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PROJECT ON
‘‘WELFARE STATE”
SUBMITTED TO
Dr. Avinash Samal(Faculty of Political Science
SUBMITTED BY
Si!!hanta Sin"h
Section# A
Roll No. # $%&
Semester '
Date of Su)mission ' *$st Au" +,$+
1
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AC-NO/ED0E1ENTS
First & foremost, I would like to thank Facultof !olitical Science Mr" #$inash Samal for %i$in% me
oortunit to work on this ro'ect named ()elfare State*" +is %uidance and suort has een
instrumental while makin% m ro'ect on this imortant issue"
I would also like to thank all authors, writers, columnists and olitical thinkers whose ideas and
works ha$e een used of in m !ro'ect"
M heartful %ratitude also %oes to all staff and administration of +-.U for the infrastructure in the
form of our lirar and IT la that was a %reat source of hel in the comletion of this !ro'ect" I would also
like to thank m arents, m elder rother Er" MukeshDe$ and friends in the Uni$ersit, who ha$e heled
me aout this work"
Si!!hanta Sin"h
Semester '
Roll. No. # $%&
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TA2/E OF CONTENTS
$. I-T/ODU0TIO- 1
+. OB2E0TI3ES OF T+E !/O2E0T 4
*. !/O2E0T MET+ODO.O5Y 6
1" )E.F#/E ST#TE7 DEFI-ITIO-S 8
4" TY!ES OF )E.F#/E ST#TES 9
T+E 0O/!O/#TIST )E.F#/E /E5IME :SO0I#. I-SU/#-0E MODE.; 9
T+E .IBE/#. )E.F#/E /E5IME <
T+E SO0I#. DEMO0/#TI0=S0#-DI-#3I#- )E.F#/E /E5IME >?
6" 0+#/#0TO/ISTI0S OF # )E.F#/E ST#TE >>
8" FU-0TIO-S OF T+E )E.F#/E ST#TE >@
0OM!U.SO/Y FU-0TIO-S >A
O!TIO-#. FU-0TIO-S >1
9" ME/ITS OF # )E.F#/E ST#TE >4
>" 0O-0.USIO- @>
>@" BIBI.IO5/#!+Y @@>A" )EB.IO5/!+Y @@
INTRODUCTION
In the nineteenth centur, the state had ecome a democratic )elfare State in man arts of
the world" #ll human societies ro$ide $arious welfare ser$ices to memers who cannot earn their
kee" The %eneral masses of eole suffered seriousl on account of increasin% o$ert, ineCualit,
economic uncertaint, unemloment etc"
Durin% this centur, conseCuentl their condition was delorale, the immense sufferin%
eerienced eole in %eneral rou%ht aout a $er %reat chan%e in the idea of stale functions"
+enceforth, the state could not act as a olice force maintainin% law and order onl" These
olice functions cannot ser$e the uroses of modern industrial societ" #t this sta%e the welfare state
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carne into ein% to sol$e the rolems of eole and relie$e their sufferin%" The main reason for the
rise of the welfare state was to reco$er from the de$astation caused the Second )orld )ar" It was
thou%ht that the state, instead of ein% a olice state should e an a%enc for romotin% the welfare of
eole as a whole and for their mental, hsical and moral de$eloment"
In the rocess of moderniation much of these ser$ices were monetaried and came under
control of the state" )e see this most clearl and in welfare arran%ements for the unemloed, the sick
and the elderl" This societal attern is called welfare state"
# welfare state is a concet of %o$ernment in which the state las a ke role in the rotection
and romotion of the economic and social wellGein% of its citiens" It is ased on the rinciles
of eCualit of oortunit, eCuitaledistriution of wealth, and ulic resonsiilit for those unale to
a$ail themsel$es of the minimal ro$isions for a %ood life" The %eneral term ma co$er a $ariet of
forms of economic and social or%aniation">
Modern welfare states include countriessuch as Iceland, Sweden, -orwa, Denmark ,
and Finland@which emlo a sstem known as the -ordic model"The welfare state is funded throu%h
redistriutionist taation and is often referred to as a te of mied econom"A
The term Hwelfare state is used for modern societies in which a %reat deal of welfare ser$ices is
roduced and distriuted under state control" The word does not indicate the kind of ser$ices that is ein% ro$ided"#t resent, man countries of the world includin% India are followin% the olicies of
the welfare state"
O2JECT3ES OF T4E PROJECT
To stud in deth the definition and e$olution of welfare state"
1Welfare state, Britannica Online Encyclopedia
2Paul K. Edwards and Tony Elger, The global economy, national states and the regulation of labour (1999) p, 111
3Welfare state.Encyclopedia of Political Econo!y.Ed. P"illip #nt"ony O$%ara.&outledge, 1999. p. 1'
4
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_of_opportunityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_of_wealthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_of_wealthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistribution_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistribution_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_economyhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/639266/welfare-statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_of_wealthhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/639266/welfare-statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistribution_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_of_opportunity
