfp #ra) n'm') Zeg#ra -iagj ek Zeg-'
Z`n \reze#Ta`arag iagm~amnt t`arn z`n |rntngz |arzfdf|in
#z~%#ze' Fg Zni~m~ (Zni'&)z`n t~kkfp #z~ ) ft ~tnj at z`n |rntngz
|arzfdf|in }`fin fg z`n Cagjfgm iagm~amnt #ze `at z`n tacn
k~gdzfeg n'm') Zni' d`ntz~ -cajn-) C'znmn -ze d~z-) znmn#ze
-d~zzfgm-'
Z`n adzf{n |arzfdf|in fg Niacfzn ft #g) n'm') zai~#g
-}rfzfgm-) er `aif#g -zefifgm-' Z`ft derrnt|egjt ze z`n Cagjfgm
#gf agj #if nincngzt n'm') ta -b~v-) taggf -b~vfgm-) er j~#c~
-naz-) j~c~#gf -nazfgm-' Z`ft #g) adzf{n |arzfdf|in ft ke~gj fg
cagv ez`nr Biadh Akrfdag iagm~amnt fgdi~jfgm Nmv|zfag'
Z`n ~tn ek z`n #ha nincngz ft krnq~ngziv ke~gj fg z`n
kercazfeg ek Jra{fjfag) Niacfzn) Nmv|zfag) Cagjfgm agj T~cnrfag
iagm~amnt' Fg Nmv|zfag at e~zifgnj bv D`nfh` Agza Jfe|) fg
Ge~{niint Rnd`nrd`nt T~r i- Nmv|zfng Agdfng nz Iagm~nt Gnmre#
Akrfdafgnt Cejnrgnt (||'>>#>=&) `n e~zifgnt z`n ~tn ek %h% agj %z%
) ze kerc amngz ge~gt' Fg \arngzn mngnzfq~n jn i-Nmv|zfng
\`aregfq~n nz jnt iagm~nt Gnmre#Akrfdafgnt (|'10&) Jfe| np|iafgt
z`n n{ei~zfeg ek z`n #hv) agj #hz |arzfdint'
Fg Niacfzn z`n |attf{n |arzfdf|in ft kercnj bv #ha) n'm')
`~iza#ha -jegn-) z~r~#ha -tafj-' Z`ft derrnt|egjt ze z`n Cagjfgm
#ha -cahn) je-)n'm') gvfgn -tnn-) gvfgf#ha -fgznremazn-'
Fg z`n Jra{fjfag agj Cagjfgm iagm~amnt #ha) ft ~tnj ze
>6
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;< |nrdngz rnzngzfeg razn) agj t~mmntz a cfgfc~c
ingmz` ek tn|arazfeg ek 2'26 cfiinggfa ker z`n mre~| at a }`ein'
(]fgznrt 1606& B~z }`ng }n dec|arn Cagjfgm#T~cnrfag
z`n rnzngzfeg razn ft =< |nrdngz er a cfgfc~c ingmz` ek tn|arazfeg
ek 1'10 cfiinggfa' A dec|arfteg ek T~cnrfag#Zacfi derrnt|egjt ze a
>= |nrdngz rnzngzfeg razn er a cfgfc~c tn|arazfeg ek 1'>< |nrdngz rnzngzfeg razn) agj t~mmntz a cfgfc~c ingmz` ek
tn|arazfeg ek 2'26 cfiinggfa ker z`n mre~| at a }`ein'(]fgznrt
1606& B~z }`ng }n dec|arn Cagjfgm#T~cnrfag
;:
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;>
z`n rnzngzfeg razn ft =< |nrdngz er a cfgfc~c ingmz` ek tn|arazfeg
ek 1'10 cfiinggfa' A dec|arfteg ek T~cnrfag#Zacfi derrnt|egjt ze a
>= |nrdngz rnzngzfeg razn er a cfgfc~c tn|arazfeg ek 1'>') |' 41) a
Maracagzn tia{n }at jntdrfbnj at `a{fgm a bejv z`n deier ek |fzd`
er }`eiiv biadh' Rebnrz Mra{nt) cahnt fz dinar z`az z`n Maracagznt
}`e edd~|fnj c~d` ek z`n Knag |rebabiv k~tnj }fz` nz`gfd mre~|t
fg ]ntz Akrfda'
Z`n Maracagznt }nrn ekzng rnknrrnj ze at Darfagt) akznr z`n
mejjntt Hnr er Dar' Z`nv t|ehn a Cagjfgm iagm~amn' Z`n Maracagznt
aite ke~gjnj Azzfda) }`nrn z`nv }erhnj z`n cfgnt az Ia~rnf~c' Z`nv
aite fgzrej~dnj z`n }ert`f| ek Aceg fg N~re|n'
Z`n znrc Cfget ker z`n Drnzag hfgmt amrnnt }fz` z`n Cagjfgm
znrc ker hfgm%d`fnk Cagta' @nrn }n kfgj degtegagzai amrnncngz
C#G#T'
Z`n Hnkzf~ dacn krec z`n Knag ek Ifbva' Z`ntn Cagjfgm
t|nahfgm |ne|in }nrn z`n Maraca er Maracagznt" z`n kfrtz ek
cng")adderjfgm ze z`n agdfngz Mrnnht' Z`ntn ke~gjnrt ek Cfgeag
df{fifazfeg jfj gez decn krec z`n Cfjjin Natz' Z`nv t|ehn ag
Akrfdag gez a Tncfzfd iagm~amn'
IFBVAG ERFMFG EK CFGEAGT
N{nrv tfgdn Tfr Arz`~r N{agt) jftde{nrnj z`n `fnremiv|`fdt
agj Ifgnar A }rfzfgm ek Drnzn z`nrn `at bnng a tnard` ker z`n
;=
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;0
a~z`ert ek z`ft tdrf|z' N{agt (i621& t~mmntznj z`az z`n Cfgeag
df{fifazfeg ke~gj fzt fc|nz~t krec z`n arrf{ai ek rnk~mnnt krec
Ifbva ze Drnzn'
N{agt t~||erznj z`ft `v|ez`ntft bv jftd~ttfgm z`n akkfgfzfnt
bnz}nng Drnzn agj Ifbva) n'm') i& z`n }rfzfgm ek Drnzn agj
Ifbvde#Bnrbnr (Cagjfgm& }rfzfgm arn tfcfiar (]fgznrt 160>&)2& bez`
mre~|t }ern z`n dej |fndn) agj 4& z`nv t`arn z`n fjngzfdai d~tzec
ek ina{fgm a iedh ek `afr `agmfgm je}g fg kregz ek z`n nart' Z`n
|rezr~jfgm z~kz ek `afr }at attedfaznj }fz` ag
fgfzfazerv rfzn jnjfdaznj ze z`n mejjntt Gnfz`'(Br~teg 160>& Z`n
mejjntt Gnfz` er Az`ngn) }at a Ifbvag mejjntt'
Ez`nr td`eiart `a{n aite ke~gj a Ifbvag fgki~ngdn eg Drnzn'
A'B' Deeh (161:&) geznj z`az z`n Ifbvag rac }fz` `ergt d~r{nj
je}g}arj edd~rt fg Cfgeag arz' Z`n rac ft attedfaznj }fz` z`n
mejjntt Az`ngn (Gnfz`&' Fg ajjfzfeg \ngjinb~rv (i6;>& |etz~iaznj a
Ifbvag fccfmrazfeg ze te~z`nrg Drnzn fg z`n arna ek Cnttara
(d'4
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;6
jaznj z`n E~nj Cnrze~znh fgtdrf|zfeg ze 4
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=;:= z`nrn arn nfm`z Hnkzf~
gacnt'Z`ntn gacnt amrnn }fz` Cagjfgm gacnt?
