Factors Contributing to Illiteracy Problem among Orang Asli Students in Terengganu.
Wan Muhaimin bin Wan Ahmad2011801048
Definition of TermsOrang Asli - refers to the indigenous peoples of Peninsular Malaysia who are not Malay Muslims, Malaysia’s main ethnic group.
Nicholas, 2003
Literacy – the ability to read, write, listen, speak and communicate effectively.
Cooper, 1997
Illiteracy – literate problem; inability to read and write.
Cooper, 1997
Socioeconomic - refers to the parents’ level of income, their occupational status, their level of education, and the personal
possessions in the home. Cooper, 1997
Definition of Terms
Motivation - the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior.Franken, 2006
Attitudes - An evaluative disposition toward some object based upon cognitions, affective reactions, behavioral intentions, and past behaviors ...
that can influence cognitions, affective responses, and future intentions and behaviors.
Zimbardo and Leippe (1991)
Introduction
• Orang Asli or the indigenous people is a community that contributes a lot to the development of this country.
• In Malaysia, the population of Orang Asli is 154896 people (JAKOA, 2010)
• These community is seen as less developed compared to other races in the country.
• In terms of education, the illiteracy rate is high; 49.2% of the people are illiterate.
Problem Statements
It has been observed that indigenous community are living in a widespread poverty, illiteracy, malnutrition, absence of drinking water and sanitary living conditions, poor maternal and
child health conditions.
Bose et al. (1990), Chaudhuri (1990)
P A S T
N E W M I L L E N I U M
Children need to be prepared to be able to function effectively in a highly literate society. They have to demonstrate literate behaviour.
READ
WRITE
LISTEN
SPEAK
COMMUNICATE EFFECTIVELY
acquire the ability to
Cooper, 1997
CONSEQUENCES ASSOCIATED WITH
ILLITERACY AND LOW LITERACY
Inability to use reading to master other subject areas
Low academic achievement
Poor self-esteem
Living life in poverty
Failure to finish high school
Unemployment and underemployment
Involvement in criminal activity
Intergenerational transfer of illiteracy or low literacy
Children
Adults
Allington, 1995; Jacobson, Olsen, Rice, & Sweetland, 2001
DeBruin-Parecki, Paris, & Siedenburg, 1997;Rush, 1999
Because of these consequences , i t i s important to prevent i l l i teracy dur ing ch i ldhood. Understanding the factors
that contr ibute to i l l i teracy i s an important step towards creati ng
inter venti ons to address the problem.
Theoretical Framework
Socioeconomic
Motivation
Attitudes & Participation
Accessibility
Learning Environment
Illiteracy
Bose et al (1990), Karine (2007), Andrejs & Antra (2008), Joshi (2010)
Beach (1996), Guthrie (1996) Cooper (1997), Kamarulzaman (2008)
Davidson & Snow (1995), Kamarulzaman (2008), Andrejs & Antra (2008),
Kamarulzaman (2008), Andrejs & Antra (2008), Joshi (2010)
Dickinson & DeTemple, (1998), Fitzgerald et al. (1991)
Research Objectives
1. To examine the relationship between family socioeconomic status and illiteracy problem among Orang Asli students in Terengganu.
2. To examine the relationship between motivation and illiteracy problem among Orang Asli students in Terengganu.
3. To examine the relationship between attitudes and participations in learning and illiteracy problem among Orang Asli students in Terengganu.
4. To examine the relationship between accessibility to education and illiteracy problem among Orang Asli students in Terengganu.
5. To examine the relationship between learning environment and illiteracy problem among Orang Asli students in Terengganu.
Research Questions
1. How does family socioeconomic status affect the illiteracy problem among Orang Asli students in Terengganu?
2. How does motivation affect the illiteracy problem among Orang Asli students in Terengganu?
3. How does attitudes and participations in learning affect the illiteracy problem among Orang Asli students in Terengganu?
4. How does the accessibility to education affect the illiteracy problem among Orang Asli students in Terengganu?
5. How does learning environment affect the illiteracy problem among Orang Asli students in Terengganu?
LITERATURE REVIEW
• Factors associated with effective literacy learning have been examined, identified and debated by many researchers throughout the years. (Stokes, 2002)
• Qualitative researches using teachers’ observations and interviews done have given us some strategies for effectual literacy instructions. (Pressly, 2002)
• Snow et al. (1998) state that due to the progressing technological society, there is a need for individuals to not only be literate, but also capable to read the increasingly more challenging materials.
• Although there are some progress in the area of effectual literacy instructions, many children are still experiencing literacy difficulties. (Snow et al., 1998)
• Research findings over the years have shown that children who are raised in poverty and whose parents’ reading and writing skills are poor, are prone to have reading difficulties. (Lyon, 1998; Snow et al., 1998)
• In addition to that, it has been observed that indigenous community are living in a widespread poverty and illiteracy. (Bose et al., 1990)
• In a relatively newer finding, Xaxa (2001) supports Bose et al., stating that indigenous people are still lagging behind very much against the general population in literacy and educational attainment.
• Andrejs and Antra (2008) have identified a few factors that lead to children to have literacy difficulties, namely the socioeconomic factors, collaboration of students and family, students’ reading habit inside and outside of school.
• Some factors suggested by Andrejs and Antra are also suggested by Joshi (2010). The factors suggested by Joshi are; the low status in health, education and economic, the access to schooling and effective participation, and also poverty.
• Besides those factors, other researchers looked into motivation as one of the factors that contribute to the issue. (Beach, 1996; Cooper, 1997; Guthrie, 1996)
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
Correlational research
Why? To examine the relationship between the independent
variables and the dependent variable.
METHODOLOGY
Population
Level 2 students from SK Sungai Pergam, Kemaman (43 students) and SK Sungai
Berua, Kuala Berang (58 students).
Total population = 101 students.
METHODOLOGY
Sampling Frame
Name lists of Year 4, 5 and 6 students from both schools.
METHODOLOGY
Sampling Size
87 respondents(99% confidence interval,
5.0% margin error)
Sampling Technique
Random SamplingCluster -> Stratified
Total sample
SKSP SKSBYear 4
Year 5
Year 6
Year 4 Year
5
Year 6
Significance of the study
SCHOOL&
TEACHERS
PTA
JAKOA
NGOs
School and Teacher
• Provide conducive learning environment• More reinforcement to the students• Provide more facilities and easy access to
reading materials.
Parents – Teacher Association
• Give awareness to parents about the importance of education.
• A platform for parents and teachers to share knowledge and ideas on how to improve the situation.
JAKOA
• Organise Education Awareness campaigns.• Provide amenities to Orang Asli people for
easy access to education
NGOs
• Supports – books, programs, motivation
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