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To stud the merits and demerits of welfare state"
To stud the $irtue and work of the welfare state"
To stud the welfare state in India"
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PROJECT 1ET4ODO/O05
The resent stud is emirical one and Cuantitati$e in aroach" #art from !rimar data, Secondar
and ulished documented data has also een collected throu%h $arious sources and analed
accordin%l"
To make the stud more meanin%ful and olic oriented a$ailale literature and studies ha$e
een consulted and re$iewed aart from this field oser$ations and oen ended discussion ha$e also een eCuall considered and incororated in the resent stud" The secondar data interreted and
analed while critical areciation of ertinent literature has een ensured in the ro'ect where$er
reCuired"
Books and other reference as %uided Facult of !olitical Science ha$e een rimaril
helful in %i$in% this ro'ect a firm structure" )esites, dictionaries and articles ha$e also een
referred"
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E/FARE STATE6 DEFNTONS
There are different oinions on the concet of a welfare state amon% writers who ha$e
interreted it differentl" Their interretations are stated elow"
5"D"+" 0ole sas that, The welfare state is a societ in which an assured minimum standard
of li$in% and oortunit ecomes the ossession of e$er citien"
#rthur Schlesin%er remarks that, The welfare state is a sstem wherein %o$ernment a%rees to
under writes certain le$els of emloment, income, education, medical aid, social securit and
housin% for all its citien"
+erert +" .ehman holds the $iew that (the welfare state is siml a state in which eole are
free to de$elo their indi$idual caacities to recei$e 'ust awards for their talents and to en%a%e in the
ursuit of hainess, unurdened fear of actual hun%er, actual harmlessness or oression reason of
race, creed of color"
!rof" Benhan is of the $iew that # state where a comrehensi$e sstem of social insurance has
een adoted is called a welfare state" The o'ect of social insurance is to ro$ide economic securit to
the citiens social insurance eliminates risk arisin% from accidents, unemlomentand o$ert in old
a%e etc" and there increases the welfare of the eole"
From the ao$e definitions we can conclude that scholars ha$e emhasied on the economic
side of the welfare state ut economic welfare is not the onl dut of welfare state"!rotection of
ci$ilians and their social, intellectual, moral, educational and cultural de$eloment are also the dut of
welfare state so we can sa that (The states ased on ulic welfare are the welfare state"*
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T5PES OF E/FARE STATES
In the social sciences, there ha$e een different aroaches to studin% welfare states" One
such aroach, which was roosed the Swedish scholar 5ostaEsin%G#ndersen :>
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• weak, lieral tradition
• status conscious, middle and artisan class
A!vanta"es (8 of the Cor7oratist elfare State6
• en'os hi%h le$el of ulic suort
• allows enefit reciients to maintain their le$el of income
• allows for ri$ate ser$ice sstem without rationin% :e"%", in health care;
•
enefits increase as contriutions increase
• intermediate ta urden
Disa!vanta"es (# of the Cor7oratist 9elfare state6
• maintains and reGenforces social clea$a%es
• sensiti$e to emloment conditions and demo%rahics
• dri$es u laor cost :aroll taes; and low wa%e unemloment :in=out %rous;
• tends to enalie those in unstale, nonGtraditional or artGtime 'o situations
• often ro$ides few enefits for those outside the insurance model :new o$ert;
@" The /i)eral elfare Re"ime
The lieral welfare re%ime is characteried means tested ro%rams :a test to demonstrate
need; and modest uni$ersal enefits which are ased on ulic ser$ices or insurance schemes" It
usuall caters to a clientele consistin% of the low income workin% class" The state %enerall
encoura%es the market to act as a coGro$ider of enefits, artl ro$idin% a low le$elof ulic
ser$ices" Because these enefits are also of oor Cualit, and carr a ne%ati$e ulic sti%ma" Those
welfare reciients who can often choose to ot out of the sstem, instead seekin% a market solution
that will ro$ide hi%h Cualit and sti%maGfree GG aleit more eensi$e GG health care and ension