Hnkzf~ (Hnbnzf}& Cagjfgm
-t`r tvn
gtv gtvn
-ht ghvf
\grz \n)Bn#gf)K~#gn
-jc Jncba
Rt Rta
Ek z`n Hnkzf~ gacnt dec|arnj abe{n }n kfgj tzarzifgm rnt~izt ke~r
ek z`ntn t`e} k~ii amrnncngz) egn gacn `at |arzfai amrnncngz agj
egiv egn gacn iadht k~ii er |arzfai amrnncngz fg bez` Cagjfgm agj
Hnkzf~'
Z`n |nrtegai gacn }`fd` t`e}t |arzfai amrnncngz ft \grz' Z`n
=
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=1
reez ek z`n gacn \grz) ft |rebabiv \n' Z`ft gacn dag bn natfiv
np|iafgnj bv Cagjfgm mraccar' Fk }n brnah#je}g \grz fgze fzt
tnmcngzt }n `a{n \n) |i~t %#g% a t~kkfpfai nincngz ajjnj ze
Cagjfgm }erjt }`ng z`nv arn {nrbaifnj' Z`n %#r% (ra&) ft z`n
t~kkfp ek z`n |rntngz |arzfdf|in 8agj %#z% (zn& ft z`n t~kkfpfai
nincngz ~tnj ker kerc gacnt' Z`~t \grz) }at |rebabiv |rege~gdnj
\ngrazn'
IFGNAR A FGTDRF\ZFEGT
Z`n Nznedrnzag fgtdrf|zfegt agj zabinzt krec z`n |aiadnt ek
Drnzn fgjfdazn z`az z`ntn b~fijfgmt }nrn cerz~arfnt er znc|int ek
z`n jnaj'
Z`n fjna z`az z`n |aiadnt ek Cfgeag Drnzn arn fg rnaifzv
cerz~arfnt fg gez gn}' Et}aij T|ngminr (i64>& t~mmntznj z`az z`n
Cfgeag "iabvrfgz`t" cfm`z bn fg rnaifzv znc|int ek z`n jnaj'
Mnerm ]~gjnrifd` (i6=:& `aj z`n tacn {fn}' @n }rezn z`az
"XZS`n Cfgeagt b~fiz mng~fgn zecbt ker z`n |rntnr{azfeg agj darn
ek z`n jnaj' Z`nfr zecbt }nrn aiie}nj ze jndav }`ng z`n eij d~iz
ek z`n jnaj }at t~|nrtnjnj bv z`n "Gn}" `nrefd cnz`ej ek drncazfeg
Xfgzrej~dnj bv z`n Fgje#N~re|nagtS }fz` fzt b~fiz fg fgt~ragdn
amafgtz mra{n rebbfgm"'
Z`n Cfgeagt |radzfdnj decc~gai fgznrgcngz' z`n narifntz diag
zecbt }nrn jn{nie|nj j~rfgm z`n Gneifz`fd8 tfznt t~d` at
D`rvteiahhat gnar Caiifa)agj Arh`agnt arn npac|int ek z`ft
|radzfdn ek cahfgm decc~gai mra{nvarjt'Z`n deiindzf{n mra{nvarj az
=1
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Arh`agnt }at rn|iadnj bv a znc|in ker z`n jnaj' @amfa Zrfaja agj
z`n tagdz~arfnt t~d` at Fe~hzat }nrn |rebabiv aite decc~gai
fgznrgcngz dngznrt ek z`n jnaj jnjfdaznj ze Gnfz` er Az`ngn z`n
mejjntt }`e |rezndznj z`n rncafgt ek z`n jnaj fg z`nfr dekkfgt er
b~rfai oart'
Fg Mrnnh cvz`eiemv Az`ngn er Gnfz` zeeh z`n kfrtz eif{n zrnn
ze bn |iagznj fg Drnzn) akznr Ifbva bndacn arfj' (Mra{nt 160
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Drnzn z`n je~bin t`fnij cezfk fg zecbt agj er tarde|`am~t
cav `a{n bnng ~tnj ze fgjfdazn z`n |rntngdn ek Gnfz`' @'R' @aii)
ebtnr{nj z`az? "Z`n d`aradznrftzfd Drnzag kfm~rn#ek#nfm`z t`fnij
ft z`n tacn at z`n t`fnij ek z`n mejjntt Gnfz` ek Taft) }`fd`
|rebabiv ment badh ze nariv Gneifz`fd javt"' (@aii 162=&
Fg Ifbva agj Drnzn ve~gm d`fijrng }ern z`n ~ran~t "tnr|ngz
iedh"' Z`ft |rezr~jfgm z~kz ek `afr }at attedfaznj }fz` z`n
fgfzfazerv rfzn jnjfdaznj ze z`n mejjntt Gnfz`' Adderjfgm ze Deeh
(i61:&) z`ft defkk~rn }at attedfaznj }fz` ve~gm Nznedrnzag
fgfzfaznt at iazn at z`n kfkz` dngz~rv B'D'
Tfgdn cagv b~fijfgmt ek agdfngz Drnzn }nrn znc|int ek z`n
jnaj) cetz Ifgnar A zabinzt) arn k~gnrarv zabinzt' Z`n k~gnrarv
zabinzt }rfzzng fg Ifgnar A fgjfdazn z`az z`n |ne|in |~z fgze
z`ntn cerz~arfnt }nrn `fm` berg'
Fg ajjfzfeg) z`nfr d`aradznr a||nart ze `a{n bnng ceraiiv
te~gj bnda~tn z`n jed~cngzt t|nah ek z`n jndnatnj at "bndecfgm ag
ac~inz%ebondz nkkndzf{n ker fzt {frz~n"' Z`~t }`ng z`ntn Drnzagt
jfnj z`nv |rebabiv }nrn jnfkfnj at kfrtz t~mmntznj bv z`n
rncarhabin tdngn jftd~ttnj bv Agza Jfe| (i661& |rntnr{nj eg z`n
@amfa Zrfaja tarde|`am~t' Z`ft fgjfdaznt z`az |ne|in
{ftfznj z`ntn zecbt te z`nv de~ij ebzafg a binttfgm krec z`n
-rfm`zne~t jnaj-'
J~n ze e~r jndf|`nrcngz ek z`n Cfgeag tdrf|z) fz `at bndecn
dinar z`az z`n Cfgeagt ~tnj Ifgnar A ze }rfzn rnifmfe~t znpz' Z`n
der|~t ek Ifgnar A fgtdrf|zfegt eg zabinzt agj ifbazfeg {nttnit
=4
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=:
t`e} degtfjnrabin rn|nzfzfeg' Z`n tadrnj ~tnt ek z`n Ifgnar A
tdrf|z ft n{fjngz krec z`n g~cnre~t {ezf{n fgtdrf|zfegt ke~gj eg
tzegn ebondzt ek arz krec z`n g~cnre~t Cfgeag tagdz~arfnt
npda{aznj fg Drnzn) nt|ndfaiiv z`etn ke~gj az Fe~hzat'(Harnzte~
160>&
IAGM^AMN EK CFGEAG FGTDRF\ZFEGT
Tfgdn z`n Nznedrnzagt }nrn Cagjfgm t|nahnrt }n dag rnaj z`n
Cfgeag fgtdrf|zfegt bv dec|arfgm z`n [af agj Cfgeag tdrf|zt ze
jftde{nr agaiemv fg z`n t`a|n agj kerc ek z`n Ifgnar A d`aradznrt
agj z`n [af d`aradznrt' Egdn z`ft ft jegn }n mf{n z`n Ifgnar A
tfmg fzt {ai~n fg z`n [af tdrf|z) agj z`ng ~tn Caifghn#Bacbara ze
rnaj z`n tfmgt'
Nad` Ifgnar A tfmg ft cegetviiabfd' Z`nv arn ek z`n degtegagz
(D& {e}ni ([& diatt'
Z`n hnv ze z`n jndf|`nrcngz ek Ifgnar A }nrn?1& z`n n{fjngdn
ek Cagjfgm cfmrazfeg ze Drnzn8 2& rn|nzfzfeg ek dnrzafg tfmgt eg
Drnzag ifbazfeg {nttnit8 agj 4& z`ft rnm~iarfzv ek fgtdrf|zfegt
inj ze z`n att~c|zfeg z`az z`n fgtdrf|zfegt ke~gj fg z`n
tagdz~arfnt arn {ezf{n |ravnrt' Z`n att~c|zfeg z`az z`n
fgtdrf|zfegt eg tadrnj ebondzt krec Drnzn }nrn {ezf{n |ravnrt cajn
fz |ettfbin ze `v|ez`ntfn z`az z`n }ft` er jntfrn
rnq~ntznj fg z`n fgtdrf|zfegt }e~ij bn ajjrnttnj ze a |arzfd~iar
jnfzv' Z`ft att~c|zfeg |re{nj ze bn z`n derrndz egn' Bnda~tn a
tz~jv ek Ifgnar A znpz inj ze z`n jftde{nrv z`az a decceg tfmg fg
=:
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=>
cagv ek z`n znpz }at z`n tfmg ek z`n je~bin apn ek z`n
{ezf{n {nttnit }`fd` fg bez` znpz rn|rntngz z`n gacn Gfa' Z`ft
tfmg ~t~aiiv a||nart egdn er z}fdn fg cetz Ifgnar A jed~cngzt agj
{ezf{n fgtdrf|zfegt' Z`ft fc|ifnj z`az Gfa) }at z`n
gacn ek z`n caoer Nznedrnzag jnfzv'
Fg z`n k~gnrarv zabinzt krec @amfa Zrfaja agj Arh`agnt agj
{ezf{n |ravnrt ek Fe~hzat z`nrn ft krnq~ngz cngzfeg ek z`n jnaj
fg`abfzfgm a |iadn }`nrn z`nv }nrn "fg z`n dec|agv ek Gfa
(Gnfz`&" Fg ag fgtdrf|zfeg krec Fe~hzat |~bift`nj bv Harnite~)
Mejarz agj Eif{nr (160>&?
Gf |e#z~ f#kn V~#f F#mve Gfa
("Z`ft te~i % ft ebifmnj ze z`n erjnr% (`ft& brnaz` ek ifkn% z`n
{fzai t|frfz%(fz ft& z`e~ fg z`n dec|agv ek z`n jf{fgfzv ek z`n
d~iz%(z`n Mrnaz& Gfa"' Tnn kfm~rn 10FE_a0&
Fg agez`nr fgznrntzfgm fgtdrf|zfeg krec Fe~hzat }n rnaj z`az?
