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Benefits of Probioticsfor Pigs
by
Jens Noesgaard Jrgensen, Ph.D.
Product Manager, ProbioticsChr. Hansen A/S, Denmark
The Irish Grain & Feed Association. Feed Forum. Dublin, November 11-12th, 2004
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OutlineIG&FA, Feed Forum 2004
Probiotics
Microflora in the digestive tract of the pig
Key Pig Production Parameters
Probiotics & Pig Production
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Probiotics
Goin from National to EU a rovals of Feed Additives
IG&FA, Feed Forum 2004
Why talk about Probiotics?
Total ban of Antibiotic Growth Promoters on Jan. 1, 2006
The Pig Industry is looking for substitutes
Probiotics are an alternative
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Probiotics
Live microbial feed supplements which
beneficially affect the host Fuller, 1992
IG&FA, Feed Forum 2004
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The Normal Microflora
30
40
50
%
16s rRNA
Cultivation
IG&FA, Feed Forum 2004
0
10
Eubacte
rium
Clostridium
Lactobac
illus
Streptococcus
Bactero
ides
High
_GC
Source: Konstantino, 2004.
app. 80% Gram+
app. 400 different types of bacteria
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Development of the Normal Microflora
Diverse microbes:
coliforms
clostridiabacteroides
ruminococci
Gram + (90%)
Gram (10%)
Unstable composition of the community
IG&FA, Feed Forum 2004
Day 0 Day 1 week 1 week 2 week 3-4 18 weeks
Age
lactobacilli
coliforms
streptococci
clostridia
lactobacilli
The GIT is
sterile
before birth
Source: Konstantino. 2004.
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Microflora - Host Relationship
Maturation of the immune system
Ener consum tion/su l
IG&FA, Feed Forum 2004
Nitrogen cost
source: Gaskins, 2003
>200100Amino Acid AbsorptionGermfree: No microflora in digestive tract
80100Basal Metabolic Rate
Germfree
(%)
Conventional
(%)
Comparison
Source: Visek, 1978.
Use app. 6% of the
energy (piglets)
Supply app. 16% of
the energy (piglets)
Source: Jensen, 2003.
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Influence of pathogens on villiIG&FA, Feed Forum 2004
Normal Villus
Abnormal Villus
(Diarrhoea)
Presence of pathogens cause
reduction in absorptive surface
of the digestive tract
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Consequence of Changed Morphology
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Villiheig
h
IG&FA, Feed Forum 2004
Piglet Daily Weight Gain (g/day)
15
16
17
18
19
4,5 5 5,5 6 6,5 7 7,5 8
E. coli in broiler ileum (log cfu/g)
MJ/kg
BWG
AME conversion
Van der Klis et al., 1999(cfu = colony forming units)
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Probiotic Activity
Competition fornutrients
Probiotic
Inhibition
by metabolites(organic acids)
IG&FA, Feed Forum 2004
ofvitamins
Competition for space& adhesion sites
Digestion ofnutrients
Epithelium
Host mediated effects:- epithelial cell functioning
- peristalsis- immune modulation
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Important Economical Factors
SowsNo. weaned piglets
(weight)
Key Parameters Affected by Nutrition
IG&FA, Feed Forum 2004
PigletsGrowth rate
Feed Conversion Ratio
Grower/Finisher
Growth rate
Feed Conversion Ratio
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Litter size in Denmark
11
12
13
fp
iglet
12,5
13
13,514
ality
,%
IG&FA, Feed Forum 2004
lets/litter
9
10
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Year
No.