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enefits" !ri$ate insurance and sa$in%s schemes are freCuentl suorted comlementar state
olicies :e"%", ta credits, ta shelters;"
In the lieral welfare states :to which the US, 0anada, #ustralia, and Switerland corresond
more than other western countries;, the middle class was not wooed from the market to the state" The
historical dominance of the lieral idea retained sketicism of a stron% state lon% enou%h until the
middle class was stron% enou%h that it felt the market could etter satisf its needs"
Ori"inal Con!ition of the li)eral elfare State6
• oliticall owerful middle=commercial class
• lieral=antiGstate olitical tradition
• dominant osition of the market
• immi%rant societ or societ with hi%h otential to ad$ance sociall
• weak state
A!vanta"es (8 of the li)eral State6
• least sensiti$e to demo%rahic chan%es in the oulation
• low taes
• differentiated ser$ices
• stimulates 'o %rowth, eseciall in lowGskills sector
Disa!vanta"es (# of the li)eral State6
• hi%h ineCualit, %reat social clea$a%es :two class societ;
• low le$el ser$ices for oor eole
• welfare state is oliticall unoular and not sustainale ne%ati$e sti%ma attached to
enefit reciient
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A" The Social Democratic:Scan!inavian elfare Re"ime
#s the name su%%ests, social democrac has een the dominatin% olitical force in de$eloin%
this uni$ersalistic welfare state that er$ades all asects of eoles li$es" It is within this sstem that
the concet of social ri%hts has een most full realied, ecause the en'oment of enefits and
ser$ices is least deendent on a ersons erformance in the market and is, instead, commensurate to
need"
The Scandina$ian welfare state is also characteried its etensi$e ser$ice orientation :da
care, elder care, home hel, etc";" 0aterin% to e$en the most discriminatin% tastes of the middle class"
Since the le$el of ulic ser$ices is so ad$anced, the state has, de facto, crowded out all ri$ate
cometition" In addition, the Scandina$ian welfare state tends to reduce class and income differences,
while ensurin% the hi%hest ossile le$el of ser$ice"
The social democratic welfare state came aout as a result of a class alliance etween the
industrial workin% class and the small holders :a redG%reen alliance in the interest of full emloment
and farm rice susidies;" It was eanded a dominant social democratic art :left ower
moiliation; to ad'ust the welfare state to the %rowin% eectations of an increasin%l roserous
oulace"
Ori"inal Con!ition of the Social Democratic:Scan!inavian elfare State6
• !rotestant, lieral tradition with %reat re%ard for indi$idualism and eCualit
• cooeration etween workin% and easant class
• dominant role of leftist arties in olitics
A!vanta"es (8 of the Social Democratic:Scan!inavian elfare state6
• uni$ersalit encoura%es suort of oulation
• hi%h enefits, differentiated ser$ices
• emloment effects :ser$ices;
• reduces social clea$a%es
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Disa!vanta"es (# of the Social Democratic:Scan!inavian elfare state6
• $er comle to administer
• eensi$e and ureaucratic
•hi%h ta urden
• stron% %o$ernment orientation
• ressure on ud%et ecause of hi%h cost"
C4ARACTERSTCS OF A E/FARE STATE
B the ao$e definitions the salient characteristics which a welfare state should osses are %i$en
elowG
>" # welfare state ensures social securit" In a welfare state of econom, thou%h the traits of
caitalism are also seen, it is mainl a mied econom" E$en when a comination of caitalistic
and socialistic features eists, the %o$ernment las a dominant role in controllin% the economic
acti$ities and in the social welfare of the eole"
@" # welfare state is socialistic in nature" It is ased on the rinciles of eCualit and is keen to
ro$ide eCual oortunit to all" It also aims to ensure eCuitale distriution of wealth"
A" It eercises control o$er all the economic acti$ities" In a welfare state, all the ri$ate enterrises
are re%ulated the %o$ernment"
1" It ro$ides e$en the asic facilities to its citiens" Furnishin% ser$ices to each and e$er
indi$idual is its dut" # welfare %o$ernment is keen in ro$idin% economic and social ser$ices
such as %eneral education, ulic health, ulic transort, housin%, and other financial
assistance to its eole"4" It undertakes and runs $arious enterrises" Ownershi and oeration of industrial enterrises,
usiness and other commercial acti$ities are also done welfare %o$ernments"
6" It ensures 'ustice to all" In a welfare state, common man has to deal with the authorities for
man of their needs" For eamle administrati$e officers, controllin% officers, sanctionin%
authorities, officers of social ser$ices, eecuti$es of ulic sector undertakin%s etc" In all such
