Risø DTU, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet
Regular CDM implementation – unbalaced distribution of projects worldwide
Source: downloaded from UNFCCC website on 26 Oct 2010
Total submitted: 7939
Of which: 39% at validation 42% registered 2% in process of
registration 17% rejected, withdrawn
or terminated
Source: UNEP Risoe Centre CDM Pipeline, 1-August-2011
Risø DTU, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet
Regular CDM implementation – low proportion of energy efficiency and transport projects
Source: UNEP Risoe Centre CDM Pipeline, 01-10-2010
Risø DTU, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet
Large potential for dispersed, small emission reduction activities unable to benefit
Source: Figuress et al, URC CD4CDM Working paper No. 3, 2007
Risø DTU, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet
Barriers to regular CDM project implementation
• High upfront CDM project development costs (100,000 – 200,000 USD)
• Long process: on average it takes 13 months from project submission to registration, and another 15 months from registration to the first issuance
• Ex poste revenue based on actual emission reduction
• Strict schedule – project size, starting date, technology, m Once size decided, can not change
Difficult to coordinate activities by different owners
Project cannot be added/expanded after project registration: size, starting date, technology, monitoring etc. fixed in registered Project Design Document
Risø DTU, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet
What is programmatic CDM?
• A way introduced to overcome the above barriers to CDM implementation
• Definition: A programme of activities (PoA) is a voluntary coordinated action by a
private or public entity which coordinates and implements any policy/measure or stated goal (i.e. incentive schemes and voluntary programmes), which leads to anthropogenic GHG emission reductions or removals by sinks that are additional to any that would occur in the absence of the PoA, via an unlimited number of CDM programme activities
• Difference from regular CDM: A programme of activities rather than a project activity can be registeredMany similar CDM project activities coordinated by a private or public
entity Flexible schedule: The activities can take place in many different
locations (including multi-country) over a period of up to 28 years
Risø DTU, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet
PCDM Project Cycle
Coordinating EntityProject participants
EB
ImplementationDOE
EB
PoA DDCPA-DD generic informationA completed CPA
DOE
CPA
Project design
DOE
validation report
Validation
Coordinating EntityProject participantsDNA
LoA
DNA Approval
PoA Registration
EB
CPACPA
Inclusion
Monitoring & Reporting
Coordinating EntityProject participants
kWh, hr…
Verification
CER
Certification & Issuance
Risø DTU, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet
Program vs activities – an example
Program Activities
Content example Content Example
Coordinating entity
Rural electrification office
Participants Households with no access to electricity
Identification Programe Activity 2
Description Use subsidies and micro-finance to promote solar-PVs (100 W, 200 W)
Description 8000 50-W + 7000 100-W solar PVs
Boundary Whole Nepal Geograpic sope
A region in Nepal
Starting date 1 Oct 2010 Starting date 1 May 2011
Duration 28 years(2010-2038)
Crediting period
10 yearsMay 2011-2021
Eligiability Only low-income households get support from the program
Eligibility Contracts with households and other evidence
Risø DTU, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet
A brief history
• Concept introduced at COP11/MOP1 in 2005• Finally approved at EB 32 in June 2007• Guidance, procedures, and PDD templates issued in
July 2007• Methodologies revised in 2007 to accomodate pCDM• Procedures further streamlined and clarified in May
2009 and July 2010• As of 1st. August 2011, 109 P-CDM projects
submitted, of which 9 registered.• Now 3 registered P-CDMs have included 1086 small
projects.
Risø DTU, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet
The speed of P-CDM activity submission is increasing now
Source: UNEP Risoe Centre CDM Pipeline, 01-August-2011
Note: surge in PoAs submmited in Dec 2009 is because it is the deadline for allowing activities start before registration of programs
Risø DTU, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet
Types and technologies of exsiting PoAs
EE demand side 40Waste 27Solar 15Hydro 10EE supply side 5Forestry & Agriculture 2Fossil fuel switch 2Biomass energy 5Agriculture 1CMM 1Transport 1Total PoAs 109
3.5% for normal CDM
1.8% for normal CDM
Risø DTU, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet
Does P-CDM lead to more balanced regional contribution? : YES
Risø DTU, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet
List of all P-CDM projectsHost country PoAsBangladesh 1 Solar PV, 1 EE households stoves, 1 Households lighting, 1 Methane avoidanceBrasil 3 Methane avoidance, 1 Landfill gasChina 1 Agricultural irrigation, 5 Methane avoidance domestic manure, 1 Methane avoidance manure, 1 Eff. electricity distribution, 4 Eff. lighting, 1 CMM, 1 Geothermal, 1 Micro hydroColombia EE commercial & residential buildigsEgypt 1 Transport scrapping old vehiclesEl Salvador 1 Household stovesIndia 2 EE householdes lighting, 1 Biomass briquittes, 1 EE chemicals industry, 1 Eff. electricity distribution, 1 EE service eff. chillers, 1 landfill composting, 1 Solar
water heating, 1 solar PV, 1 Methane avoidance, 1 EE lighting in serviceGuatamala 1 EE households stovesHonduras 2 HydroIndonesia 1 Methane avoidance palm oil waste, 2 Methane avoidance composting, 1 Hydro run of river, Kenya 1 EE households stovesMalaysia 1 Methane avoidance waste water, 1 Biomass energyMexico 1 Households lighting, 1 EE households stoves, 1 New householdsMorocco 1 Landfill gasNepal 1 Methane avoidance domestic manureNicaragua 1 ReforestationNigeria 2 StovesPakistan 1 Domestic Manure, 1 Eff lightingPapua New Guinea 1 mixed renewablePeru 2 Fossil fuel switch, 1 hydroPhilippines 1 Methane avoidance manure, 1 Household lighting, 1 landfill gas, 1 sevice air conditionRwanda 1 EE households stovesSenegal 1 Households lightingSingapore 2 EE service cooling, 1 EE household lightingSouth Africa 6 Solar water heating, 1 EE households stoves, 1 EE serviceSouth Korea 1 EE Food industry, 1 EE own generation, 1 EE household lighting, 1 EE service lighting, 1 Solar, 1 Mixed renewable, 1 cogeneration, 1 methane avoidanceSri Lanka 1 Biomas energy, 1 Landfill compostTanzania 1 Solar lamps, Solar PV water disinfectionThailand 1 Methane avoidance manure, 1 Biomass energy, 1 Gasification of biomass, 1 EE street lightingTogo 1 EE household stovesTunesia 1 Solar water heatingUganda 1 Landfill composting, 1 EE stoves, 1 water purificationVietnam 1 Solar water heating, 3 Hydro, 1 Methane avoidance domestic manure, 1 EE industryYemen 1 Eff. electricity distributionZambia 1 StovesCentral America 1 Run-of-river HydroEast Africa 1 StovesTotal 109
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