Gfa V~ z~#h|n kn#f |e z~
(Gfa% z`n ifkn bieej% z`n R~inr ek Cerai t}nnzgntt% (t`n& ft z`n
brnaz` ek ifkn% z`n \~rn R~inr"'Tnn kfm~rn FE_a2 Mejarz) nz ai
160>&
=>
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=;
Gfa ft aite cngzfegnj cagv zfcnt fg z`n @am`fa Zrfaja
jed~cngzt |~bift`nj bv Darrainiif (i6;4&' Z`ntn zabinzt at aii
Ifgnar A zabinzt arn rnaj krec rfm`z ze inkz' Fg z`ntn znpzt fz
ft cajn dinar z`az z`n jnaj rntfjn fg z`n dec|agv ek Gfa) fg a
tzazn ek rnzrnaz' Z`ft ft bntz fii~tzraznj fg Darrezniif (i6;4&
fii~tzrazfeg ge' 12?
Gfa fza#|a za b~
("XVe~S npftz }fz` Gfa fg a ~gfq~n tzazn ek rnzrnaz"'&
Fg Darrazniif (i6;4& fii~tzrazfeg ge'= tfjn B) }n kfgj z`n
keiie}fgm?
F Gfa fza#|a f#kn |a#f
("Fg z`n dec|agv ek Gfa) z`e~ npftz fg a cetz ~gfq~n tzazn' Ge}
ve~ arn {nrv c~d` nc|zv"'&
Fz a||nart krec z`n fgtdrf|zfegt z`az @am`fa Zrfaja }at z`n
`ecn ek Gnfz`' Fg Darrazniif (i6;4& fii~tzrazfeg ge' 14 }n rnaj
z`n keiie}fgm?
=;
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Tn mve za Gfa i~'
(A XkfgnS T~||erznr ek z`n Jnfzv (ifnt& `nrn fg Gfa-t
@e~tn"'&
E~r jndf|`nrcngz ek z`n Ifgnar A }rfzfgm |re{nt z`az z`n
Nznedrnzagt dacn krec Akrfda gez z`n Cfjjin Natz' Fz aite t`e}t
z`az n{ng bnkern r~inrt ek z`n 10z` Jvgatzv degq~nrnj Hnkzf~) z`n
r~inrt ek z`ft iagj }nrn krec Ifbva'
Z`ntn Ifgnar A zabinzt mf{n ~t {ai~abin fgkercazfeg abe~z z`n
Cfgeagt' Aiz`e~m` z`n ngzfrn der|~t ek Ifgnar A zabinzt arn
degdnrgnj }fz` tzazftzfdt er kiedht ek t`nn|) `ar{ntzt ek }`naz
agj eif{nt) agj nzd'8 z`n Ifgnar A zabinzt |re{fjn ~t }fz` a
jftzfgdzf{n {fn} ek Nznedrnzag rnifmfeg agj jn{ezfeg ze z`n
mejjntt Gnfz`'
==
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=0
=0
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=6
=6
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0
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0;
Z`n mejt ek z`n @ara||agt jn|fdznj eg z`nfr tnait rn|rntngznj z`n mejt ek z`n {arfe~t ndegecfdder|erazfegt fg z`n Fgj~t [aiinv' Z`n ~gfderg mej) |rebabiv rn|rn tngznj Cai) }`fin z`n dazzinmej |rebabiv rn|rntngznj Haif er ^ca) Acca er \ra{ar# zf) z`n cez`nr mejjntt'(]fgznrt160:)160=&
Tnait `a{n bnng ke~gj fg aicetz n{nrv reec az Ce`ngoejare' Cagv ek Fgj~t tnait }nrn ke~gj fga }erg degjfzfeg agj t`e} tfmgt ek rn|afr' Ard`aneiemftzt `a{n ke~gj `eint eg z`n badh ek z`ntnait z`az fgjfdazn z`az z`n @ara||agt }ern z`nc zfnj are~gj z`nfr gndh er aghint }fz a tzrfgm'
\nrkeraznj bett eg z`n badh ek @ara||ag tnait
0;
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0=
Rnknrngdnt
]fgznrt)Divjn A`caj) "Z`n ^gfzv ek Akrfdag agj Fgjfag Amrfd~iz~rn") Oe~rgai ek AkrfdagDf{fifazfeg 4) ge1) (1601a&)|amn 1 (O~gn 160:a&) ||'>'
]fgznrt) Divjn A`caj) "Z`n \reze#D~iz~rn ek z`n Jra{fjfagt )Cagjfgm agj T~cnrfagt") ZacfiDf{fifazfeg 4) ge1 (Card` 160>a& )|amnt 1#6'
]fgznrt) Divjn A`caj) "Z`n Fgj~t [aiinv ]rfzfgm agj rniaznj Tdrf|zt ek z`n 4rj Cfiinggf~c BD")Fgjfa \atz agj \rntngz 2)ge1 ( 160>b&) |amnt 14#16'
]fgznrt)Divjn A`caj ]fgznrt )"Z`n Jra{fjfag Erfmfg ek z`n Ce~gzafg agj ]aznr Ze|egvct fgdngzrai Atfa") Oe~rgai ek Dngzrai Atfa 6) ge2 (160;j&) |amnt 1::#1:0'
]fgznrt)Divjn A`caj) "Z`n Jra{fjfag agj Cagjfgm T~btzraz~c fg Zeh`arfag")# Dngzrai AtfazfdOe~rgai 42) get1#2)(1600&|amnt 141#1:1'
]fgznrt)Divjn A`caj)"Zacfi)T~cnrfag agj Cagjfgm agj z`n Mngnzfd Cejni")Fgz# nrgazfegaiOe~rgai ek Jra{fjfag Ifgm~ftzfdt) 10)(1606& ge'i'
]fgznrt) Divjn A`caj) "Z`n Jra{fje @ara||ag Deiegfazfeg ek Dngzrai Atfa") Dngzrai AtfazfdOe~rgai 4:) ge1#2 (166
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00
BIADHT FG AGDFNGZ D@FGA
Fg adderjagdn }fz` z`n erai zrajfzfegt ek D`fga) z`n ke~gjnrt ek D`fgntn df{fifazfeg }nrn @~agmjfagj K~ Pf' Z`ntn inmngjarv r~inrt ifhn Jaf @ae) }nrn aii b~rfnj fg `f~ (b~rfai ce~gjt&' Z`n|rntngdn ek z`ft ce~gj d~iz~rn fg D`fga t~||erzt z`n zrajfzfegt ek b~rfai ek nindzt fg ce~gjzecbt'
Z`n thninzai rncafgt krec te~z`nrg D`fga arn |rnjecfgazniv gnmrefj' (D`agm 16;:) |'4=
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06
V~) fg z`n Aggait ek z`n Bacbee Beeht) ft rn|erznj ze `a{n geznj z`az "'''}`ng a te{nrnfmg mf{ntrnt|egtn ze z`n |ne|in) `n ft hfgj) agj z`n Biadh `najnj |ne|in d`nrft` `fc fg z`nfr `narz"'
]n hge} {nrv ifzzin abe~z z`n te~gjt ek agdfngz D`fgntn bnda~tn Agdfngz D`fgntn }at jfkknrngzkrec Eij D`fgntn agj Cfjjin D`fgntn agj z`n cejnrg D`fgntn jfaindzt' (Ractnv 160=) ||'14=#140& Z`ft rnt~izt krec z`n kadz z`az z`n D`fgntn jvgatzfnt }nrn ke~gjnj bv jf{nrtn nz`gfd mre~|tn'm') Pfa agj T`agm if (f'n') Biadh T`agm& }nrn ke~gjnj bv Jra{fjfag agj Cagjfgm t|nahnrt'T`agm#Vfg }at ke~gjnj bv diattfdai cegmeiefjt) agj z`n _`e~ bv z`n degznc|erarv D`fgntn' &Z`ft np|iafgt z`n jfkknrngdn fg |reg~gdfazfeg ker Agdfngz D`fgntn t|ehng bv z`n Pfa agj T`agm|ne|int agj Eij agj Cfjjin D`fgntn er a {arfagz z`nrn ek) }`fd` }at |rebabiv t|ehng bv z`n_`e~ |ne|in'
Z`n kfrtz jvgatzv ek D`fga }at Pfa (T`n#va&' Z`n Pfa df{fifazfeg ek agdfngz D`fga' iatznj krec22 ze 1=;; B'D' Adderjfgm ze z`n M~bng `~ T`~ `f Gfng) z`n Pfa jvgatzv "krec V~ ze _`fn``aj tn{ngznng hfgmt''' agj iatznj :=1 vnart"' (D`agm 160=&