dealin%s, a welfare state has the resonsiilit to ensure 'ustice and fulfillment of their
reCuirements"
8" !lannin% of acti$ities7 Economic acti$ities include roduction and distriution" It is the dut ofthe welfare state to formulate national olicies and to lan e$er economic acti$it in a
alanced
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manner" Industrial olic, trade olic, commercial and ankin% olic etc are framed in order
to control those acti$ities"
9" It is the function of a welfare state to re%ulate and control all ri$ate enterrises en%a%ed in
economic acti$ities" Such control includes re%istration, licensin%, taation etc"
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the %o$ernment to make adeCuate arran%ements for the maintenance of eace and order as it is dut of
citiens to cooerate with the %o$ernment in such a work"
* Protection from e
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colle%es, uni$ersities, etc" Thus, educational oortunities are ro$ided to the citiens most of the
modern States"
* Re"ulation of tra!e> in!ustries an! !evelo7ment of a"riculture6
Most of the modem States do not lea$e the economic acti$ities with indi$iduals alone" 0ertain
States ma %o ahead and nationalie the factories and other means of roduction" Some other States
ma onl re%ulate the rice, roduction, imort, eort and other thin%s relatin% to the sstem of
roduction, while allowin% ri$ate indi$iduals to own and oerate the means of roduction" 0ertain
other States like India ma follow what is called mied econom" In such a sstem, ri$ate as well
as StateGowned factories and other means of roduction function side side" The State ma ro$ide
$arious facilities like irri%ation, suitale land tenure, coGoerati$e farmin%, etc" for de$eloment of
a%riculture"
% Social security functions6
These acti$ities of modern States include ro$ision for old a%e ension, maintenance of
orhans, ro$ision for emloment, insurance for worker, sick and disailit allowance, relief,
rehailitation of distressed eole, etc"
? 1ana"ement of the 7u)lic utilities6
Most of the modern States also own and oerate the ulic utilit ser$ices such as transort,
electricit, water works, ostal ser$ices, air ser$ices etc" It is neither ossile nor desirale to lea$e
ulic utilit ser$ices at the merc of rofitGseekin% ri$ate indi$iduals who are likel to misuse them
to the detriment of ulic interests"
@ Develo7ment of natural resources6
The State should de$elo its natural resources full in order to romote the economic lot of the
eole" It should eloit those resources in order to increase national income" The State should rotect
forests, sa$e en$ironment, romote fisheries and should rotect wild life" It should utilie mineral
wealth and should make maimum use of sea, ri$ers ri$ulets, mountains and other resources" The
States should hel in the economic imro$ement of the eole"
Re"ulation of im7ort an! e
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imorted from other countries, which are essential, and those %oods should e eorted to other
countries, which are surlus" If the State does not re%ulate imort eort, the eoles li%ht will e
Cuite miserale and there will e imalance of trade"
& Social an! economic security6
The State is morall ound to remo$e o$ert and unemloment" It should, therefore, ro$ide
rotection a%ainst old a%e" Unemloment,etc" It can e done introducin% insurance schemes
a%ainst accident, old a%e etc"
1ERTS OF A E/FARE STATE
The merits of a welfare state are discussed here"
$. An nstrument for Social elfare6
The welfare state is dedicated to the welfare of eole" It seeks to ro$ide minimum facilities
to all eole, to remo$e o$ert, hun%er and unemloment, and to rid%e the %a etween the rich
and oor" It aims at estalishin% social and economic 'ustice"
+. A Com7romise )et9een n!ivi!ualisms an! Socialism6
The welfare state, while a$oidin% the two etreme theories, namel, indi$idualism and
socialism, ots for a middle ath etween them" It is in fact the midGoint etween these two etremes
it %i$es eCual imortance to oth indi$idual and state"
It $alues oth the liert of the indi$idual and the interests of the societ" The state is
considered the friend, hilosoher and %uide of the indi$idual"
*. EBual Ri"hts of All6
It %i$es eCual ri%hts to all irresecti$e of caste, race and reli%ion" It does not discriminate
a%ainst anod" It treats all eCuall"
%. Develo7ment throu"h Plannin"6
It elie$es in lannin%" It seeks to ro$ide welfare to eole throu%h lanned ro%rams" It
follows mied econom model of de$eloment" The state controls and re%ulates econom throu%h
lannin%"
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?. 1oral Develo7ment of n!ivi!ual6