11
11,5
12 Mo
rt
Live born weaned Mortality
Source: Jultved, 2003
No.of
pi
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Probiotics & Suckling Piglets
Control
Probiotic
to sows Diff., %No. litters 55 54
No. born alive/litter 10.2 10.4 2
IG&FA, Feed Forum 2004
Diarrhoea Score1 0.24 0.08* -67
Creep Feed Intake/litter, kg 5.9 6.4* 8
Weaning weight, kg 8.0 8.4* 5
Pre-weaning Mortality, % 12.1 7.0* -42
No. weaned/litter 9.0 9.7* 8
* : P
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Probiotics & Suckling Piglets
10
12% of litters
Control
652 litters
Probiotic
519 litters
Probiotic supplied to the lactating sow
8,1%8,1%
8,2%
Mortality rate
IG&FA, Feed Forum 2004
0
2
4
6
8
1 2 3 4 5 >6
Days With Diarrhoea
25% diarrhoea 14% diarrhoea
Source: Maruta et al., 1996
7,6%
7,3%
7,4%
7,5%
7,6%
7,7%
7,8%7,9%
,
Control
(652 litters)
Probiotic
(519 litters)
Probiotics Reduce Severeness of Diarrhoea
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Probiotics & Suckling Piglets
Pre-weaning mortality15 Control
Relative piglet weaning weight
115 Control
IG&FA, Feed Forum 2004
Summary of 4 trials supplementing probiotics to lactating sows
involving more than 4000 suckling piglets
0
5
10
A B C DTrial
%Probiotic
Control
mean
Probiotic
mean85
90
95
100105
A B C DTrial
%
Probiotic
Probiotic
mean
Source: Jrgensen & Krti., 2003
Pre-weaning mortality reduced by 5% units
Weaning weight increased by 7%
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Probiotics & Suckling Piglets
Pre-weaning mortality
16 Control
IG&FA, Feed Forum 2004
Summary of 4 trials supplementing probiotics to lactating sows
involving more than 4000 suckling piglets
02
4
6
8
10
12
14
8,7 9,2 9,7 10,2 10,7
Litter size at weaning
%
ro ot c
Reduced pre-weaning mortalityEspecially mortality related to
nutrition
Improved weaning weight
Source: Jrgensen & Krti., 2003
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Effect of Weaning on Piglets
7
8
9
10
Lactobacilli
Coliform bacteria
log CFU/g digesta
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2
Proportion of MEm
Feed Intake
IG&FA, Feed Forum 2004
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Days after w eaning Source: Jensen, 1998
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11Days after w eaning
Source: Bruininx, 2002
6
7
8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Days after w eaning
pH
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
DryMatter,
pH
Dry matter
Source: Jensen, 1998
Feed intake down
Time to pass through the digestive tract up Coliform overgrowth
Villus height down
Diarrhoea up
Productivity down
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Probiotic & PigletsSummary of 32 Piglet Trials
Relative Efficacy of Probiotics used in Piglet Trials
Avg. improvement: DWG 10% & FCR 5%
30
40
Daily Weight Gain
IG&FA, Feed Forum 2004
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
1
9
2
0
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
2
6
2
7
2
8
2
9
3
0
3
1
3
2
Mean
Feed Conversion Ratio
10%
-5%
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Probiotics & Grower/Finisher
95%Piglet,
Grower
Feed Conversion Ratio
Average Daily Gain
Probiotic group compared to control
Probiotic supplemented to piglets & growers
54 pigs/group
Basal feed
maize, barley & soyabean meal
IG&FA, Feed Forum 2004
108%
107%
91%
91%
88% 92% 96% 100% 104% 108% 112%
Piglet
Piglet &
Grower
n s er
Percent of Control
Probiotic supplementation
Piglets & growers
day 27 (weaning) day 110.
Day 159 slaughter
Source: Alexopoulos, C. et al., 2004.
Significant improvements inADG & FCR to slaughter
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Benefits of Probiotics
Suckling Piglets
Improveno. of weaned piglets / litter
weight of weaned piglets
Creep Feed Intake
IG&FA, Feed Forum 2004
Piglets
Improve
Growth rate & Feed Conversion Ratio
Grower/Finisher
Improve
Growth rate & Feed Conversion Ratio
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AnyQuestions?
IG&FA, Feed Forum 2004
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