Ard`aneiemftzt bnifn{n z`az z`n caoer Pfa tfznt arn iedaznj fg T`agpf agj @ngag' Adderjfgm zeD`agm (160=& gerz`nrg @ngag ze}arjt z`n ngj ek z`n Iegmt`ag |nrfej }at z`n natznrg |arz ek z`nPfa d~iz~rn'
Pfa }at |rebabiv tfz~aznj fg z`n Vf`n agj I~e`n rf{nr {aiinvt) agj aiegm z`n Vfgm`n agj R~`nrf{nrt' Z`n da|fzai ek Pfa }at iedaznj fg z`n Tagmt`ag ce~gzafgt'
Z`n erfmfgt ek Pfa me badh ze z`n Iegmt`ag |nrfej' J~rfgm z`n Iegmt`ag |nrfej b~rfai meejtfgdi~jnj a iarmn g~cbnr ek }na|egt) fgdi~jfgm tzegn iagdn`najt agj arre}t' Z`ft t~mmntzt z`azfgznrtedfai degkifdz }at az fzt `nfm`z j~rfgm z`n Iegmt`ag |nrfejt) agj }arkarn cav `a{n |iavnj arein fg z`n rftn ek Pfa' Z`n Iegmt`ag gneifz`fd ft d`aradznrfnj bv }`nni#cajn |ezznrv) bregn
}erhfgm) dnracfdt) }`nninj {n`fdint) }rfzfgm) rfd` mra{n meejt agj k~rgft`fgmt'
Z`n D`fgntn `ftzerfnt znii ~t c~d` abe~z Pfa' Adderjfgm ze D`fgntn zrajfzfeg z`n Pfa b~fiz z`nfrtnzzincngzt gnar rf{nrt) iahnt agj tzrnact' Z`n Pfa Jvgatzv ft cngzfegnj fg z`n eradin begnrnderjt'
Z`n inajnrt ek Pfa }nrn mragznj r~in batnj eg z`nfr Tt~ (diag& cncbnrt`f|' Z`n Pfa gacfgmtvtznc nc|ievnj z`n zng dnintzfai tznct z`n tacn at z`n T`agm |ne|in' (D`agm 160
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6. ek Cnpfdagt `a{nAkrfdag ajcfpz~rn'
^gjnr`fii) nz ai (166;& geznj z`az?" Egn Cavag cain) |rn{fe~tiv X`at bnngS t`e}g ze `a{nag Akrfdag V d`recetecn'" Z`ft ft {nrv fgznrntzfgm bnda~tn z`n Cava iagm~amn fii~tzraznt a
Cagjn t~btzraz~c) fg ajjfzfeg ze Akrfdag mngnzfd carhnrt' Oacnt i' M~z`nrfn (2
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1
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11#2;0'
Carde \' @nrgajn D~n{at'(2#:
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10 B'D') atzregecnr#|rfntzt fg{ngznj z`n kfrtz Acnrfdag
daingjar' Fg ajjfzfeg g~cnre~t td~i|z~rnt ek biadht jazfgm ze z`n 2gj cfiinggf~c B'D)
`a{n bnng ke~gj az Ia [ngza) D`fa|at) Znezf`~adag agj Ziazfide'
1
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1
D`nria
Z`n "cez`nr df{fifazfeg" ek agdfngz Acnrfda ft daiinj z`n Eicnd df{fifazfeg' Z`n Eicnd df{fifazfeg
}at ke~gjnj bv Cagjn t|nahfgm |ne|in }`e |rntngziv fg ]ntz Akrfda'
Z`n Eicnd ek agdfngz Acnrfda }nrn a ~gfq~n |ne|in' Z`nv dacn krec Akrfda' Fg z`n Eicnd
]erij? Rfz~ai agj R~inrt`f| (166>&) (nj'& bv Dareivg Zazn) eg |amn ;>) }n kfgj z`n keiie}fgm
1
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1
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1
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11&' Rndngziv ]fgznrt (1600& `at t`e}g z`az z`n Cagjfgm iagm~amnt cav bn z`n
t~btzraz~c iagm~amn ek Zeh`arfag' Fg ajjfzfeg) Cagjfgm t`arnt cagv ze|eiemfdai knaz~rnt }fz`
Acnrfgj iagm~amnt) fgdi~jfgm TE[%T[E tngzngdn |azznrg) cegetviiabfd reezt agj ammi~zfgazfeg
(]nicnrt 16=
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111
Degzre{nrtv t~rre~gjt z`n diattfkfdazfeg ek z`n Cagjn iagm~amn kacfiv' Mrnngbnrm (16;4&
|e|~iarfnj z`n fjna z`az z`n Cagjn t~btnz }at a cncbnr ek z`n Gfmnr#Degme T~|nrtnz ek Akrfdag
iagm~amnt' Z`n |etfzfeg ek Cagjn fg z`n Gfmnr#Degme T~|nrtnz `at iegm bnng |rndarfe~t agj zejav
fz ft mf{ng a |nrf|`nrai tzaz~t ze z`n Gfmnr#Degme T~|nrtnz' (Bnggnzz + Tznrh 16==8 Jaibv 1600&
C~rhare{thv (16;;& bnifn{nt z`az z`n Cagjn mre~| ek iagm~amnt je gez bniegm fg z`n Gfmnr#Degme
T~|nrtnz) }`fin ]nicnrt (16=1& `at aj{agdnj z`n fjna z`az Cagjn }at z`n kfrtz mre~| ze brnah a}av
krec Gfmnr#Degme'
Z`n Cagjn iagm~amnt arn aite dietniv rniaznj ze Tegm`av ( C~hare{thv 16=;%==8 _fca 1606&) Gfie#
Ta`arag ( Bevj 16=08 Drnfttnit 16018 Bngjnr 1601& agj z`n D`ajfd mre~|' _fca (1606& dec|arnj
2> Tegm`av agj Cagjnhag znrct krec z`n d~iz~rai {edab~iarv ze `fm ifm`z z`n derrnt|egjngdn
bnz}nng z`ntn z}e iagm~amn mre~|t' _fca (1606?11
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z`n |atz jndajn fg Akrfda) z`az fii~tzraznt z`az ~gzfi z`n tndegj cfiinggf~c B'D' z`n Fgiagj Gfmnr Jniza
}at t|artniv |e|~iaznj'(CdFgzet` + CdFgzet` 1601 )160;&
Z`n erfmfgai `ecniagj ek z`n \reze#Cagjn }at |rebabiv z`n Ta`arag `fm`iagjt' (]fgznrt 160;b&
Z`n ard`aneiemfdai jaza t~mmntz z`az z`n \reze#Cagjn cfmraznj kfrtz gerz` (}ntz}arj&) agj z`ng
te~z`}arj ze z`nfr |rntngz dngznrt ek abfzazfeg' (]fgznrt 1601b?01&
Bv z`n iazn tzegn amn (IAT& biadh Akrfdagt }nrn }nii ntzabift`nj fg z`n Ta`ara'(]fgznrt 160>b&
Z`ntn biadht }nrn cncbnrt ek z`n Ta`are#T~jagntn zrajfzfeg' (Dac|t 16=:& Z`ntn biadht if{nj fg
z`n `fm`iagjt' Z`n nariv Knagntn agj T~jagntn }nrn tnjngzarv |atzeraiftz'
]n daii z`ntn biadht \reze#Ta`aragt' (]fgznrt 160>b& Cetz ek z`n \reze#Ta`aragt if{nj eg `fiiedht
er tie|nt gnar }aznr' B~z tecn \aine#Akrfdagt if{nj eg z`n |iafgt }`fd` knaz~rnj iahnt agj cart`nt'
J~rfgm c~d` ek z`n gneifz`fd%n|f|aineifz`fd |nrfej z`n Ta`ara rntncbinj z`n Cnjfznrragnag rnmfeg fg
difcazn agj ndeiemv'
Dnracfdt t|rnaj krec z`n Dngzrai agj Natznrg Ta`ara fgze Gerz` Akrfda' Z`ntn dnracfdt }nrn ek
T~jagntn fgt|frazfeg agj jazn badh ze z`n =z` cfiinggf~c B'D' Z`ft |ezznrv }at ~tnj krec z`n
Nggnjf ze @emmar' Z`n cahnrt ek z`ft |ezznrv }nrn krec z`n T~jag' (Agja` 1601&
Fg z`n Ta`nifag egn z`nrn }at a t`erz }nz |`atn j~rfgm z`n @eiedngn (d' =>