The welfare state creates conduci$e en$ironment for the moral de$eloment of indi$idual"
)hen the indi$idual is ale to meet his asic needs of life and en'os fundamental ri%hts and
freedoms, his selfGconfidence %rows and his ersonalit de$elos" The de$eloment of social moralit
makes the state stron% and indi$idual ha"
@. A Positive State6
The welfare state is a ositi$e state" It re%ards itself more as an a%enc of social ser$ice than as
an instrument of ower" It is said that in a welfare state the indi$idual has onl to %et him orn, the
state will do the rest" The state looks after the indi$idual from the cradle to the %ra$e"
&. Social 9elfare is the Ri"ht of n!ivi!ual> not a Dole from the State7
#n eminent olitical scientist of India, #sir$adam oser$es, The first imortant thin% to
rememer is that welfare is not a matter of charit, ut of ri%ht" Secondl, if welfare is to e %enuine
welfare, the %round for it should ha$e een reared the $arious a%encies at work in the state" In the
third lace, if the welfare state is to e a lessin% and not a curse, it should not roduce a auer
mentalit on the art of its reciients"1
.Eliminatin" 7overty
Emirical e$idence su%%ests that taes and transfers consideral reduce o$ert in most
countries, whose welfare states commonl constitute at least a fifth of 5D!"4 Most welfare states
ha$e consideral lower o$ert rates than the had efore the imlementation of welfare ro%rams"
Country
A)solute 7overty rate ($@,'$$
(threshol! set at %, of ;.S.
me!ian househol! income
Relative 7overty rate
($,'$
!reGwelfare !ostGwelfare !reGwelfare !ostGwelfare
Sweden @A"8 4"9 >1"9 1"9
-orwa @"1 1"?
-etherlands @@"> 8"A >9"4 >>"4
Finland >>"< A"8 >@"1 A">
4Jenworth, ." :>>A
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Country
A)solute 7overty rate ($@,'$$
(threshol! set at %, of ;.S.
me!ian househol! income
Relative 7overty rate
($,'$
Denmark @6"1 4"< >8"1 1"9
5erman >4"@ 1"A
Switerland >@"4 A"9 >?"< >>"<
France A6"> >"< >6"@ >"8 >8"@ >4">
Ital A?"8 >1"A >
CRITICISM OF WELFARE STATE
Writing about British government's welfare state program, R.M.Titmus admitted that "those
who benefitted the most are those who have needed it the least." The danger that the welfare state may
work mainly for the 'welfare of the better’ cannot be ignored.6
Some conser$ati$es in the UJ claim that the welfare state has roduced a %eneration of
deendents who, instead of workin%, rel solel uon the state for income and suort e$en thou%h
assistance is onl le%all a$ailale to those unale to work or who ein% without emloment are
unale to find work" The welfare state in the UJ was created to ro$ide certain eole with a asic
le$el of enefits in order to alle$iate o$ert, ut these conser$ati$es elie$e that it has een eanded
to ro$ide more eole with more mone from the state than it can ideall afford"8
Some British conser$ati$es, such as 0onser$ati$e !art coGchairman Saeeda)arsi, also
criticie the somethin% for nothin% culture of the welfare state, claimin% that the hi%h etent of the
6The Welfare State We're in = 2ames Bartholomew :@??1; ISB- >G91@84G?6AG>
7Our Culture, What's Left of It: The andarins and the asses = Theodore Dalrmle :@??4;ISB- >G4666AG
61AG1
18
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayeeda_Warsi,_Baroness_Warsihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayeeda_Warsi,_Baroness_Warsihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1842750631http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Daniels_(psychiatrist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1566636434http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1566636434http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1842750631http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Daniels_(psychiatrist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1566636434http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1566636434http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayeeda_Warsi,_Baroness_Warsi
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welfare state discoura%es the unemloed from findin% 'os"9 44L of eole in En%land and 1AL of
eole in Scotland elie$e that enefits for unemloed eole are too hi%h and discoura%e them
from findin% 'os"<
Marists ar%ue that welfare states and modern social democratic olicies limit the incenti$e
sstem of the market ro$idin% thin%s such as minimum wa%es, unemloment insurance, tain%
rofits and reducin% the reser$e arm of laor, resultin% in caitalists ha$in% little incenti$e to in$estin essence, social welfareolicies crile the caitalist sstem and its incenti$e sstem, and the onl
real solution to the issues of caitalism is its relacement with a socialist economic sstem">?