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Z`nrn }nrn kn} `abfzabin tfznt fg ]ntz Akrfda j~rfgm z`n @eiedngn }nz |`atn' CdFgzet` agj
CdFgzet` (160;& `a{n fii~tzraznj z`az z`n egiv `~cag edd~|azfeg ek z`n Ta`ara j~rfgm z`ft |nrfej
}nrn z`n Ta`arag cattfkt aiegm }ajft' Bv z`n 0z` cfiinggf~c B'D'
Ta`arag#T~jagntn |ezznrv }at ~tnj fg z`n Afr' (Retnz 1604& Dnracfdt ek z`ft tzvin `a{n aite bnng
ke~gj az tfznt fg z`n @emmar (CdFgzet` + CdFgzet` 1604b?248 Onifgnh 160>& Z`n D#Mre~| |ne|in edd~|fnj z`n T~jag agj Knag rnmfegt bnz}nng
4=8 Onifgnh
160>8 Jfe| 160:?=2&
Z`ntn D#Mre~| |ne|in ~tnj a decceg biadh#agj#rnj }arn' B'B' Iai (16;4& ek z`n Fgjfag
Np|njfzfeg fg z`n Dac|afmg ze Ta{n z`n Ceg~cngzt ek G~bfa |re{nj z`az z`n Jra{fjfag |ne|in
|rebabiv erfmfgaiiv if{nj fg cfjjin Akrfda bnkern z`nv tnzzinj Te~z` Fgjfa' A decceg erfmfg ker biadh
Akrfdagt agj Jra{fjfagt }e~ij np|iafg z`n agaieme~t d~iz~rai agj ifgm~ftzfd knaz~rnt ek z`ntn z}e
mre~|t' (Agtnifg 16028 ]fgznrt 160a) 160>d&
Z`n \reze#Cagjn t|nahnrt fg z`n Ta`arag `fm`iagjt }nrn |rebabiv egn ek z`n g~cnre~t D#Mre~|
zrfbnt tnzzinj fg z`ft arna' Fk }n addn|z z`ft `v|ez`ntft z`n D#Mre~| |ne|in }e~ij rn|rntngz a
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11:
deiindzfeg ek nz`gfd mre~|t z`az iaznr bndacn z`n T~|nrtnzt }n ge} kfgj fg z`n kramcngzazfeg bniz)
t~d` at z`n Gfmnr#Degme t|nahnrt Mrnngbnrm (16=
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Fz }e~ij a||nar z`az aii z`n \reze#Cagjn }nrn kacfifar }fz` z`n d~izf{azfeg ek rfdn) vact agj cfiinz'
Z`nrn arn tfcfiarfzfnt fg z`n Caifghn#Bacbara agj [af znrct ker |iagz jecntzfdaznt' Z`ft t~mmntz z`az
z`ntn mre~|t nariv aje|znj amrfd~iz~rn agj cajn agfcai jecntzfdazfeg tndegjarv ze z`n d~izf{azfeg
ek cfiinz) rfdn agj vact' Z`n agaiemv ker z`n Caifghn#Bacbara agj Jra{fjfagt znrct ker rfdn) cfiinz
agj vact t~mmntz a {nrv nariv jazn ker z`n jecntzfdazfeg ek z`ntn dre|t'
Cetz ek z`n Tegfghn t|nahnrt ) eg z`n ez`nr `agj) a||nar ze `a{n rncafgnj |rfcarfiv |atzeraiftz ker a
c~d` iegmnr zfcn z`ag z`n Caifghn#Bacbara' Z`n Bee t|ndfaifnj fg kft`fgm agj z`n Carha }nrn
rfdn karcnrt'
Z`n `v|ez`ntft z`az z`n agdntzrai `ecniagj ek z`n \reze#Cagjn }at fg z`n Ta`arag `fm`iagjt bntz
np|iafgt z`nfr cfmrazfeg re~znt fgze z`n Gfmnr Batfg) gerz`}ntz agj }ntz Akrfda fg mngnrai' (]fgznrt
160;b'& Z`ft `v|ez`nzfdai cfmrazerv re~zn ker z`n Cagjn ft t~||erznj bv z`n jfkk~tfeg ek Ta`arag
|ezznrv tzvint jazfgm krec 2
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11;
np|agtfeg ek z`n \reze#Cagjn' Z`n jnn| fgznrgai jf{ftfegt ker gacnt ker d~izf{aznj dre|t rnkindz z`n
ifcfznj rein ek amrfd~iz~rn fg z`n Cagjn jft|nrtait'
Z`n ifgm~ftzfd n{fjngdn t~mmntz z`az z`n Caifghn#Bacbara nariv aje|znj amrfd~iz~rn akznr z`nv
cfmraznj }ntz}arj krec z`n Knag agj @emmar rnmfegt'(]fgznrt 160;b& Z`n Tegfghn agj Te~z`
Natznrg Cagjn t|nahnrt ) eg z`n ez`nr `agj rncafgnj |rfcarfiv |atzeraiftz' At a rnt~iz z`nv aje|znj
z`n gacnt ek d~izf{aznj |iagzt ~tnj bv z`n Caifghn#Bacbara er ek amrfd~iz~raiftzt z`nv cnz fg z`nfr
zra{nit'
Cfmrazfeg ze Acnrfda
Z`ntn \reze#Ta`aragt dacn ze Cnpfde fg |a|vr~t beazt' A tzegn tznia krec Fa|a)D fa|at fg
te~z`nrg Cnpfde t`e} z`n beazt z`ntn \reze#Ta`aragt ~tnj ze tafi ze Acnrfda' Z`n {evamnrt
caggfgm z`ntn beazt |rebabiv tafinj je}g ZAKATTATTNZ) ze Iahn D`aj agj z`ngdn je}g z`n
Ie}nr Gfmnr Rf{nr }`fd` nc|zfnj fgze z`n Aziagzfd' Z`ft |re{fjnj z`n Cagjn a rf{nr re~zn krec z`n
Ta`ara ze z`n deatz ' Z`ntn rf{nrt) iegm jrfnj ~|) egdn nc|zfnj fgze z`n Aziagzfd' Egdn fg z`n Aziagzfd
Ednag ze Cnpfde agj Brafi) bv z`n Gerz` Nq~azerfai D~rrngz }`fd` cnnzt z`n Dagarfnt D~rrngz ekk
z`n Tngnmacbfag deatz'
Z`nrn arn erai zrajfzfegt agj jed~cngzarv n{fjngdn }`fd` t~||erz z`n nariv cfmrazfeg ek z`n Cagjn
|ne|in ze Cnpfde) daiinj z`n Eicndt bv z n Acnrfgjfagt' Z n Eicndt |rebabiv daiinj z nctni{nt Pf
er T`f |ne|in'
Krfar Jfnme jn Iagja) fg "V~dazag bnkern agj Akznr z`n Degq~ntz") }rezn z`az "tecn eij cng ek
11;
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11=
V~dazag tav z`az z`nv `narj krec z`nfr agdntzert z`az z`ft de~gzrv }at |ne|inj bv a dnrzafg radn }`e
dacn krec z`n Natz) }`ec Mej jnif{nrnj bv e|ngfgm ker z`nc z}ni{n reajt z`re~m` z`n tna"'
Z`ft erai zrajfzfeg ek z`n Cava ft t~||erznj bv Tznia >) ek Fa|a' Fg Tznia Ge' >) }n {fn} a mre~| ek
cng eg a beaz rfjfgm z`n }a{nt ek ag Ednag'Az z`n rfm`z `agj tfjn ek z`n beaz }n tnn a |nrtegamn
~gjnr a dnrncegfai ~cbrniia' Z`ft ~cbrniia }at a tvcbei ek |rfgdniv tzaz~t' Abe{n `ft `naj ft a
oam~ar miv|` }`fd` adderjfgm ze Jr' Ainpagjnr {eg ]~z`nga~ fgjfdaznt z`az `n }at ag Eicnd' Z`ft
|nrtegamn `at ag Akrfdag `afrje agj a }rfzfgm tzvi~t fg `ft inkz `agj' Z`ft Eicnd tdrfbn |re{nt z`az
z`n Eicnd `aj }rfzfgm } fd }at jndf|`nrnj bv Divjn A`caj ]fgznrt fg 16=0'(]fgznrt
16=68]~z`nga~ 1601&
Fg z`n dngznr ek z`n beaz }n kfgj a iarmn zrnn' Z`ft zrnn `at tn{ng bragd`nt agj z}ni{n reezt' Z`n
tn{ng bragd`nt |rebabiv fgjfdaznt z`n tn{ng caoer diagt z`az kerc nj z`n Eicnd gazfeg' Z`n z}ni{n
reezt ek z`n zrnn }`fd` npzngj fgze z`n }a{nt ek z`n ednag krec z`n beaz) |rebabiv tfmgfkfnt z`n
"z}ni{n reajt z`re~m` z`n tna" cngzfegnj bv Krfar Jfnme jn Iagja'