Some socialist anarchists elie$e that while social welfare %i$es a certain le$el of indeendenc
from the market and indi$idual caitalists, it creates deendence to the state, which is the institution
that, accordin% to this $iew, suorts and rotects caitalism in the first lace" -onetheless, accordin%
to -oam 0homsk, social democrats and anarchists alwas a%reed, fairl %enerall, on soGcalled
welfare state measures and #narchists roose other measures to deal with these rolems, without
recourse to state authorit">> Some socialist anarchists elie$e in stoin% welfare ro%rams onl if it
means aolishin% %o$ernment and caitalism as well">@
WELFARE STATE IN INDIA
In Indian contet, )elfare StateN denotes estalishment of olitical democrac, ro$ision of social
and economic 'ustice and minimiin% ineCualities in income, status, facilities and oortunities" The
concet is emodied in !art >3 of the Indian 0onstitution, Directi$e !rincial of State !olic"
#ccordin% to the 0onstitution, it is the dut of the %o$ernment to follow these rinciles while makin%
laws and there set the ath towards a welfare State" The uniCueness aout the concet in the Indian
contet is the Directi$e !rinciles containin% the instructions to the %o$ernment to estalish a welfare
State, is non 'ustifiale and citiens cannot claim it as a ri%ht" This is ecause, India ein% de$eloin%
8htt7==www"conser$ati$es"com=-ews=-ewsstories=@?>>=>@=.aourssomethin%fornothin%culturemustend"as
9htt7==ir@"flife"de=data=natcenGsocialGresearch=i%html=inde"hKerichtidP>?????>&indeP&lan%PE-5 th
e British Social #ttitudes Sur$e
10 ar!et Socialism: The "ebate #mong Socialists, Schweickart, Da$id .awler, 2ames Ticktin, +illel
Ollman, Bertell" >
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and o$er oulated countr and it ma not ossile for welfare acti$ities of the state reach e$er
citien of our countr.