Tznia Ge'>) aite fii~tzraznt z`n z}e |rfgdf|ai Eicnd d~izt' Eg z`n rfm`z `agj tfjn ek z`n tznia) }n tnn
z`n Oam~ar \rfgdn fgtzr~dzfgm a ve~z` fg z`n cvtznrfnt ek z`n Oam~ar d~iz' Eg z`n inkz `agj tfjn }n tnn
a g~cbnr ek bfrjt'@nrn }n aite kfgj a |rfntz }narfgm a degfdai `az)aite fgtzr~dzfgm a ve~z` fg z`n
cvtznrfnt ek z`n bfrj d~iz' Fz ft dinar z`az Tznia Ge'> krec Fa|a gez egiv fgjfdaznt z`n zrnn ek ifkn) fz
t|naht ze z`n erfmfg ek z`n Eicnd krec a gazfeg adrett z`n tna' Agj z`az z`n Eicnd |ne|in dacn ze
z`n Gn} ]erij j~rfgm z}ni{n cfmrazfegt) at rnderjnj bv Krfar jn Iagja'
Fg z`n \e|ei [~`) z`n kace~t Cavag `ftzerfag Fpzifped`zi) z`n Eicndt dacn ze Cnpfde fg "t`f|t ek
barht"( |rebabiv a rnknrngdn ze |a|vr~t beazt er j~m#e~z dagent ~tnj bv z`n \reze#Ta`aragt& agj
11=
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iagjnj fg \ezegd`ag)}`fd` z`nv deccngdnj ze |e|~iazn'Cnpfdag zrajfzfegt diafc z`az z`ntn cfmraznt
krec z`n natz }nrn inj bv Acepaq~n er Beehcng' Z`n znrc Acepaq~n) ft tfcfiar ze z`n Cagjfgm -a
ca g-hvn-?" n (ft& a znad nr"' Z`ntn Biadht arn krnq~ngziv tnng fg Cavag }rfzfgmt at mejt er
cnrd`agzt'
Z`n Jndf|`nrcngz ek z`n Eicnd ]rfzfgm
Fz ft mngnraiiv addn|znj z`az z`n jndf|`nrcngz ek ag ~ghge}g iagm~amn%tdrf|z rnq~frnt 1& bfifgm~ai
znpzt agj%er 2& hge}injmn ek z`n demgazn iagm~amn(t&' Fz `at iegm bnng kniz bv cagv Cnte#
Acnrfdagftz z`az z`n Eicnd }rfzfgm cnz geg ek z`ntn drfznrfa bnda~tn) ge egn hgn} npadziv }`az
iagm~amn }at t|ehng bv z`n Eicnd z`az a||nar t~jjngiv az Tag Iernge agj Ia [ngza fg [nradr~)
are~gj 12
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akkfgfzv bnz}nng Acnrfgjfag tdrf|zt agj z`n Cagjn tdrf|z(t&'
Bv 1042) Rakfgntq~n geznj z`n tfcfiarfzfnt bnz}nng z`n Cavag miv|`t agj z`n Ifbvde#Bnrbnr }rfzfgm'
Agj Ine ]fngnr (1622) {'4&) }at z`n kfrtz rntnard`nr ze rndemgfn z`n rntncbiagdnt bnz}nng z`n
Cagjfgm }rfzfgm agj z`n tvcbeit eg z`n Z~pzia tzaz~nzzn' Fg ajjfzfeg) @areij Ia}rngdn (16;2& geznj
z`az z`n "|nzremiv|`fd" fgtdrf|zfegt ke~gj z`re~m`e~z c~d` ek z`n te~z`nrg `ncft|`nrn dec|arnj
fjngzfdaiiv }fz` z`n }rfzfgm tvtznc ek z`n Cagjfgm'
Rakfgntq~n (1042& |~bift nj ag fc|erzagz |a|nr eg z`n Cavag }rfzfgm z`az `ni|nj fg z`n
jndf|`nrcngz ek z`n Eicnd ]rfzfgm' Fg z`ft |a|nr `n jftd~ttnj z`n kadz z`az }`ng z`n Cavag miv|`t
}nrn brehng je}g fgze z`nfr degtzfz~ngz |arzt) z`nv }nrn agaieme~t ze z`n agdfngz Ifbvde#Bnrbnr
}rfzfgm ' Z`n Ifbvde#Bnrbnr }rfzfgm dag gez bn rnaj fg nfz`nr Bnrbnr er Za~ram) n{ng z`e~m` z`ntn
|ne|in ~tn ag ai|`abnzfd tdrf|z tfcfiar ze z`n Ifbvde#Bnrbnr tdrf|z }`fd ft tviiabfd D[ agj D[D fg
tzr~dz~rn'
Z`n tndegj di~n ze z`n Cagjfgm erfmfg ek z`n Eicnd }rfzfgm }at |re{fjnj bv Ine ]fngnr fg Akrfda
agj z`n Jftde{nrv ek Acnrfda
(1622){'4&' ]fngnr |rntngznj n{fjngdn z`az z`n @fm` Df{fifazfegt ek Cnpfde (Cava agj Azndt& `aj
adq~frnj cagv ek z`n d~iz~rai agj rnifmfe~t zrajfzfegt ek z`n Caifghn#Bacbara (Cagjfgm |ne|in& ek
]ntz Akrfda' Fg {ei~cn 4) ek Akrfda agj z`n Jftde{nrv ek
Acnrfda) ]fngnr jftd~ttnj z`n agaiemv bnz}nng z`n miv|`t eg z`n Z~pzia tzaz~nzzn agj z`n Cagjfgm
miv|`t ngmra{nj eg redht fg Cagjniagj'
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12#24;&' Tecn fjneiemfdai kadzert gez k~iiv jftd~ttnj fg
rnmarjt ze z`ft tznian ft fzt jftd~ttfeg ek nincngzt ek z`n Eicnd rnifmfeg) agj z`n cfmrazfegzrajfzfegt ek z`n Cnpfdagt'
AGDFNGZ CFMRAZFEG TZERFNT EK CNPFDE Z`n Cava }nrn gez z`n kfrtz ze edd~|v z`nV~dazag agj M~ik rnmfegt ek Cnpfde' Fz ft n{fjngz krec Cava zrajfzfegt agj z`n arzfkadztrnde{nrnj krec cagv agdfngz Cnpfdag tfznt z`az a jfkknrngz radn if{nj fg Cavaiagj bnkern z`nCavag t|nahnrt tnzzinj z`ft rnmfeg' Z`n \adfkfd arna }at nariv deiegfnj bv Eicnd |ne|in fgcfjjin |rndiattfd zfcnt'(Cerinv) Brafgnrj + T`arnr 160:& Z`n Eicnd df{fifazfeg }at jn{nie|njaiegm z`n deatz ek z`n M~ik ek Cnpfde fg z`n tzaznt ek Zabatde agj [nradr~' (\e~ifmgv 1600?4:&Z`n ifgm~ftzfd n{fjngdn t~mmntz z`az are~gj 124& `at |rntngznj n{fjngdn z`az az inatz 42 |nrdngz ek z`n thninzegt krec Ziazfide agj :'> |nrdngz ek z`nthninzegt krec Dnrre jn iat Cntat }nrn Akrfdefj (]fnrdfgthf + Oafrab`ev 16=>& (Kerfgkercazfeg eg Akrfdag Eicndt tnn Divjn A ]fgznrt @ecn|amn'
120
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126
Krfar Jfnme jn Iagja (16=0?0)20& ) fg V~dazag Bnkern agj Akznr z`n Degq~ntz) }rezn z`az "tecneij cng ek V~dazag tav z`az z`nv `a{n `narj krec z`nfr agdntzert z`az z`ft de~gzrv }at |ne|injbv a dnrzafg radn }`e dacn krec z`n Natz) }`ec Mej jnif{nrnj bv e|ngfgm ker z`nc z}ni{n reajt
z`re~m` z`n tna"' Z`ft zrajfzfeg ft cetz fgznrntzfgm bnda~tn fz |rebabiv rnknrt ze z`n z}ni{ncfmrazfegt ek z`n Eicnd |ne|in' Z`ft {fn} ft t~||erznj bv z`n tzegn rnifnkt krec Fa|a) D`fa|at )Cnpfde |~bift`nj bv z`n Gn} ]erij Ke~gjazfeg' Fg Tznia >) krec Fa|a }n tnn a mre~| ek cngeg a beaz rfjfgm z`n }a{nt'(]~z`nga~ 160
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14) |rebabiv rniaznt ze a tnmcngz ek z`n Eicnd) }`e iagjnjfg beazt fg \agez`a er \agzia (z`n @~atznda& agj ce{nj aiegm z`n deatz at kar at M~azncaia' Z`ft}e~ij derrnt|egj ze z`n geg#Cava t|nahfgm mre~| jnzndznj bv T}ajnt` z`az tn|araznj z`n Cava
agj @~atznda t|nahnrt 2
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141
}nrn (1& z`n tzegn (d~zznrt& d~iz) (2& z`n oam~ar d~iz agj (4& z`n bfrj d~iz' Fg ifgnt :#; ek z`n Beehek D`~cavni ) }n rnaj z`az "Z`etn }fz` z`nfr tfmg fg z`n bfrj) z`etn }fz` z`nfr tfmg fg z`n tzegn)kiaz }erhnj tzegn) z`etn }fz` z`nfr tfmg fg z`n Oam~ar#z`rnn ncbinct#"'(Brez`nrtzeg 16=6& Z`n
Beeh ek D`~cavni) derrnt|egjt ze z`n mvi|`t jn|fdznj eg Ceg~cngz 14 az Ia [ngza
' Eg Ceg~cngz 14) az Ia [ngza a |nrtegamn fg |rekfin) `n `at a `najrntt eg `ft `naj agj }nart abrnnd`diez`) on}nit agj tagjait) aiegm }fz ke~r miv|`t iftznj egn abe{n z`n ez`nr' Z`n miv|`tfgdi~jnj z`n tzegn) z`n oam~ar) agj z`n bfrj ncbinct' Ceg~cngz 14) az Ia [ngza aite `at a ke~rz`tfmg ze z`n inkz ek z`n |nrtegamn a keez mvi|`t' Z`ft ceg~cngz `at bnng jntdrfbnj at ag aizar er aie} dei~cg'
Z`n keez fg Eicnd ft daiinj "tn") z`ft tvcbeit cnagt ze "inaj er aj{agdn ze}arj hge}injmn) ert~ddntt"' Z`n "tn" (keez& tfmg ek z`n hece} (d~izt& rn|rntngz z`n bnmfggfgm ek z`n Eicnd fgfzfaznt|~rt~fz ek hge}injmn'
Z`n cnagfgm ek Ceg~cngz 14) rnajfgm krec ze| ze bezzec) arn a dfrdin h~i~% haba (z`n tzegn&)gaca (oam~ar& agj z`n h~ge (bfrj&' Z`n fgznr|rnzazfeg ek z`ft dei~cg rnajfgm krec inkz ze rfm`z ft"Z`n aj{agdn ze}arj t~ddntt##|e}nr##ker z`n fgfzfazn ft ebnjfngdn ze z`n tzegn d~zznrt d~iz) oam~ard~iz agj z`n bfrj d~iz"' Z`n Oam~ar cath attedfazfeg jecfgaznj z`n Eicnd M~ik rnmfeg'
Fg z`n dngzrai agj te~z`nrg Eicnd rnmfegt }n kfgj z`n bfrj cath attedfazfeg |rnjecfgazn atzv|fkfnj bv z`n Ped bat rnifnk ek D`fa|at) agj z`n Bat Rnifnk Ge'2) ek D`aidazfgme' Agez`nr bfrjcath d~iz attedfazfeg }at iedaznj fg z`n tzazn ek M~nrrnre at n{fjngdnj bv z`n `~cage#bfrj kfm~rnek z`n Tznian krec Tag Cfm~ni Ac~de'
Z`n fdegemra|`fd rn|rntngzazfeg ek z`n Eicnd |rfntz#hfgmt) ke~gj az D`aid`a|a) Ia [ngza) Pedagj D`aidazfgm fgjfdazn z`az ~t~aiiv z`n Eicnd |rfntz }ern a }fjn bniz agj mfrjin' @n }at ~t~aiivdinag t`a{ng) }fz` ag niemaznj beij `naj ekzng ze||nj bv a re~gj `nicnz er niaberazn dec|etfzncath' J~rfgm rnifmfe~t dnrncegfnt z`n Eicnd rnifmfe~t inajnr) jn|ngjfgm eg `ft d~iz }e~ij }narz`n tadrn oam~ar er tadrn bfrj cath' Ekzng at fii~tzraznj bv z`n miv|`t eg z`n t`e~ijnrt agj hgnntek z`n babn#fg#arct kfm~rfgn ek Iat Ifcat nincngz z`n cath }e~ij fgdi~jn a decbfgazfeg ek z`nattedfaznj }fz` z`n bfrj) oam~ar agj tnr|ngz'
Z`n d~iz inajnrt ek z`n bfrj cath d~iz ~t~aiiv }ern dia}t eg z`nfr knnz' Z`n oam~ar d~iz inajnrt~t~aiiv }ern z`n oam~ar cath'
Tznian Ge'> aite jftd~ttnt fg jnzafi z`n z}e caoer Eicnd rnifmfegt? z`n gaca (oam~ar& hece (d~iz&agj z`n h~ge (bfrj& hece' Az z`n ze| ek Tznia Ge'> ) }n rndemgfn z}e ifgnt ek Eicnd }rfzfgmadrett z`n ze| ek z`n arzfkadz' Eg z`n kfrtz ifgn }n rnaj krec rfm`z ze inkz ?F ba f' I~ z~ i~' F ba f)}`fd` cnagt "Z`e~ arz |e}nrk~i Ge}! @eij ^|rfm`z (z`etn& ebnjfngz ze z`nXfrS Erjnr' Z`e~ arz\e}nrk~i Ge}!" Eg z`n tndegj ifgn }n rnaj z`n keiie}fgm F i~ bn' F i~ ) }`fd` cnagt "Z`e~ `eij~|rfm`z ^gfzv' Z`e~ XfzS ~|rfm`z" (tnn Zabin ek Eicnd tfmgt 1)agj 2 &'
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Z`n rnifmfe~t erjnrt t|ehng ek fg z`ft tznia arn z`n Bfrj agj Oam~ar d~izt' Z`ntn Eicnd d~izt }nrnGaca er z`n @~cage#Oam~ar d~iz8 agj H~ge er Bfrj d~iz' Z`n inajnr ek z`n Gaca d~iz }at daiinjz`n Gaca#zfmf (tnn Gaca d`fnk Fii~tzrazfeg = Tznia Ge'> Fa|a& ) er Acazfmf (`naj ek z`n kafz`&'
Z`n inajnr ek z`n H~ge d~iz }at z`n H~ge#zfmf (H~ge d`fnk tnn Fii~tzrazfeg ; Tznia Ge'>&' Z`ntnd~iz inajnrt fgfzfaznj z`n Eicnd fgze z`n cvtznrfnt ek z`n d~iz'
Eg z`n Tznia Ge' >) }n tnn bez` z`n H~ge#zfmf agj Gaca#zfmf fgtzr~dzfeg ve~z` fg z`n cvtznrfnt ekz`nfr rnt|ndzf{n d~izt' Eg Tznia Ge'>) }n tnn z}e |rfntzt agj cncbnrt ek nad` d~iz tedfnzv tfzzfgmfg a beaz }fz` a zrnn fg z`n dngznr'(]~z`nga~ 160
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Z`n |nrtegamn eg z`n rfm`z tfjn ek z`n beaz ~gjnr a dnrncegfai ~cbrniia ft z`n Gaca#zfmf (tnnFii~tzrazfeg Ge'=&' Fg Cnpfde) z`ft ~cbrniia }at a tvcbei ek |rfgdniv tzaz~t' Abe{n `ft `naj ft aoam~ar miv|` }`fd`) adderjfgm ze Jr' Ainpagjnr {eg ]~z`nga~ (160
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14:
Eg z`n tfjnt ek z`n beaz }n tnn z}e Eicnd tfmgt z`nv rnaj? "Fg z`n dec|agv ek \~rfzv"' Z`fttzazncngz tfmgfkfnt z`az z`n Eicnd bnifn{nj z`az }ert`f| ek z`n H~ge er Gaca d~izt inj ze t|frfz~ai|~rfzv acegm z`n bnifn{nrt'
Fza|a Tnia Ge'>
14:
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14>
Eg z`n inkz `agj tfjn ek z`n beaz }n tnn a g~cbnr ek bfrjt' @nrn }n aite kfgj a |rfntz }narfgm adegfdai `az fgtzr~dzfgm agez`nr ve~z`) fg z`n cvtznrfnt ek z`n H~ge d~iz are~gj a kiacn'
Acegm z`n Eicndt z`ft kiacn tfmgfkfnj z`n i~cfge~t d`aradznr ek hge}injmn' Z`n H~ge |rfntz}nart a degfdai `az(tnn Fii~tzrazfeg Ge';&' Z`n n{fjngdn ek z`n degfdai `az eg z`n H~ge |rfntz ftfc|erzagz n{fjngdn ek z`n Cagjfgm fg agdfngz Acnrfda' Z`n degfdai `az fg Cnte#Acnrfda ft
14>
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14;
attedfaznj }fz` Acnrfgjfag |rfntz`eej agj at a tvcbei ek |eifzfdai agj rnifmfe~t a~z`erfzv ' Ine]fngnr (1622) {'FF? |'421& }rezn z`az?