#rticle A9 of the 0onstitution reads7 The state shall stri$e to romote the welfare the eole
securin% and rotectin% as effecti$el as it ma, a social order in which 'usticeGsocial economic and
oliticalGshall er$ade all institutions of national life" ro$ides a road framework for the
estalishment of the welfare state ideal"
)hile #rticle A which directs the state for securin% the ri%ht to work"
!ro$ision a%ainst insecurit is also incororated in this #rticle which directs the state make
effecti$e ro$ision for securin% ri%ht to education, and to ulic assistance in ca of unemloment, old
a%e, sickness and disalement"
!rotection and secial care of the weaker sections of the communit is ro$ided #rticle 16
which directs the state to romote with secial care the educational and economic interests of the
weaker sections of the eole, and in articular, of the scheduled castes a the scheduled tries, and to
rotect them from social in'ustice and all forms of eloitation"
#s a welfare State, India is committed to the welfare and de$eloment of itseole,
articularl the $ulnerale sections like the scheduled castes :S0s;, scheduledtries :STs;, ackward
classes, minorities and the handicaed" This section of thesociet constitutes nearl 94L of the
oulation"
elfare of the SCs> STS> 2ac9ar! Classes an! others
#lmost a Cuarter of Indias oulation consists of S0s and STs, who had een%rie$ousl
ne%lected for centuries" The %o$ernment has taken se$eral stes for theirwelfare" The reresentation of
the S0s and STs in all !arliament and State #ssemliesis assured"
Under the Secial #ssistance scheme, nearl A??, ??? families were eected toenefit durin%
>
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Chil!ren an! Dru" A)use
# -ational !olic on 0hildren was adoted in >6L of the entire
%loaloulation" #ccordin% to the latest :>;, the countrs oulation has increased >4? million" Thus the
task of eradicatin% o$ert is a dauntin% one, indeed" But the latest census fi%ures ha$e also rou%ht
some hoe and indicated that efforts ein% made in the field of famil welfare ha$e not entirel %onewaste" For the first time, the %rowth rate of oulation has declined from @"@@L :in >; to @">1L"
The Infant Mortalit /ate :IM/;, which was >1? er >??? li$e irths in >, came down to
9?" The death rate declined sharl from >4 er >??? to ???, IM/ of 8? and death rate of < er >???" The life eectanc is eected to hit 61
from 49 ears at resent"
Rural 4ealth Services
The 5o$ernment is ain% increasin% attention to inte%rated health, maternit and child care in
rural areas" #n increasin% numer of communit health workers anddoctors are ein% sent to rural
health centers" !rimar health care is ein% ro$ided tothe rural oulation throu%h a network of o$er
>4?,??? rimar health centers andsuGcenters 496,??? trained midwi$es and 1>?,??? health
%uides"
nte"rate! Rural Develo7ment Pro"ramme
The Inte%rated /ural De$eloment !ro%ramme ro$ides ractical assistance toeconomicall deri$ed
families the u %radation of skills $ia the Trainin% for /uralYouth for Self Emloment :T/YSEM;
will co$er 6?? families in each lock" In>
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a%riculture, the mana%ement of nonGirri%ated, rainfed a%riculture :which constitutes 8A er cent of the
countrs croed area; has led tothe identification of around 1, @16 watersheds" 16 of these ha$e
alread een taken u $arious a%ricultural institutions and uni$ersities" One such a%ricultural
institutionis the -ational Bank for #%riculture and /ural De$eloment :-#B#/D;, which moilies
resources and ro$ides credit to the-ational and State %o$ernments ha$e een undertakin% man
measures in sectors like a%riculture, education, ulic health communication, transort, rural
de$eloment and housin% for the welfare of the eole"
CONC/;SON
In later art of the @?th centur, the wa$e of ri$atiation and %loaliation came into eistence
in man countries" #ccordin% to the market fundamentalists and -oel laureates like Friedrich +aek
and Milton Friedman, the welfare state is a source of troule and an anomal that should e stoed"
+owe$er another -ole rie winnin% economist ar%ues, The suremac of the market which is
roclaimed with ideolo%ical fer$or is a dan%erous mistakeN +e considers the role of the state and itNs
re%ulatin% acti$ities to e essential and elie$es that market mechanisms are unsuitale means for the
solution of social rolem"
It demands some rethinkin% and reform of $arious )elfare institutions which is more essential in the
de$eloin% countr like India where disarities eist etween different se%ments of the oulation and
different re%ions of the countr, for shortenin% these %as and mo$in% towards a more alanced
de$eloment of the nation"
+owe$er the welfare State is the %reatest achie$ement of the @?th centur and should e suital
adated to the eistin% %loal condition as well as the eculiar situation of a articular countr in order
to lead toward o$erall roserit of mankind"
22
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22/O0RAP45
The Welfare State We're In 'ames Bartholomew
The $idden Welfare State: Ta% &%penditures and Social olic( in the )nited States
0hristoher +oward
The O%ford $andboo! of the Welfare State Francis 5" 0astles, Stehan .eifried, 2ane
.ewis, +erert ONin%er, 0hristoher !ierson
The *e+ olitics of the Welfare State !aul !ierson
E2/O0RAP45
www"tourindia"com
www.preser*earticles.co!+...+conceptofa welfare state ."t!l
www"welfareGstate"or%=
www.ruthless criticism .cm! wel"#re $ st#te .htm
htt7==www"itt"edu=Qheinisch=concet"html
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htt7==aers"ssrn"com=solA="cfm
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