"Z`az z`n hfgmiv agj |rfntziv da| ek z`n Camf t`e~ij `a{n bnng |rntnr{nj fg Acnrfda fg z`n fjng
#zfdai kerc) }fz` z`n fjngzfdai jnderazfeg)agj t`e~ij) bntfjnt) `a{n hn|z z`n gacn d~rrngz ker fzacegm z`n Cagjfgme XCaifghn#Bacbara%CagjfgmS |ne|in ) cahnt fz fc|ettfbin ze ajcfz agv
ez`nr tei~zfeg z`ag z`n egn z`az z`n Cagjfgment ntzabift`nj z`n revai ekkfdnt fg Cnpfde"'
14;
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14=
Tznina ge'21 )krec Fa|a aite rnderj z`n jndifgn ek z`n Eicnd gaca agj h~ge rnifmfegt agj|rebabin raftn ek z`n Cava t|nahnrt agj z`n ta (tnr|ngz& d~iz }`fd daiinj ker`~cag tadrfkfdn' EgTznian ge'21) }n tnn a jnda|fzaznj fgjf{fj~ai ifnfgm eg z`n mre~gj'
Ag nifzn darrfnt z`n jnda|fzanj `naj' Z`ft nifzn cav bn ag nariv Cava |nrtegamn bnda~tn `n }narta gn} tzvin `najjrntt }`fd` rntncbint z`n Cava tzvin `najjrnttnt'
Fg z`n badhmre~gj }n tnn ag nifzn |nrtegamn bnfgm bergn fg ag niaberazn tnjag d`afr' Abe{n z`ftd`afr }n tnn z`n tnr|ngz '
Z`ft jn|fdzfeg ek a tnr|ngz at a badhmre~gj b~z jecfgazn kfm~rn fg Eicnd rnifmfeg%r~inderrnt|egjt ze Ceg~cngz 16 ek Ia [ngza' Eg Ceg~cngz 16) krec Ia [ngza }n tnn ag Eicnd|nrtegamn }`fd` at a tnr|ngz bn`fgj `ft badh agj abe{n `ft `naj' Z`ft tnr|ngz fgjfdaznt `fjjnghge}injmn er |e}nrt krec z`n tnr|ngz z`az z`n d~iz inajnr ~tnj ze inaj z`n keiie}nrt ek z`nfr d~iz'
Fg degdi~tfeg ) Tnia Ge'> Fza|a |re{fjnt `n terv bn`fgj `n Akrfdag cfmrafeg e
Acnrfda' F aite mf{nt ~t a jnafinj adde~g ek `n tn|arafeg ek `n Eicnd rnifmfeg agj|ne|in fge }e caoer mre~|t' Tnia Ge'> ek Fza|a ft `nrnkern ag fc|erag `fterfdaijed~cng'
Rnknrngdnt
Bre}g) D'@' (1661&' @fnremiv|`fd ifznradv fg agdfngz Cavaiagj? Fgknrngdnt krec ifgm~ftzfdt jaza'D~rrngz Agz`re|eiemv) 42(:&) :06#:6>'
Den) C' (1606&' Z`n Eicnd @narziagj? n{ei~zfeg ek fjneiemv
' Fg R'O' T`arnr agj J' D' Mre{n (Njt'&) Rnmfegai \nrt|ndzf{nt eg z`n Eicndt (||';0#02&' Gn}Verh? Dacbrfjmn ^gf{nrtfzv \rntt'
Jniakettn)C' "[af in~r iagm~n nz in~r tvtzncn j-ndrfz~rn") I-Agz`r|eiemfn 1&' Z`n Eicnd ]erij? Rfz~ai agj r~inrt`f| ) \rfgdnzeg ^gf{nrtfzv? Z`n Arz
C~tn~c'
@a~) H' (16=4&' \rn#Ftiacfd }rfzfgm fg ]ntz Akrfda' B~iinzfg jn i-Fgtzfz~z Kegjacngzai Akrfq~nGefrn (FKAG&) z 4>) Tnr' B g~cbnr 1) 1#:>'
@a~) H' (16=0&' Akrfdag }rfzfgm fg z`n Gn} ]erij' B~ii' jn i-FKAG) z :
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140
Cerinv) T'M') Brafgnrnj) M']' + T`arnr) R'O' (1604&' Z`n Agdfngz Cava' Tzagkerj? Tzagjkerj^gf{nrtfzv \rntt'
Iagja) J' jn' (16=0&' V~dazag bnkern agj akznr z`n Degq~ntz' (Zragt' bv& ]fiifac Maznt' Gn}Verh? Je{nr \~bifdazfegt'
Gercag) M' (16=;&' Fa|a Td~i|z~rn'
Ga{arrnzn) D' (16=;&' Z`n Eicnd redh dar{fgm az \fofof|ag D`fa|at) Cnpfde agj ez`nr Eicnd\fndnt) krec D`fa|at agj M~azncaia' Gn} ]erij Ard`aneiemfdai Ke~gjazfeg) Ge' 4>' \re{e)^za` ? Brfm`ac Ve~gm ^gf{nrtfzv \rntt'
\e~ifmgv) J' (1600&' Int Eicnq~nt' Ard`neiemfn) 12) |'16:'
Rakfgnq~n) D' (1042&' "Tndegj inzznr ze Cr' D`ac|eiifeg eg z`n Mra|`fd tvtznct ek Acnrfda agjz`n miv|`t ek Eiei~c XCavagS ek \aingq~n fg dngzrai Acnrfda#nincngzt ek z`n miv|`t") Aziagzfd
Oe~rgai 1) (2& ?::#:>'
Ta`am~g) R' jn' (16:;&' @ftzerfa Mngnrai jn iat Datat jn ia G~n{a Nt|aga' Cnpfde Dfzv? NjfzerfaG~n{a Nt|aga'
Td`nin) I' + Krnfjni) J' (166&' Arz fg Eicnd D~iz~rn' Fg O M~z`nrfn (nj'&) Z`n Eicnd ]erij? Rfz~ai agjr~inrt`f| (||':>#;=& Z`n Arz C~tn~c) \rfgdnzeg ^gf{nrtfzv'
Zenr) A'C' (nj&'(16:1&' Rniadfeg jn iat Data jn V~dazag' \nabejv C~tn~c ek AcnrfdagArd`aneiemv agj Nz`geiemv )16:1'
]fnrdfgthf) A' (16=2&' Fgznr#agj#Fgzra|e|~iazfegai radfai jfkknrngzfazfeg ek Ziazfide) Dnrre jn IatCntat) Znez`~adag) Cegzn Aibag agj V~dazag Cava' PPP1P Degmrnte Fgznrgazfegai jnAcnrfdagftzat) Ifca 16=2'
]fnrdfgthf) A' + Oafrab`ev) R'A' (16=>&' Z`n Gn} Jfkk~tfegftz) > (10&) >'
]fgznrt) D'A' (16==&' Z`n fgki~ngdn ek z`n Cgajn tdrf|zt eg Acnrfdag agdfngz }rfzfgm tvtznct'B~iinzfg jn i-FKAG) z'46) Tnr'B )G~cbnr 2) :#:41'
]fgznrt) D'A'(16=6&' Cagjfgm }rfzfgm fg z`n Gn} ]erij##\arz 1) Oe~rgai ek Akrfdag Df{fifazfeg)1 (1&) 01#6='
140
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]fgznrt) D'A' (160#24=&' 2gj Njfzfeg' Cnpfde'
]fgznrt) D'A' (Jndncbnr 1601% Oag~arv 1602&' Cnpfde-t Biadh `nrfzamn)Z`n Biadh Deiinmfag)=;#02'
]fgznrt)D'A' (1604&' "Z`n agdfngz Cagjfgm tdrf|z"' F' Tnrzfca (Nj'&) Biadht fg Tdfngdn?agdfngzagj cejnrg) (nj'& bv F' Tnrzfca) (||' 2
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1:b)1606) 1661)166:&' Z`n
fg`abfzagzt ek z`ft arna if{nj fg z`n `fm`iagj rnmfegt ek z`n Knag fg cejnrg Ifbva agj @emmar~gzfi akznr :) |'02& geznj z`az?
]n dag gezfdn z`az az z`n bnmfggfgm ek z`n gneifz`fd tzamn fg Nmv|z eg z`n njmn ek z`n ]ntznrgJntnrz derrnt|egjt }fz` np|agtfeg ek z`n Ta`arfag Gneifz`fd d~iz~rn agj z n mre}z` ek fzt
|e|~iazfeg '
Z`n Knrzfin Ta`arag Drntdngz ft ag ard t`a|nj tnrfnt ek `fm`iagj rnmfegt fg z`n Ta`arag egn ek
Akrfda' Z`n Ta`arag egn ft be~gjnj eg z`n gerz` bv z`n Aziat ce~gzafgt) z`n Aziagzfd Ednag fgz`n ]ntz) z`n zre|fdai rafg kerntz fg z`n te~z` agj z`n Rnj Tna fg z`n Natz' Fz }at `nrn z`az z`nagdntzert ek z`n ke~gjnrt ek z`n rf{nr {aiinv df{fifazfegt fg Akrfda) z`n Cfjjin Natz) D`fga agjFgj~t [aiinv jn{nie|nj z`nfr `fm`iv ermagfnj agj znd`geiemfdai tedfnzfnt (]fgznrt 1604a)160>b&'
1:
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1:1
Z`n jftde{nrv ek Fgznrd~iz~rai tzvin {nttnit krec T~ta (fg Frag&)T~cnrfag) Nmv|zfag agj Fgj~t[aiinv tfznt t~mmntz a t`arnj fjneiemfdai fjngzfzv acegm z`ntn |ne|in (He`i 16=0&' Fg kadz z`na||naragdn ek t`arnj fdegemra|`fd tvcbeit agj bnifnkt }fz`fg jf{nrtn arnat t~mmntz d~iz~rai agj
nz`gfd ~gfzv acegm z`n |ne|in |radzfdfgm z`ntn d~iz~rnt' Z`n decceg gaz~raiftzfd cezfkt t`arnj bvz`n caoer df{fifazfegt fgdi~jn) }rfzfgm (tvcbeit&) decbazagz
tgahnt ) z`n tder|feg) b~ii agj nzd' Z`ft n{fjngdn ek d~iz~rai ~gfzv ft np|iafgnj bv z`n erfmfg ekz`ntn |ne|in fg z`n \reze#Ta`ara (]fgznrt 160>a) 1606&'
Z`n \reze#Ta`aragt er H~t`fznt ~tnj tfcfiar znrct ker }rfzfgm' Fg mngnrai z`n znrc ker }rfzfgm}at kercnj bv z`n iabfai tze|t %|% agj %b%' Ker npac|in?
Jra{fjfag |ar -}rfzn-
Cagjfgm be) b~ -cahn a tzrehn-) tnbn -}rfzn-
Niacfzn f|~ -ze }rfzn-
1:1
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1:2
Maiia aka -ze }rfzn-
Z`nrn arn aite ez`nr derrnt|egjfgm znrct ker -carh-) er -jra}- z`az bnmfg }fz` {niar tze|t?
Jra{fjfag hfrf) h~rf -}rfzn) jra}) carh-
Nmv|zfag `f -dar{n-
Cagjfgm hfrf) hff -carh-
Fg Nmv|zfag }n `a{n tn{nrai znrct ker }rfzn tt $) t $ ) agj tt} $' J~rfgm z`n Eij Hfgmjec
}rfzfgm }at rnknrrnj ze at f`
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